USPP32460P2

USPP32460P2 - Corylus plant named ‘Raritan’

Info

Publication number: USPP32460P2
Application number: US16/602,126
Authority: US
Inventors: Thomas J. Molnar; Shawn A. Mehlenbacher; John M. Capik
Original assignee: Rutgers State University of New Jersey
Current assignee: Rutgers State University of New Jersey; Oregon State University
Priority date: 2019-08-12
Filing date: 2019-08-12
Publication date: 2020-11-17
Anticipated expiration: 2039-08-12

Abstract

A new and distinct Corylus avellana plant named ‘Raritan’ characterized by a vigorous and upright-spreading growth habit, the production of nuts with round kernels that fall free of the husk at maturity, and a high level of tolerance (quantitative resistance) to eastern filbert blight caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller.

Description

Latin name: Corylus avellana cultivar.

Variety denomination: ‘Raritan’.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Corylus plant, botanically known as Corylus avellana and the designation ‘Raritan’, or as ‘Raritan’ Hazelnut (H3FR03P33 Rutgers 1), and hereinafter referred to by the name ‘Raritan’. The new Corylus resulted from a controlled cross of the female parent OSU 539.031 (unpatented, unreleased breeding selection) with pollen of OSU 616.018 (unpatented, unreleased breeding selection) made in 2004. Hybrid seeds resulting from the cross were harvested in August 2004. They were provided a period of moist chilling, subsequently germinated, and the seedlings were grown in the greenhouse during the summer of 2005. From this cross, a total of 92 seedling trees were planted in a research field in East Brunswick, N.J., in October 2005. ‘Raritan’ was discovered and selected as a single plant within that progeny of the stated cross-pollination. It was originally assigned the designation H3FR03P33, which indicates the field, row, and tree location of the original seedling.

The female parent OSU 539.031 is an unpatented, unreleased seeding. The male parent OSU 616.018 is also an unpatented, unreleased seedling . Both parents of ‘Raritan’ express a high level of tolerance (quantitative/horizontal resistance) to eastern filbert blight caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller.

The new cultivar was asexually reproduced by rooted suckers and whip grafting in 2010 through 2015 in East Brunswick and New Brunswick, N.J. The unique features of this new Corylus are stable and reproduced true-to-type in successive generations of asexual reproduction.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The following traits have been observed and are determined to be the unique characteristics of ‘Raritan’. These characteristics in combination distinguish ‘Raritan’ as a distinct cultivar:

Vigorous and upright-spreading plant habit.

Yellowish-green to green color of developing and fully expanded leaves during the spring and summer.

High level of tolerance (quantitative resistance/horizontal resistance) to eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller. The source of this resistance differs from the single dominant allele conferred from ‘Gasaway’ (unpatented, Mehlenbacher et al., 1991), which protects Corylus avellana ‘McDonald’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 28,200P3, Mehlenbacher et al., 2016), ‘Wepster’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 27,141P3, Mehlenbacher et al., 2014), ‘Dorris’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 25,022P3, Mehlenbacher et al., 2013), ‘Jefferson’ (unpatented, Mehlenbacher et al., 2011a), ‘Yamhill’ (unpatented, Mehlenbacher et al., 2009), and several other Corylus avellana cultivars and pollenizers known to the Inventors.

Expression of incompatibility alleles S3 and S22 in the styles.

Comparisons in several replicated plantings in East Brunswick, N.J., show that plants of ‘Raritan’ differed from plants of the Corylus avellana cultivar ‘Barcelona’ (unpatented), ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ (unpatented), ‘Yamhill’, ‘Jefferson’, and other cultivars and selections of Corylus avellana known to the Inventors, primarily in their response to eastern filbert blight present in New Jersey, a region where the pathogen is native and highly genetically diverse (Muehlbauer et al., 2019). They also differed in S-alleles, nut size, nut shape, kernel percentage (ratio of kernel weight to nut weight), frequency of defects (blank nuts, moldy kernels, twin kernels, etc.), time of pollen shed, and length of the husk or involucre.

‘Raritan’ is immediately distinguished from its parents by its incompatibility allele (S-allele) combinations. ‘Raritan’ expresses S-alleles S3 and S22 in its stigmas whereas OSU 539.031 expresses S2 and S22 and OSU 616.018 expresses S2 and S3. ‘Raritan’ also differs in its response to the disease eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala. Both OSU 539.031 and OSU 616.018 express a moderate level of tolerance to EFB similar to that reported for ‘Sacajawea’ for average proportion of diseased wood, which was shown to be 21.0% (calculated by total length of EFB-diseased stems per tree divided by total length of shoot growth) (see [0142] Capik, J. M. and T. J. Molnar. 2012. Assessment of host (Corylus sp.) resistance to eastern filbert blight in New Jersey. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 137:157-172). ‘Raritan’ has been shown to be highly tolerant expressing a very low average proportion of diseased wood of only 0.7%.

For example:

Eastern filbert blight response in New Jersey: In a multi-year trial in East Brunswick, N.J., the proportion of EFB-diseased wood across the canopy for ‘Raritan’ was 0.7% compared to 20.4% for ‘Yamhill’, 31.2% for ‘Jefferson’, 48.6% for ‘Gasaway’, and 67.0% for ‘Barcelona’.

Pollen shed: ‘Raritan’ typically sheds pollen in East Brunswick, N.J., 2-3 days before ‘Yamhill’ and ‘Santiam’ (unpatented, Mehlenbacher et al., 2007), after ‘Ratoli’ (unpatented, minor cultivar from Tarragona, Spain) and prior to ‘Jefferson’ and ‘Gasaway’. ‘Raritan’ descriptor=5.

Husk Length: ‘Raritan’ is 1.5 times nut length, like ‘Barcelona’, while ‘Wepster’ is 2 times nut length.

‘Raritan’ produces kernels that are well-suited for the blanched kernel market for use in confections and baked goods. ‘Raritan’ combines very high levels of tolerance to eastern filbert blight (evaluated against Anisogramma anomala strains present in New Jersey, US) with round nuts and kernels, high kernel percentage, and very good kernel blanching. The tree is vigorous with an upright branching habit that produces a desirable orchard tree when pruned to a single stem.

Field observations in East Brunswick, N.J., and results from greenhouse-based inoculations performed in New Brunswick, N.J., indicate that ‘Raritan’ expresses a very high level of tolerance to eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala. While the cultivar is not immune to EFB, it rarely produces stem cankers and most that develop are small in size and lack fully formed reproductive stromata which show limited sporulation, equating to very little to no stem dieback and a greatly reduced canopy inoculum load even when infections are present. The high level of tolerance (horizontal resistance) is conferred by both of its unrelated, EFB-tolerant parent trees, which is unlike the cultivars currently grown in Oregon and Washington protected by the single dominant ‘Gasaway’ resistance allele. EFB is now present throughout the Willamette Valley of Oregon where 99% of the U.S. hazelnut crop is grown and is endemic to the eastern US and southern Canada, where it has been historically impossible to grow Corylus avellana commercially. ‘Raritan’ was selected in central New Jersey and is adapted to the climate present in this region. Pruning to remove cankers and fungicide applications are currently used to manage the disease in orchards of ‘Barcelona’ and other susceptible cultivars in the Pacific Northwestern US. ‘Raritan’ is suitable for planting in areas with high EFB disease pressure. It has shown excellent tolerance in the eastern US where the EFB fungus is native and genetically diverse (Muehlbauer et al., 2019).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The figures include color photographic illustrations that illustrate the overall appearance of the new cultivar, showing the colors as true as it is reasonably possible to obtain in colored reproductions of this type. Foliage colors in the photographs may differ slightly from the color values cited in the detailed botanical description which accurately describe the colors of the new Corylus.

FIG. 1 is a color photographic illustration of an original unpruned tree of the new cultivar ‘Raritan’ hazelnut in the 15th leaf.

FIG. 2 is a color photographic illustration of nuts, husks, and leaves of the ‘Raritan’ hazelnut.

FIG. 3 is a color photographic illustration of nuts, cracked shells, raw kernels, and blanched kernels of hazelnuts ‘Raritan’.

FIG. 4 is a phenology chart illustration that shows time of female receptivity, pollen shed, and vegetative budbreak of ‘Raritan’ and other hazelnut cultivars.

FIG. 5 is a phenology chart illustration that shows time of female receptivity, pollen shed, and vegetative budbreak of ‘Raritan’ and other hazelnut cultivars.

DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

The cultivar ‘Raritan’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in environment such as temperature and light intensity, without, however, any variance in genotype.

The aforementioned photographs and following observations and measurements describe plants grown in East Brunswick, N.J., under commercial practice outdoors in the field during the spring and summer. Plants used for the photographs and description were the original tree (15 years old) and those propagated by tie-off layerage and growing on their own roots (six and seven years old).

Color references herein are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 1966 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (“UPOV”) descriptors are described in the Mar. 28, 1979, UPOV Hazelnut guidelines.

Botanical classification: Corylus avellana cultivar. ‘Raritan’.
Parentage: The female, or seed, parent is Corylus avellana OSU 539.031 (unpatented, unreleased seedling), which resulted from a cross of OSU 275.031 (unpatented) x ‘Sant Pere’ (unpatented). OSU 275.031 is the result of the cross ‘Montebello’ (unpatented) x OSU 74.037 (unpatented). OSU 74.037 resulted from a cross of OSU 14.084 (unpatented) x OSU 17.068 (unpatented), which are offspring of ‘Barcelona’ x ‘Daviana’ (unpatented) and ‘Barcelona’ x ‘Tombul Ghiaghli’ (unpatented), respectively. ‘Sant Pere’ is a minor cultivar from Tarragona, Spain, known for very early nut maturity (Tasias-Valls, 1975). ‘Raritan’ is highly tolerant of eastern filbert blight. OSU 539.031 is reported as similar to ‘Sacajawea’ (as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2008) and ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ in its response to EFB in Oregon. ‘Raritan’ has shown a much higher level of tolerance to EFB than both ‘Sacajawea’ and ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ when grown in New Jersey (Capik and Molnar, 2012). The male, or pollen, parent is Corylus avellana OSU 616.018 (unpatented, unreleased seedling), which is the result of a cross of ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ x ‘Clark’ (unpatented, Mehlenbacher et al., 2001). It was shown to be tolerant to EFB in Oregon and selected as a complimentary parent to the unrelated OSU 539.031 to subsequently enhance quantitative resistance (horizontal resistance) in their offspring.
Incompatibility alleles: ‘Raritan’ has incompatibility alleles S3 and S22. Female parent OSU 539.031 has alleles S2 and S22 and male parent OSU 616.018 has the alleles S2 and S3. ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ has the alleles 2 and 23, ‘Tonda Pacifica’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 22,715, Mehlenbacher et al., 2011b) and ‘Wepster’ have alleles S1 and S2, and ‘McDonald’ has alleles S2 and S15.
Propagation (type rooted suckers):
- - Time to initiate roots.—About 30 days at 20° C.
  - Time to produce a rooted young plant.—About six months at 22° C.
  - Root description.—Fine to thick; freely branching; creamy white in color.
Propagation (type whip grafting):
- - Time to budbreak on the scions.—About 14 days at 25° C.
  - Time to produce a grafted plant.—About six months at 25° C.
Plant description:
- - General appearance.—Natural habit is perennial shrub, but in commercial orchards, is a single trunk tree; vigorous upright, spreading plant habit.
  - Growth and branching habit.—Freely branching; about 15 lateral branches develop per plant; pinching, that is, removal of the terminal apices, enhances branching with lateral branches potentially forming at every node.
  - Vigor.—Vigorous, upright growth habit.
  - Size.—Plant height is about 6.1 meters; plant diameter or spread is about 5.5 meters.
  - Trunk at 30 cm above the soil line.—8.6 cm in 2019. Texture is mostly smooth, glabrous.
  - Trunk color.—197C.
Lateral branch description:
- - Length.—About 40.0 cm; ranges from 30.0 cm to 48.0 cm.
  - Diameter.—About 5.3 mm; ranges from 4.5 mm to 6.5 mm.
  - Internode length (at base).—About 1.0 cm.
  - Internode length (at tip).—About 5.8 cm; ranges from 5.0 cm to 7.0 cm.
  - Texture.—Smooth, pubescent.
  - Strength.—Strong.
  - Color, immature.—145A.
  - Color, mature.—146C.
  - Color of previous seasons branches.—199D.
Foliage description:
- - Arrangement.—Alternate, simple.
  - Length.—About 14.0 cm; ranges from 12.5 cm to 15.0 cm.
  - Width.—About 12.1 cm; ranges from 11.0 cm to 14.0 cm.
  - Shape.—Oblong to ovate.
  - Apex.—Obtuse to acute.
  - Base.—Cordate.
  - Margin.—Serrate.
  - Texture, upper and lower surfaces.—Slightly pubescent.
  - Venation pattern.—Pinnate.
  - Color, developing foliage.—Upper surface 144C; lower surfaces, 145B.
  - Color, fully expanded foliage.—Upper surface: spring and summer, 137B; late summer and fall, 137B.
  - Color, fully expanded foliage, lower surface.—Spring and summer, 138B; late summer and fall, 138B.
  - Venation, upper surface.—Spring and summer, 145A; late summer and fall, 145A.
  - Venation, lower surface.—Spring and summer, 145A; late summer and fall, 145A.
Leaf bud description:
- - Shape.—Globular. Length: average 8.0 mm. Diameter: average 6.0 mm.
  - Time of leaf budbreak.—Medium to late, Descriptor-6. ‘Raritan’ budbreak is approximately six days before ‘Jefferson’, about six days after ‘Yamhill’, and two days later than ‘Santiam’.
  - Color.—145B.
Petiole description:
- - Length.—About 1.6 cm; ranges from 1.0 cm to 2.0 cm.
  - Diameter.—About 2.5 mm; ranges from 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm.
  - Texture, upper and lower surfaces.—Pubescent.
  - Color.—144A.
Flower description:
- - Male inflorescences.—Catkins.
  - Color prior to elongation.—176D.
  - Catkin length.—Average 30.5 mm. Catkin diameter: average 6.5 mm.
  - Female inflorescence style color.—47B. Female inflorescence length at full maturity: average 7.0 mm.
  - Time of female flowering.—Medium, Descriptor-5.
  - Time of female flowering compared to male flowering.—Protogyny, Descriptor-1. Time of male flowering: Early-to-medium, Descriptor-4.
  - Involucre constriction.—Absent.
  - Involucre length.—1.5 times length of nut, Descriptor-7.
  - Size of indentation.—Medium, Descriptor-5.
  - Strength of serration of indentation.—Strong, Descriptor-7.
  - Thickness of callus at base.—Thick, Descriptor-7.
  - Pubescence on husk.—Absent, Descriptor-1.
  - Density of hairiness of involucre.—Weak, Descriptor-3.
  - Jointing of bracts.—On both sides, Descriptor-3.
Nut description:
- - Length.—Average 18.6 mm.
  - Width.—Average 19.1 mm.
  - Depth.—Average 15.9 mm.
  - Nut shape.—Round.
  - Nut shape index.—(Width+Depth)/2*Length=0.94.
  - Nut compression index.—(Width/Depth)=1.21.
  - Nut weight.—Average 2.51 grams.
  - Kernel weight.—Average 1.17 grams.
  - Kernel percentage (kernel weight/nut weight).—Average 46.6%.
  - Number of fruits per cluster.—Two to three.
  - Nutshell coloration.—165B.
  - Number of stripes on shell.—Many, Descriptor-7.
  - Shape of fruit apex.—Flat, Descriptor-1.
  - Prominence of fruit apex.—Slightly prominent, Descriptor-3.
  - Size of fruit pistil scar on shell.—Very small, Descriptor-3.
  - Hairiness of top of fruit.—Weak, Descriptor-3.
  - Curvature of nut basal scar.—Flat, Descriptor-2.
  - Double kernels.—Absent.
  - Kernel shape.—Globular, Descriptor-2.
  - Shape of kernel in cross-section.—Rectangular, Descriptor-4.
  - Lateral groove in kernel.—Present.
  - Corkiness of pellicle of kernel.—Lightly corky, Descriptor-3.
  - Disease/pest resistance.—Plants of the new Corylus avellana exhibit a very high level of tolerance to EFB, referred to as quantitative resistance or horizontal resistance, caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller. It has been evaluated against the strains of the fungus present in New Jersey. A few small cankers may develop under high disease pressure, but they typically lack stromata equating to reduce sporulation and subsequent orchard inoculum load. Plants have not been challenged against all strains of Anisogramma anomala present in North America and have not been thoroughly evaluated for their tolerance of bud mites (Phytoptus avellanae Nal.); no bud mites were observed on the original tree or its propagules grown in East Brunswick, N.J. Further, no bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina was observed on the cultivar during the course of evaluations.
  - Temperature tolerance.—‘Raritan’ was selected in East Brunswick, N.J., and is targeted for production in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 6a to 7b. Plants of the new Corylus avellana have been observed to tolerate temperatures from −21 to 38° C.

COMPARATIVE DATA

FIG. 4 presents a phenology chart showing time of female receptivity, pollen shed, and vegetative budbreak of ‘Raritan’ and other hazelnut cultivars grown in East Brunswick, N.J. over a time period from January to April of 2018. For each of the different indicated varieties (‘Raritan’, ‘Jefferson’, ‘Yamhill’, ‘Santiam’, ‘Ratoli’ and ‘Gasaway’) upper and lower bar graph pairings are provided in alignment with their respective varietal indicators, wherein the upper (top) bar graph of each pairing represents pistillate (female) flower development as it progresses over time through each of four stages represented by the crosshatchings key at the bottom of the chart; and the lower (bottom) bar graph of each pairing represents staminate (male) flower development as it progresses over time through each of three stages represented by different crosshatchings defined by another key at the bottom of the chart. The different respective stages correspond to the stages of development as defined and described in “Flowering phenology of eastern filbert blight-resistant accessions in New Jersey,” Capik, J. M. and T. J. Molnar, HortTechnology 24:196-208, 2014 (hereinafter sometimes “Capik and Molnar (2014)”). Stage 1 of vegetative bud development for each of the varieties is represented by the solid black rectangles aligned with the varietal indicators.

FIG. 5 presents a phenology chart showing time of female receptivity, pollen shed, and vegetative budbreak of ‘Raritan’ and other hazelnut cultivars grown in East Brunswick, N.J., from December 2018 to April 2019. For each of the different indicated varieties (‘Raritan’, ‘Jefferson’, ‘Yamhill’, ‘Santiam’, and ‘Ratoli’) upper and lower bar graph pairings are provided in alignment with their respective varietal indicators, wherein the upper (top) bar graph of each pairing represents pistillate (female) flower development as it progresses over time through each of the four Capik and Molnar (2014) stages represented by the crosshatchings key at the bottom of the chart; and the lower (bottom) bar graph of each pairing represents staminate (male) flower development as it progresses over time through each of three Capik and Molnar (2014) stages represented by crosshatchings defined by another key at the bottom of the chart. The different respective stages correspond to the stages of development described in Capik and Molnar (2014). Stage 1 of vegetative bud development for each of the varieties is represented by the solid black rectangles aligned with the varietal indicators.

- - Disease resistance.—‘Raritan’ differs from existing Corylus avellana cultivars based on its source and type of resistance to eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala. Commercial cultivars previously widely grown in Oregon including ‘Barcelona’, ‘Ennis’ (unpatented), ‘Daviana’ (unpatented), ‘Butler’ (unpatented), etc. are highly susceptible to EFB and cannot be grown in the eastern US without copious applications of chemical fungicides and heavy pruning to remove infected stems. Tree death can occur in the eastern US within 5 years of exposure to the systemic fungus. The more recently developed cultivars ‘Santiam’, ‘Yamhill’, ‘Jefferson’, ‘Dorris’, ‘Wepster’, and ‘McDonald’ and their associated pollenizers are protected from EFB by a single resistance gene conferred from Corylus avellana ‘Gasaway’. This gene provides a high level of resistance in Oregon and Washington where the diversity of the fungus is limited (Muehlbauer et al., 2019), but does not provide a similar level of protection from disease in the eastern US where the pathogen is endemic and genetically diverse (Capik and Molnar, 2012; Muehlbauer et al., 2018). ‘Raritan’ hazelnut is highly tolerant to EFB but does not carry the single ‘Gasaway’ resistance allele. It was developed by crossing two unrelated Corylus avellana plants both exhibiting a high level of tolerance and then selecting offspring exhibiting enhanced levels of tolerance in the presence of high disease pressure in East Brunswick, N.J. While ‘Raritan’ plants are not immune to EFB, they have been shown to rarely get destructive stem cankers that lead to stem die-back and subsequent yield decline. In a multi-year trial in East Brunswick, N.J., completed in winter 2018 and spanning more than 8 years of exposure to EFB, the average proportion of diseased wood (total length of EFB-diseased stems per tree divided by total length of shoot growth) for ‘Raritan’ was 0.7% compared to 20.4% for ‘Yamhill’ (unpatented, Mehlenbacher et al., 2009), 31.2% for ‘Jefferson’ (Mehlenbacher et al., 2011a), and 48.6% for ‘Gasaway’. Previous studies in New Jersey showed the proportion of diseased wood of ‘Barcelona’ to be 67.0%, ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ 39%, and ‘Sacajawea’ 21% (Capik and Molnar, 2012). Differences were also observed in the number of cankers and average canker length for ‘Raritan’ in comparison to ‘Yamhill’, ‘Jefferson’, and ‘Gasaway’ in the study completed in 2018. ‘Raritan’ exhibited an average of 7.0 cankers per tree with an average canker length of 20.3 cm. In contrast, ‘Gasaway’ exhibited an average of 93.0 cankers per tree with an average length of 130.8 cm, ‘Jefferson’ exhibited an average of 36.9 cankers per tree with an average length of 72.3 cm, and ‘Yamhill’ exhibited an average of 40.5 cankers per tree with an average length of 37.9 cm. As reported in Capik and Molnar (2012), and as a further point of comparison in regard to EFB response, ‘Barcelona’ exhibited an average of 20.4 cankers per tree with an average length of 61.9 cm, ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ exhibited an average of 39.0 cankers per tree with an average length of 24.5 cm, and ‘Sacajawea’ exhibited an average of 7.7 cankers per tree with an average length of 21.5 cm (Capik and Molnar, 2012). While ‘Sacajawea’, a cultivar known to exhibit tolerance to EFB, exhibits similar canker numbers per tree and canker length to ‘Raritan’, its proportion of diseased wood is much higher at 21% compared to 0.7%.
  - Nut and kernel characteristics.—‘Raritan’ hazelnut is targeted for the blanched kernel market and specifically for nut production in the eastern United States in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 6a to 7b where most existing cultivars of Corylus avellana cannot be grown due to the impacts of EFB. The nut shape is round although slightly compressed along its depth. Kernels are round with a slight point. The average single nut weight over the past 6 years for ‘Raritan’ is 2.51 g and average single kernel weight is 1.17 g, with an average kernel to nut ratio of 46.6% (FIG. 3). ‘Raritan’ nuts and kernels are smaller than those of ‘Barcelona’, ‘Jefferson’, and ‘Sacajawea’, and also differ in kernel to nut ratio. For example, ‘Barcelona’ (as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2008) had an average single nut weight of 3.85 grams, average single kernel weight of 1.66 grams, and an average kernel to nut ratio of 43.1%. ‘Sacajawea’ (as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2008) had an average single nut weight of 2.79 grams, an average single kernel weight of 1.45 grams, and an average kernel to nut ratio of 52.1%. ‘Jefferson’ (as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2011a) had an average single nut weight of 3.69 grams, an average single kernel weight of 1.66 grams, and an average kernel to nut ratio of 42.9%. ‘Raritan’ nuts and kernels are relatively similar in size to ‘Yamhill’, ‘Wepster’, and ‘McDonald’ but differ in several aspects including ratio of kernel to nut and pellicle removal after roasting. For example, ‘Yamhill’ (as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2009), had an average single nut weight of 2.34 grams, an average single kernel weight of 1.13 grams, and an average kernel to nut ratio of 49.3%. ‘Wepster’ (as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2014) had an average single nut weight of 2.39 grams, an average single kernel weight of 1.11 grams, and an average kernel to nut ratio of 46.6%. ‘McDonald’ (as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2016) had an average single nut weight of 2.39 grams, an average single kernel weight of 1.21 grams, with an average kernel to nut ratio of 50.7%. Raw kernels of ‘Raritan’ have a light brown pellicle with a moderate amount of attached fiber (average rating was 2.0 on a scale of 1 [no fiber] to 4 [much fiber] with average based on 6 years of evaluations). Pellicle removal after roasting at 150° C. for 15 min and rubbing is rated on a scale of 1 (complete pellicle removal) to 7 (no pellicle removal). Most of the pellicle on ‘Raritan’ kernels is removed after roasting with an average rating of 2.2 (averaged from 6 years of evaluations). ‘Raritan’ demonstrated better average pellicle removal than that reported in Oregon for ‘Barcelona’ (4.2 out of 7.0 as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2008), ‘Jefferson’ (3.9 out of 7.0 as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2011a), ‘Yamhill’ (4.1 out of 7.0 as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2011a), and ‘McDonald’ (3.8 out of 7.0 as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2016). ‘Raritan’ has similar pellicle removal to ‘Sacajawea’ (2.9 out of 7.0 as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2011) and ‘Dorris’ (2.4 out of 7.0 as described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2013), whereas, ‘Tonda Pacific’ as described in Mehlenbacher et al. (2011), had superior pellicle removal with a score of 1.5 out of 7.0. The average percentage of good kernels (kernels free of defects) were calculated for ‘Raritan’ over three years of evaluation and found to be 88.4%. There was a very low incidence of moldy kernels (average 0.8%), blank nuts (0.4%), and shriveled kernels (1.2%). The majority of the defects were attributed to sucking insect feeding damage, primarily Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys, Stål, 1855), which equated to an average of 9.2% kernels displaying feeding scars and their associated reduction in quality. Note that no chemical control measures were utilized and Brown Marmorated Stink Bug pressure is high in New Jersey. The percentage of good kernels for ‘Raritan’ was considerably higher than that reported for ‘Barcelona’ in multiple reports from Oregon (60.9% good kernels reported in Mehlenbacher et al. [2008] and 69.4% in Mehlenbacher et al. [2013]). The average percentage of good kernels for ‘Raritan’ grown in New Jersey is relatively similar to the range reported from Oregon for ‘Yamhill’, ‘Jefferson’, ‘Dorris’, and ‘McDonald’; however, the percentage of moldy nuts was generally lower. There were no instances of doubles, black tips, or poorly filled kernels for ‘Raritan’.
  - Nut maturity date.—The nuts of ‘Raritan’ are typically borne in clusters of 2-3 and sometime 4 in husks about 50% longer than the nuts. The husks are flared and slit down the side (FIG. 2), and open as they dry at maturity. About 90% of the nuts fall free of the husk at maturity (range 80-100%). The other 10% of the nuts come out of the husks as they move through the harvester. When mature, the shells are tan to light brown in color. Harvest date on average is around 7 days before ‘Jefferson’ when grown in East Brunswick, N.J., typically around first week of September.
  - Incompatibility and pollinizers.—The trees set a moderate to high amount of catkins that shed pollen in early mid-season a few days prior to ‘Yamhill’. Pollen has been collected and used in several controlled pollinations, and both quantity and viability appear to be good. ‘Raritan’ has incompatibility alleles S3 and S22 as determined by fluorescence microscopy. Both alleles are expressed in the female flowers, but only S3 is expressed in the pollen because of dominance. By convention, alleles expressed in the pollen are underlined. Time of pollen shed and female receptivity were recorded weekly from early December 2017 to late March 2019 (FIGS. 4-5). Climatic conditions vary each year and impact dates of bloom but not usually the order of progression of bloom among cultivars. Female inflorescences of ‘Raritan’ emerged in early mid-season and were fully receptive in mid-February (New Jersey). Pollinizer cultivars that shed compatible pollen in midseason and late midseason are recommended, with hybrid hazelnut seedlings (Corylus americana x C. avellana) planted as pollenizers in eastern and northern regions where cold temperatures and fluctuating climatic conditions can affect pollen production of C. avellana. Alternative orchard designs include planting different eastern filbert blight resistant cross-compatible cultivars in adjacent rows to augment pollen production. Flowering times will continue to be observed and pollinizer recommendations adjusted accordingly. Pollinizers must be selected that express a high level of EFB resistance to eliminate/reduce the need for fungicide control in the entire orchard.
  - Pests and diseases.—Based on field trials under high disease pressure and greenhouse inoculation trials, both performed in New Jersey, ‘Raritan’ expresses a very high level of tolerance to EFB (quantitative resistance). Fungicide applications to control EFB are not expected to be needed. Small cankers that may develop can be removed through pruning to reduce inoculum load in production orchards. Susceptibility to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina has not been quantified, but the original seedling tree and clonal trees in the replicated trials were not affected. Susceptibility to big bud mite (primarily Phytoptus avellanae Nal.) has not been quantified, but the original tree and trees in the replicated trials were not affected.
  - Propagation.—Layers of ‘Raritan’ are vigorous and root well similar to standard cultivars of Corylus avellana

REFERENCES

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Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A new and distinct cultivar of Corylus plant named ‘Raritan’, as illustrated and described.