US8867153B1 - Method and apparatus for dynamic track squeeze in a hard drive - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for dynamic track squeeze in a hard drive Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US8867153B1 US8867153B1 US14/100,786 US201314100786A US8867153B1 US 8867153 B1 US8867153 B1 US 8867153B1 US 201314100786 A US201314100786 A US 201314100786A US 8867153 B1 US8867153 B1 US 8867153B1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- region
- track
- regions
- disk
- data
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 110
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 27
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 21
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000020347 spindle assembly Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001485 poly(butyl acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002463 transducing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001095 light aluminium alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B27/00—Editing; Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Monitoring; Measuring tape travel
- G11B27/36—Monitoring, i.e. supervising the progress of recording or reproducing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
- G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
- G11B20/10009—Improvement or modification of read or write signals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
- G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
- G11B20/12—Formatting, e.g. arrangement of data block or words on the record carriers
- G11B20/1217—Formatting, e.g. arrangement of data block or words on the record carriers on discs
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
- G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
- G11B20/18—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs
- G11B20/1879—Direct read-after-write methods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B27/00—Editing; Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Monitoring; Measuring tape travel
- G11B27/10—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel
- G11B27/19—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel by using information detectable on the record carrier
- G11B27/28—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel by using information detectable on the record carrier by using information signals recorded by the same method as the main recording
- G11B27/32—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel by using information detectable on the record carrier by using information signals recorded by the same method as the main recording on separate auxiliary tracks of the same or an auxiliary record carrier
- G11B27/322—Indexing; Addressing; Timing or synchronising; Measuring tape travel by using information detectable on the record carrier by using information signals recorded by the same method as the main recording on separate auxiliary tracks of the same or an auxiliary record carrier used signal is digitally coded
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
- G11B5/012—Recording on, or reproducing or erasing from, magnetic disks
Definitions
- Various embodiments described herein relate to track squeeze methods in a hard disk drive and the apparatus for performing the method.
- a disk drive is an information storage device.
- the most basic parts of a disk drive are an information storage disk that is rotated, an actuator that moves a slider carrying one or more transducers to various locations over the disk, and electrical circuitry that is used to write and read data to and from the disk.
- the one or more information storage disks are clamped to a rotating spindle. More specifically, storing data includes writing information representing the data to portions of tracks on a disk.
- the transducer includes two separate devices a write transducer that writes information representing data to the disk and a read transducer or sensor that reads information from the disk.
- Storing data includes writing information representing the data to the disk.
- Conventional disk drives with magnetic media organize data in concentric tracks. There is a constant goal in these storage devices to store increased amounts of data.
- Two ways of increasing the storage capacity of these storage devices include increasing the bit density, which means reducing the spacing between individual bits along the circumference of a concentric track or a substantially concentric track.
- Another way to increase the capacity is to increase the track density. This involves writing the tracks more closely together.
- PMR Perpendicular Magnetic Recording
- SMR Shingled Magnetic Recording
- PMR Perpendicular Magnetic Recording
- SMR Shingled Magnetic Recording
- the consumer purchases a disk drive that uses PMR or one that uses SMR.
- PMR can be written to any track on a disk drive that employs this technology.
- a disk drive using PMR technology can easily handle random writes and generally performs better than a disk drive using SMR without some sort of cache memory (on disk or solid state).
- the drawback is that the PMR disk drive will not be able to hold as much information representing data as an SMR disk drive.
- Shingled Magnetic Recording introduces the constraint that random writes may not be done in place.
- SMR SMR head
- This type of recording works well in sequential write environments.
- SMR also works well when there is sufficient idle time to rewrite or ‘defrag’ writes that were not initially written ‘in place’.
- SMR provides a capacity boost which may approach 150% of a disk drive using PMR technology.
- the write transducer or write element generally has a write width.
- the write width in some instances, may produce a track with a width that is greater than it needs to be.
- SMR SMR
- a portion of a previously written track is overwritten to produce tracks that are thinner or less wide.
- a portion of the original track is removed.
- the resultant track has a width thinner than the write width of a write element.
- the concept is referred as shingled writing.
- one of the many goals for a disk drive is to increase capacity of a disk drive.
- Another of the many goals is to be able to recover or read the information that was previously written.
- a method for writing information to a magnetizable disk surface on a disk drive includes designating a plurality of regions on a disk where information is to be stored, writing information representing data to a first track in at least one of the plurality of regions, writing information representing data to a second track in the at least one of the plurality of regions, the information written to the second track overwriting a portion of the first track, and determining an amount of the first track that is overwritten based on a performance factor. Determining an amount of the first track that is overwritten is done or accomplished on the fly. The amount to overwrite the track is done in the field rather than in a factory or manufacturing facility.
- a method for writing information to a magnetizable disk surface on a disk drive includes dividing the disk surface into a plurality of regions, and, for at least one region, designating an initial logical block address (LBA) and designating a minimum capacity LBA and a maximum capacity LBA for the at least one region, writing to the at least one region on the disk surface and adjusting the data density based on performance factors, and adjusting the capacity to a final LBA for the at least one region in response to the valued of the adjusted data density.
- LBA initial logical block address
- a method for varying the capacity of a disk drive having information to a magnetizable disk surface on a disk drive inlcudes dividing the disk surface into a plurality of regions, and for a plurality of regions, designating an initial logical block address (LBA) and designating a minimum capacity LBA and a maximum capacity LBA for the region, writing to at least several regions of the plurality of the regions on the disk surface and adjusting the data density based on performance factor associated with the region being written, adjusting the capacity of the region to a final LBA for each of the regions being written to in response to the value of the adjusted data density for the region being written to.
- LBA initial logical block address
- FIG. 1 is a schematic top view of a disk drive, according to an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a plurality of regions on the surface or surfaces of one or more disks in a disk drive, according to an example embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an example error correction unit, according to an example embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a method for increasing the data capacity of a disk drive from the factory settings for data capacity, according to an example embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of another method for increasing the data capacity of a disk drive from the factory settings for data capacity, according to an example embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the disk drive which includes physical regions that have a plurality of tracks that include a plurality of physical block addresses, and which include a plurality of groupings of logical block addresses which correspond to the regions, according to an example embodiment.
- FIG. 7A shows a disk of a disk drive, according to still another example embodiment.
- FIG. 7B shows a disk of a disk drive that has rotational copies of information representing data, according to an example embodiment of RPM multiplication.
- FIG. 7C shows a disk of a disk drive that has another embodiment of rotational copies of information representing data, according to another example embodiment of RPM multiplication.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a disk drive that uses banded recording, according to an example embodiment.
- FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a method for decreasing far track interference on a disk drive, according to an example embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of a method for writing information to a magnetizable disk surface on a disk drive, according to an example embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a method for moving unreadable blocks of information representing data to another readable area on the disk, according to an example embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing the transfer of data from one physical block address or one set of physical block addresses to another physical block address or another set of physical block addresses, according to an example embodiment.
- FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of a method for writing information to a magnetizable disk surface on a disk drive, according to an example embodiment.
- FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of a method for varying the capacity of a disk drive having information to a magnetizable disk surface on a disk drive, according to another example embodiment.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a physical region of a disk drive and a logical capacity of the physical region at two times T1, T2, according to an example embodiment.
- this disclosure describes techniques for writing data to a storage medium.
- this disclosure describes a disk with different regions. In the different regions, different recording technologies are used.
- the disk drive also can include a write buffer area called an E-region.
- Techniques described in this disclosure are used to write data to the disk in the various regions using several different write technologies.
- the regions can be written at various capacities based on a determination of a favorable operating environment. This produces a disk drive having a variable capacity.
- the data capacity of one or more regions of the disk or disks can be increased using one or more of writing techniques described or by changing the parameters of the writing techniques.
- the writing techniques are changed on the fly or in the field after performance indicators are used to determine if the capacity can be increased.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example hard disk drive that utilizes the techniques described in this disclosure.
- Hard disk drive 100 in this example, is operably coupled to a host device as an internal or an external data storage device.
- the disk drive 100 can be in a stand alone PC or can be part of a bank of disk drives used to store data, such as in a data warehouse.
- a host device may include, for example, a laptop or desktop computer or a similar device.
- the host device can also be a server.
- Hard disk drive 100 includes data recording disk or medium 102 , spindle assembly 104 , slider 106 , actuator arm 108 , voice coil motor assembly 110 , a voice coil motor (“VCM”) and motor predriver 112 , spindle motor driver 114 , preamplifier 116 , read/write data channel 118 , processing unit 120 , data buffer RAM 132 , boot flash 134 , host interface unit 136 , and vibration measurement unit 138 . Further, processing unit 120 includes hard disk controller 122 , interface processor 124 , servo processor 126 , instruction SRAM 128 , and data SRAM 130 .
- VCM voice coil motor
- example hard disk drive 100 is illustrated as having distinct functional blocks, such an illustration is for descriptive purposes and does not limit hard disk drive 100 to a particular hardware architecture.
- processing unit 120 should not be limited to a particular hardware architecture based on the example illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- Functions of hard disk drive 100 may be realized using any combination of hardware, firmware and/or software implementations.
- Disk 102 is coupled to spindle assembly 104 and rotates in direction D about a fixed axis of rotation. Disk 102 may be rotated at a constant or varying rate. Typical rates of rotation range from less than 3,600 to more than 15,000 revolutions per minute. However, disk 102 may be rotated at higher or lower rates and the rate of rotation may be determined based on a magnetic recording technique.
- Spindle assembly 104 includes a spindle and a motor and is coupled to spindle motor driver 114 .
- Spindle motor driver 114 provides an electrical signal to spindle assembly 104 and the rate at which the spindle rotates, and thereby disk 102 , may be proportional to the voltage or current of the electrical signal.
- Spindle motor driver 114 is coupled to a spindle motor and motor predriver 112 .
- the spindle motor is typically housed within the spindle assembly 104 .
- the spindle motor and motor predriver 112 are configured to use feedback techniques to insure disk 102 rotates as a desired rate.
- spindle motor and motor predriver 112 may be configured to receive current and/or voltage signals from the motor for example and adjust the electrical signal provided to spindle motor driver 114 using feedback circuits.
- the feedback circuits compare a desired rotational position to the actual radial position.
- servo wedges associated with embedded servo are used to provide radial position information.
- VCM and motor predriver 112 is also coupled to voice coil motor assembly 110 .
- VCM and motor predriver 112 is also configured to provide an electrical signal to voice coil motor assembly 110 .
- Voice coil motor assembly 110 is operably coupled to actuator arm 108 such that actuator arm 108 pivots based on the current or voltage of the electrical received from signal VCM and motor predriver 112 .
- slider 106 is coupled to actuator arm 108 .
- VCM and motor predriver 112 adjusts the position of slider 106 with respect to disk 102 .
- VCM and motor predriver 112 may use feedback techniques to ensure slider 106 maintains a desired position with respect to disk 102 .
- VCM and motor predriver 112 includes an analog-to-digital converter to monitor electromagnetic fields and current from voice coil motor assembly 110 .
- Slider 106 is configured to read and write data to disk 102 according to a magnetic recording technique, for example, any of the example magnetic recording techniques described herein.
- Slider 106 includes read head and write head corresponding to each of a plurality of disks included as part of disk 102 . Further, slider 106 may include one or more read and write heads for each disk.
- each disk in a stack of disks includes two major surfaces to which data can be stored.
- Slider 106 is coupled to preamplifier 116 .
- Preamplifier 116 may also be referred to as arm electronics (AE).
- Preamplifier 116 is configured to select a correct head from a plurality of heads for a particular read or write operation. Preamplifier 116 is configured to drive head 106 with a write current, during a write operation. Further, preamplifier 116 is configured to amplify read signals from slider 106 , during a read operation using a programmable head bias current. Preamplifier 116 may also be configured to detect errors during each of the read and write operations. Preamplifier 116 may include a signal adaptive filter (SAF) for thermal asperity (TA) recovery during a read operation.
- SAF signal adaptive filter
- TA thermal asperity
- Preamplifier 116 receives data to be written to disk 102 from read/write data channel unit 118 . Further, preamplifier 116 provides data read from disk 102 to read/write data channel unit 118 . Data may originate from a host device and may be communicated to read/write data channel unit 118 via host interface unit 136 and processing unit 120 . Host interface unit 136 provides a connection between hard disk drive 100 and a host device. Host interface unit 136 may operate according to a physical and logical characteristics defined according to a computer bus interface. Example standardized interfaces include ATA (IDE, EIDE, ATAPI, UltraDMA, SATA), SCSI (Parallel SCSI, SAS), Fibre Channel, and PCIe (with SOP or NVMe).
- processing unit 120 includes hard disk controller 122 , interface processor 124 , servo processor 126 , instruction SRAM 128 , and data SRAM 130 .
- Instruction SRAM 128 may store a set of operation instructions for processing unit 120 . In one embodiment, instructions are loaded to instruction SRAM 128 from boot flash 134 when hard disk drive 100 is powered on.
- Data SRAM 130 and data buffer RAM 132 which is coupled to processing unit 120 are configured to buffer blocks of data during read and write operations. For example, blocks of data received from host interface unit 136 may be sequentially stored to data SRAM 130 and data buffer RAM 132 before the data blocks are written to disk 102 .
- instruction SRAM 128 , data SRAM 130 , data buffer RAM 132 , and boot flash 134 are illustrated as distinct memory units, the functions of instruction SRAM 128 , data SRAM 130 , data buffer RAM 132 , and boot flash 134 may be implemented according to other types of memory architectures.
- Hard disk controller 122 generally represents the portion of processing unit 120 configured to manage the transfer of blocks of data to and from host interface unit 136 and read/write data channel unit 118 .
- Hard disk controller 122 can be configured to perform operations to manage data buffering and to interface with host interface unit 136 , according to a defined computer bus protocol, as described above.
- hard disk controller 122 can receive and parse packets of data from host interface unit 136 .
- hard disk controller 122 is configured to communicate with a host, such as a host computer or the like.
- hard disk controller 122 may be configured to report errors to host and format disk 102 based on commands received from host.
- the host merely sends write commands and read commands to the disk drive via the host interface unit 136 and the hard disk controller 122 handles formatting the disk and completing the read and write commands.
- the host interface unit 136 can include a read and write channel for encoding and decoding information representing data, performing error corrections on the data, and the like.
- Disk 102 includes a stack of one or more disks having magnetic material deposited on one or both sides thereof.
- Disk 102 may be composed of a light aluminum alloy, ceramic/glass, or other suitable substrate that magnetic material may be deposited thereon.
- data may be stored on disk 102 by orientating an area of the magnetic material.
- Data stored on disk 102 may be organized as data blocks. Data blocks are typically 512 bytes or 4 K bytes in size, but may be other sizes as well.
- the magnetic areas of disk 102 may be arranged into a set of radially-spaced concentric tracks, illustrated in FIG. 1 as N ⁇ 1, N, and N+1. A particular data block may be located within a portion of a particular track.
- Magnetic material of disk 102 is configured according to one of a plurality of magnetic recording techniques.
- magnetic recording techniques include longitudinal magnetic recording (LMR) and perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR).
- Additional magnetic recording techniques include shingled magnetic recording (SMR) and heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR).
- SMR is a type of PMR that increases bit density compared to PMR by allowing previously written tracks to be partially overwritten. In other words, the write head overlaps a previously written track and erases a portion of the previously written track. The result is a thinner track and a disk drive having a higher track pitch or increased track density.
- the previous tracks are partially overlapped, similar to shingles on a roof and hence the name shingled magnetic recording.
- HAMR may be used in conjunction with LMR, PMR, or SMR techniques to achieve higher areal storage density.
- the bit density, distance between tracks (referred to as track pitch), and track density of disk 102 may vary according to a magnetic recording technique.
- Track density may be defined according to the number of tracks per radial length (e.g., track per inch (TPI).
- Track pitch may be defined as a target or nominal distance between tracks.
- disk 102 is configured to include plurality of regions, i.e., R 0 , and R 1 . Data may be recorded to each of R 0 and R 1 using different track densities and track pitches. Data can also be recorded using different writing techniques.
- certain types of data can also be compressed. For example, video data can be compressed as, upon being read, smoothing techniques can be used in the event of errors occurring in the information as read from the disk or magnetic layer of the disk.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a plurality of regions on the surface or surfaces 200 of one or more disks 102 in a disk drive, according to an example embodiment.
- the disk surface or surfaces 200 include a number of regions 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 , 250 and 260 .
- a region may include a plurality of sectors which are contained in a plurality of tracks associated with the region.
- the region can be defined according to a number of radially adjacent tracks, or as a range of radially adjacent tracks that are at a range of radial distances from the center of the disk.
- the region can also be defined as a number of physical block addresses or even as a number of logical block addresses, which will be discussed in more detail below.
- the regions 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 , 250 and 260 include a plurality of I-regions 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 and 250 where data is written.
- I-regions 210 , 220 , and 240 are written as shingled magnetic recording with write verify (SMR w/Write Verify). Some of these may be written from an innermost radius to an outermost radius of the region, while others may be written from the outermost radius to the innermost radius of the region.
- I-region 230 is written as iPMR which is an I-region written using indirected perpendicular magnetic recording. This is not shingled or does not have tracks which overlay one another.
- the track width of the iPMR I-region 230 will be wider than the SMR regions.
- the data is indirected which means that the host gives write commands using logical block addresses and the drive converts those to a physical block addresses. This is described in further detail below.
- the track widths will be closer to the write width of the write element of the transducer.
- I-region 250 is banded SMR. This is shingled magnetic recording. Bands are written near or at the innermost radius and at or near the outermost radius of the I-region 250 .
- an I-region can be written as autonomous SMR. Autonomous SMR is the host is oblivious to the SMR write constraints. The Host can send whatever read/write commands it wants to the drive. The drive handles all the defrag operations.
- the regions can also include an E-region 260 where data is written temporarily until being rewritten to an I-region.
- the E-region is an on disk cache.
- the E-region 260 is also referred to as an “exception region” or a write buffer area or E-cache.
- An E-region 260 is used as a staging area for data or information representative of data which will ultimately be written to an I-region.
- An E-region may be configured to have either shingled or unshingled tracks.
- hard disk drive 100 may include a so-called hybrid E-region where a hybrid E-region includes areas of disk 102 and portion data SRAM 130 which may be used by hard disk drive 100 for data staging.
- the hybrid E-region can also include NAND memory. Generally, only a minor portion of a disk's area (e.g., 1%-10%) is an E-region 260 . It should be noted that the I-regions 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 and 250 can be associated with one disk surface or can be associated with several disk surfaces on several disks. In addition, an E-region 260 can be associated with one disk surface or with several. In one embodiment, there may be one E-region per major surface of the disk drive 100 . In still other embodiments, the E-region can be expanded or contracted dependent on the need for a cache region.
- disk 102 may include other types of regions including, for example, guard regions and write-twice cache regions. It should be noted that other types of magnetic recording techniques may incorporate techniques that allocate areas of a disk to be used as a write buffer area. Thus, disk 102 may be configured according to any combination of magnetic recording techniques
- data stored on disk 102 may be organized as data blocks.
- the disk drive can use address indirection to write blocks of data to disk 102 . That is, host file systems deal with logical block addresses (LBAs) in commands to write blocks of data to disk 102 and read blocks of data from the disk 102 without regard for actual locations on the disk.
- LBAs logical block addresses
- the actual physical address is the physical block address (PBA) used internally by hard disk drive 100 .
- Address indirection is typically implemented in the controller portion of the drive's architecture (e.g., hard disk controller 122 ) using indirection tables which are used to keep track of the physical location associated with a LBA. Put another way, the indirection tables map the LBA to a PBA in the disk drive 100 .
- Hard disk controller 122 can perform address indirection. When performing address indirection, the hard disk controller 122 translates the LBAs used in host commands (to write or to read information representing data) to an internal physical address, or an intermediate address from which a physical address can ultimately be derived. It should be noted in for a hard disk drive that utilizes SMR the physical block address (PBA) of a logical block address (LBA) can change frequently. Further, for an SMR hard disk drive, the LBA-PBA mapping can change with every write operation because the hard disk drive may dynamically determine the physical location on the disk where the data for an LBA will be written. Further, the data for the same LBA may be written to a different location the next time the host LBA is updated.
- PBA physical block address
- LBA logical block address
- a hard disk drive such as hard disk drive 100
- the LBAs for the data may stay the same regardless of where the hard disk drive 100 has the data stored.
- background processes such as, for example, defragmentation may also be executed autonomously by hard disk drive 100 to move data sectors from one PBA to another while the LBA stays the same.
- hard disk drive 102 may be configured to use address indirection in associated with multiple types of write operations.
- Interface processor 124 generally represents the portion of processing unit 120 configured to interface between servo processor 126 and hard disk controller 122 .
- Interface processor 124 may perform predictive failure analysis (PFA) algorithms, data recovery procedures, report and log errors, perform rotational positioning ordering (RPO) and perform command queuing.
- PFA predictive failure analysis
- RPO rotational positioning ordering
- interface processor may be an ARM processor.
- Disk 102 may also include one or more servo wedges that extend radially across the tracks of the disk. These wedges contain servo sectors and are circumferentially or angularly-spaced and are used to generate servo signals.
- a servo signal is a signal read from disk 102 that may be used to align slider 106 with a particular sector or track of disk 102 .
- Server processor 126 generally represents the portion of processing unit 120 configured to control the operation voice coil motor assembly 110 to insure slider 106 is properly positioned with respect to disk 102 .
- Servo processor 126 may be referred to as a Servo Hardware Assist Real-time Processor (SHARP). Servo processor 126 may be configured to provide closed loop control for any and all combinations of: slider position on track, slider seeking, slider settling, spindle start, and spindle speed. Further, servo processor 126 may include a set of instructions to calculate servo related variables.
- SHARP Servo Hardware Assist Real-time Processor
- a servo signal read from disk 102 may be used by servo processor 126 to determine the amount of displacement of slider 106 from the center of a track.
- the value of this displacement may be referred to as run out.
- the value of this displacement may also be referred to as the position error signal (PES).
- Run out may include repeatable run out (RRO) caused by spindle assembly, or non-repeatable run out (NRRO) caused by internal or external vibrations. Run out is one example of a position accuracy associated with a read or write included in slider 106 . If a measured value of NRRO is greater than a predetermined threshold, a write operation may be inhibited. This threshold may be referred to as write inhibit slice (Winh).
- Winh write inhibit slice
- vibration measurement unit 138 may provide information to servo processor 126 and/or processing unit 120 that allow processing unit 120 to calculate a position accuracy value associated with a head of slider 106 .
- Vibration measurement unit 138 may be any device configured to measure vibration of hard disk drive 100 and/or disk 102 and provide a measurement to processing unit 120 .
- vibration measurement unit 138 may include an accelerometer, or the like.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example error correction unit that may utilize techniques described in this disclosure.
- error correction unit 300 is configured to receive a servo signal and/or a vibration measurement signal and output a physical address in conjunction with receiving a write command.
- the physical address corresponds to a location of a sector within a track on a disk surface.
- the track will be associated with one of the regions of the disk or disks, 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 , 250 or 260 .
- address indirection may be used to map a logical address to a physical block address or physical address.
- error correction unit 300 is illustrated as having distinct functional blocks, such an illustration is for descriptive purposes and does not limit error correction unit 300 to a particular hardware architecture. Functions of error correction unit 300 may be realized using any combination of hardware, firmware and/or software implementations. In one example, error correction unit 300 may be implemented as part of processing unit 120 . Further, each component of error correction unit 300 may be included as part of hard disk controller 122 , interface processor 124 , and/or servo processor 126 .
- error correction unit 300 includes servo decode unit 302 , run out calculator 304 , track density calculator 306 , and zone format selector 308 .
- the disk 102 has servo sectors which may be used to generate servo signals.
- Servo decode unit 302 may be configured to decode a servo signal read from a disk, such as disk 102 , and determine a position of a read head and/or a write head with respect to a servo track.
- a data track does not necessarily correspond to a servo track.
- the data track can have a centerline that is offset from the centerline of a servo track.
- the tracks can be written with variable track pitch which means the track centers of the data tracks also vary.
- the centerline of a data track depends on how much of the previous track is overwritten during shingled recording.
- the servo wedges and the servo tracks are generally rather precisely written.
- the data track may have a center that includes a fractional portion of a data track.
- the servo is used to position the read head precisely over the centerline of a data track in which a physical block, such as a sector, is located. In actuality, the servo positions near the centerline. In some disk drives, there may be as many as sixty servo wedges radiating out from the center of the disk.
- disk drives include disks that have 400-500 servo wedges radiating out from the center of the disk.
- a feedback control loop is used to keep the read element or write element substantially on a centerline.
- the servo calculates a position error signal which is an amount offset from the centerline of the desired track. This is used in a feedback control loop that is used to power the VCM associated with the actuator arm and keep the read head or element substantially centered until the next sample can be taken at the next servo wedge.
- servo decode unit 302 may receive a servo signal from read/write data channel.
- Run out calculator 304 may be configured to receive a position error signal (PES) and calculate a run out value for a time window. In one example, a time window may be one second. In other examples, a time window may be greater or less than one second.
- run out calculator 304 may be configured to receive a vibration measurement signal and to calculate a run out value based at least in part on the vibration measurement signal. In one example, run out calculator 304 may receive a vibration measurement signal from vibration measurement unit 138 . Once the repeatable run out value is known it can be used to enable track following by a read or write element.
- the repeatable portion of the run out can be removed from the PES thus leaving the nonrepeatable run out (NRRO) portion.
- some of the NRRO can be vibrations associated with the operating environment in which the disk drive operates.
- the value of the PES over time is one indicator or detector of the favorability of the operating environment in which the disk drive 100 is operating.
- Other vibration detection elements such as a vibration detection unit 138 may also be used to detect vibration.
- Such a vibration detection unit 138 may include one or more accelerometers, for example. It should be noted that there are many possible configurations for the vibration detection unit 138 . It should also be noted that vibration may vary at different times.
- the vibrations introduced may be greater than at night when there may be little or no music.
- vibrations may be introduced by other disk drives in a bank of disk drives which may be associated with a data warehouse. If the other drives are not operating or shut down for a time, the operating environment will likely be more favorable to using other writing techniques where the data capacity can be increased. The amount of increase in the capacity of the drive will, at least in part, depend on how favorable the environment becomes.
- the disk drive 100 includes at least two I-regions to which different writing techniques can be used for storing information representing data.
- the two I-regions could be on one disk or even one disk surface.
- the disk drive 100 could include a disk 102 that has a plurality of actual disks.
- the two I-regions could be on the two disks.
- PMR or one of the types of PMR could be written.
- the one region could be region 230 that is written with iPMR.
- SMR could be written.
- region 240 includes SMR that has been write verified. The iPMR region would have the advantages associated with PMR.
- iPMR region 230 data can be written to any track in that employs this technology.
- a disk drive using PMR or iPMR technology can easily handle random writes and generally can provide the performance of a disk drive that only handles PMR writing technologies.
- the SMR region 240 introduces the constraint that random writes may not be done in place. However, if the data to be written lends itself to a sequential writes, and if there is sufficient idle time to rewrite or “defrag” writes that were not initially written “in place”, the SMR provides a capacity boost to the drive which may approach 150% of a disk drive using straight PMR technology.
- the disk drive 100 can also be provided with one or more E-regions, such as E-region 260 (shown in FIG. 2 ).
- the E-region can be a region solely on the disk 102 or disks 102 of the disk drive 100 or can be a hybrid having a region on the disk 102 and a portion in solid state memory.
- the E-region 260 is a cache for information written to the disk drive 100 .
- the information representing data can be rewritten from the E-region 260 to one of the I-regions of the disk drive 100 . In some instances, this information could be held in solid state memory or on the disk 102 . In other instances, this information could be held solely to the disk 102 or solely to the solid state memory.
- the information representing data can be written to one of the I-regions 230 , 240 and removed from the E-region 260 .
- the portion of the E-region 260 is merely designated as free space available for storing other information. This portion is then overwritten.
- the disk drive can also move data amongst the I-regions 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 , and 250 .
- information representing data may be written in the iPMR region 230 .
- the disk drive 100 can rewrite the data to a region 210 , 220 , 240 that uses the SMR writing technology. In this way, the overall capacity of the disk drive 100 can be increased on the fly while out in the field where the disk drive 100 is operating. As mentioned above, the amount of overwrite of previously written tracks may also be adjusted.
- the amount of overwrite can be more aggressive thereby resulting in thinner or less wide data tracks than when the disk drive is operating in an environment determined to be less favorable.
- the amount of overwrite can be more aggressive thereby resulting in thinner or less wide data tracks than when the disk drive is operating in an environment determined to be less favorable.
- a write command that arrives during a data move could be written to solid state memory during the write operation, in some embodiments, to insure the appropriate amount of idle time to complete the write operation, such as a shingled write.
- the disk drive 100 produces a signal indicating that it is unable to execute a write command
- the shingled write is checked, in I-regions 210 , 220 and 240 with a read operation to make sure the data is readable (i.e. write verify).
- the disk drive 100 includes an environmental monitor, a controller 120 and a writing mechanism 106 .
- the controller 120 acts in response to an output from the environmental monitor to determine if the data capacity of a disk drive could be increased from a first value to a second value.
- the controller 120 determines the second increased value.
- the writing mechanism 106 controlled by the controller 120 , writes data to the disk 102 to realize the increased data capacity of the disk drive 100 .
- the environmental monitor includes a plurality of position error signals (PES) obtained from a read element 106 . More specifically, the read element 106 reads a servo pattern on the disk 102 and produces a PES. The PES indicates the position of the read head with respect to center of a track being read.
- PES position error signals
- the environmental monitor is a soft error rate from obtained from a read channel of the disk drive. When information representing data is read, there may be errors. Error correction codes are used to correct the errors as the data is read. The rate of the errors is another indication of a favorable environment.
- the environmental monitor includes an accelerometer, a vibration detector or the like.
- a host computer 150 issues write commands.
- the host computer can issue the command to write to logical block addresses.
- the disk drive can also take the command and place the information to be written at logical block addresses.
- the logical block addresses generally stay the same.
- the actual place where data is stored is at a physical block address.
- the disk drive may move data to another physical block address in the drive.
- the logical block address stays the same.
- the disk drive 100 and, more precisely the processing unit 120 and its associated memory 130 includes a table for mapping logical block plurality of logical blocks that correspond to a plurality of physical blocks of data on the disk drive.
- the disk drive 100 maintains the table that maps the logical block addresses to the physical block addresses.
- the number of logical block addresses and physical blocks are initially set at a factory, to hold first amount of data.
- the plurality of logical block addresses have a starting logical block address and an ending logical block address with the first value being a factory setting.
- the ending logical block address is increased to the second value greater than the first factory setting value by the controller 120 in response to an input from the controller 120 .
- a host computer will query the disk drive 100 as to the ending logical block address after it has written to a portion or region of the disk 120 . If the disk drive 100 was able to write more data than the original factory setting value it will return a new ending logical block address.
- the ending logical block address is increased to the second value greater than the first factory setting value by the controller 120 in response to an indication from the environmental monitor that the disk drive was operating in a favorable environment, such as an environment which would allow writing additional data to the region 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 , 250 and to disk 120 .
- the ending logical block address is increased to the second value greater value in response to a write verify of a set of data on the disk 120 .
- the write verify is a read operation that verifies all that has been written is readable.
- the disk drive 100 includes at least a portion of the disk, such as region 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 , or 250 of a disk drive 100 having an area with a factory set logical block start address and a factory set logical block end address.
- the disk drive 100 also includes a writing mechanism, such as a write element in the slider 106 , for writing information to the disk, and a reading element, such as a read element in the slider 106 , for reading information from tracks on the disk 102 .
- the disk drive 100 also includes an apparatus for producing a position error signal depicting the distance between the read element and the center of a track on the disk, such as the servo patterns and a memory of the track center of a particular track.
- the disk drive also includes a controller 120 that controls many aspects of the disk drive 100 , the reading element and the writing mechanism.
- the controller 120 includes a microprocessor that executes instructions 128 to cause to cause the read element to monitor the position error signal to determine when the disk drive is in a favorable environment.
- the instructions 128 cause the write element to write a first set of tracks having a first width and read the first set of tracks, and to write a second set of tracks having a second width, narrower than the first width.
- the read element associated with the slider 102 , reads the second set of tracks.
- the controller 120 also reset the factory set logical block end address to a higher value in response to reading the second set of tracks.
- the second set of tracks have a second width written so that the errors in the information being read can be corrected on the fly.
- the second width track is written so that the errors in the information as read occur at a rate that can be corrected. In still other embodiments, the second track is written so that the error rate less than a threshold error rate value. In some other embodiments, the second width is written so that the errors in the information being read are at a soft error rate less than a threshold value.
- FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a method 400 for increasing the data capacity of a disk drive from the factory settings for data capacity, according to an example embodiment.
- the method 400 includes determining if the disk drive is in a favorable or stable environment 410 , and writing data to at least one portion of the disk drive at a higher capacity than the factory setting for the at least one portion of the disk drive 412 . In response to a determination of a favorable or stable environment, and resetting the capacity for at least one portion of the disk drive would be reset 414 . Determining if the disk drive is in a stable or favorable environment 410 includes reviewing a feedback from a read element of the disk drive, or reviewing a position of a read element with respect to a center of a written track on the disk drive.
- the method 400 can also include monitoring the error rate associated by reading previously written information.
- Resetting the capacity for at least one portion of the disk drive 414 includes increasing the number of logical block addresses for storage of information to a higher number than the number set at a factory or set at manufacture. This is done out in the field or in the environment where the disk drive operates on a day to day basis.
- writing data to at least one portion of the disk drive such as a region, 210 , 220 , 230 . 240 . 250 at a higher capacity than the factory setting for the at least one portion of the disk drive includes squeezing the tracks closer together in the at least one portion of the disk drive 100 .
- the method 400 also includes reading the information representing data to verify that the written information can be read.
- the method 400 includes compressing data as written. It should be noted that a disk drive could have one region or could have multiple regions.
- FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of another method 500 for increasing the data capacity of a disk drive from the factory settings for data capacity, according to an example embodiment.
- the method 500 includes splitting a hard disk drive with a fixed maximum number of LBAs into a plurality or multiple regions 510 . Each region is provided with its own fixed Start-LBA and End-LBA 512 . An initial minimum number of LBAs in each region are allocated for writing 514 . Each region would, thus have a last writeable LBA which was less than the max LBA associated with the region. As user data is written to a region, the hard drive can recalculate minimum number of LBAs allocated for writing (thus recalculating the last writeable LBA for that region) 516 .
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the disk drive 100 which includes physical regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 that have a plurality of tracks that include a plurality of physical block addresses, and which include a plurality of groupings of logical block addresses 620 , 622 , 624 , 626 , 628 which correspond to the regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 , according to an example embodiment.
- the disk drive 100 is divided into regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 which will include physical block addresses.
- the regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 are physical regions on the disk 102 .
- the regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 can be on one major surface of a single disk or on several disks in a disk stack.
- each of the regions are given a starting logical block address, an ending logical block address, and a maximum logical block address.
- the max LBA is fixed for the life of the device.
- the max LBA general represents 3-4 times the physical iPMR capacity.
- the region start LBAs are also fixed for the life of the device.
- the LBAs are mapped linearly to physical regions in an OD to ID fashion to maintain expectation that lower LBAs have higher data rate. As shown in FIG.
- the physical block addresses correspond to 256 MB physical iPMR regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 .
- the physical regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 are represented by LBAs 620 , 622 , 624 , 626 , 628 that allow 1 GB of logical space per region.
- the extra space allows for gains in the PBAs from standard iPMR when the information is written using an alternative writing technique, such as SMR, Write Verify, Dynamic Track Squeeze and Compression. Therefore the LBA max and LBA min are set for life at the time of manufacture. At the factory or at time of manufacture, an LBA end which is between the LBA min and LBA max is set.
- the LBA end is set so if all the LBAs were filled using an iPMR writing technique, the PBA corresponding to the LBA would be filled with 256 K of data. This is a worst case scenario.
- the PBA can be written so that more data can be stored in the physical space associated with the PBA. This is accomplished by determining that the disk drive 100 is operating in an environment exhibiting favorable conditions and writing using another technique.
- the amount of user data that can be written to a Region 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 is unknown initially and remains only an estimate until the Region is actually completely filled with user data. In operation, the region is used for storing data until the end LBA is reached.
- the host computer queries or polls the disk drive as to whether additional space is available. If available, the disk drive responds with a new LBA end value. The additional space can then be allocated by the host for new write operations. It should be noted that some regions may have larger physical regions associated with them (esp. regions positioned near the OD). In other embodiments, multiple physical regions are mapped to one logical region.
- the size of the regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 can be varied or can be of the same size.
- the Regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 are of equal maximum LBA size.
- multiple regions of equal size can be combined in one or used as part of one LBA.
- the regions are of unequal size.
- Max-LBA is three to four times the physical iPMR data capacity to allow for gains from other magnetic writing techniques, such as SMR, SMR with write verify, track squeeze, compression, or the like.
- the LBAs are mapped from OD to ID (e.g., lower LBAs have higher data rate).
- the host 150 stores current parameters of hard disk drive 100 , and in other embodiments the host 150 can poll the hard drive 100 for its current parameters.
- a computer system includes a host 150 and a disk drive apparatus 100 communicatively coupled to the host 150 .
- the disk drive 100 includes at least one disk 102 having two major surfaces divided into a plurality of regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 , as shown in FIG. 6 .
- LBAs 620 , 622 , 624 , 626 , 628 are associated with the regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 .
- the regions 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 include a start logical block address and a maximum logical block address.
- the host 150 sets a region as allocated and requests the last logical block address (end LBA) for the region 610 , 612 , 614 , 616 , 618 .
- the host 150 frees the allocation up to the last logical block address (end LBA) in response to disk drive returning the last logical block address (new end LBA), and after last logical block address is consumed, host requests last logical block address again.
- the host in response to receiving an increased end logical block address indication for a region, frees the space associated with the region between the increased end logical block address and the previous end logical block address.
- the host 150 issues write commands and read commands to the disk drive 100 .
- the write command is for storing information representing data to a disk surface 102 within the disk drive 100 .
- the read command is for retrieving information representing data from a disk surface 102 .
- the host 150 provides an indication of a type of data associated with a write command.
- the write element, associated with the slider 106 is positioned by the controller 120 to overwrite at least a portion of a previously written track in the second region, in some embodiments.
- the host 150 compresses some types of data. When compressed data is written to a region of the disk drive it effectively increases the data density and capacity of the disk drive. When compressed, there is less information representing data for a given amount of data when compared to uncompressed data. Accordingly, when compressed, the information representing the data takes up less space. Therefore, there is more space available after writing compressed data to a PBA.
- the disk drive 100 includes an E-region, such as E-region 260 in FIG. 2 .
- the disk drive 100 writes information representing data to the E-region 260 and returns a write complete response to the host 150 .
- the disk drive 100 initially writes information representing data associated with a write command to the E-region 260 , and moves the information representing data from the E-region 260 to at least one of the plurality of I-regions 210 . 220 , 230 , 240 . 250 during an idle time of the disk drive 100 .
- the disk drive includes a plurality of write methods for writing information representing data to the plurality of I-regions of the disk drive 100 .
- a default write type is perpendicular magnetic recording.
- a disk drive 100 having at least one disk 102 with at least two major disk surfaces comprising a first I-region 210 having a first maximum logical block address, a second I-region 220 having a second maximum logical block address, and an E-region 260 .
- information representing data is initially written to the E-region.
- the information representing data is reread and written to at least one of the first I-region or the second I-region.
- the information representing data is written directly and sequentially into the first I-region and the second I-region.
- the information written to the first I-region 210 is written using a first method and the information written to the second I-region 220 is written using a second method.
- One of the first or the second region includes a plurality of tracks written using perpendicular magnetic recording.
- the other of the first or the second region includes a plurality of tracks written using shingled perpendicular magnetic recording.
- the other of the first or the second region includes a plurality of tracks written using shingled perpendicular magnetic recording with write verify.
- the other of the first or the second region includes a first band near the innermost diameter of the other of the first or the second region and a second band near the innermost diameter of the other of the first or the second region.
- the other region includes a plurality of tracks written after compressing the information representing data.
- the disk drive 100 includes physical block addresses where data is stored.
- the physical block address relates to the actual physical address of a set of data.
- a set of logical block addresses are assigned to a set of physical block addresses that make up a region.
- the logical block addresses are then associated with the actual location of the data.
- a table is kept of the logical block address of the data and its location in at a physical block addresses. At times, the data may be moved.
- the logical block address associated with the data stays the same despite a new physical block address.
- the disk drive 100 includes a table which is changed to reflect current PBA for the data associated with a LBA.
- the disk drive 100 it is said, includes logical block addresses which are mapped to physical block addresses.
- At least one of the first end logical block address or the second end logical block address is reset to a value higher than the at least one of the first end logical block address or the second end logical block address after writing to at least a portion of the first region or the second region, respectively.
- the regions can be written so as to hold more data than originally designed to hold.
- the data capacity is designed to a less than perfect case scenario.
- the conditions where a disk drive operates can, many times, be more favorable than the design point.
- the write operations can be controlled to write data that will have increased capacity.
- the conditions may be even worse than the design point.
- the capacity of the disk drive could be decreased.
- the reset first end logical block address or the reset second end logical block address reflects an increase in the capacity of at least one of the first I-region or the second I-region.
- the increase in capacity results from the method for writing to the respective I-region.
- the disk drive 100 further includes a controller 120 for determining the increase in capacity for the respective I-region.
- the controller 120 monitors the disk drive 100 for conditions favorable to writing at an increased capacity.
- the controller 120 also determines the write method to use to increase capacity.
- the controller 120 also determines when the drive is likely to be idle for a period of time so that it can perform writes that may take longer to complete during the idle times.
- history of usage of the drive is maintained in the disk drive 100 so that idle times can be predicted.
- a disk drive 100 has a plurality of disks which have two major surfaces for storing information for storing data.
- the first I-region is located on one disk and the second I-region is located on another disk in the disk drive.
- FIGS. 7A , 7 B and 7 C show a disk 102 of a disk drive 100 that includes various embodiments for RPM multiplication, according to another example embodiment.
- FIG. 7A shows a disk 102 of a disk drive 100 that has radial copies of information representing data, according to an example embodiment.
- substantially the same information representing data is written in the first I-region 710 and the second I-region 720 on the disk 102 .
- the first I-region 710 and the second I-region 720 are located at different radial distances from the center of the drive.
- the first I-region 710 and the second I-region 720 are located on different surfaces of the disk and therefore under different sliders and read elements.
- the first I-region 710 is closer to the slider and the read element housed therein than the second I-region 720 . Therefore, data in the first I-region 710 and the second I-region 720 are located at different distances from the actuator arm 108 and from the slider 106 attached thereto.
- the disk drive can seek to the one of the first I-region 710 and the second I-region 720 which is closer to the slider 106 and the read element housed with the slider.
- FIG. 7B shows a disk 102 of a disk drive 100 that has rotational copies of information 731 , 732 , 733 , 734 , 735 , and 736 representing data, according to an example embodiment of RPM multiplication.
- FIG. 7C shows a disk 102 of a disk drive 100 that has another embodiment of rotational copies of information representing data 741 , 742 , 743 , 744 , 745 , 746 , according to another example embodiment of RPM multiplication.
- the load beam and slider have been removed from FIGS. 7B and 7C for the sake of clarity. In each instance the rotational copies are located at various rotational positions around the disk 102 . As shown in FIG.
- the areas of duplicate data are located at the same angular position in a region closer to the inner diameter and in a region closer to the outer diameter of the disk.
- the data can be shifted rotationally so that it may be closer to a slider carrying a read element at any given time.
- FIG. 7C shows rotational copies located around the disk 102 .
- the areas 741 , 742 and 743 are offset from the areas 744 , 745 , and 746 .
- the areas can be paired in any way in which one area 741 may have a copy of the data at 746 , for example.
- the areas 731 , 732 , 733 , 734 , 735 , and 736 could also be carrying the same data.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a disk drive 800 that uses banded recording, according to an example embodiment.
- the disk drive 808 includes a disk 802 which can be a single disk or which can be a stack of disks.
- the disk you to includes I-region 820 , I-region 830 , and I-region 840 .
- the disk 802 also includes a first guard band 810 and a second guard band 812 which borders I-region 830 .
- the bands 810 and 812 isolate I-region 840 from I-region 830 , and I-region 820 from I-region 830 .
- the guard bands 810 , 812 provide an extra spacing between the tracks located in I-region 830 and the adjacent I-regions 820 , 840 .
- the guard bands 810 , 812 are placed between I-regions of the disk so that the region 830 , if written with shingled magnetic recording, can be defragged while maintaining the shingling constraints.
- a guard band 810 , 812 does not hold data or information representing data and therefore the goal is to minimize the size of the guard band 810 , 812 .
- adjacent I-regions such as I-regions 830 and 840
- FTI far track interference
- I-region 830 includes a multiplicity of tracks. Tracks 831 and 839 are wider or have a greater width than the tracks between tracks 831 and 839 . This reduces problems associated with FTI, such as partial erasure of tracks in the adjacent I-regions 820 , 840 .
- a region, such as I-region 830 is bounded by a band or guard band 810 to isolate the region 830 .
- a disk drive 100 having at least one disk 802 with a major disk surface that includes a first region 830 including tracks having a first track width 833 and a second track width 839 .
- the second track width 839 is wider than the first track width 833 .
- the disk drive also has a second region 840 including tracks having a third track width 841 and a fourth track width 843 .
- the third track 843 width being wider than the fourth track width 841 .
- a guard band 812 is positioned between the first region 830 and the second region 840 .
- the second track 839 and the third track 841 are positioned adjacent the guard band 812 .
- the first region 830 includes a plurality of tracks between the first track 841 and the second track 843 .
- the second region 840 also includes a plurality of tracks between the third track 841 and the fourth track 843 .
- the tracks of disk drive 100 also includes the first region 830 positioned near the second track 839 having track widths that are wider than the tracks positioned near the first track 833 , and the tracks of the second region positioned near the third track 843 having track widths that are wider than the tracks positioned near the fourth track 841 .
- the tracks between the first track and the second track have increasing track widths from the first track to the second track.
- the track widths of a plurality of tracks positioned between the first track and the second track are constantly expanded.
- the disk drive 100 also includes a write element, for writing information representing data, a read element for reading information from a track on the disk.
- the read element and the write element are associated with the slider 108 .
- the disk drive 100 also includes a controller 120 for controlling at least the position of the write element as information representing data is written to the track.
- the write element is positioned by the controller 120 to overwrite at least a portion of a previously written track in at least one of the first region 830 and the second region 840 .
- the write element is dynamically controlled to overwrite at least a portion of a previously written track in at least one of the first region in 830 and the second region 840 .
- the amount of overwrite can be controlled on the fly after the disk drive is placed in its operating environment outside the factory.
- the capacity of the disk drive 100 therefore can vary as a function of the environment in which is located. Some environments are very conducive to squeezing the tracks or overwriting adjacent tracks (such as wondering SMR) while other environments are less conducive with respect to using these techniques. The more tightly or higher the track density, the higher the capacity of the drive 100 . Using the above-described technique allows the disk drive capacity to be increased in its operating environment after it has left the factory for manufacturing site.
- a disk drive has at least one disk one with a major disk surface having a first region 820 including tracks having a first track width 823 and a second track width 829 .
- the second track width 829 being wider than the first track width 823 .
- the disk drive 800 also has a second region 830 including tracks having a third track width 831 and a fourth track width 839 and a fifth track width 833 .
- the third track width 831 and the track having the fourth track width 839 being wider than the track having the fifth track width 833 .
- the disk drive 800 also has a third region 840 including tracks having a sixth track width 841 and a seventh track width 843 .
- the sixth track width 841 being wider than the track having the seventh track width 843 .
- the disk drive 800 also includes a first guard band 810 and a second guard band 812 .
- the first guard band 810 is positioned between the first region 820 and the second region 830 .
- the track having the second track width 829 and the track having the third track width 831 positioned adjacent the first guard band 810 .
- the second guard band 812 is positioned between the second region 830 and the third region 840 .
- the track having the fourth track width 841 and the track having the sixth track width 843 are positioned adjacent the second guard band 812 .
- the track having the fifth track width 843 is positioned between the track having the third track width 841 and the track having the fourth track width 849 .
- the disk drive 800 also includes a write element for writing information representing data, and a read element for reading information from a track on the disk, and a controller 120 for controlling at least the position of the write element as information representing data is written to the track.
- the write element is positioned by the controller 120 to overwrite at least a portion of a previously written track in the second region 830 .
- the write element is dynamically controlled to overwrite at least a portion of a previously written track in the second region 830 .
- FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a method 900 for decreasing far track interference on a disk drive, according to an example embodiment.
- the method 900 includes designating a plurality of regions on a disk where information is to be stored 910 , separating at least two of the plurality of regions on the disk drive by a guard band 912 , and writing information representing data to at least one of the plurality of regions 914 .
- the information is written to one or more tracks within the region of the disk.
- the track adjacent at least one of the guard bands of the region has a width greater than a track an area in the middle of the region.
- writing information to the disk in the at least one region includes overwriting at least a portion of a previously written track.
- the amount of overwriting is dynamically variable to vary the capacity of the disk drive apparatus.
- the method 900 also includes receiving an indication from an environmental stability indicator 916 .
- Writing information to the disk in the at least one region includes overwriting at least a portion of a previously written track, and the amount of overwriting in response to an output from the environmental stability indicator.
- the amount of overwriting is dynamically variable and in response to an output from the environmental stability indicator.
- the method 900 and includes reading information representing data as written to on the previously overwritten track to verify the write operation.
- the method includes erasing the information from an E-region on the disk in response to verifying the write operation 920 .
- FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of another method 1000 for writing information to a magnetizable disk surface on a disk drive, such as disk drive 100 , according to an example embodiment.
- the method 1000 includes designating a plurality of regions on a disk where information is to be stored 1010 , writing information representing data to a first track in at least one of the plurality of regions 1012 , writing information representing data to a second track in the at least one of the plurality of regions 1014 , the information written to the second track overwriting a portion of the first track, and determining an amount of the first track that is overwritten based on a performance factor 1016 . Determining an amount of the first track that is overwritten 1016 is done or accomplished on the fly.
- the method 1000 can also include conducting a write verify on the recently written information representing data 1018 . This assures that the data written can be retrieved at a later date.
- the method 1000 includes writing information representing data to an E-region before writing the information representing data to one of the plurality of designated regions, conducting a write verify on the information representing data written to the one of the plurality of designated regions, and making the portion of the E-region that stored the verified information available in response to a positive write verification.
- the method 1000 also includes sending a write command complete signal 1020 to a source of a write command after writing information representing data to an E-region.
- the size of the E-region can also be changed on the fly.
- the method 1000 includes writing information representing data to an E-region before writing the information representing data to one of the plurality of designated regions and conducting a write verify on the information representing data written to the one of the plurality of designated regions.
- a method 1100 is implemented, as shown in a flow diagram of FIG. 11 .
- An unreadable physical block address is determined 1110
- the information representing data associated with the unreadable physical block from the E-region is read 1112
- the information representing data associated with the unreadable physical block to the one of the plurality of designated regions is rewritten 1114 .
- the method 1100 also includes writing the information representing data associated with the unreadable block at a new physical block address 1116 , and mapping the new physical block address to a logical block address associated with an unreadable physical block 1118 .
- rewriting information representing data associated with the unreadable physical block includes rewriting the information from the unreadable physical block and all information written thereafter to the disk in the at least one region.
- the method 1100 also includes increasing a number of logical block addresses that are available for the at least one of the plurality of regions 1122 in response to increasing the amount of the portion of the first track that is overwritten by a second track.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing the transfer of data from one physical block address or one set of physical block addresses to another physical block address or another set of physical block addresses according to an example embodiment.
- a physical block address or a set of physical block addresses is found to be unreadable or bad. This is depicted by position 1210 on the disk 102 of the disk drive 100 (shown in FIG. 1 ).
- the arrow 1220 represents the data being “moved” from the unreadable or bad area 1210 to a new area which includes one or more new physical block addresses, as depicted by area 1230 .
- the data is read from a cache area, such as a cache memory associated with the disk drive 100 (not shown) or an E-region 260 which is on the disk 102 of the disk drive 100 .
- a cache area such as a cache memory associated with the disk drive 100 (not shown) or an E-region 260 which is on the disk 102 of the disk drive 100 .
- the unreadable portion is so marked and the physical block address is marked as unreadable.
- the information that was to be stored there is moved to a different position and the physical block address corresponding to the LBA is updated to associate the new PBA with the LBA. This is generally done when a comparatively large amount of data has been written to the area after the unreadable portion, such as in a sequential write method like shingled magnetic recording.
- a second option is to rewrite the information after the unreadable PBA.
- the information to be stored in the unread portion and in the PBAs following the unread portion are retrieved and stored for rewriting.
- the disk drive issues a TRIM command to indicate that all the PBAs after the unreadable portion have been made available for rewriting or effectively trimmed.
- the unreadable portion is removed and not written to. This portion of the disk surface will generally be marked as bad or defective.
- the second option includes writing the retrieved information to the PBAs on the disk that follow the unreadable portion.
- HDD disks are generally designed to accommodate predictable vibrations caused by normal operations. Generally, parameters are set for data capacities of each of the regions of a disk drive when at the manufacturing site. In some embodiments, the parameters may be set for a worst case scenario when at the manufacturing site.
- disk drives may be subjected to vibrations caused by normal operation of the disk drive or by ambient conditions. In other instances, a disk drive can be placed in a less favorable environment. For example, an HDD may be coupled to a device with speakers that introduce severe vibrations which can reduce the ability of a write head to accurately maintain an alignment with respect to a track of a disk.
- the disk drive can be placed in environments where the conditions are more favorable to writing data than the design point which was set at a factory or manufacturing site. In other words, the disk drive can be placed in environments where the conditions are more favorable to writing data so that the capacity of the drive could be increased beyond the factory settings.
- the hard drive 100 is divided into regions, each of which may be one of several types. These types include both PMR and SMR, but may also include other types like SMR w/write verify, banded, banded w/write verify and RPM multiplication to name a few.
- the hard drive 100 can decide based on actual usage which type to use and may switch between them at runtime.
- the extra capacity may be used internally to improve performance or provided to the customer using dynamic variable capacity mechanisms.
- SMR regions banded & auto
- SMR w/Write Verify regions The extra capacity is not exposed to the customer for this region. Autonomous regions may be written w/verify originally.
- FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of a method 1300 for writing information to a magnetizable disk surface on a disk drive, according to an example embodiment.
- the method 1300 includes dividing the disk surface into a plurality of regions 1310 , and, for at least one region, designating an initial logical block address (LBA) 1312 and designating a minimum capacity LBA 1314 and a maximum capacity LBA 1316 for the at least one region, writing to the at least one region on the disk 1318 surface and adjusting the data density based on performance factors 1320 , and adjusting the capacity to a final LBA for the at least one region in response to the valued of the adjusted data density 1320 .
- the final/end LBA will be less than the maximum capacity LBA.
- the plurality of regions are substantially equal in size. In another embodiment, the plurality of regions have at least two sizes. In another embodiment, writing to the at least one region includes overwriting a portion of a previously written track within the at least one region to form a track having a width less than a write width of a write element. In another embodiment, writing to the at least one region includes shingled magnetic recording. In still another embodiment, writing to the at least one region includes perpendicular magnetic recording.
- FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of a method 1400 for varying the capacity of a disk drive having information to a magnetizable disk surface on a disk drive, according to another example embodiment.
- the method 1400 includes dividing the disk surface into a plurality of regions 1410 , and for a plurality of regions, designating an initial logical block address (LBA) 1412 and designating a minimum capacity LBA 1414 and a maximum capacity LBA 1416 for the region.
- LBA initial logical block address
- the method 1400 also includes writing to at least several regions of the plurality of the regions on the disk surface 1418 and adjusting the data density based on performance factor associated with the region being written 1420 .
- the plurality of regions have at least two sizes.
- writing to the at least one region of the plurality of regions includes overwriting a portion of a previously written track within the at least one region to form a track having a width less than a write width of a write element.
- writing to at least one of the plurality of regions includes perpendicular magnetic recording.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a physical region 1500 of a disk drive and a logical capacity of the physical region at two times T1, T2, according to an example embodiment.
- logical capacity of a physical region is set to an end/final capacity which is between a minimum capacity 1510 and the maximum logical capacity 1520 .
- the final/and capacity 1512 is located between the minimum capacity 1510 and the maximum logical capacity 1520 .
- the minimum capacity 1510 and the maximum logical capacity 1520 are set at the factory or set at the time of manufacture.
- the initial setting of the end/final capacity at time T0 is also a factory setting which accounts for a “worst-case scenario”.
- the disk drive 100 places information representing data into the physical region 1500 until the end/final capacity 1512 is met.
- the host 150 will where he the disk drive 100 regarding physical region 1500 after it has reached the end/final capacity 1512 .
- the end/final capacity 1512 stopped short of the end of the physical region as picked up by the three white rectangles shown at the bottom of the physical region 1500 .
- the physical region 1500 has additional capacity for storing data and returns an indication of additional capacity available to the host 150 . Also returned is an estimate of a new end/final capacity 1516 .
- the host 150 or the disk drive 100 and makes this space available for storing information representing data.
- the host will again write data to the physical region 1500 until the end/final capacity T2 is reached. As shown in FIG.
- the end/final capacity 1516 is greater than the end/final capacity 1512 . Information will be written to this additional available space until the end/final capacity 1516 is filled. Again the host will query the disk drive 100 when the end/final capacity 1516 is reached. If there is additional capacity available in the physical region 1500 , the end/final capacity will be adjusted once again. If not, the physical region 1500 will be marked as full and no more right commands will be issued for writing within the region 1500 .
- the host repeats a request for the last logical block address upon determining that the last logical block address is consumed. In other words, it is not necessary for the last physical block to be fully consumed before the host repeats the request for the end capacity of the region.
- the host can make the request as soon as it determines it will fill the last physical block address associated with a logical block address. If the disk drive has extra capacity in the region, the disk drive will answer the request with a new and increased value for the final/end LBA value.
- the host can then write information representing data to the additional LBAs represented by the new value of the final/end LBA less the previous value of the final/end LBA.
- the new value of the final/end LBA will be less than or equal to the max LBA for the region.
- the new value for the final/end LBA includes, in one embodiment, an estimate of the number of physical block addresses that the remaining portion of the region can hold.
- a disk drive having at least one disk with at least two major disk surfaces includes a first I-region having a first maximum logical block address, a second I-region having a second maximum logical block address, and an E-region.
- Information can be written temporarily to the E-region. This can be done when moving information representing data from one region to another. It can also be done when the information is received from the host. In some embodiments, the information written directly to the first I-region from the host and information written directly to the second I-region from the host. In many cases, the information is written to the first I-region using a first writing method, and is written to the second I-region using a second method.
- Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol.
- Computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave.
- Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implementation of the techniques described in this disclosure.
- a computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.
- such computer-readable storage media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer.
- any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium.
- a computer-readable medium For example, if instructions are transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium.
- DSL digital subscriber line
- Disk and disc includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc, where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
- processors such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry.
- DSPs digital signal processors
- ASICs application specific integrated circuits
- FPGAs field programmable logic arrays
- processors may refer to any of the foregoing structure or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.
- the techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide variety of devices or apparatuses, including a wireless handset, an integrated circuit (IC) or a set of ICs (e.g., a chip set).
- IC integrated circuit
- a set of ICs e.g., a chip set.
- Various components, modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasize functional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosed techniques, but do not necessarily require realization by different hardware units. Rather, as described above, various units may be combined in a hardware unit or provided by a collection of interoperative hardware units, including one or more processors as described above, in conjunction with suitable software and/or firmware.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Digital Magnetic Recording (AREA)
- Signal Processing For Digital Recording And Reproducing (AREA)
- Recording Or Reproducing By Magnetic Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/100,786 US8867153B1 (en) | 2013-12-09 | 2013-12-09 | Method and apparatus for dynamic track squeeze in a hard drive |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/100,786 US8867153B1 (en) | 2013-12-09 | 2013-12-09 | Method and apparatus for dynamic track squeeze in a hard drive |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US8867153B1 true US8867153B1 (en) | 2014-10-21 |
Family
ID=51702335
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/100,786 Active US8867153B1 (en) | 2013-12-09 | 2013-12-09 | Method and apparatus for dynamic track squeeze in a hard drive |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8867153B1 (en) |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9153290B1 (en) * | 2015-01-22 | 2015-10-06 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | Intra-zone wear leveling for heat-assisted magnetic recording—shingled magnetic recording (HAMR-SMR) type storage devices |
US20160098352A1 (en) * | 2014-10-01 | 2016-04-07 | Seagate Technology Llc | Media cache cleaning |
US9424879B1 (en) | 2015-04-30 | 2016-08-23 | Seagate Technology Llc | Data storage device with adaptive data capacity |
US9454990B1 (en) * | 2015-03-30 | 2016-09-27 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | System and method of conducting in-place write operations in a shingled magnetic recording (SMR) drive |
US9472223B1 (en) * | 2015-09-09 | 2016-10-18 | Seagate Technology Llc | Media certification with different recording widths |
CN106055269A (en) * | 2015-04-10 | 2016-10-26 | Hgst荷兰公司 | Realm partitioning in hard drives |
WO2016177328A1 (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2016-11-10 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Smr-aware append-only file system |
CN106201333A (en) * | 2015-06-01 | 2016-12-07 | 株式会社东芝 | Storage device, controller and data reading method again |
US9583131B1 (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2017-02-28 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Magnetic disk device and control method |
US9875757B1 (en) | 2016-11-09 | 2018-01-23 | Seagate Technology Llc | Adjusting track width to compensate for offset writing of a track |
US9983963B2 (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2018-05-29 | Alibaba Group Holding Limited | System and method for exploiting hard disk drive capacity reserve and extending operating life thereof |
US10268386B2 (en) | 2016-12-28 | 2019-04-23 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Data storage device including temporary storage locations |
US10607645B1 (en) | 2019-06-28 | 2020-03-31 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Data storage device generating PES RRO and data sector squeeze RRO for a plurality of zones |
US10699745B1 (en) | 2019-06-28 | 2020-06-30 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Data storage device defining track trajectory to reduce AC track squeeze |
US10748568B1 (en) | 2019-08-06 | 2020-08-18 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Data storage device employing dynamic track trajectories |
US10825475B1 (en) * | 2019-10-17 | 2020-11-03 | Dell Products, L.P. | System and method for improving hard disk drive performance |
US11074937B1 (en) * | 2020-03-17 | 2021-07-27 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Magnetic disk device and depop processing method |
US11462245B1 (en) | 2021-08-25 | 2022-10-04 | Seagate Technology Llc | Vibration-induced on-cylinder limit adjustment |
US12020733B2 (en) | 2022-04-18 | 2024-06-25 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Sector metrics to estimate health of written data |
Citations (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6084732A (en) | 1996-09-18 | 2000-07-04 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Method of selecting zone lay-out of a hard disk drive on basis of head/recording medium performance |
US6185063B1 (en) | 1997-02-13 | 2001-02-06 | Seagate Technology Llc | Methods and apparatus for overlapping data tracks on a storage medium |
US6256160B1 (en) | 1998-08-13 | 2001-07-03 | Maxtor Corporation | Programmable, variable data track pitch |
US20020036849A1 (en) * | 2000-08-04 | 2002-03-28 | Quak Bengwee | Adjusting track density and bit density to provide limited excess capacity in a storage device |
US20020071198A1 (en) | 2000-09-27 | 2002-06-13 | Xiong Liu | Method to achieve higher track density by allowing only one-sided track encroachment |
US7076603B1 (en) * | 2003-03-31 | 2006-07-11 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Method for mapping a selected sector to a zone on a disk |
US20060227449A1 (en) * | 2005-04-11 | 2006-10-12 | Xiaodong Che | Method and apparatus for optimizing record quality with varying track and linear density by allowing overlapping data tracks |
US7337263B2 (en) | 2004-11-09 | 2008-02-26 | Samsung Electrionics Co., Ltd. | Method of varying recording density of data storage medium and disk drive using the method |
US7408731B2 (en) | 2006-01-04 | 2008-08-05 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | Track allocation method of disk drive |
US7486460B2 (en) | 2005-04-13 | 2009-02-03 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | Disk drive with enhanced storage capacity increase ratio |
US20090327598A1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-12-31 | Sony Corporation | Disk storage apparatus and program |
US7929233B2 (en) | 2008-12-30 | 2011-04-19 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | System, method and apparatus for sector grading of defective bit patterned magnetic media in hard disk drives |
US8102613B2 (en) | 2009-09-25 | 2012-01-24 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | System, method and apparatus for determining track pitch in a hard disk drive to satisfy the requirements of both off-track capacity and adjacent track erasure |
US20120176698A1 (en) * | 2011-01-06 | 2012-07-12 | Seagate Technology Llc | Reducing Errors Resulting from Width Variability of Storage Media Write Tracks |
US20120210092A1 (en) | 2011-02-14 | 2012-08-16 | Seagate Technology Llc | Dynamic storage regions |
US20120281304A1 (en) * | 2011-05-03 | 2012-11-08 | Lsi Corporation | Systems and Methods for Read Head Characterization |
US8315006B1 (en) | 2010-03-09 | 2012-11-20 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Adaptive data writing mode based on drive environment |
US20120303930A1 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-29 | Jonathan Darrel Coker | Indirection memory architecture with reduced memory requirements for shingled magnetic recording devices |
US8411384B2 (en) | 2011-06-06 | 2013-04-02 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | Writer having a shield structure for adjacent and far track interference refreshment |
US20130135764A1 (en) | 2011-11-29 | 2013-05-30 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | Implementing data track pitch adjustment under operational vibration conditions |
US20130170061A1 (en) | 2011-12-28 | 2013-07-04 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | System, method and apparatus for shingled magnetic recording in disk drives |
US8593748B1 (en) | 2012-06-04 | 2013-11-26 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | Shingled magnetic recording disk drive with compensation for the effect of far track erasure (FTE) on adjacent data bands |
US8638514B2 (en) | 2011-02-23 | 2014-01-28 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Information recording device and information recording method |
US8699185B1 (en) | 2012-12-10 | 2014-04-15 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Disk drive defining guard bands to support zone sequentiality when butterfly writing shingled data tracks |
-
2013
- 2013-12-09 US US14/100,786 patent/US8867153B1/en active Active
Patent Citations (28)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6084732A (en) | 1996-09-18 | 2000-07-04 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Method of selecting zone lay-out of a hard disk drive on basis of head/recording medium performance |
US6185063B1 (en) | 1997-02-13 | 2001-02-06 | Seagate Technology Llc | Methods and apparatus for overlapping data tracks on a storage medium |
US6256160B1 (en) | 1998-08-13 | 2001-07-03 | Maxtor Corporation | Programmable, variable data track pitch |
US20020036849A1 (en) * | 2000-08-04 | 2002-03-28 | Quak Bengwee | Adjusting track density and bit density to provide limited excess capacity in a storage device |
US20020071198A1 (en) | 2000-09-27 | 2002-06-13 | Xiong Liu | Method to achieve higher track density by allowing only one-sided track encroachment |
US7076603B1 (en) * | 2003-03-31 | 2006-07-11 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Method for mapping a selected sector to a zone on a disk |
US7337263B2 (en) | 2004-11-09 | 2008-02-26 | Samsung Electrionics Co., Ltd. | Method of varying recording density of data storage medium and disk drive using the method |
US20060227449A1 (en) * | 2005-04-11 | 2006-10-12 | Xiaodong Che | Method and apparatus for optimizing record quality with varying track and linear density by allowing overlapping data tracks |
US7486460B2 (en) | 2005-04-13 | 2009-02-03 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | Disk drive with enhanced storage capacity increase ratio |
US7408731B2 (en) | 2006-01-04 | 2008-08-05 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | Track allocation method of disk drive |
US20090327598A1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-12-31 | Sony Corporation | Disk storage apparatus and program |
US7929233B2 (en) | 2008-12-30 | 2011-04-19 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | System, method and apparatus for sector grading of defective bit patterned magnetic media in hard disk drives |
US8102613B2 (en) | 2009-09-25 | 2012-01-24 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | System, method and apparatus for determining track pitch in a hard disk drive to satisfy the requirements of both off-track capacity and adjacent track erasure |
US8315006B1 (en) | 2010-03-09 | 2012-11-20 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Adaptive data writing mode based on drive environment |
US20120176698A1 (en) * | 2011-01-06 | 2012-07-12 | Seagate Technology Llc | Reducing Errors Resulting from Width Variability of Storage Media Write Tracks |
US20120210092A1 (en) | 2011-02-14 | 2012-08-16 | Seagate Technology Llc | Dynamic storage regions |
US8638514B2 (en) | 2011-02-23 | 2014-01-28 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Information recording device and information recording method |
US20120281304A1 (en) * | 2011-05-03 | 2012-11-08 | Lsi Corporation | Systems and Methods for Read Head Characterization |
US20120303930A1 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-29 | Jonathan Darrel Coker | Indirection memory architecture with reduced memory requirements for shingled magnetic recording devices |
US20120300328A1 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-29 | Jonathan Darrel Coker | Storage device with shingled data and unshingled cache regions |
US8578122B2 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2013-11-05 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | Indirection memory architecture with reduced memory requirements for shingled magnetic recording devices |
US8411384B2 (en) | 2011-06-06 | 2013-04-02 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | Writer having a shield structure for adjacent and far track interference refreshment |
US20130135764A1 (en) | 2011-11-29 | 2013-05-30 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | Implementing data track pitch adjustment under operational vibration conditions |
US8724248B2 (en) | 2011-11-29 | 2014-05-13 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | Method and apparatus for compensating vibration by adjusting track pitch |
US20130170061A1 (en) | 2011-12-28 | 2013-07-04 | Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V. | System, method and apparatus for shingled magnetic recording in disk drives |
US8559121B2 (en) | 2011-12-28 | 2013-10-15 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | System, method and apparatus for shingled magnetic recording in disk drives |
US8593748B1 (en) | 2012-06-04 | 2013-11-26 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | Shingled magnetic recording disk drive with compensation for the effect of far track erasure (FTE) on adjacent data bands |
US8699185B1 (en) | 2012-12-10 | 2014-04-15 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Disk drive defining guard bands to support zone sequentiality when butterfly writing shingled data tracks |
Cited By (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20160098352A1 (en) * | 2014-10-01 | 2016-04-07 | Seagate Technology Llc | Media cache cleaning |
US10204054B2 (en) * | 2014-10-01 | 2019-02-12 | Seagate Technology Llc | Media cache cleaning |
US9153290B1 (en) * | 2015-01-22 | 2015-10-06 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | Intra-zone wear leveling for heat-assisted magnetic recording—shingled magnetic recording (HAMR-SMR) type storage devices |
US9454990B1 (en) * | 2015-03-30 | 2016-09-27 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | System and method of conducting in-place write operations in a shingled magnetic recording (SMR) drive |
GB2539078A (en) * | 2015-04-10 | 2016-12-07 | HGST Netherlands BV | Realm partitioning in hard drives |
CN106055269A (en) * | 2015-04-10 | 2016-10-26 | Hgst荷兰公司 | Realm partitioning in hard drives |
US9424879B1 (en) | 2015-04-30 | 2016-08-23 | Seagate Technology Llc | Data storage device with adaptive data capacity |
WO2016177328A1 (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2016-11-10 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Smr-aware append-only file system |
CN107735774B (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2020-05-08 | 华为技术有限公司 | SMR perception only adds file system |
CN107735774A (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2018-02-23 | 华为技术有限公司 | A kind of SMR perceives only additional file system |
CN106201333A (en) * | 2015-06-01 | 2016-12-07 | 株式会社东芝 | Storage device, controller and data reading method again |
CN106201333B (en) * | 2015-06-01 | 2019-04-12 | 株式会社东芝 | Storage device, controller and data reading method again |
US9472223B1 (en) * | 2015-09-09 | 2016-10-18 | Seagate Technology Llc | Media certification with different recording widths |
US9983963B2 (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2018-05-29 | Alibaba Group Holding Limited | System and method for exploiting hard disk drive capacity reserve and extending operating life thereof |
US9583131B1 (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2017-02-28 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Magnetic disk device and control method |
US9875757B1 (en) | 2016-11-09 | 2018-01-23 | Seagate Technology Llc | Adjusting track width to compensate for offset writing of a track |
US10268386B2 (en) | 2016-12-28 | 2019-04-23 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Data storage device including temporary storage locations |
US10607645B1 (en) | 2019-06-28 | 2020-03-31 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Data storage device generating PES RRO and data sector squeeze RRO for a plurality of zones |
US10699745B1 (en) | 2019-06-28 | 2020-06-30 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Data storage device defining track trajectory to reduce AC track squeeze |
US11049518B2 (en) | 2019-06-28 | 2021-06-29 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Data storage device defining track trajectory to reduce AC track squeeze |
CN114141273A (en) * | 2019-06-28 | 2022-03-04 | 西部数据技术公司 | Data storage device defining track trajectories to reduce AC track compression |
US10748568B1 (en) | 2019-08-06 | 2020-08-18 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Data storage device employing dynamic track trajectories |
US10825475B1 (en) * | 2019-10-17 | 2020-11-03 | Dell Products, L.P. | System and method for improving hard disk drive performance |
US11074937B1 (en) * | 2020-03-17 | 2021-07-27 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Magnetic disk device and depop processing method |
US11462245B1 (en) | 2021-08-25 | 2022-10-04 | Seagate Technology Llc | Vibration-induced on-cylinder limit adjustment |
US12020733B2 (en) | 2022-04-18 | 2024-06-25 | Western Digital Technologies, Inc. | Sector metrics to estimate health of written data |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8867153B1 (en) | Method and apparatus for dynamic track squeeze in a hard drive | |
US8941943B1 (en) | Dynamic variable capacity hard disk drive | |
US9489145B2 (en) | Disk drive including I-regions having configurable final logical block addresses | |
US8922925B1 (en) | Actively written guard bands in a cold storage or mixed mode drive | |
US20150109700A1 (en) | Shingled magnetic recording system with adaptive write buffer area | |
JP5392788B2 (en) | Object-based storage device with storage medium having variable medium characteristics | |
US8724248B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for compensating vibration by adjusting track pitch | |
US9111578B1 (en) | Recording density variation of data tracks | |
US10381040B1 (en) | Dynamic hybrid shingled magnetic recording device | |
US8006027B1 (en) | Method of staging small writes on a large sector disk drive | |
US8493679B1 (en) | Disk drive implementing a read channel optimization process | |
JP4223897B2 (en) | A magnetic disk device with a function that uses the amount of thermal resolution for flying height management, and an inspection device with that function. | |
US9378763B1 (en) | Track offset compensation in shingled recording | |
US20130321948A1 (en) | Shingled magnetic recording disk drive with compensation for the effect of far track erasure (fte) on adjacent data bands | |
US9495988B1 (en) | Dependent write fault threshold | |
US10802739B1 (en) | Data storage device configuration for accessing data in physical realms | |
US20080239548A1 (en) | Multiple sector reassign on write error for disk drive | |
US9087540B1 (en) | Asymmetrical write fault thresholds | |
US9036284B1 (en) | Isolated shingled bands of fractional tracks | |
US8896961B1 (en) | Reader positioning in shingled magnetic recording | |
US9236073B1 (en) | Write fault threshold for a set of tracks | |
US9373347B2 (en) | Data write management | |
US10096338B2 (en) | Data recording apparatus and data recording method | |
US8817412B1 (en) | Magnetic disk device and writing method of a magnetic disk | |
US9064504B1 (en) | Electronic system with media recovery mechanism and method of operation thereof |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: HGST NETHERLANDS B.V., NETHERLANDS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:COKER, JOHNATHAN DARREL;HALL, DAVID ROBISON;SIGNING DATES FROM 20131203 TO 20131206;REEL/FRAME:031742/0358 |
|
STCF | Information on status: patent grant |
Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: WESTERN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC., CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HGST NETHERLANDS B.V.;REEL/FRAME:040829/0516 Effective date: 20160831 |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 4TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1551) Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS AGENT, ILLINOIS Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WESTERN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:052915/0566 Effective date: 20200113 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: WESTERN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC., CALIFORNIA Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST AT REEL 052915 FRAME 0566;ASSIGNOR:JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A.;REEL/FRAME:059127/0001 Effective date: 20220203 |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 8TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1552); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., ILLINOIS Free format text: PATENT COLLATERAL AGREEMENT - A&R LOAN AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:WESTERN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:064715/0001 Effective date: 20230818 Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., ILLINOIS Free format text: PATENT COLLATERAL AGREEMENT - DDTL LOAN AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:WESTERN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:067045/0156 Effective date: 20230818 |