USRE12168E - fessenden - Google Patents
fessenden Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE12168E USRE12168E US RE12168 E USRE12168 E US RE12168E
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- conductor
- sending
- waves
- capacity
- length
- Prior art date
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Images
Definitions
- T. ibal z-whg'ia it may concern: bers of a receiving instrument, one nieinber- Be itknoWnthatL'REGINALD'A.FESSENDEN, thereof consisting of a constant or indepe'nd "a citizen .of the United States, formerly residentlyf-yaryirig magnetic field, thesendinging at Allegheny, in the county of Allegheny, conductor is so constructed that itsjeapa'city 5 5 5 5 inthe State.
- Fig.4 is'a to plan' viewof the transformnncoils, armature-windings, 8m. 7
- . ame,- 'and-F-ig. 5 is an elevationof a'modifi-'
- the self-induction of the sending-conductor. cationdf thejconductor. t can be regulated by increasing or decreasing In the eiiperimentsheretofore made in wiretheturns inthe coil 2, formed in the-wirecon- V 5 lesstransmission of energ a's'intelegraphy, eating the radiating portion 1 with the genrelatively high. frequencies-e.
- g'.'-, of the Q11;- erator 3' The capacity of the sending-con den of two inillion (2,000,000) periods or me e, ductorcan be regulated'in several ways as, perseeond 'have been used'; It is impossivfor example, by changing the superficial area 1 ble to produce or utilize 'mechanical'm'oveof theradiating port-ion 1by the employ- 9o orments directly by the intera'ctionpfa con 'm'ent of amediuin as described in vapplieastan'tprindependently-varyingmagneticfieldtiou No.. 62,303., filed May-29, 1901, or refine 1 and.
- This wire cage or cylinder can be connected to ground in any-suitable manner, as by the .wire 8, in which coils or turnsmay be formed to adjust the self-induction of the sending-conductor.
- the radiating portion may be formed by a cylinder 9, having continuous metal walls.
- a source of alternating voltage as the exciting-geperator as,for examplatheex zitinggenerator may be a dynamo, a transformer connectedtoadynamo, oran inductioncoil producing low-frequency oscillations in a primary circuit, the'secondary circuit forming the source of alternating voltage and having one terminal connected to the radiating portion and the other terminal to the ground.
- the armature must be of low internal resistance, because if of a high resistance the oscillations will be dampened and high resonance voltages can not be produced.
- the length of wire in the armature must be as small as possible compared with the length of the sending-conductor, for otherwise tlie electricalconstants of the sendingcondu'etort'.
- the dynamo When the dynamo is said to be in resonance with the sending-conductor, it is meant thatthe natural period of the whole conductor, from the top of the conductor to the grou'nd including the armature, is the same-as the periodicity of the dynamo.-
- the dynamo may be constructed with a fixed-armature containing no iron
- a dynamo with the revolving part having a high peripheral speed of one-halfmile per minute has given ten thousand periods per second, and with a revolving part formed'of nickel-steela peripheral speed of five miles per minute can be safely maintained, giving thereby one hundred thousand periods per second.
- Such peripheral speed can be obtained by the employment of steam-turbine.
- the length of wire in the secondary of the transformer shouldhave the same relation to the length of the whole conductor, including the secondary of the transformer, as-stated in reference Zto'a dynamo giving a thousand volts.
- a dynamo is equal or approximately equal to the natural frequency of the radiating-system.
- the reason why the best results are obtained when the frequency of the dynamo or its equivalent (as a transformer connected to a dynamo) is equal or approximately equal to that of the natural frequency of the radiating circuit is that when the frequency of the dynamo-is less than this the chief effects are electrostaticand magnetic in their nature I that if otherwise the circuit would be a poor radiator.
- the length of the radiating portion of the sending; conductor should be a large fraction of the total length-of the circuit is If, for example, the length .of the radiating portion of the sending-conductor is five feet and the length of the wire in the armature is five miles, the amount of energy radiated would be very small; compared to what it would be if the lengthhf wire in the armature were only five hundred feet and the radiating portion of the sending-conductor five feet.
- a further advantage incident to the employment of low frequencies is the fact that there is, as I have discovered, less absorption of the electromagnetic force as the waves travel along the ground than when the waves have high frequencies;
- the sending-conductor which may have its radiating portion of any suitable form,- but preferably that shown in either Figs. 3 and 5, has its 'capacity or self-induction, or both, adjusted in the manner described, that the electromagnetic waves radiated will have low frequency.
- the receiving conductor 10 is connected tov one terminal of a 'translatingdevi'ee 11, as a telephone, the
- .In Fig. 2 is shown another form of receiving apparatus.
- 'A portion of the ground connection of the receivingconductor 10 is formed by a piece of. fine wire '12, held in tension between the poles of a magnet 13.
- the wire is caused to vibrate and make and break contact with the microphonic contactpoint.
- a circuit including a'battery- 15 and" relay 16 or other translating device,- is formed in part by-the contactH and'the wire 12; so that whenever the secondary circuit is.comple ted by the vibration of the wire the relay will be'energized 7 J" If the radiating portion be, made, as shown in Fig. 5, with varying. superficial -d imensions-'e.
- the electromagnetic 'wavesgenerated from its diiierent surfaces will have diiferent periodicities, as the periodicity of electromagnetic waves depends, in part'at least, on the capacity of theradiating 'rtion at the sendingstation,- a 'similarly -j nstructed conductor may be used at the receiving-station, or two simple receiving-conductors suitably tuned maybe used.
- F uniformly distributed is meant distributed with substantial uniformity overthe radiating portion.
- The, eflect oflocally increasing the super- 7 ficial area of the sending-conductor or of 10- cally increasing the capacity by any other suitable means is to produce two or more sets of waves of diiferent periodicities, the .peri
- electromagnetic waves as used herein is meant waves of a Wave length long imeomparison with the wave length of what are commonly called heat-waves or radiant heat.
- grounded conductor is meant a conductor grounded either directly or through a capacity, an inductance, or a resistance, so that the current in the conductor flows through the conductor to ground, and vice versa, when 'electromagnetic'waves are generated.
- This invention involves the discovery of the desirability and practicability of using radiant electromagnetic waves of a frequency lower than has heretofore been recognized as desirable or practicable and in the devising j of a considerable number'ofvery meritorious and radiating waves of the higher and more, usual frequencies, and these are hereinafter- In order, therefore, to radiate large amounts features combined in an apparatus or system whereby the energy of. such :waves may be successfully radiated in quantities suflicient I for practical useover; long distances.
- the amount of radiation possible fora given system is dependent,am ong other things, upon' the frequency, and, othgr thingsbeing equal,- the amount is lessfort e lower frequencies
- I take advantage of the rise ofvoltage due to resonance efieets brought aboutby a proper proportioning of inductance and capacity, so that the one including the phases of the impressed electro notive force and the current coincide in time.
- Resonance eifects in a vertical conductor grounded at one end depend upon the quantities of the conductor which make it a good oscillator, and this is measured by the amount that the resistance is less than the square root of four times the inductance dividedby the capacitythat is, the amount of R is less than but in such aconductortlie best conditions of resonant oscillation require that the length of conductor be ode-fourth the length of the fundamental wave oscillating therein. It is evident then that if the conductor be a plainwire of ordinary size and the capacity and inductance employed for tuning be small the wave length therein will be substantially the length in the ether of,a wave of the same frequency, which-for 1 a frequency of ninety thousand is two miles,
- the large-capacity I distribute uniformly over substantially all of the radiating portion of the conductor, thereby-further reducing instead of in creasing the resistan ce an d at the same timeproviding a large effective radiating-surface.
- Thefurther reason why thecapacity is thus distributed is that with any other arrangement it is diflicult to get a pure sine form of electromagnetic wave, because prisetwoor more sets of waves of difiepent periodicities.
- a sending-conductor for electromagnetic waves having its capacity'so adjustedmhat the waves radiated. therefrom have a low fre;
- a send ing-co ductor so proportioned as to radiate waves of low frequency and an alternating-current dynamo having its terminals connected respectively to the radiating portion of the sending-conductor and to ground, the dynamo being'so adjusted that its periodicityis the same or approximately the same as the natural period of the sending-conductor, substantially-as set 'forth.
- a sending-conductor forelectromagnetic, wages formed by an alternating-current dynamo and a conductor in series therewith, one pole 'of the dynamo being grounded, the sending-conductor thus formed being so proportioned as to radiate waves of low fre 45. r ground, the voltage-generator being so adqnency, substantially as set forth. '10.-A sending-conductor for electromagnetic waves so proportioned as. to radiate waves of low-frequency in combination with a source of alternating voltage having its terminals connected respectively to the radiating portion of the sending-00nd uctor and to justed that its periodicity is the same or approximately the same as the natural period of the system when so connected, substantially as set forth. r V
- a sending-conductor. for electromagnetic waves formed by a sd'urcefor continu-- ously generating alternating voltage and a conductor in series therewith, one pole of the source of alternating voltage beinggrounded,
- the sending-conductor thus formed being so proportioned as to'radiate waves of low frequency, substantially asset forth.
- a system for signaling by electromagnetic waves having in combination a con-' ductor adapted to radiate waves of low frequency, and a receiver dependentfor itsaction upon a constant or independently-varying-magnetic field and adapted to respond to currents produced by said waves, substantially as set forth.
- a sending-conductor for electromagnetic waves tuned to a desired, low frequency by large capacity and small inductance.
- a sending-conductor for eleetromag' netic waves having low resistance, small selfinduction and great capacity so correlated as to support persistent oscillation of afrequency much less than that of an ether-wave of a; length four times that ofsaid sending- 1 conductor.
- a system of transmission of energy by electromagnetic waves including in combination a radiating-conductor and a source of alternating electrical energy or potential, saidradiating-conductor and source beingcoordinated and relatively adjusted to generate and radiate a substantially continuous stream of I electromagnetic waves.
- a systemfor transmission of energy by electromagnetic waves including in combinaating portion, said large capacity radiating portion being formed by a single continuous conductor of large area and substantially uniform cross-sectional or peripheral dimensions,
- a conductor grounded at one end l only said conductor comprising a portion of a length which is equal to a large fraction of the quarter length in the surrounding medium of a wave having the same time-period as the natural or free period of said grounded conductor,said portion being composed of a single continuous conductor of an area great as compared with that of a wire of equal length, said area being distributed with substantial uniformity and equality throughout the length of said portion, substantially as set forth.
- a conductor grounded at one end only and having a pertion comprising a large fraetionof its total I5 length, composed of a single continuous conducting-surface of an area great as compared with that of a wire of equal length, said area being distributed with substantial uniformity and equality throughout the entire length of 20 said portion, substantially as set forth.
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