USRE12149E - Beissited aug - Google Patents

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USRE12149E
USRE12149E US RE12149 E USRE12149 E US RE12149E
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US
United States
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conductor
circuits
frequency
circuit
waves
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English (en)
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John Stone Stone
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By Mesne assignments
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  • WIIHESEEE v INJEHTUFle REIS'SUED AUG. 25, 1903.
  • My invention relates to the art of transl mitting intelligence from one station to another by means v0t electromagnetic waves without the use of wires to guide the waves to their destination; and it relates more particularly to the system of such transmission I in which the electromagnetic waves are developed by producing electric vibrations in an elevated conductor, preferably vertically elevated.
  • El ectromagneiic waves have also been developed by producing natural or forced electric oscillations in loops or coils of wire at the transmittingstation and also by means of the discharge of electricity between two conducting spheres, cylinders, or cones; but in such cases the sphere of influence is so limited as to greatly restrict the commercial utility of these two methods of developing the signalwaves.
  • the method of signaling by means of electromagnetic waves between stationsnot connected by a conducting-wire, in which method the electromagnetic waves are deveL' oped by electric vibrations in an elevated conductor has great ad vantages over the.
  • the electromagnetic waves are developed byother means, since in the caseof the waves developed by e the elevated-conductormethod the waves may be transmitted to and efiectively received at greater distances than by the other systems; but, whereas in the systems employing the other methods of generating the waves the signals developed may, at least theoretically, be directed to the particular receiving-station with which it is desired to communicate, to the exclusion of other similar receiving-stao tions in the neighborhood, it has heretofore been found imposssible, so far as I know, to accomplish this purpose in the system employing'an elevated conductor or wire as the, source-of the electromagnetic waves.
  • the object of this invention is to overcome :the herein-before described limitation tethe system in which the waves emanate from vertical conductor-mac that in such systems the transm[Ming-stations may selectively transno mil; their signals each to a particular receiving-statiou simultaneously or otherwise without mutual interference.
  • the vertical or elevated condoctor in such a system to be made the source of simple harmonic electromagnetic waves of any desired frequency independent of its length and other geometrical constants.
  • the frequency impressed upon the elevated conductor may or may not be the same as the natural period or fundamental of such conductor; but, as will be hereinafter explained, an elevated conductor that is aperiodic may be employed andis best adapted for use when the apparatus is to be used successively for different frequencies, and such aperiodic elevated conductor is likewise the preferred form of elevated conductor when two or more frequencies are to be sim ultaneously impressed upon or received by a single elevated conductor; but forced simple harmonic electric vibrations of different periodicities may each be separately impressed upon a different elevated conductor, and the several energies of the resulting electromagnetic waves may be selectively conveyed each to a separate translating device.
  • the system so formed is known 1 20 as a system of two degrees offreedom, and in the'oscillatory restorations of equilibriumi. e., in the natural vibrations in such circuits-the currents arein general not simple harmonic in character,bnt in general consist 1-2 of the superposition of the simple harmonic currents, as shown in Fig. 4.
  • it simple circuits, as shown in Fig.1 be associated together in a system either by conductive or by inductive connections asystem 1 I 'of at least as degrees of freedom results, and
  • the natural oscillations of such a system will therefore consist'of the superposition of at least at currents. It is, moreover, a fact that the diitercnt simple harmonic components of the oscillations which together constitute the oscillatory restoration of equilibrium of a complex system are in general not the same as those of the separate simple circuits when these circuits are isolated from one another; but the presence of each simple circuit modities the natural period of each of the other circuits with which it is associated. Thus in a particular case if there be two simple cirunits, the first with a natural period of .004 of a second when isolated and the second with a period of .0025 of assecond when isolated, these circuits when inductively connected, as shown in Fig.
  • the electric oscillations are of the kind hereinbefore described as "natural vibrations, the vertical conductor being charged to a high potential relative to the surrounding earth and permitted to abruptly discharge to earth by means of an electric spark between two ball-electrodes.
  • the oscillations are necessarily of a complex character, and therefore the resulting electromagnetic waves are of a complex character and consist of a great variety of superimposed simple harmonic vibrations of different frequencies.
  • the vibrations consist of a simple'harmonic vibration of lower period than all the others, known as the f undamental, with a great variety of simple harmonics of higher periodicity superimposed thereon.
  • the vertical conductor at the receiving-station is capable of receiving and responding to vibrations of a great variety of frequencies, so that the electromagnetic waves which emanate from one vertical conductor used as a transmitter are capable of exciting vibrationsin any other vertical wire as a receiver, and for this reason any transmitting-station in a system of this character will operate any receiving-station within its sphere of influence, and the messages from the transmi'tting-station will not be selectively received by the particular receiving-station with which it is desired to communicate, but will interfere with the operation of other receiving-stations within its sphere of influence, thereby preventing them from properly respending to the signals of the transmittingstations from which they are intended to receive their signals.
  • the vertical conductor of the transmitting-station is made the source of electromagnetic waves of but a single periodicity, and the translating apparatus at the receiving-station is caused to be selectively responsive to waves of but a single periodicity, so that the transmitting apparatus corresponds to a tuning-fork, sending but a single simple musical tone, and the receiving apparatus corresponds to an acoustic resonais adapted to receive or transmit all frequencies, and accordingly a single aperiodic elevated conductor may be associated with a plurality of local circuits each attuned to a different frequency after the manner now well known in the art of multiple telegraphy by wire conductors.
  • this receiving-station When the apparatus at a particular station is attuned to the same periodicity as that of the electromagnetic waves emanating from a particular transmitting-station, then this receiving-station will respond to and be capable of selectively receiving messages from that particular transmitting-station to the exclusion of messages simultaneously or otherwise sent from other transmitting-stations in the neighborhood which generate electromagnetic Waves of difierent periodicities. Moreover, by my invention the operator at the transmitting or receiving station may at will adjust the apparatus at his command in such a way as to place himself in communication with any one of a number of stations in the neighborhood by bringing his apparatus into resonance with the periodicity employed by the station with which intercommunication is desired.
  • the vertical conductor at the transmitting-station shall generate harmonic electromagnetic waves of but a single frequency
  • the electric translating apparatus at the receiving-station shall be operated only by electric waves of a single frequency and by no others, I interpose between the vertical conductor at the receiving-station and the translating devices a resonant circuit or circuits attuned to the particular frequency of the electromagnetic waves which,
  • Figures 1 to 4 are diagrams already referred to.
  • Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating one arrangement of the transmitting-station.
  • Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating one arrangement of the transmitting-station.
  • Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating another form of the transmittingstation.
  • Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an-. other form of the receiving-station.
  • Figs. 9 and 15 are diagrams illustrating a detail of the construction at both transmitting and re ceiviug stations.
  • Figs. 10 and 11 are diagrams illustrative of the connection of the coherer at the receiving-stations.
  • Fig. 12 is a diagram illustrating the connection of acoudenser-telephone at the receiving-station.
  • Figs. 13 and 16 are diagrams illustrative of forms of transmitter-stations capable of developing signal-waves of two diiferent frequencies.
  • Figs. 14 and 17 are diagrams illustrative of forms of receiving-stations capable of receiving selectively signal-waves of two dilIerent frequencies.
  • V represents a vertical or virtually vertical conductor grounded by the earth connection E.
  • M, M, M",and M areinduction-coils whose primary and secondary wires are 1,, I' ,,I" and I' and I 1 I I respectively.
  • K and K are coherers.
  • B is an electric battery.
  • a. is an alternating-current generator.
  • R and R are telegraphic relays or other suitable electric translating devices.
  • p andp are automatic circuit-interrupters.
  • s and .9 are spark-gaps.
  • the generator at develops an alternating electromotive force of moderate frequency, which when the key It is depressed develops a current in the primary circuit of the transformer M.
  • the transformer M is so designed as to transform the electromotive force in the primary circuit to a very high electromotive force in the secondary.
  • the condenser O discharges through the spark at s, the primary 1,, and the inductance-coilL. This discharge is oscillatory in character and of very high frequency, as will be explained hereinafter.
  • the highfrequency current so developed passing through the primary I induces a correspond ing high-frequency electromotive force and tric vibrations result in the vertical conduc tor V, which are practically of a simple harmonic character.
  • These simple harmonic vibrations in the conductor V develop electromagnetic waves, which are also practically simple harmonic in character, and these, in turn, on impinging upon the vertical conductor at the receiving-station develop therein corresponding simple harmonic vibrations of like frequency.
  • the discharge through the circuit l I, L is of very great frequency, because'the frequency of the oscillations of such dis- :harges of condensers is approximately inrersely proportional to the square root of the )l'OdllGh of the inductance oft-he circuit by he capacity of the condenser, and for the inrpose of this invention the apparatus is so lesigned that the product of the capacity of he condenser by thexinductance of the cirtuit is made numerically very small. Mere-' war, the oscillations in the circuit a I, L.
  • the system is a system of two degreen of freedom, and the natural period of oscillation of each simple circuit is modified by the presence of the other; but if the proportions of the circuits be such that the prodnot of the inductance of the two circuits is large compared to the mutual inductance between the circuits the natural period of oscillation of each of the circuits becomes practically the same as if the circuits were isolated.
  • any suitable device may be employed to develop the simple harmonic force impressed upon the vertical wire. It is sufiicient to develop in the vertical wire practically simple harmonic vibrations of a fixed and high frequency.
  • the vertical wire may with advantage be so constructed as to be highly resonant to a particular frequency, and the harmonic vibrations impressed thereon may with advantage be of that frequency.
  • the construction of such a vertical wire is shown and described in other applications of mine now pending.
  • the inductance-coil L is introduced in order to supply auxiliary inductance and to permit of the circuit C 0' I L being attuned to a particular frequency practically independently of the constants ofthe vertical wire.
  • the inductance-coils L may be made adjustable and serve as a means whereby the operators may adjust the apparatus to the particular frequency which it is intended to employ.
  • the electric resonator-C I L I interposed between thevertical conductor and the circuit containing the coherer is attuned to the same period as the circuit L C C" I and acts to screen the coherer-circnit from the efiect of all currents developed in the vertical conductor save that of the current of the particular period to which the receiving-station is intended to respond.
  • any suitable number of resonant circuits each attuned to the par ticular periodto which the station is desired to respond, may be connected, as shown in Figs. 9 and 15, and interposed between the vertical conductor and the coherer circuit.
  • Such circuits so interposed serve to screen the receiver from the elfects of all currents which may be induced in the vertical conductor that are not of the period to which the receiving-station is intended to respond.
  • the coherers K are shown connected in shunt-circuit to the condensers O and C, respectively; but they maybe connected serially in the resonant circuit, as shown in Fig. 10, or they may be connected in'shunt-circuit to the coil L and condenser C, as shown in Fig. 11. t .l
  • the receiving resonant circuit may be that illustrated in V Fig. 12, in which 0 is the condenser telephone and also the capacity by which the circuit L O 0' I, is attuned.
  • FIG. 17 illustrates methods of associating the apparatus .hereinbefore described, and illustrated in Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, when two or more stations are to be associated with a common elevated conductor.
  • FIG. 13 and 16 illustrate two transmittingstations of the type shown in Fig. 7 associated with a common elevated conductor
  • Figs. 14 and 17 illustrate two receiving-stations of the type shown in Fig. SY-associated with a common elevated conductor.
  • each of 14, 15, s, and 17 the stations is characterized by being tuned to a dili'erent frequency from that of any of the other stations so associated.
  • Figs. 13 it will he'ohserved thatthe two dilferent stations associated with a common elevated conductor have therein been diflerentiat'ed by attachinga subscript to the otters of reference in the case of one of the ductor V'M station is the same as that- 'Fig. 7, and the operation of each of the 'ceiving-staticns shown in Figs. 14 and. 17 is identical with the operation of the receivingstation illustrated in Fig. 8.
  • the stepup transformer or spark-coil M" inFigs. 13 and 16 is equipped with an interrupterp and condenser C, and
  • the current is supplied by the battery 13.
  • the energy of the waves of one particular frequency will be absorbed by one of the receiving-stations and theenergy of the waves. of another particular frequency will be absorbed by the other receiving-station.
  • This selective reception of the energy of waves of a par ticnlar frequency is independent of the number of waves of ditferent frequencies which may be sim'ultaneohsly present.
  • the branch circuits M llti of Fig. 17 are not selective, since they contain but one element and M,.
  • a coil or solenoid as usually constructed consists of many turns of cotton or silk insulated wire wound on an insulating-core, such as a glass or ebonite tube or a wooden spool, the consecutive turns being separated only by the thin insulating coating of the wire.
  • These solenoids are in general wound with several layers of wire, the layers also being separated from each other only by the insulating coatings of the wires.
  • Such solenoids are well adapted to be used in conunct'ion with condensers having solid dielectrics for the purpose of tuning circuits to low frequencies; but neither such coils nor such condensers are available for the purpose of tuning circuits to such high frequencies as are concerned in the present invention.
  • the energy absorbed in the solid dielectric of the condenser due to dielectric hysteresis is excessive and the displacement-currents between the adjacent turns and layers of the coil mask and neutralize the inductance of the coil.
  • the solid dielectric forming the core of such coils exerts a deleterious effect, which in some instances is probably partially due to its possessing a small degree of conductivity, but which must in most instances be ascribed to the high specific inductive capacity of the material and to its dielectric hysteresis.
  • Coils constructed in the usual way do not behave for high frequencies as if they had a fixed resistance and inductance and no capacity, but partake more of the character of conductors having distributed resistance, inductance, and capacity,v In fact, they may in some instances b have with high frequencies more coil will show for high frequencies the same quasi-resonance as is observed with low frequencies in long aerial lines and cables-110.
  • a general criterion which determines the utility of a coil for tuning a circuit to a particular high frequency is that the potential energy of the displacement-currents in the coil shall be small compared to the kinetic energy of the conduction current flowing through the coil when the coil is traversed by a current of that frequency.
  • the design should be so changed as to increase the separation between the turns or the size of the'wire should be diminished or the dimensions of the coi l so otherwise 'altered as to decrease the distributed capacity without proportionately diminishing the induciance.
  • Thecalculations may be greatly abbreviated and the liability to error greatly reduced if the results of the computations be plotted in curves.
  • the preferred form of support for such a coil is any skeleton frame which will hold the turns of wire in place without exposing much surface of contact to the wires and affording a minimum of opportunity for the development of displacement currents within itself.
  • the circuit whereby forced sim' ple harmonic electric vibrations are produced in the elevated conductor-I have shown as a circuit containing a condenser and a self-induction coil so proportioned as to make .the natural vibrations of a frequency which is the frequency of the vibrations tobe forced or impressed in an elevated conductor.
  • the circuit whereby the energy of the electromagnetic waves of one frequency is absorbed to the exclusion of thatof waves of another frequency is in like manner a circuit containing "a condenser and a self-induction coil so proportioned as to make the circuit resonant to a frequency which is the frequency of the waves the energy of which is to be received.
  • Both of the circuits Ifhave spoken of are tuned circuits, and they may be conveniently distinguished with reference to their respective functions by denominating the circuit employed in the development of the vibra tions as an oscillating or sonorousi circuit and by denominating the circuit employed in the reception or absorption of the vibrations as a "resonant circuit. I prefer to make this discrimination in nomenclature for the reason that while both the circuits are resonant circuits, yet functionally only that one employed for receiving or absorbing is accurately so described.
  • oscillating or sonorous circuits are resonant circuits, but only such resonant circuits as have their resistance less than the square root of the ratio at four times their inductance by their capacity are oscillating or sonorous circuits.
  • the conductor which connects the transmitting and receiving stations is the non-metallic non-conducting in fact, dielectric--medium,which is commonly called the ether and which is by many as sumed tobe essential to the thcoryof the propagation of electrical and magnetic force, radiant light, and radiant heat.
  • I claim- 1 In a system for developing free or unguided simple harmonic electromagnetic signal-waves of a defi nite frequency,an elevated 8 conductor and means for developing therein forced simple harmonic electric vibrations of corresponding frequency.
  • an elevated conductor and a resonant circuit associated with said conductor and attuned to the frequency of the waves, the energy of which is to be received In a system for receiving the energy of free or unguided simple harmonic electroo magnetic signal-wavesof a definite frequency, to the exclusion of the energy of signal-waves of other frequencies, an elevated conductor and a resonant circuit associated with said conductor and attuned to the frequency of the waves, the energy of which is to be received.
  • a condenser In a system for developing free or unguided simple harmonic, electromagnetic signal-waves, a condenser, means for charging and discharging said condenser through a closed circuit having inductance adapted to produce under'such conditions simple harmonic electric vibrations, and means for communicating the vibrations so produced to an open circuitor elevated conductor.
  • a condenser in a system for developing free or nuguided, simple harmonic, electromagnetic signalwaves, a condenser, means for charging and discharging said condenser through a closed circuit having inductance adapted to produce under such conditions simple. harmonic electric vibrations, means for communicating said vibrations to a resonant circuit or group thereof attuned to the frequency of these vibrations and means of communicating the resulting electrical vibrations in said resonant circuit or group thereof to an open circuit or elevated conductor.
  • a circuit resonant to a given high frequency comprising a coil having the amplitude of its potential energy small compared to the amplitude ofits kinetic energy when it is supporting a current of said given high frequency, and a condenser adapted to balance by its reactance, the reactance of said coil' for said given high frequency.
  • a coil having the amplitude of its potential energy small compared to the amplitude of its kinetic energy when supporting -a current of said given high frequency.
  • an elevated conductor In asystem for selectively receiving the energy of free or unguided simple harmonic electromagnetic signal-waves of diiferent frequencies, an elevated conductor, and a pinrality of resonant circuits associated with said elevated conductor, each resonant to the particular frequency of the electromagnetic waves, the energy of whichit isto receive.
  • a plurality of elevated conductors each associated with a group of circuits resonant to the particular frequency of the electromagnetic waves the energy of which it is to receive.
  • an elevated conductor and a pinrality of groups of resonant circuits associated with said elevated conductor, each of said groups of circuits being resonant to the particular frequencies of the electromagnetic waves, the energy of which it is to receive.
  • a plurality of elevated conductors correspondingin nu mber to the numberof different frequencies to be received, and groups of resonantcircuits each associated with a different elevated conductor, and each attuned to a different one of the said frequencies.
  • an elevated conductor, cillating circuits each attuned to a different each of said oscillating circuits having sufficient auxiliary inductance to swamp the effect of the mutual inductance between it and the other oscillating circuits and between it and the'elev'ated conductor.
  • an elevated conductor In a system for receiving the energy of simple harmonic, electromagnetic waves of one frequency, to the exclusion of like waves of diflerent frequencies, an elevated conductor, associated circuits each resonant to the frequency of the electromagnetic waves to be' received, and each having suflicient auxiliary inductance to swamp the effect of the mutual inductance between it and the otherassociated circuits and between it and the elevated conductor.
  • an elevated conductor and an electric translating device forming one of the elements of a resonant circuit associated with said elevated conductor and resonant to the frequency of the electromagnetic waves.
  • a system for receiving the energy of simple harmonic, electromagnetic waves of a given frequency,to the exclusion of like waves of different frequencies an elevated conductor, a circuit associated with said elevated conductor and made resonant to the frequency one frequency, tothe exclusion of like waves of different frequencies, an elevated coud uctor, associated circuits each resonant to the frequency of the electromagnetic waves to be received, and means in each ofsaid circuits for swamping the effect of the mutual inductance between it and the other circuits and between it and the elevated conductor.
  • a plurality of elevated conductors corresponding in number to the number of different frequencies to be received, resonant circuits each associated with a different ele' vated conductor and each attuned to a different one of the said frequencies, and means in each of said circuits for swamping the effect a of the mutual inductance between it and the other circuits and between it and the elevated conductor.
  • circuits being attuned to the frequency frequencies, an elevated conductor, an elec-' tric translating device, a group of resonant circuits interposed between said elevated new doctor and said electric translating device,
  • circuits being resonant to the frequency of the waves, the energy of which is to be received, and means in each of said circuits for swamping the effect of the mutual inductance between it and the other circuits and between it and the elevated conduct-or.
  • an elevated conductor In a system for selectively receiving the energy'of free or unguided, simple harmonic, 4o electromagnetic signal-waves of different frequencies, an elevated conductor, a. plurality of resonant circuits associated with said elevated conductor, each resonant to the particular frequency of the electromagnetic waves,
  • a plurality of elevated conductors each associated with a group of circuits resonant to the particular frequency of the electromagnetic waves the energy of which it is to receive, and means in each of said circuits for swamping the effect of the mutual inductance between it and the other circuits and between it and the elevated conductor.
  • an elevated conductor In a system for selectively receiving the energy of free or unguided, simple harmonic, electromagnetic signal-waves of ditferent frequencies, an elevated conductor, a plurality of groups of resonant circuits associated with said elevated conductor, each of said groups of circuits being resonant to the particular frequencies of the electromagnetic waves, the energy of which it is to receive, and means in each of said circuits for swamping the effect of the mutual inductance between it and the other circuits and between it and the elevated conductor.
  • an elevated conductor In asystem for receiving the energy of free or unguided, simple harmonic, electromagnetic signal waves of a definite frequency, to the exclusion of energy of signalwaves of other frequencies, an elevated conductor, a group of resonant circuits associated with said conductor attuned to the frequeue y of the waves, the energy of which is to be received, and means in each of said circuits for swamping the effect of the mutual inductance between it and the other circuits and between it and the elevated conductor.
  • an electric translating device constituting one of the tuning elements of a resonant circuit, and adapted to utilize in its operation the potenr25 tial energy developed in said resonant circuit.
  • a condenser-telephone constitutingone of the tuning elements of a resonant circuit.
  • an elec r 0 tric translating device constituting one of the an electric translating devloe adapted to utiltnning elements of a resonant circuit, and ize in its operation the energy of the oseillaadapted to utilize in its operation the energy Lions developed in said resonant circuit. of theoseillations developed in said resonant JOHN STONE STONE, 5 circuit.

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