USPP33383P2 - Walnut tree names 'wolfskill' - Google Patents

Walnut tree names 'wolfskill' Download PDF

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USPP33383P2
USPP33383P2 US16/949,746 US202016949746V USPP33383P2 US PP33383 P2 USPP33383 P2 US PP33383P2 US 202016949746 V US202016949746 V US 202016949746V US PP33383 P2 USPP33383 P2 US PP33383P2
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walnut
wolfskill
year
chandler
kernel
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Charles A. Leslie
Gale H. McGranahan
Patrick J. Brown
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University of California San Diego UCSD
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University of California San Diego UCSD
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H6/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy

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  • Tree denomination The variety denomination of the claimed walnut variety is ‘UC Wolfskill’.
  • the present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of walnut tree ( Juglans regia ) that has been denominated as ‘UC Wolfskill’ and more particularly to a walnut tree that has a harvest date 10 days earlier than the walnut tree cultivar ‘Chandler’ and that further produces a walnut that is jumbo in size with light colored kernels.
  • the new Juglans regia walnut tree of the present invention was created at Davis, Calif. in Year 1 by a controlled pollination between ‘Chandler’ and ‘Solano’.
  • the breeding pedigree is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • Seeds from the cross were planted and the resulting 5282 trees were carefully observed along with other trees in the walnut breeding program. When they began to bear nuts, data were collected annually on leafing date, first, peak and last female flower bloom, first, peak and last male bloom, blight severity and yield. Nuts were sampled, cracked, and data was collected on shell appearance, shell thickness, shell integrity, shell strength, nut weight, kernel weight, percent kernel, ease of kernel removal, kernel color, and percent kernel shrivel. A single tree was selected from among progeny of this controlled cross based on its superior attributes. This selection was originally designated ‘UC03-001-2357’ and is now designated the ‘UC Wolfskill’ cultivar after John R. Wolfskill, an early pioneer in California horticulture.
  • the male parent ‘Solano’ has similar phenology but fewer extra light kernels; the female parent ‘Chandler’ is later harvesting than ‘UC Wolfskill’ and nuts have a lower percent kernel fill (TABLE 2).
  • the new cultivar of the present invention has been asexually propagated by grafting on ‘Paradox’ rootstock in selection blocks at Davis and in grower field trials at Woodland, Durham, Wheatland, Red Bluff, Rio Oso, Merced, and Crow's Landing Calif., and at major California walnut nurseries.
  • the distinctive characteristics of the new cultivar have been found to be stable and are transmitted to the new trees when asexually propagated.
  • TABLE 1 shows trial locations, number of trees at each site, and number of years of data collected at each location.
  • TABLE 3 shows a key to evaluation traits presented in TABLE 2.
  • FIG. 1 shows the breeding pedigree of the ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
  • FIG. 2 shows a tree of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut at 7 years.
  • FIG. 3 shows bark of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
  • FIG. 4 shows adaxial view of leaf of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
  • FIG. 5 shows abaxial view of leaf of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
  • FIG. 6 shows female flowers of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
  • FIG. 7 shows catkins (male flowers) of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut
  • FIG. 8 shows hulls of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
  • FIG. 9 shows nuts of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
  • FIG. 10A shows a comparison of the kernels of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut to other walnut cultivars (the kernels of ‘UC Wolfskill’ is shown in the column indicated by the arrow).
  • FIG. 10B shows nuts and kernels of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physiology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)

Abstract

A new walnut variety (Juglans regia) designated as ‘UC Wolfskill’ is provided. This variety has a harvest date 10 days earlier than walnut variety ‘Chandler’ and produces a walnut that is jumbo in size with light colored kernels.

Description

Latin name: Botanical/commercial classification: Juglans regia, new English walnut tree cultivar.
Tree denomination: The variety denomination of the claimed walnut variety is ‘UC Wolfskill’.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
It has long been recognized as desirable to provide walnut trees bearing large crops that are ripe for commercial harvesting and shipment early in the harvest season. In particular, the California walnut industry is in need of earlier harvesting walnut varieties, as the most commonly planted variety ‘Chandler’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 4,388) harvests late in the season (early to mid-October), which delays processing. Further, the walnut industry desires walnut cultivars with light kernel color for marketing value. Thus, there exists a need for improved walnut varieties with mid-season harvest dates and desirable walnut characteristics. The tree of the present cultivar, ‘UC Wolfskill’, produces a nut that has high quality but is ready for harvest approximately 10 days before ‘Chandler’, about the same time as the reference cultivar ‘Solano’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,466).
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of walnut tree (Juglans regia) that has been denominated as ‘UC Wolfskill’ and more particularly to a walnut tree that has a harvest date 10 days earlier than the walnut tree cultivar ‘Chandler’ and that further produces a walnut that is jumbo in size with light colored kernels.
It was found that the new Juglans regia cultivar of the present invention exhibits the following combination of characteristics:
    • a) forms jumbo-sized walnuts that possess extra light-colored kernels;
    • b) bears well-filled nuts with shells that are light colored, relatively thin, and attractive in appearance;
    • c) bears fruit both terminally and laterally;
    • d) yields a crop that can be harvested approximately 10 days before ‘Chandler’; and
    • e) is protandrous, bearing male flowers before female flowers.
The new Juglans regia walnut tree of the present invention was created at Davis, Calif. in Year 1 by a controlled pollination between ‘Chandler’ and ‘Solano’. The breeding pedigree is shown in FIG. 1.
Seeds from the cross were planted and the resulting 5282 trees were carefully observed along with other trees in the walnut breeding program. When they began to bear nuts, data were collected annually on leafing date, first, peak and last female flower bloom, first, peak and last male bloom, blight severity and yield. Nuts were sampled, cracked, and data was collected on shell appearance, shell thickness, shell integrity, shell strength, nut weight, kernel weight, percent kernel, ease of kernel removal, kernel color, and percent kernel shrivel. A single tree was selected from among progeny of this controlled cross based on its superior attributes. This selection was originally designated ‘UC03-001-2357’ and is now designated the ‘UC Wolfskill’ cultivar after John R. Wolfskill, an early pioneer in California horticulture. Compared to ‘UC Wolfskill’, the male parent ‘Solano’ has similar phenology but fewer extra light kernels; the female parent ‘Chandler’ is later harvesting than ‘UC Wolfskill’ and nuts have a lower percent kernel fill (TABLE 2).
The new cultivar of the present invention has been asexually propagated by grafting on ‘Paradox’ rootstock in selection blocks at Davis and in grower field trials at Woodland, Durham, Wheatland, Red Bluff, Rio Oso, Merced, and Crow's Landing Calif., and at major California walnut nurseries. The distinctive characteristics of the new cultivar have been found to be stable and are transmitted to the new trees when asexually propagated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES
TABLE 1 shows trial locations, number of trees at each site, and number of years of data collected at each location.
TABLE 2 shows summarized phenology, tree, and nut evaluations for ‘UC Wolfskill’, both parents, and several comparison cultivars.
TABLE 3 shows a key to evaluation traits presented in TABLE 2.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the breeding pedigree of the ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
FIG. 2 shows a tree of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut at 7 years.
FIG. 3 shows bark of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
FIG. 4 shows adaxial view of leaf of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
FIG. 5 shows abaxial view of leaf of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
FIG. 6 shows female flowers of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
FIG. 7 shows catkins (male flowers) of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut
FIG. 8 shows hulls of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
FIG. 9 shows nuts of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
FIG. 10A shows a comparison of the kernels of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut to other walnut cultivars (the kernels of ‘UC Wolfskill’ is shown in the column indicated by the arrow).
FIG. 10B shows nuts and kernels of ‘UC Wolfskill’ walnut.
 DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
The description is based on an ungrafted walnut tree on its own roots and trees subsequently grafted on ‘Paradox’ rootstock growing in selection blocks at Davis, and grower trials near Woodland, Durham, Merced, Wheatland, and Rio Oso, Calif. Data were collected on the own rooted tree from Year 5 (age 3 years) to Year 15 (age 13 years). Data from Year 9 to Year 17 were collected from grafted trees. The Munsell Color Charts for Plant Tissues (GretagMacbeth LLC, 617 Little Britain Road, New Windsor, N.Y. 12553-6148) is used in the identification of color. Also, common color terms are to be accorded their ordinary dictionary significance.
Botanical classification: Juglans regia Female parent: ‘Chandler’ Male parent: ‘Solano’.
  • Plant: The growth habit of the plant is illustrated in FIG. 2. This 7 year old tree is approximately 6.85 meters in height with a canopy diameter of 6.2 meters. The trunk diameter at 0.5 meters above the ground is approximately 19 cm. The silvery grey bark is typical of Juglans regia. The young bark is brown (5Y 7/2) and the older bark is grey (2.5Y 8/2) with raised lighter lenticels (5YR 8/2) (FIG. 3). Lenticels are round to oval in shape, 1-5 mm×1-2 mm in size. ‘UC Wolfskill’ has vigor similar to ‘Chandler’.
  • Foliage: The dark green foliage is illustrated in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 and is typical of Juglans regia. Leafing out date between Year 6 and Year 17 has occurred on March 27th on the average. For comparative purposes, the ‘Chandler’ cultivar leaf-out is April 5th. The typical leaf coloration is green (adaxial 7.5GY 4/4, abaxial 5GY 5/2). The leaves are pinnately compound with 7-9 leaflets. The full leaf length is approximately 39 cm. and width is 27 cm. Leaflets are broadly elliptical and entire. The terminal leaflet averages 17 cm in length and 8 cm in width. The middle leaflets average 13 cm in length and 6 cm in width and the proximal leaflets average 8 cm in length and 4 cm in width. The rachis averages 30 cm in length and 2-4 mm in diameter. Petiole length is 10 cm and is 2.5GY 8/8 in color.
  • Inflorescence: The tree is precocious with first yield being noted at age 3 years. Male flowers (catkins) were first present at age 4 years. This delay in male maturity is typical of Juglans regia. From Year 6 to Year 17, average first female bloom occurred on April 11, peak bloom on April 14 and last bloom on April 18. From Year 6 to Year 17, average male flowering (pollen shedding) began March 28, peaked on April 4 and terminated April 10. Pollen shedding in this protandrous variety does not cover pistillate bloom well, suggesting that a pollinizer could be helpful for maximum yield. ‘Chandler’, ‘Howard’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 4,405), or ‘Tulare’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 8,268) would be satisfactory pollinizers. The female flowers are typical of Juglans regia (FIG. 6) with two flowers per inflorescence borne on 1 cm spikes at both terminal and lateral positions on current season's growth. Approximately 97% of the lateral buds contain inflorescences, making yields much greater than trees that only bear flowers terminally. A typical female flower is approximately 8 to 10 mm at anthesis and floral organs are typical of J. regia. The flowers appear vase-shaped when the 2 plumose stigmatic arms are curved outward. There are no petals. The female flowers are green (5GY 7/8) in color. The flower fragrance is typical of J. regia and is not noticeably different from the foliage fragrance. The male flowers (FIG. 7) are borne on catkins, between 7 and 14 cm in length and 1-2 cm in diameter, and are green in color (5GY 7/10).
  • Walnuts: The new cultivar commonly harvests about 10 days before ‘Chandler’, about 13 days after ‘Payne’ (unpatented), and is similar in timing to ‘Solano’. The new cultivar has excellent yields of mostly jumbo-sized walnuts. The hull is broadly elliptic, 5.1 cm×4.6 cm, 7 mm thick, and 7.5GY 7/4 in color with numerous lighter speckles (FIG. 8). The nut is broadly ovate, has a lightly grooved shell, is a light tan color (7.5YR 6/4) and measures approximately 40 mm in length and 34 mm in width (FIG. 9). The shell is 1.2 mm thick, average strength and well-sealed, and the kernel is easy to remove. The kernel weight averages 8.1 g and makes up 58% of the total nut weight of 14.1 g. Kernel color is considered excellent (FIG. 10) and scores mostly in the light to extra light categories (i.e.; 33% extra light, 57.4% light, 9.8% light amber, and 0% amber) of the USDA Standards for Grades of Shelled Walnuts as determined by using the standard Walnut Color Chart for kernels published by the Dried Fruit Association of California (TABLE 2). In addition, kernels of ‘UC Wolfskill’ have averaged 57.1 on the Relative Light Index used by Diamond Foods of Stockton, Calif. It is typical of commercial walnuts in terms of flavor and firmness.
  • Disease susceptibility: This cultivar appears have somewhat lower incidence of blight (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis) than other cultivars with comparable leafing dates.
  • Usage: This new cultivar of the present invention provides a mid-season walnut with high quality light-colored kernels, harvesting earlier than ‘Chandler’ with greater kernel fill and similar kernel color and shell traits.
TABLE 1
Trial sites, locations, number of trees at location, and years
of evaluation data collected for ‘UC Wolfskill’.
# Years
Year # Trees of Data Comparison Culti-
Plant- Eval- Col- vars Evaluated at
Location ed uated lected Same Location
Trial Site
UC Davis - Davis Year 3 1 11 Chandler, Solano,
North Durham (U.S.
Seedling Plant Pat.
Block No. 28,529),
Tulare, Vina,
Howard, Ivanhoe
UCD Davis Year 8 4 8 Chandler, Solano,
Selection Durham, Tulare,
Block D Vina, Howard,
Ivanhoe
Scheuring Wood- Year 8 4 9 Chandler, Solano,
S505 C land Durham, Tulare,
Vina, Howard,
Ivanhoe
Stolp D Durham Year 8 4 8 Chandler, Solano,
Durham, Tulare,
Howard, Ivanhoe
Whitney Wheat- Year 8 4 6 Chandler, Solano,
Warren land Howard, Tulare,
Ranch A Hartley, Vina,
Norene B Rio Oso Year 20 4 Chandler, Solano,
12 Durham,
03-001-1372
Crane Merced Year 11 2 Chandler, Solano,
12 Durham, Tulare,
03-001-1938, 03-
001-1457, 06-
005-31
Gilbert B Wheat- Year 55 3 Chandler, Solano,
land 14 Dur-ham, 03-001-
1938, 03-001-1372,
03-001-2440,
06-005-31
Orestimba Crow's Year ~50 observa- Chandler, Solano,
Nursery Landing 14 tional Tulare, 03-001-
1372, 03-001-
1938, 03-001-
2440, 00-006-227
Norene C Rio Oso Year ~500 new Chandler, Solano,
17 Durham, Tulare,
Howard, Vina,
03-001-1372
Nursery
Locations
Sierra Gold Yuba Year nursery for increase
Nursery City 14
Burchell Oakdale Year nursery for increase
Nursery 14
Dave Wilson Hughson Year nursery for increase
Nursery 15
Venice Hills Visalia Year nursery for increase
Nursery 18
TABLE 2
Performance of ‘UC Wolfskill’ compared to its parents
and similar cultivars - means and standard errors for all
locations Year 5 to Year 17.
Year-
locations
Trait (units) evaluated UWolfskill Chandler Solano
Leafing 14 3/26 ± 1.5 4/6 ± 1.6 3/25 ± 1.5
date (days)
Pollen shed 13 4/4 ± 1.7 4/13 ± 1.3 4/3 ± 1.3
date (days)
Female 13 4/14 ± 1.7 4/22 ± 1.1 4/11 ± 1.3
bloom date
(days)
Harvest date 17 9/26 ± 1.7 10/6 ± 1.1 9/20 ± 1.9
(days)
Yield (0-9 19 7.3 ± 0.1 6.5 ± 0.1 7.2 ± 0.1
scale)
Blight (0-9 13 1.1 ± 0.5 0.9 ± 0.3 2.4 ± 0.5
scale)
Inshell 34 14.0 ± 0.2 12.9 ± 0.3 14.7 ± 0.3
weight (g)
Kernel 34 8.2 ± 0.2 6.4 ± 0.2 8.0 ± 0.2
weight (g)
Percent 34 58.4 ± 0.5 50.0 ± 0.5 54.5 ± 0.4
kernel (%)
Ease of 34 4.5 ± 0.1 3.8 ± 0.1 4.5 ± 0.1
removal
(0-9 scale)
Percent 34 68 ± 5 70 ± 5 50 ± 6
extra light
(%)
Percent 34 30 ± 4 25 ± 4 46 ± 6
light (%)
Percent 34 1 ± 1 5 ± 2 4 ± 2
light
amber (%)
Percent 34 4 ± 1 28 ± 3 8 ± 3
tip shrivel
(%)
Durham
U.S.
Vina Plant
(not Pat. No.
Trait (units) patented) Howard Tulare 28,529
Leafing 3/27 ± 1.7 4/6 ± 28,529 4/3 ± 1.9 3/30 ± 1.9
date (days)
Pollen shed 4/5 ± 1.5 4/10 ± 1.5 4/12 ± 1.6 4/6 ± 1.4
date (days)
Female 4/12 ± 1.4 4/20 ± 1.3 4/17 ± 1.5 4/16 ± 1.4
bloom date
(days)
Harvest date 9/22 ± 1.2 9/27 ± 1.4 9/28 ± 1.7 9/24 ± 1.0
(days)
Yield (0-9 7.1 ± 0.1 6.9 ± 0.1 7.3 ± 0.1 6.6 ± 0.2
scale)
Blight (0-9 3.9 ± 0.6 0.6 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 0.7 0.2 ± 0.2
scale)
Inshell 13.9 ± 0.5 13.4 ± 0.4 13.9 ± 0.4 15.1 ± 0.2
weight (g)
Kernel 7.0 ± 0.3 6.8 ± 0.2 7.6 ± 0.2 8.4 ± 0.2
weight (g)
Percent 50.4 ± 0.5 50.9 ± 0.3 54.2 ± 0.5 55.3 ± 0.4
kernel (%)
Ease of 5.1 ± 0.1 4.6 ± 0.1 4.5± 0.1 4.2 ± 0.1
removal
(0-9 scale)
Percent 1 ± 1 16 ± 4 6 ± 3 47 ± 6  
extra light
(%)
Percent 42 ± 9 69 ± 5 80 ± 4 49 ± 6  
light (%)
Percent 56 ± 9 15 ± 4 13 ± 4 3 ± 1  
light
amber (%)
Percent 0 ± 0 3 ± 1 8 ± 2 19 ± 4  
tip shrivel
(%)
TABLE 3
Key to evaluation traits presented in TABLE 2.
Tree evaluation
Catkin abundance Male flower abundance: 3 low; 5 intermediate;
7 high
Female abundance Female flower abundance: 3 low; 5 intermediate;
7 high
Lateral Percent of lateral buds with female flowers
fruitfulness %
Yield Yield: 3 low; 5 intermediate; 7 high
Nut and
kernel traits
Texture Shell texture: 3 smooth; 5 medium; 7 rough
Color Shell color: 3 light; 5 medium; 7 dark
Seal Shell seal: 3 weak; 5 intermediate; 7 strong
Strength Shell strength: 3 weak; 5 intermediate; 7 strong
Integrity Shell integrity: 3 substantial area of shell missing;
5 small area of missing shell; 6 stem end hole;
7 complete shell
Thickness Shell thickness at mid-cheek in mm
Packing tissue Inner lining: 3 thin; 5 medium; 7 thick
Inshell weight g
Kernel weight g
Kernel % Kernel wt/inshell wt × 100
Fill Kernel fill: 3 poor; 5 moderate; 7 well
Plumpness Kernel plumpness: 3 thin; 5 moderate; 7 plump
Ease of removal Ease of removal of kernel halves: 3 easy;
5 moderate; 7 difficult
Blanks % Percent of nuts without a kernel
Extra light % Percent of kernels in extra light category (DFA*)
Light % Percent of kernels in light category (DFA)
Light amber % Percent of kernels in light amber category (DFA)
Amber % Percent of kernels in amber category (DFA)
Tip shrivel % Percent of kernels with tip shrivel like Chandler
<50% shrivel Percent of kernels with <50% shrivel
>50% shrivel Percent of kernels with >50% shrivel
Veins % Percent of kernels with conspicuous veins
*“DFA” refers to Dried Fruit Association of CA

Claims (1)

What is claimed is:
1. A new and distinct variety of walnut tree designated ‘UC Wolfskill’ as shown and described herein.
US16/949,746 2020-11-12 2020-11-12 Walnut tree names 'wolfskill' Active USPP33383P2 (en)

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USPP4388P (en) 1978-04-21 1979-02-27 The Regents Of The University Of California Walnut tree
USPP25466P3 (en) 2012-11-20 2015-04-28 The Regents Of The University Of California Walnut tree named ‘Solano’

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USPP4388P (en) 1978-04-21 1979-02-27 The Regents Of The University Of California Walnut tree
USPP25466P3 (en) 2012-11-20 2015-04-28 The Regents Of The University Of California Walnut tree named ‘Solano’

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