US956228A

US956228A - Long-distance-telephonic apparatus.

Info

Publication number: US956228A
Application number: US23160104A
Authority: US
Inventors: Victorien Tardieu
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1904-11-05
Filing date: 1904-11-05
Publication date: 1910-04-26
Anticipated expiration: 1927-04-26

Description

V. TARDIEU, LONG DISTANCE TELEPEONIG APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILED NOV. 5. 1904.

Patented Apr. .26, 1910.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

avwen roz Wiheooea 9 7 I v. TARDIEU. I LONG DISTANGE TELEPHONIG APPARATUS;

APPLICATION FILED NOV. 5, 1904.

Patented Apr. 26, 1910.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

anuenl'ov UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

VICTOBIEN TARDIEU, F ARLES, FRANCE.

LONG-DISTANCE-TELEPI-IONIC APPARATUS.

956,228. Specification of Letters Patent Patented Apr. 26, 1910.

Application filed November 5, 1904. Serial No. 231,601.

To all whom it may concern: knocks that are audible at a moderate dis- Be it known that I, VICTORIEN TARDIEU, tanc-e, if the necessary attention is given. doctor of medicine, a citizen of the Republic These knocks or shocks are evidently the of France, residing at Arles, Rhone, in the cause, that sound is clearly reproduced by 5 Republic of France, have invented certain my apparatus even at the greatest distances,

new and useful Improvements in Long-Dis though the individual shocks are no more tance-Telephonic Apparatus, of which the discernible at such distances. The sound following is a full, clear, and exact descripthen seems to be an uninterrupted even tion. sound without shocks. If several of the 10 This invention relates to apparatus for the above hollow bodies or cylinders of equal distinct transmission of sounds more pardiameter are placed together, only clear ticularly over long distances and for reproharmonic upper tones are produced by them, ducing musical or the like productions in provided that the heights of the several cylshort in all cases, in which a very clear transinders show harmonic proportions. The

15 mission of sounds is required. best effect viz. the greatest reinforcement In my apparatus the distinct transmission of Sound 8 p ta n d, f he proportion is of sounds is obtained by the'use of partly he qulnte 0r treble (accordlng to closed pipes or tubes closed at both ends or K gl- The apPhcatloh of these 1 of hollow bodies, especially in the form of 0113185 to telephonlc apparatus g Y great 20 low cylinders, though their form is not and uheXPeCted result? but qu s E1180 essential. In such pipes or tubes, etc., sound a p r icular construction of my apparawaves entering them or beating against them P e tS have shown, that the are converted as described ater on into efiect 0f 81.1011 p o e app r u 18 sound waves having a higher rate of vibramaterlany lhcreased, 1f 1t 15 Egulated 25 tion per second. These latter produce electuned f r h o nd 01 note, which may trical impulses in a microphone, which pass beregarded as the bas1s of the human voice, t th t l h receiver7 here they are being the note, which occurs most frequently. reconverted into sound Waves, the receiver h t ne or note 15 a g of 384 to 424 also consisting of pipes or hollow bodies, etc. vlblflfilons p O C All parts Ofthe tele- 30 Th Conversion f Sound waves f a 1 phonioapparatus must be proportloned to rate of vibration per second into such of a Sll1t g. f o her O tone, o higher rate is regulated by physical laws, lIlstahce a ,7 h Should prove 111K191 th t were fi t b d b fl l h l d certain circumstances a better base the prothen minutel exa ined by R dolf Kti i portions would have to be selected according 35 in Paris and described by him in his work: to

Qnelgues Ewpm'ences dzlcoustz'que Paris I am aware that 2HJPQTMUS are known: the 1882, pages 113 H, d 125 ff construction of which allow of the suppo- In closed hollow bodiesfor instance low sltloh, that Sounds of a low Fate of Vibration cylinders employed in the transmitter aca cohlerted into souhds of h f rate) 40 cording to my inventioninterterences are Consequence 9 h ahle bodies with a formed in consequence of the air waves beh g rate of Y f belng lhtroduced ing reflected inside the hollow bodies and thelelh; lhstilhce a lmcl'ophohe then crossing each other. The sounds thus lmhslhltter, 1h Whlch Vertlcal tubes of produced by the interferences were called s length arlhngeiclose together receive 45 by Helmholz additional and dilferential the souhd Waves, Whlch P gh them Sounds d hav a fa hi h t f imto the d aphragm and cause their vibration. tion per second than th ri inal Sounds i Then microphone transmitters and telephone fact they may reach the eighth octave of the FBCQIVBIS known, 1h Whlch the Vlhmhhg latter. Konig however doubts the existence agents COIISISt f 1111 prings, the effect 50 of additional anddifi'erential sounds and calls 0f Which is c ea ed by arranging their the sounds caused by the interferences sons length in such manner that each of them Videg battcments. It is quite certain howbrates o n S un of the diatonic scale. ever that the hollow bodies produce besides l t se apparatus ho e er do not Show higher harmonic sounds slight shocks or hollow bodies of harmonic proportions filled with air, in consequence of which no interferences or shocks are produced, on which the superior action of my apparatus depends.

The accompanying drawings represent an embodiment of a telephonic apparatus according to my invention, which I have se lected for illustration, but to the details of which I do not confine myself. In this example the arrangements peculiar to my invention their effects and their advantages are shown. The apparatus consists of the microphone transmitter and the telephonic receiver.

Figure 1 represents avertical axial section through the microphone transmitter. Fig. 2 is a vertical axial section through the receiver and Fig. 3 is a front view of the receiver without the cover and ear piece.

The microphone transmitter, Fig. 1, contains the space or cylinder for receiving and transmitting the sound between the two

car bon plates

2 and 3. In front of the carbon plate 2 there is a metal plate 4 and behind the carbon plate 3 a metal plate 5, by which two hollow bodies between the

plates

2 and 4, and 3 and 5 are formed. Plate 4 is firmly fastened between the mouth piece 9 and ring 10, plate 2 between

rings

10 and 18, plate 3 betwen rings 18and 19, and plate 5 between ring 19 and the back 16. The plates or disks especially the metal plates should have no play, because a more intense tone is produced, if they are firmly screwed.

The front side of the middle part of the carbon plate 3 has a truncated conical excresence S with a projecting rim 95 and four rows of circular grooves (5. The section of these grooves 6 is of a V-shape, so that they can be filled with balls 7. \Vhen plate 3 is in a vertical position the balls in any same groove 6 just touch each other, a. small space remaining between the two uppermost balls of each row. In this vertical position of plate 3 the balls 7 have some play for moving forward and backward and are kept by the carbon plate 2 from falling out of their grooves. The four grooves 6 contain (3, 14, 20 and 25 or together carbon balls. In the rear side 16 of the microphone, an opening 17 is formed for enabling the metal plate 5 to vibrate freely. A wire gauze disk 15 is fitted over the back 16 and another wire gauze disk 12 is let into a groove of the mouth piece 9 in order to protect the interior of the microphone from damage. The wire gauze 12 retains the moisture of the breath and leads the same to a small tube 13, for which purpose a small groove 14 is formed in the ring 10. The two

carbon plates

2 and 3 bear upon an ebonite ring 18 against which they are held by the screwed

rings

10 and 19. A ring 20 in which the microphone can be rotated has two arms 21 through each of which passes a screw 22 for properly adjusting the microphone. In consequence of this arrangement the microphone can be washed and maintained free of germs. Thus in the event of an epidemic everyone can have his own mouthpiece and front metal disk 4, as these parts can readily be replaced by others without in any way interfering with the microphones action.

The receiver shown at Figs. 2 and 3 consists of a box or casingof the same internal diameter as that of the microphonewhich contains the electro-magnet, the membrane and the other necessary parts. The casing consists of a metal ring 23, into one end of which is screwed a cap 25, having an opening 24, while into the other end is screwed a cover 26. An ear piece 27 is screwed on to this cover, which also has an opening 28, the diameter of this being somewhat smaller than that of 24. The cover 26 is formed arched outward toward the ear piece 27 in order to strengthen the sound waves in the ear piece. The vibrating metal plate or membrane 29 is firmly held between two rings 30, fixed between the metal ring 23 and the cover 26. In the casing the magnet is freely suspended in its neutral points, the two

superposed rings

31 and 32 being fixed by

screws

33 and 34 to two

lappets

35, 36, the screws being insulated from the electromagnet by means of disk 37 of insulating material and of insulating linings to the screw holes. Two

bolts

38 and 39 effect the conducting connection of the wire line with the wire coils 44, 45 of the magnet. On the rear side of the

rings

31 and 32 and connected thereto by screws 40, 41 are two angular soft

iron pole pieces

42, 43 arranged at right angles to the points of suspension, which pole pieces carry the wire coils 44, 45, which are of exactly the same height and have the same number of windings. Also the

pole pieces

42, 43 must be of exactly the same height. WVhen not in use the magnet attracts the membrane 29 to its

pole arms

42, 43 in consequence of which the membrane is curved and can only vibrate to one side. Of course the apparatus described can be applied to all kinds of telephones, whether they be table apparatus or a wall or a box apparatus for the operators of exchange. The size of the several parts of the transmitter and receiver are to a great extent not selected at will but also calculated according to laws and rules of phonology in order to obtain the greatest possible effect in my telephonic apparatus. Experience has proved the following proportions to be especially favorable to the obtention of remarkable good efiects.

Very essential for a clear transmission are the proportions of the heights of the cylindrical hollow bodies, which may be calculated in the following manner, practice having shown, that these principles are correct. It is well known that the tone produced by llt a tuning fork is reinforced by a sounding box, if the fork is placed thereon, the reinforcement consisting in harmonic subsidiary and upper tones produced by the vibration of the box. If two or more tuning forks producing a different number of vibrations are however placed on a sounding box, then the original tones are reinforced and interferences appear besides that are audible and make the impression of shocks. Even if the sounding box contains a partition the tones are reinforced in the same manner (according to Tyndal page 297), and the same shocks can be heard. With several tuning forks and several sounding boxes the effect is increased correspondingly. The transmitter and receiver in my telephonic apparatus consist of a system of such sounding boxes. In the transmitter 3 soundin waves in form of hollow bodies (cylinders? of the same diameter are arranged one behind the other, while the tuning forks are represented by the sound waves produced by speaking, etc. The proportion of the sum of the heights of the two front hollow bodies to the height of the third hollow body is 2:3, in order to produce the eifect of the quinte, which gives according to Konig the greatest effect. The sum of the heights of the two front hollow bodies between the metal plate 4 and the front side of the carbon plate 3 is 8 mm., the carbon plate 2 is included in these 8 mm., while the thickness of the metal plate 4 (0.05 mm.) may be neglected being too insignificant. The height of the middle space between the back of the carbon plate 2 and the front of the carbon plate 3 may vary slightly, according to the number of vibrations of the tone, for which the microphone is designed. For instance for a g with 400 vibrations per second the height would be 4.00 mm., for a tone with 424 vibrations per second 4.24 mm.

The carbon plate 2 being 1 mm. thick, the height of the first hollow body between the metal plate 4 and the carbon plate 2 is also variable as the total sum of 8 mm. must not be exceeded. If the middle cylinder be 3.84, 4.00, 4.24 mm. high, then the corresponding height of the first cylinder is 3.16, 3.00, 2.76 mm., thus always giving a sum of 8 mm., including the thickness of the carbon plate 2 which must be taken into account as a partition. The space between the carbon plate 3 and the metal plate 5 is 10 mm. high, thus giving for the third hollow body in cluding the carbon plate 3which is 2 mm. thicka depth of 12 mm. The proportion to the two front spaces is therefore also 8:12 or 2:3. The two metal plates 4 and 5 may be painted advantageously with oil color. The diameter of the hollow bodies and in consequence the diameter of the transmitter is also regulated by the wave-length of the tone, that has been selected as fundamental tone and by the octave, viz. the number of vibrations into which the fundamental tone is to be converted. The diameter of the transmitter is however of less importance than the proportions of the other part. The smaller the diameter the higher are the numbers of vibrations and in consequence the tones. Very high tones are however not well reproduced in the receiver, and experience has shown, that the tone should not exceed the fourth octave of the fundamental tone g with 424 vibrations. The g of the fourth octave has 6784 vibrations. The sound progressing within the hollow bodies with a speed of 341.3 m. per second, this quantity must be divided through the number of vibrations of the highest additional tone, which it is intended to reach. For the g of the fourth octave the diameter of the transmitter is therefore 341 300 6784: 50.3 mm.

The receiving and transmitting space proper is the middle cylinder, in which the carbon balls 7 are arranged in such manner, that they are free to oscillate to and fro in consequence of the vibrations of the

carbon plates

2 and 3. The conical part 8 of the carbon plate 3 has four circular grooves 6, the section of which is an equilateral triangle 1.92 mm. base and 1.82 mm. height. Each ball has a diameter of about 1.75 mm.

The distance between the ball and the carbon plate 2 being 0.12 mm. to 0.30 mm., the space between ball and the apex (viz. the lowest part of the groove) is 1.00 mm., if the ball enters the groove as far as possible. After the ball has rolled out of the groove till it touches plate 2, the space between ball and apex is 1.12 to 1.30 mm. The oscillation of the balls may therefore reach the amount of 0.120.30 mm. In consequence of their oscillation the air behind the balls is alternately compressed and rarefied. For this reason a space must be left between the two uppermost balls in which groove-a space equal to 1 ball in the innermost and to two or more balls in the outer oneas otherwise the balls would not have free play, but would interfere with each other and be jammed.

The balls 7 will rest against plate 2 when plate 3 is in a vertical position. The great number of balls enables the transmitter to transform any number of vibrations of the air into electrical impulses in the most advantageous manner, the current passing from plate 2 to plate 3 being interrupted or at least considerably weakened by the resistance of the layer of air between plate 2 and the balls. The distance between the the other.

pressed more or less and the plate 3 moved a little. The telephone receiver consists also of two cylindrical resounding boxes, though their construction differs somewhat from those of the transmitter. They have each an outward opening and are divided by the membrane 29. The vibrating part of this membrane, the casing (sounding boxes) and the transmitter have the same diameter. The diameter of transmitter and receiver must be the same in order to reproduce the sinoides of the carbon plates of the transmitter on the membrane of the receiver. The ratio of the heights of the hollow bodies of the receiver is 8:17, the height of the front hollow body being counted from the outer edge of the opening in the ear piece to the membrane including this, which is 0.25 mm thick, while the back hollow space is counted from the back of the membrane 29 to the outer edge of the opening 2% in the back wall 25.

Any harmonic proportion may prevail between the heights of the two resounding boxes of the receiver, for instance 12:8 or 16:8. If the proportion 12 8representing a pure quinte-were selected, the sound produced would be an octave below the most piercing tone produced in the two hollow bodies by the vibrations of the membrane. At small distances the tone, which is audible at the back of the transmitter would not be weakened enough. The proportion 17:8 is especially favorable being the tierce of the double octave, by which tones are produced, which are two octaves lower.

In the receiver as in the transmitter not only is the sound reinforced by the hollow bodies, but the same interferences in the sound waves. viz. the shocks above described are produced. The two hollow bodies produce tones, the difference of which is slightly above an octave. In this case shocks are produced according to Kiinig, which cause the tone to appear sharp and clear and which reinforce the tone produced in the ear piece, the difference of form of the two hollow bodies of the receiver and the cause of the sound audible in front being far louder than that audible through the opening in the back of the receiver. This is of great im portance for small distances, where the sound received by the microphone is reproduced in such strength in the telephone receiver that it would affect the ear painfully, if the front opening were used. It is there fore advisable to use the back opening for small distances reserving the use of the ear piece for speaking at long distances. Of the sound waves produced by membrane 29 a part is reflected by the arched cover 26 till they are able to quit the receiver by the opening 28.

It is of an importance, that the formation of sound is disturbed in no way inside the casing. For this purpose the magnet must be able to oscillate freely, which end is attained by suspending it in the neutral line. The steel membrane 29 is continually attracted by the magnet and rests against the poles. The system oscillates together and is only separated from time to time, the magnet acting both in consequence of its own magnetism and of the electromagnetism produced by the wire coils 14: and as.

In consequence of the constant attraction of the magnet the membrane 29 is slightly curved, the height of the curve being 0.12 to 0.30 min, meaning that without the at traction of the magnet the distance between the membrane 29 and the pole pieces a3 would reach this amount. The size of the curvature is equal to the play of the balls 7 of the transmitter. The

rings

31 and 32 of which the magnet is composed and the two

lappets

35, 36 are each 2 mm. thick, while the pole pieces 12, 4-3 are slightly thicker 2.25 mm. Their wire coils must be equally high and contain the same number of windings of the same thickness of wire. The external diameter of the magnet is 18.48 mm., and the internal 28 mm. The difference between the upper surfaces of the ring 32 and of the pole pieces 42, 13 is 6.78 mm. The

screws

33, 34 by which the magnet is suspended are of a different kind of steel in order to avoid a deflection magnetic lines of force.

My telephonic apparatus acts in the following manner: The sound waves entering the mouthpiece 9 of the microphone transmitter cause the metal plate 4 to vibrate. These vibrations pass on in succession to the air of the first hollow body, the carbon plate 2, the air of the middle hollow body, the carbon plate 3, the air of the last hollow body and the plate 5. The sound waves being reflected within each of these spaces, interferences appear, causing additional and differential tones according to Helmholz or tone shocks (sons (Zea battements) according to Konig. My experiments have shown that additional and differential tones and tone shocks are formed. At all events only harmonic upper tones are produced viz: tones with a great number of vibrations per second, which cause the

plates

2 and 3 to oscillate violently and the balls 7 to play. The microphone produces therefore an extremely great number of electric impulses, which pass through the line in the usual manner to the telephone receiver. The magnetism of the electroma net is changed constantly by the electric impulsesincluding currents passing through the coils 14C, 15. The membrane 29 begins to vibrate and with it the system of magnet and membrane. Perhaps the membrane may also be separated at times from the magnet and then again united with 1t. The sound produced is very clear,

111 UUllfiUliLLbLlUU U1. bll d .uiuuuuig UUIIUILL UU ing very weak and of the possible oscillation of the plate being very small. It is doubtful, whether the oscillations of the membrane are distinct oscillations or whether they must be regarded as merely molecular oscillations. There can be however no doubt of the good result. The sound waves are then reinforced by the resounding boxes, which cause also interferences and shocks.

The advantages of my telephonic apparatus are very great, the most essential consisting in the great distance, to which it allows to speak, distances, which up to the present were quite out of question. Experiments have shown the possibility of such transmission up to distances of at least 2000 km. The adoption of harmonic proportion excludes the possibility of dishar monic subsidiary or upper tones. This is another great advantage as these tones are the chief reasons, that telephonic apparatus fail at great distances.

The construction of the microphone transmitter and the telephone receiver is very simple and each part easily accessible. My apparatus may be therefore employed for every kind of telephones, whether they be table apparatus or a wall or a box apparatus for the operators of exchange.

The arrangements and sizes mentioned above may vary according to circumstances. It is for instance not absolutely necessary, that the microphone should have three hollow bodies, two of them being also sufiicient, though the effect is then smaller. The proportion between the heights of the two front hollow bodies differs according to the fundamental tone. If, for instance other nations or other races have another fundamental tone, then the apparatus would have to be arranged to suit this tone. If a tone with more vibrations is to be produced in the transmitter, its diameter and consequently the diameter of the receiver would have to be altered.

Instead of the quint another harmonic proportion may be selected for the heights of the hollow bodies, for instance a tierce. If music is to be reproduced, for instance an opera or a concert, the sound may be received by several microphone transmitters that are regulated for different fundamental tones. Of course a corresponding number of telephone receivers would be required for the reproduction.

What I claim as my invention and desire to secure by Letters-Patent is:

1. A telephone system having the transmitter and receiver provided with hollow bodies or chambers arranged close to each other and harmonically proportioned one to the other.

2. A telephone system having a trans mitter and receiver provided with hollow UULLLUD Ul' CllulllUEl'fi ill'liillgfiu CLUSU LU 8min. other with the heights of the hollow bodies in the transmitter and receiver respectively showing such dimensions as to present harmonic proportions among each other.

3. A telephone system having a transmitter and receiver with hollow bodies or chambers arranged close to each other with the heights of the hollow bodies in the transmitter and receiver respectively showing such dimensions as to represent harmonic proportions among each other, the hollow bodies of the transmitter having the same diameter and the hollow bodies of the receiver having at the diaphragm the same diameter as those of the transmitter.

4:. A telephone system having a transmitter and receiver with hollow bodies or chambers arranged close to each other with the heights of the hollow bodies in the transmitter and receiver respectively showing such dimensions as to represent harmonic proportions among each other, the hollow bodies of the transmitter having the same diameter and the hollow bodies of the receiver having at the diaphragm the same diameter as those of the transmitter, said diameter being related to the fundamental tone for which the apparatus is designed.

5. A telephone transmitter composed of two carbon plates, and metal plates, one in front of and the other behind the carbon plates and spaced therefrom, the said carbon and metal plates being spaced apart to form closed chambers the heights of which are harmonically proportioned one to the other.

6. A telephone transmitter comprising diaphragms or plates arranged to form three cylindrical chambers the central one of which constitutes the microphonic element of the transmitter, and the several chambers having their heights harmonically related one to the other.

7. A telephone transmitter comprising diaphragms or plates arranged to form three low cylindrical chambers, the central one of which constitutes the microphonic element of the transmitter, the sum of the heights of the central chamber and one of the other chambers bearing the proportion to the height of the other outer chamber of two to three.

8. A telephone transmitter having a thin flat carbon diaphragm, another carbon diaphragm with a thickened central portion in which is formed a plurality of concentric grooves varying in number according to the tone upon which the instrument is based and series of carbon balls, one series in each groove and engaging the first named carbon diaphragm.

9. A telephone transmitter having hollow bodies, a case provided with apertures, at

the front and back, of different areas, two

JllUl/(klliu LLl Cl/Pllldlllb ill LllU Uu/DU LUbPUULILVBJ-y adjacent to the apertured front and back, two spaced carbon diaphragms between the metal diaphragms and of substantially the same diameter as the metallic diaphragms, and balls loosely confined between the carbon diaphragms the heights of the hollow bodies being harmonically related one to the other.

10. A telephone transmitter having hollow bodies, a case provided with front and back apertures of different areas, two metallic diaphragins in the case respectively adjacent to the apertured front and back, two spaced carbon diaphragms between the metal diaphragms and of substantially the same diameter as the metallic diaphragms, balls loosely confined between the carbon diaphragms, the heights of the hollow bodies being harmonically related one to the other and a wire gauze screen between each metal diaphragm and the respective mouth aperture.

.LL- IL LUlUlJllUllB SySLUIII UUIIlPl'lSlllg a transmitter provided with means for con- 25 verting sound waves into interference shocks or blows and directing them against the microphonic side of said transmitter, and a receiver having means for reproducing the original sounds from the transmitted shocks 30 or blows.

12. A telephone system comprising a transmitter provided with means for converting sound waves into interference shocks or blows and directing them against the mi- 35 crophonic side of said transmitter, and a receiver having means for reproducing the original sounds from the transmitted shocks or blows, the transmitter and receiver being harmonically proportioned one to the other.

In witness whereof, I subscribe my signature, in presence of two witnesses.

VICTORIEN TARDIEU.

\Vitnesses:

CHARLES SHUMPE, VICTOR H. MORGAN.