US977731A - Thermodynamic machine. - Google Patents

Thermodynamic machine. Download PDF

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US977731A
US977731A US37117007A US1907371170A US977731A US 977731 A US977731 A US 977731A US 37117007 A US37117007 A US 37117007A US 1907371170 A US1907371170 A US 1907371170A US 977731 A US977731 A US 977731A
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temperature
coils
cylinder
degrees
heat
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US37117007A
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Joseph Emile Haennig
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F01K3/18—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters
    • F01K3/186—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters using electric heat

Definitions

  • the machine forming the subject of this invention transforms heat into motive force by using a fall of temperature produced during the working of the machine.
  • the said transformation can take place at any temperature whatever, and any vapors or gases can be employed as motive fluid.
  • the motive fluid performs a closed cycle, and it is as in the case of a hot air machine, successively compressed, heated, expanded and cooled. It receives energy from the outside only in the form of heat which is to be transformed into motive force.
  • the expansion takes place at a higher temperature than the compression.
  • the two transformations take place in the same cylinder, which is the motor cylinder.
  • Figure 1 of the drawings is a vertical section of the left-hand portion of the machine, and Fig. 2 a vertical section of the righthand portion of the machine.
  • Fig. 3 is a diagram of a machine in which atmospheric air is employed as the motive fluid.
  • Fig. 4 is a diagram of an apparatus used when steam is employed as the motive fluid.
  • the receptacle Z Besides the motor cylinder at there is as the principal parts of the machine the receptacle Z) in which are shown coils 0.
  • the function of the said cylinder, receptacle and coils and their connections is, firstly, to liquefy the saturated vapor coming from the cylinder by way of the tube (Z under high pressure, and, in the second place, to superheat the vapor also coming rom the cylinder by the tube 6 under a lower pressure and temperature, and coils 0 and back through to the motor cylinder.
  • the reservoir g 9 divided into two by a partition, collects the liquid condensed in the coils c, and it passes by the discharge cock 9 from g to 9 and by the tube h into the motor cylinder at.
  • the object of the coils f interpolated between the receptacle 1) and the motor cylinder is to take up heat applied externally by any suitable means, and to communicate it to the vapor before the return of the latter passing about the coils f and pipes f into the cylinder.
  • a furnace FIG. 4 when steam is employed as the motive fluid, and by a circulation of water or air about the coils when the motive fluid is a liquefiable gas, such as carbonic acid, protoxid of nitrogen, atmospheric air, etc.
  • the motive fluid is admitted superheated into the cylinder.
  • the period of admission to the cylinder is very long, 50 to 75 per cent. of the stroke of the piston, and is controlled by a valve 7'.
  • the method of operation is as follows: After the expansion a quantity of liquid coming from the reservoir 9 by the pipe 72 is injected by means of a suitably actuated valve *8. This injected liquid vaporizes in contact with superheated gases, and the temperature is lowered to the saturation point. On the return stroke the piston compresses to the pressure of the admission, and forces the saturated vapor by the tube e into the receptacle 5.
  • the valve 7c actuated by a cam Z, closes before the finish of the stroke of the piston, so that a quantity of vapor, equivalent to the quantity of liquid injected, is compressed at a higher pressure, and forced through the automatic valve m and the tube (Z into the coils c where it condenses and gives up its latent heat to the vapor which passes into the receptacle I) at a lower pressure and temperature.
  • the vapor which condenses in the coils 0 is much less in quantity than the vapor which passes into the receptacle b to be superheated.
  • the relation of these two quantities depends on the difference of pressure, latent heat, and specific heat, and on the fall of temperature. This relation is 1/20 in the cases'of steam, when the fall of temperature (that is to say, the difference of temperature between the admission and the exhaust) is degrees C.
  • the relation is 1/15 for carbonic acid and atmospheric air when this difference of temperature is 45 degrees C.
  • the receptacle (9 with the coils 0 acts as a regenerator.
  • the heat taken up from the motive fluid after expansion at the final temperature of the cycle is given back to it after compression at a higher temperature by the condensation.
  • the heating of .the motive fluid after compression takes place under constant pressure, and the cooling after expansion takes place under constant volume; it is therefore necessary to communicate to the motive fluid, in order to bring it back to its initial temperature (temperature of ad
  • These coils f are heated by mission), not only the heat which it has given up after expansion in the cylinder, but also a certain quantity of heat in addition, which is communicated to the motive fluid during its passage through the coils f, and is transformed into motive force.
  • the temperature of admission can vary from 200 degrees C. to 300 degrees C., for example; and the coils f, shown in Fig. 4, are heated by a furnace.
  • the evaporating temperature can vary from 50 degrees C. to 20 degrees (1., and the temperature of condensation from 5 degrees C. to +30 degrees (3., with corresponding pressures of from 5 to 20 atmospheres for the vaporization, and from 30 to 75 atmospheres for the condensation.
  • the coils f in this case are heated by a circulation of air or water so that the heat contained in the water or in the air is taken up by the motive fluid and transformed into motive force.
  • the circulations and the transformations hereinabove described take place at a very low temperature; the temperature of admission, for example, is about -12O degrees.
  • a liquefiable gas of carbonic acid for example, vaporized at 20 atmospheres at a temperature of 20 degrees 6., can be condensed in vacuum at a very low temperature.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates diagrammatically such an installation.
  • the cylinder 1 communicates with the receptacle s and the vessel 6, and with the coils u and u; the atmospheric air is admitted superheated at 120 degrees C. by the tube 2 and returned saturated by the tube a; the liquid air injected after the expansion comes from the reservoir .9 by the tube 2 and the air destined to be condensed is forced back through the tube 2 into the coils u, where it condenses and gives up its latent heat to the air which passes into the receptacle 8.
  • the pressure of admission is 10 atmospheres; the pressure of the air which is liquefied in the coils u is about 30 atmospheres, and the temperature of liquefaction is 14:() degrees C.
  • the air which enters in a saturated condition into the receptacle 8 goes out superheated by the tube a, enters then the coil a at a temperature of 140 degrees C. and leaves it at -120 degreesC. to return to the cylinder 7*.
  • the admission and the expansion take place at a higher temperature than the compression and return.
  • the result is external work which is transmitted through the driving shaft.
  • the heat necessary to produce the work is taken up by the air during its passage through the coil a between the limits of temperature of 140 degrees C. and -120 degrees C.
  • the coil a is surrounded with carbonic acid which is caused to condense at a very low temperature.
  • the pump 7) transmits the liquefied carbonic acid from the condenser 6 into the evaporating apparatus 3 where it vaporizes under the influence of a circulation of water or airby means of the coil a? at a temperature of 20 degrees C. It enters a cylinder 00 with a pressure of 20 atmospheres, and after a slow expansion in the condenser 15. The temperature of condensation is about -75 degrees (1, the pressure in the condenser t, 5 atmospheres.
  • the intense cold produced by the coil a during the working of the machine can in certain cases be utilized to liquefy previously compressed air.
  • the apparatus shown in Fig. 4 is employed when steam is used as motive fluid.
  • the gases coming from the furnace 2 pass through the generator 1, till the pressure necessary is obtained.
  • This passage is then obstructed by the mobile disk 3, and the hot gases pass through the channels 4:, 5, 6, to heat the steam which passes through the serpentines f in the opposite direction.
  • the gases enter into the chimney by the channel 7 the steam coming from the motor cylinder by the tube 6 passes through the regenerator b to take up the latent heat from the steam which condenses in the coils 0 at a high pressure and temperature. It enters into the superheater f by the tube 6 and goes out by the tube 6 to return into the motor cylinder.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)

Description

J. E. HAENNIG. THERMODYNAMIG MACHINE. Arrmoi'non rmm APR.30, 1907.
977,731. Patented Dec. 6,1910.
4 SHEETS-r8532! 1.
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J. E. HAENNIG.
THERMODYNAMIG MACHINE.
APPLICATION FILED 3.30, 1907.
977,731. I Patented Dec. 6,1910.
4 SHEETS-SHEET 2.
WITNESSES. r E5 M V Aim/gays) M rug, V
THE NORRIS PETERS co. wAsHnyaTun, c. :7
J. E. HAENNIG THERMODYNA'MIG MACHINE. Az rmoumn IILED APR. 30, 1907.
Patented Dec. 6,1910.
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J. E. HAENNIG. THEBMODYNAMIG MACHINE.
APPLIOATION FILED APLSO, 1907. 977 5731 Patented Dec. 6, 1910.
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id raia i w 3 AVAVQEV Q J? g NW @E E a INVENTOR M 2 w 7%, B A/zomev W TNESSES:
I W M JOSEPH EMILE HAENNIG, 0F BELFORT, FRANCE.
THERMODYNAMIC MACHINE.
Specification of Letters Patent.
Patented Dec. 6, 1910.
Application filed April 30, 1907. Serial No. 371,170.
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, JOSEPH EMILE HAENNIG, a citizen of the Republic of France, residing in Belfort, Territoire de Belfort, France, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Thermodynamic Machines, of which the following is a specification.
The machine forming the subject of this invention transforms heat into motive force by using a fall of temperature produced during the working of the machine. The said transformation can take place at any temperature whatever, and any vapors or gases can be employed as motive fluid. The motive fluid performs a closed cycle, and it is as in the case of a hot air machine, successively compressed, heated, expanded and cooled. It receives energy from the outside only in the form of heat which is to be transformed into motive force. The expansion takes place at a higher temperature than the compression. The two transformations take place in the same cylinder, which is the motor cylinder.
Figure 1 of the drawings is a vertical section of the left-hand portion of the machine, and Fig. 2 a vertical section of the righthand portion of the machine. Fig. 3 is a diagram of a machine in which atmospheric air is employed as the motive fluid. Fig. 4 is a diagram of an apparatus used when steam is employed as the motive fluid.
Besides the motor cylinder at there is as the principal parts of the machine the receptacle Z) in which are shown coils 0. The function of the said cylinder, receptacle and coils and their connections is, firstly, to liquefy the saturated vapor coming from the cylinder by way of the tube (Z under high pressure, and, in the second place, to superheat the vapor also coming rom the cylinder by the tube 6 under a lower pressure and temperature, and coils 0 and back through to the motor cylinder.
The reservoir g 9 divided into two by a partition, collects the liquid condensed in the coils c, and it passes by the discharge cock 9 from g to 9 and by the tube h into the motor cylinder at.
The object of the coils f interpolated between the receptacle 1) and the motor cylinder is to take up heat applied externally by any suitable means, and to communicate it to the vapor before the return of the latter passing about the coils f and pipes f into the cylinder. a furnace (Fig. 4) when steam is employed as the motive fluid, and by a circulation of water or air about the coils when the motive fluid is a liquefiable gas, such as carbonic acid, protoxid of nitrogen, atmospheric air, etc. The motive fluid is admitted superheated into the cylinder. The period of admission to the cylinder is very long, 50 to 75 per cent. of the stroke of the piston, and is controlled by a valve 7'.
The method of operation is as follows: After the expansion a quantity of liquid coming from the reservoir 9 by the pipe 72 is injected by means of a suitably actuated valve *8. This injected liquid vaporizes in contact with superheated gases, and the temperature is lowered to the saturation point. On the return stroke the piston compresses to the pressure of the admission, and forces the saturated vapor by the tube e into the receptacle 5. The valve 7c, actuated by a cam Z, closes before the finish of the stroke of the piston, so that a quantity of vapor, equivalent to the quantity of liquid injected, is compressed at a higher pressure, and forced through the automatic valve m and the tube (Z into the coils c where it condenses and gives up its latent heat to the vapor which passes into the receptacle I) at a lower pressure and temperature. The vapor which condenses in the coils 0 is much less in quantity than the vapor which passes into the receptacle b to be superheated. The relation of these two quantities depends on the difference of pressure, latent heat, and specific heat, and on the fall of temperature. This relation is 1/20 in the cases'of steam, when the fall of temperature (that is to say, the difference of temperature between the admission and the exhaust) is degrees C. The relation is 1/15 for carbonic acid and atmospheric air when this difference of temperature is 45 degrees C.
The receptacle (9 with the coils 0 acts as a regenerator. The heat taken up from the motive fluid after expansion at the final temperature of the cycle is given back to it after compression at a higher temperature by the condensation. The heating of .the motive fluid after compression takes place under constant pressure, and the cooling after expansion takes place under constant volume; it is therefore necessary to communicate to the motive fluid, in order to bring it back to its initial temperature (temperature of ad These coils f are heated by mission), not only the heat which it has given up after expansion in the cylinder, but also a certain quantity of heat in addition, which is communicated to the motive fluid during its passage through the coils f, and is transformed into motive force.
When steam is employed as the motive fluid the temperature of admission can vary from 200 degrees C. to 300 degrees C., for example; and the coils f, shown in Fig. 4, are heated by a furnace.
When a liquefiable gas is employed instead of steam, (carbonic acid, for example) the evaporating temperature can vary from 50 degrees C. to 20 degrees (1., and the temperature of condensation from 5 degrees C. to +30 degrees (3., with corresponding pressures of from 5 to 20 atmospheres for the vaporization, and from 30 to 75 atmospheres for the condensation. The coils f in this case are heated by a circulation of air or water so that the heat contained in the water or in the air is taken up by the motive fluid and transformed into motive force. When atmospheric air is employed as the source of energy the circulations and the transformations hereinabove described take place at a very low temperature; the temperature of admission, for example, is about -12O degrees. The heat transformed into motive force is taken up by the motive fluid at this low temperature. The result is that a liquefiable gas of carbonic acid, for example, vaporized at 20 atmospheres at a temperature of 20 degrees 6., can be condensed in vacuum at a very low temperature. Fig. 3 illustrates diagrammatically such an installation.
The cylinder 1 communicates with the receptacle s and the vessel 6, and with the coils u and u; the atmospheric air is admitted superheated at 120 degrees C. by the tube 2 and returned saturated by the tube a; the liquid air injected after the expansion comes from the reservoir .9 by the tube 2 and the air destined to be condensed is forced back through the tube 2 into the coils u, where it condenses and gives up its latent heat to the air which passes into the receptacle 8. The pressure of admission is 10 atmospheres; the pressure of the air which is liquefied in the coils u is about 30 atmospheres, and the temperature of liquefaction is 14:() degrees C.
The air which enters in a saturated condition into the receptacle 8 goes out superheated by the tube a, enters then the coil a at a temperature of 140 degrees C. and leaves it at -120 degreesC. to return to the cylinder 7*.
The admission and the expansion take place at a higher temperature than the compression and return. The result is external work which is transmitted through the driving shaft. The heat necessary to produce the work is taken up by the air during its passage through the coil a between the limits of temperature of 140 degrees C. and -120 degrees C. The coil a is surrounded with carbonic acid which is caused to condense at a very low temperature.
The pump 7) transmits the liquefied carbonic acid from the condenser 6 into the evaporating apparatus 3 where it vaporizes under the influence of a circulation of water or airby means of the coil a? at a temperature of 20 degrees C. It enters a cylinder 00 with a pressure of 20 atmospheres, and after a slow expansion in the condenser 15. The temperature of condensation is about -75 degrees (1, the pressure in the condenser t, 5 atmospheres.
The intense cold produced by the coil a during the working of the machine can in certain cases be utilized to liquefy previously compressed air.
The apparatus shown in Fig. 4 is employed when steam is used as motive fluid. During the period of beginning, the gases coming from the furnace 2 pass through the generator 1, till the pressure necessary is obtained. This passage is then obstructed by the mobile disk 3, and the hot gases pass through the channels 4:, 5, 6, to heat the steam which passes through the serpentines f in the opposite direction. The gases enter into the chimney by the channel 7 the steam coming from the motor cylinder by the tube 6 passes through the regenerator b to take up the latent heat from the steam which condenses in the coils 0 at a high pressure and temperature. It enters into the superheater f by the tube 6 and goes out by the tube 6 to return into the motor cylinder. The
steam destined to be condensed enters into) communication of heat units from it to said first part.
2. In the transformation of heat into motive force, the process which consists in successively compressing, heating, expanding and cooling a part of a motive fluid, and submitting another part to vaporization and then to condensation, by communication of heat units from it to said first part, the motive fluid being a liquefiable gas whereby the transformation may be effected at a low temperature.
3. In the transformationof heat into motive force, the process which consists in admitting a motive fluid superheated to a cylinder, cooling it therein after a short expansion by means of a small quantity of the motive fluid in a liquid state, compressing said expanded motive fluid in a saturated condition, and returning it to a regenerator, condensing at a higher pressure in said regenerator the fluid vaporized in the cylinder, and causing it to give up its latent heat to the fluid cooled by the vaporization in the cylinder.
4. A machine for transforming heat into motive force, and adapted to use at the same time atmospheric air or carbonic acid as motive fluids, said machine having two motorcylinders, one adapted to produce a fall in temperature by means of atmospheric air, and the other adapted to utilize this fall in temperature by means of carbonic acid.
In witness whereof I have hereunto signed my name this 19th day of April 1907, in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.
JOSEPH EMILE HAENNIG.
Witnessesi DEAN B. MASON, J OHN BAKER.
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3990238A (en) * 1975-09-26 1976-11-09 Bailey Joseph H Steam engine

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3990238A (en) * 1975-09-26 1976-11-09 Bailey Joseph H Steam engine

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