US8583189B2 - Method and apparatus for the selective use of imperceptible invites - Google Patents
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- US8583189B2 US8583189B2 US11/617,091 US61709106A US8583189B2 US 8583189 B2 US8583189 B2 US 8583189B2 US 61709106 A US61709106 A US 61709106A US 8583189 B2 US8583189 B2 US 8583189B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W76/00—Connection management
- H04W76/40—Connection management for selective distribution or broadcast
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W68/00—User notification, e.g. alerting and paging, for incoming communication, change of service or the like
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- This invention relates generally to a method, apparatus, and system for the selective use of imperceptible invites in group calls.
- Group call is a widely used feature in current communication technologies, such as Push To Talk (“PTT”) and Push To Experience (“PTX”), that enables an originator to establish a communication session with multiple participants.
- Certain group calls may require that a set of preconditions be met in order for the group call to proceed, such as a minimum quorum of overall participants, a minimum number of certain types of participants, or specific participants that are required. For example, there may be a situation where at least 90% of group members must participate in a group call for it to proceed. Alternatively, in a business setting there may be a situation requiring that at least a company lawyer, marketer, and accountant participate in the group call in order for the group call to proceed.
- CEO Chief Executive Officer
- the overall group call proceeds only if the set of preconditions are met.
- all of the target devices alert the target users (e.g., by beeping, vibrating, or displaying an icon) immediately when a group call invite is received. This, however, can be very annoying for the target users because there is no guarantee at the time of the alert that the group call will be able to go forward. For example, a required participant may reject the group call invite while others accept, and those who accept are left waiting for a call that fails to proceed, leading to a poor end user experience.
- the targets for a group call will alert users despite a high likelihood of the group call not proceeding. For example, there is a high likelihood of this happening if there is a minimum quorum of participants necessary or specific participants that are required.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a system according to at least one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 illustrates a method of sending out invites for a group call according to at least one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 illustrates a method of sending out invites for a group call where a status of whether a particular target uses manual answer mode or automatic answer mode is known according to at least one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4 illustrates a target mobile station according to at least one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 5 illustrates a PoC server according to at least one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 6 illustrates a state diagram for a target mobile station of a group call invite according to at least one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a state diagram for a target mobile station of a group call invite according to at least one embodiment of the invention.
- Certain group calls may require that a set of preconditions be met in order for the group call to proceed, such as a minimum quorum of overall participants, a minimum number of certain types of participants, or specific participants that are required.
- a set of preconditions be met in order for the group call to proceed, such as a minimum quorum of overall participants, a minimum number of certain types of participants, or specific participants that are required.
- one party initiates the sending of group call invites to the members of the group.
- the group call may proceed once the set of preconditions have been met.
- the quorum may include “required” targets and “non-required” targets.
- a required target is a target that must participate in the group call. For example, if the group call is for members presenting marketing ideas to the CEO of a company, the CEO may be a required target such that the group call cannot be approved unless the CEO has accepted an invite for the group call.
- the quorum may also comprise a predetermined minimum threshold percentage or number of non-required targets accepting.
- a non-required target is a specific target that does not have to accept the group call invite for the group call to proceed. In the event that the group call is for an accounting department of a company, there may be a requirement that 80% of the targets have to accept invites before the group call can proceed.
- a “regular” invite is utilized to establish a communication session, but nothing more.
- the regular invite typically causes a target to audibly beep, a Light Emitting Diode (“LED”) on the target to flash, the target to vibrate, or some other perceivable event to occur at the target.
- the alerting occurs because the target expects that the call will proceed.
- An imperceptible or “stealth” invite comprises, e.g., a new Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”), Push-To-Talk (“PTT”), or application level signaling message that indicates to the target that the call will only proceed if certain preconditions are met. However, the target should still signal its acceptance or rejection of the call, so that the preconditions can be evaluated.
- the imperceptible invite as described below comprises a “call pending” message. Imperceptible invites avoid alerting the targets in cases where the preconditions are not met, e.g., if there is an insufficient quorum.
- a link layer connection is also established with the target, and the target is deterred from placing or accepting a different call.
- a phone may be configured with various modes.
- One such mode is a “manual answer” mode.
- manual answer mode a user has to manually press a button or perform some other type of action to accept a group call invite, much like the way one would answer a typical telephony call.
- automatic answer mode the phone is configured to automatically accept the group call invite.
- an imperceptible invite may be sent to such automatic answer mode target phones.
- the process avoids generating audible noises or other perceivable indications that would annoy such targets. Because they are going to automatically accept such invites anyway, there is no benefit to sending an audible or perceptible invite at this time.
- the annoyance to targets caused by sending invites may be minimized by initially sending imperceptible invites to all targets (including both those in automatic answer mode and those in manual answer mode).
- Each of the automatic answer mode targets respond to the imperceptible invite with an acceptance but do not audibly beep or otherwise show a perceivable indication to the user.
- the manual answer mode targets alert the user by, for example, beeping or otherwise indicating receipt of the invite to the user of the target.
- the manual answer mode targets are aware of the group call in order to manually respond to the invite request, but automatic answer mode targets are not.
- a target which is busy in an existing call will also alert the user about the incoming invite, regardless of the configured answer mode. Essentially, this means that a target is in manual answer mode while busy in a call.
- a second message is sent to all users (including the manual answer mode targets) who did not reject the imperceptible invite, and the targets beep or otherwise indicate receipt of the second message.
- the second message as described above comprises a “call start” message.
- the originator of the group call receives an indication that the call is proceeding and the group call proceeds as normal. If, however, the group call preconditions are not met, a termination message or indication is sent out to all relevant targets, and a failure message is sent to the originator.
- a regular invite can be sent to these targets right away (to avoid having to send a call pending message followed by a call start message).
- the alerting is made when the call start message is received.
- the targets which received the call pending message always delay the alerting until after the call start message is received.
- the target if the target received a regular invite, then the target sometimes delays the beep until a talk burst or certain floor control message is received, based on something that is included in an invite, e.g., a group call indication such that the target delays the beep for all group calls.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 according to at least one embodiment of the invention.
- the system 100 includes a first mobile station 105 , an access network 110 , a core network 115 , a PTT Over Cellular (“PoC”) server 120 , a first required manual answer mode target 125 , a first required automatic answer mode target 130 , a first non-required manual answer mode target 135 , and a first non-required automatic answer mode target 140 .
- PoC PTT Over Cellular
- the user may depress a certain button on the first mobile station 105 , dial a predetermined phone number, or send the group call initiation request in some way.
- the first mobile station 105 may have a list of the targets for the group pre-stored in its memory and include in the group call initiation request. Alternatively, the specific number being dialed may be associated with certain targets by the PoC server 120 beforehand.
- the first mobile station 105 may be a cellular phone, personal computer, or other communication device.
- the first mobile station 105 transmits the group call initiation request through the access network 110 and core network 115 to the PoC Server 120 .
- the PoC server 120 controls the group call session.
- the PoC server 120 may be in communication with additional PoC servers.
- the PoC server 120 may send invites through the core network 115 and the access network 110 to be sent to any targets in communication with the access network 110 .
- the PoC server 120 keeps track of which targets have accepted invites.
- FIG. 1 shows all targets connected to one access network. It should be appreciated, however, that there could be multiple access networks, such as Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (“CDMA2000”), Global System for Mobile Communications (“GSM”), and cable. In such an embodiment, the targets can be connected to these various access networks while still following the teachings described herein.
- CDMA2000 Code Division Multiple Access 2000
- GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
- the call pending messages establish a communication session and carry additional semantics to indicate that an application server, such as a PoC server or a Presence Server, is still gathering information to determine if the session will proceed. This may mean that, for example, it is determining whether all required targets will accept the invite.
- the key attribute of the message is that it conveys a possibility that the session may not proceed, such that no media will be exchanged. It is not necessarily imperceptible because, for example, a target in manual answer mode will still alert the user.
- the imperceptible aspect is the intelligent behavior in some targets (such as those set to not alert a user if the target is in an automatic answer mode) in response to the possibility that the group call session may not proceed. Intuitively, it is somewhat like putting the session on hold until some further event occurs (such as determining that preconditions for proceeding with the call are met).
- Call pending messages originate from the PoC server 120 , because it is the only entity that knows whether “quorum” has been reached (e.g., all required participants, and/or a minimum number of participants).
- the PoC server 120 knows what the preconditions are for the group call to proceed, based on information received in the group call initiation request and/or preconfigured attributes of the group.
- the PoC server 120 may also know the answer mode setting of the targets.
- the initial alerting may sound different than a normal manual answer call, because it is “are you available?” rather than “incoming call.”
- the subsequent alerting triggered by the call start message may be more assertive to indicate “incoming call.” This works especially well when most/all targets are automatic answer mode (presumably the typical case for PTT).
- the PoC server 120 sends call pending messages to all users.
- SIP Session Initiation Protocol
- SDP Session Description Protocol
- Manual answer targets on the other hand, alert the user, and if accepted, respond as above.
- the PoC server 120 receives acceptance messages from all required targets or the required minimum number of targets, then the PoC server 120 sends call start messages to all users who have not rejected the group call.
- SIP Session Initiation Protocol
- the total number of messages/ invite sent may be reduced if the PoC server 120 only sends call pending messages to automatic answer targets, and call start messages or normal invites to manual answer targets. This avoids sending two messages to manual answer targets.
- the PoC server 120 sends a call successful message to the originator, grants floor, and the group call proceeds as normal. If the PoC server 120 does not receive acceptance messages from all required participants or the minimum number of participants, then the PoC 120 server sends a call termination message to all relevant targets, and gives a call failure response to originator to indicate that the group call has failed.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a method of sending out messages/ invite for a group call according to at least one embodiment of the invention.
- a group call initiation request is received from an originator.
- the first mobile station 105 is the originator.
- the group call initiation request is transmitted from the first mobile station 105 through the access network 110 and core network 115 to the PoC Server 120 .
- a determination is made as to whether there are any required targets in the group member list or a required minimum number of targets. This determination may be made by, for example, a processor within, or in communication with, the PoC server 120 .
- processing proceeds to operation 210 where call pending messages are sent to all targets.
- the reason why call pending messages are sent to all of the targets is because the PoC server 120 may not know which of the targets are using manual answer mode and which are using automatic answer mode.
- processing proceeds to operation 230 .
- responses are received from the required targets.
- operation 220 a determination is made as to whether all required targets or the required minimum number of targets have accepted their call pending messages. If “no,” processing proceeds to operation 225 . If “yes,” processing proceeds to operation 230 .
- a determination is made as to whether any of the call pending messages have expired or been rejected.
- processing proceeds to operation 240 . If “no,” processing returns to operation 215 where the PoC server 120 waits to receive more responses.
- call start messages or regular invites are transmitted to all of the targets who have not rejected the call, including both the required and the non-required targets. As discussed above, the call start messages or regular invites do not have the restriction on sending and receiving media that the call pending messages include. Processing subsequently proceeds to operation 235 where the PoC server 120 sends a call successful message to the group call originator and the group call begins.
- a termination message is sent to the appropriate targets.
- the targets being sent the termination message include those that have already accepted the call pending message.
- a call failure message is sent to the originator of the group call initiation.
- the method described with respect to FIG. 2 is generally for an embodiment where the PoC server 120 does not know which of the targets are in manual answer mode and which are in automatic answer mode.
- the invites can be sent out more efficiently by sending regular invites right away to the manual answer mode targets and call pending messages only to the automatic answer mode targets.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a method of sending out messages/ invite for a group call where a status of whether a particular target uses manual answer mode or automatic answer mode is known according to at least one embodiment of the invention.
- a group call initiation request is received.
- the group call initiation request may be transmitted by the first mobile station 105 of FIG. 1 through the access network 110 to the PoC server 120 .
- a determination is made as to whether there are any required targets in the group member list or a required minimum number of targets at operation 305 . If “yes,” processing proceeds to operation 315 .
- call start messages or regular invites are sent to all targets at operation 310 and then processing proceeds to operation 350 .
- call pending messages are sent to all automatic answer mode targets.
- call start messages or regular invites are sent to all manual answer mode targets. It should be appreciated that operation 325 may occur prior to operation 320 in some embodiments.
- responses are received from the required targets.
- a determination is subsequently made at operation 335 of whether all required targets or required minimum number of targets have accepted their respective call pending or call start messages. If “yes,” processing proceeds to operation 345 . If “no,” on the other hand, processing proceeds to operation 340 where a determination is made as to whether any of the call pending or call start messages has expired or been rejected. If “yes,” process proceeds to operation 355 and the group call fails. If “no,” processing returns to operation 330 .
- call start messages are sent to all automatic answer mode targets. No invites need to be sent to the manual answer targets at this time because they were already sent at operation 325 .
- PoC server 120 sends a call successful message to the group call originator and the group call proceeds.
- a termination message is sent to the appropriate targets.
- the targets being sent the termination message include those that have already accepted the call pending message.
- a call failure message is sent to the originator of the group call initiation.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 both permit group calls to be allowed when all required targets accept their invites. However, in other embodiments, the group call is only allowed if all required targets accept and there is at least a minimum number of overall targets that have accepted their messages/ invite. It should be appreciated the order of some of the operations performed in FIGS. 2 and 3 may be changed in some embodiments.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a target mobile station 400 according to at least one embodiment of the invention.
- the target mobile station includes a transceiver 405 , a message detection element 410 , a processor 415 , and a memory 420 .
- the transceiver 405 receives communications from an access network and transmits communications to the access network.
- the message detection element 410 analyzes a communication received by the transceiver. In the event that an invite is received, the message detection element analyzes the invite to determine whether a call pending or call start indication is included.
- the processor 415 of the target mobile station may be utilized to control the notifying of the user, and to inhibit or allow the sending and receiving of media in response to receiving the control attribute.
- the memory 420 may be utilized to store instruction code to be executed by the processor 415 .
- FIG. 5 illustrates a PoC server 120 according to at least one embodiment of the invention.
- the PoC server 120 includes a processor 500 , a memory 505 , a receiving device 510 , and a transmission device 515 .
- the memory 505 may store instruction code to be executed by the processor 500 .
- the memory 505 may also store a list of the identities of targets of a group, as well as information relating to an operating mode of each of the targets, such as whether they use the manual answer mode or automatic answer mode.
- the receiving device 510 receives the group call initiation.
- the transmission device 515 sends invites to group members. The invites are sent to the group targets through the relevant access networks.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a state diagram for a target mobile station of a group call message/invite according to at least one embodiment of the invention.
- the target is in its original state 600 , which may also be known as a “start-stop” state in the Open Mobile Alliance (“OMA”) PoC User Plane Specification, OMA-TS-PoC-UserPlane-V1 — 0-20060609-A.
- OMA Open Mobile Alliance
- the target may also receive a call start message or regular invite while in the original state 600 , and this would cause its state to transition to the normal invited target state 610 , also known as a “U: has no permission” state in OMA-TS-PoC-UserPlane-V1 — 0-20060609-A. This state is part of the OMA Push-to-talk Over Cellular (PoC).
- OMA describes the PoC Service as a two-way form of communications that allows users to engage in immediate communication with one or more users. POC service is similar to a “walkie-talkie” application in the way that by pressing a button a talk session with an individual user or a broadcast to a group of participants is initiated.
- the communication is half-duplex, meaning that one person can talk at a time and all other participants hear the speech.
- the permission for talk right granting is controlled via the floor control mechanism.
- the “U: has no permission” state is a stable state and a target mobile station uses this state when it is not sending Real-Time Transport Protocol (“RTP”) media packets or is not waiting for a Talk Burst Control Protocol (“TBCP”) message response.
- RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol
- TBCP Talk Burst Control Protocol
- the target mobile station may receive RTP media packets or TBCP Talk Burst Control messages.
- the new state 605 also know as “U: pending session proceed” differs from the normal invited target state 610 in that it conveys a possibility that the next transition will be to a “releasing” state 615 (for example, call will not proceed).
- the target is generally alerted when it enters the normal invited target state 610 .
- prior systems do not insert a new target state 605 prior to this where the call is established but the target is not alerted under certain conditions.
- the invite carries an explicit indication that the target should transition to the new state and wait for the regular invite before going to prior art state. If the target receives a regular invite, then it goes directly to the normal invited target state 610 and bypasses the new target state 605 .
- the target may receive other types of messages/indications to indicate that the target is not to alert the user.
- the indication may comprise a call pending indication in a Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) header.
- the indication may comprise an SDP body disallowing media exchange or a group call indication.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a state diagram for a target mobile station of a group call invite according to at least one embodiment of the invention.
- the target receives a regular invite and transitions from an original state 700 to the new target state 705 . Then, it proceeds to the normal invited target state 710 after receiving an RTP media packet or TBCP message.
- An advantage of this embodiment is that the call pending message is not needed.
- the target intelligently decides between the new target state 705 and the normal invited target state 710 based on information already available in the invite (for example, if the target determines it is a group call then it goes to the new target state 705 , otherwise go to the normal invited target state 710 ).
- a call pending message might carry some additional flag (for example, in a SIP header) that indicates the “higher likelihood that call will not proceed,” so that the target transitions to the new target state 705 if the flag is present, or to the old state otherwise.
- POTs Plain Old Telephone systems
- PTT PTT
- PTX text messaging both with and without video.
- These teachings are directed to a method where a group call initiation request is received for a group comprising at least a first target set of communication devices.
- a call pending message is transmitted to the first target set of communication devices.
- a call start message is transmitted to the first target set of communication devices in response to a quorum of the first target set of communication devices and a remaining set of communication devices being achieved.
- the method may also comprise transmitting a call initiation message to the remaining set of communication devices of the group.
- An alert may be inhibited from occurring at automatic answer mode targets of the first target set of communications devices in response to the automatic answer mode targets receiving the call pending message.
- the alert may be allowed to occur at the automatic answer mode targets of the first target set of communication devices in response to the automatic answer mode targets receiving the call start message.
- the first target set of communication devices and the remaining set of communication devices may be determined based on one of information in the group call initiation request, and pre-configured attributes of the group.
- the first target set of communication devices comprises automatic answer mode targets, and the remaining set of communication devices comprises manual answer mode targets.
- a call termination message may be sent to at least one of the communication devices of the first target set of communication devices, and a call failure message to an originator of the group call initiation request, in response to the quorum not being achieved.
- the quorum may comprise at least one of: (a) a minimum number of the communication devices of the first target set and the remaining set responding with a positive acknowledgement to the call pending message; and (b) specific communication devices of the first target set and the remaining set responding with the positive acknowledgement to the call pending message.
- the call pending message may comprise a Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) invite message with a Session Description Protocol (“SDP”) body disallowing media exchange
- the call start message may comprise one of an SIP re-invite message with an SDP body allowing media exchange and a SIP update message with an SDP body allowing media exchange.
- SIP Session Initiation Protocol
- SDP Session Description Protocol
- the call pending message may comprise one of a Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) invite message with a call pending indication in a SIP header and an SIP invite message with a call pending indication in a Session Description Protocol (“SDP”) body
- the call start message may comprise one of a SIP invite message with a call start indication in a SIP header and an SIP invite message with a call start indication in a SDP body and a Real-Time Transport Protocol (“RTP”) message and a Talk Burst Control Protocol (“TBCP”) message.
- SIP Session Initiation Protocol
- SDP Session Description Protocol
- RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol
- TBCP Talk Burst Control Protocol
- the teachings discussed herein are also directed to a communication device.
- the communication device includes a transceiver to receive and transmit data.
- a message detection element detects at least a first message and a second message in the data received by the transceiver.
- a processor modifies a state of the communication device based on the first message and the second message.
- a positive acknowledgement is transmitted, and the state is modified to establish a session and inhibit an alerting of a user of the communication device in response to the first message comprising a call pending message.
- the state is modified to alert the user of the communication device in response to the second message comprising a call start message.
- the inhibiting the alerting in response to the first message may occur only in response to the communication device being in an automatic answer mode.
- the processor may be adapted to inhibit until detecting the second message an alerting of a user of the communication device in response to an indication in the first message.
- the indication may comprise at least one of (a) a call pending indication in a Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) header; (b) a call pending indication in a Session Description Protocol (“SDP”) body; (c) a SDP body disallowing media exchange; and (d) a group call indication.
- SIP Session Initiation Protocol
- SDP Session Description Protocol
- the first message may comprise a Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) invite message with a Session Description Protocol (“SDP”) body disallowing media exchange
- the second message comprises one of an SIP re-invite message with a SDP body allowing media exchange and a SIP update message with an SDP body allowing media exchange.
- SIP Session Initiation Protocol
- SDP Session Description Protocol
- the first message may comprise one of (a) a Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) invite message with a call pending indication in a SIP header, (b) a SIP invite message with a group call indication, and the second message comprises one of Real-Time Transport Protocol (“RTP”) message and a Talk Burst Control Protocol (“TBCP”) message.
- SIP Session Initiation Protocol
- RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol
- TBCP Talk Burst Control Protocol
- the server includes a receiving device to receive a group call initiation request for a group comprising at least a first target set of communication devices.
- a transmission device (a) sends a call pending message to the first target set of communication devices, and optionally sends a call initiation message to a remaining set of communication devices of the group; and (b) send a call start message to the first target set of communication devices in response to a quorum of the first target set of communication devices and the remaining set of communication devices being achieved.
- the transmission element may be adapted to send a call initiation message to a remaining set of communication devices of the group.
- the server may include a processor to determine the first target set of communication devices and the remaining set of communication devices based on one of information in the group call initiation request, and pre-configured attributes of the group.
- the first target set of communication devices may comprise targets in automatic answer mode, and the remaining set of communication devices may comprise targets in manual answer mode.
- the transmission device may be adapted to send a call termination message to at least one of the communication devices of the first target set, and a call failure message to an originator of the group call initiation request, in response to the quorum not being achieved.
- a reachability of wireless targets is determined and then indicated to a requesting device to allow a user to determine whether or not to initiate a call.
- a reachability request is received from a communication device.
- This request indicates at least one wireless communication target for which a reachability determination is requested.
- a user of the device might select a talkgroup, a private call target or a list of targets, in the case of selective dynamic group call, and then press a button.
- an ability of the at least one wireless communication target to participate in a new call is determined.
- the determined reachability of the at least one wireless communication target is indicated to the communication device.
- a user of the communication device may then decide to initiate a call.
- a group call initiation request for example, may then be received from the communication device for a group comprising the at least one wireless communication target.
- a communication infrastructure network or an access network may send a ping (e.g., a page) to one or more of the wireless communication targets of the at least one wireless communication target.
- a ping e.g., a page
- targets will respond to the ping automatically, perhaps even regardless of user preferences to the contrary (such as being in a manual mode).
- the targets may also respond without informing the user of the ping/page, in contrast to typical target behavior after receiving an invite.
- the network may instead determine whether one or more of the wireless communication targets is busy in a call or has recently (in the past few seconds, e.g.) transmitted signaling to the network.
- the targets are pinged unless they are known by the network to have recently transmitted signaling or to already be busy in communication.
- targets may continue to be pinged for a period until they respond. Once they finally do respond, the requesting communication device may be notified of their change in reachability.
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