US8159007B2

US8159007B2 - Providing current to compensate for spurious current while receiving signals through a line

Info

Publication number: US8159007B2
Application number: US12/551,171
Authority: US
Inventors: Sandor L. Barna; Giuseppe Rossi
Original assignee: Aptina Imaging Corp
Current assignee: Aptina Imaging Corp
Priority date: 2002-08-12
Filing date: 2009-08-31
Publication date: 2012-04-17
Also published as: US20090322925A1; US6927434B2; US20060023972A1; US7601999B2; US6861637B2; US20040079973A1; US20040026719A1

Abstract

Circuits, methods, and systems are disclosed in which a current is provided to compensate for spurious current while receiving signals through a line. For example, the spurious current can be sensed and the compensating current can be approximately equal to the sensed spurious current. The spurious current could include photocurrent from a bright light, and the compensating current can prevent bright light effects.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application No. 11/189,017, filed on Jul. 26, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,601,999, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application No. 10/216,248, filed Aug. 12, 2002, now Pat. No. 6,927,434, the subject matter of which are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to techniques for receiving signals from signal-providing elements through a line. Particularly, the invention relates to methods, circuits, and systems that provide current to compensate for spurious current while receiving signals through such a line.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various types of elements for providing signals through a line in various configurations are known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,524 ('524), incorporated herein by reference, describes CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) arrays and compares them to other semiconductor-based imagers, including charge coupled devices (CCDs), photodiode arrays, charge injection devices, and hybrid focal plane arrays.

In many known configurations, a number of light sensing elements, often called “pixels”, provide their signals through a conductive line, sometimes referred to herein as a “readout line”. In a row/column array, for example, each column typically has a readout line to receive signals from a group of pixels that includes one pixel from each row; when a row is selected, each pixel in the row can provide its signal through its column's readout line. As used herein, in a row/column array, a “row” is defined as a line of pixels or other signal-providing elements that can be concurrently selected for readout, while a “column” is defined as a line of pixels that provide their signals through a shared readout line, also referred to as a “column line”.

FIG. 1 shows circuit 100, which exemplifies features of a conventional CMOS APS array as exemplified in '524. Circuit 100 can be implemented as integrated circuitry on a chip. Pixel array 110 is a row/column array with M rows and N columns of pixels. As illustrated, pixel 112 is in one of the rows and one of the columns; while its row is selected, pixel 112 can provide signals through line 114, the readout line for its column.

Within pixel 112, photo-generated charge converted from photons of radiant energy is transferred to region 120, and can be amplified during transfer. Region 120, also referred to as a floating diffusion region, is in turn connected to provide a signal to the gate of source follower transistor 122 indicating a quantity of charge in region 120. Source follower transistor 122 converts the gate signal to a pixel output voltage. When Row switch 124, which can also be a transistor, is closed by a row select signal, the pixel output voltage results in a signal to readout circuitry 130 through line 114.

Within readout circuitry 130, sample and hold (S/H) circuit 132 includes load transistor 134 biased by voltage VLN to provide a bias current of appropriate magnitude for source follower transistor 122 through line 114. During sampling, S/H transistor 136 can be turned on and, in response to the pixel output voltage from source follower transistor 122, S/H capacitance 138 stores a voltage representing the amount of charge in diffusion region 120. The voltage stored by S/H capacitance 138 can then be used to provide a signal to readout path 140 for further processing. In a typical implementation, S/H circuit 132 for line 114 includes two separately switched S/H capacitances, one for signal sampling and one for reset sampling, as shown in '524.

In circuit 100 and other circuits, problems can be caused by undesired currents, such as photocurrents, that affect signals provided through lines. The term “spurious current” is used herein to mean any current on a line that, although not a genuine bias current, affects a signal provided by a pixel or other signal-providing element through the line.

Although spurious current could result from various undesired processes, it is especially problematic in a CMOS image sensor implemented in silicon. In a CMOS image sensor, some photoelectrons generated by silicon are not captured by the photodiode or other photosensitive region of any pixel. Instead, such photoelectrons can produce an undesired photocurrent on certain other nodes in the pixel circuitry. In particular, a very bright object can cause a significant photocurrent at the row select transistors of many pixels in a column.

In circuit 100 in FIG. 1, for example, bright light can cause photocurrent to flow from line 114 through a parasitic diode at the open Row switch of pixel 112. As a result, the performance of source follower transistor 122 may be affected.

The main effect of photocurrent from bright light involves bias current provided by load transistor 134. The bias current is modified by photocurrent in the Row select switches of pixel 112 and of other pixels in the same column; the photocurrents may, in combination, be comparable to the bias current. Therefore, when a pixel's Row switch is closed, enabling its source follower to provide a signal through line 114, the source follower's operation may be affected by the modified bias current. If the photocurrents increase the bias current, the source follower may saturate at a lower threshold, and if the photocurrents are sufficiently large, the source follower gain can be substantially reduced. Illustratively, if a pixel normally provides a signal from 0 to 1 volt, its signal might reach a maximum at 0.6 or 0.7 volts instead of 1 volt. Also, gain may be reduced for all pixels in a column. Therefore, the column's readout circuitry may receive reduced signals for all pixels in the column, forming a vertical line in an image read out from the array.

Vertical lines and other effects resulting from intense illumination of pixels in a row/column array or other configuration are referred to herein as “bright light effects”. As used herein, “light” includes all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, and the term “bright light” is used herein to encompass any source of electromagnetic radiation at sufficient intensity to produce a bright light effect, regardless of the radiation's wavelength distribution. An extended bright light effect such as a vertical line, if produced by an image of the sun, may be called “sun smear”.

In addition to row/column arrays, the spurious current problem can also arise in other arrays and configurations in which light sensing pixels or other signal-providing elements provide signals through readout lines.

The invention provides techniques that alleviate the spurious current problem.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides circuits, methods, and systems in which a current is provided to compensate for spurious current while receiving signals through a line. For example, the spurious current can be sensed and the compensating current can be approximately equal to the sensed spurious current. The spurious current could include photocurrent from a bright light, and the compensating current can prevent bright light effects.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Additional advantages and features of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram showing conventional CMOS circuitry in which light sensing pixels provide signals through readout lines.

FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating how current can compensate for spurious current in a circuit like that of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of a compensating circuit that senses spurious current in a readout line and provides a compensating current on the readout line that matches the sensed spurious current.

FIG. 4 is a timing diagram showing waveforms that occur in the compensating circuit of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram showing components on a chip, including compensating circuitry.

FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of a system that includes a sensor chip with compensating circuitry.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and which show by way of illustration specific implementations of the invention. These implementations are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other implementations may be utilized and that structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the claims indicate the scope of protection sought.

FIG. 2 shows circuit 160 with array 162, illustratively a row/column image sensing array similar to array 110 in FIG. 1. The invention is also applicable, however, to other arrays and configurations in which light sensing pixels or other signal-providing elements provide signals on readout lines on which spurious current can occur.

Within array 162,

light sensing pixels

166 and 168 are connected for providing signals through column line 164. Like pixel 112 in FIG. 1, each pixel includes a source follower transistor and a row select transistor, illustratively shown as a Row switch. For purposes of illustration, pixel 166 is receiving a bright light, such as at the center of a direct image of the sun, while pixel 168 is receiving normal image light.

The bright light causes photocurrent I_Pto flow from line 164 through the parasitic diode of the open Row switch of pixel 166, as indicated by photocurrent sink 170. At the same time, bias current sink 172 draws bias current I_Bfrom line 164, so that the total current being drawn from line 164 is I_B+I_Pifor I=1 through M. In this case, spurious current includes I_Pi, represented by combined spurious current sink 174 in parallel with bias current sink 172. Spurious current sink 174 is shown in dashed lines to emphasize that it is only illustrative, merely representing a combination of photocurrents that include I_Pthrough photocurrent sink 170. As noted above, a very bright object can cause significant photocurrent at the select transistors of many pixels connected to line 164, so that I_Pimay be much larger than I_Piof any single pixel.

The Row switch of pixel 168 is closed to enable its source follower to provide a signal through line 164 indicating its pixel output voltage. The bias current of the source follower is I_B+I_Pirather than I_B, so that its operating range or its gain may be substantially reduced in the manner described above, producing a bright light effect such as a vertical line in an image read out from array 162.

FIG. 2 also shows a way to compensate for spurious current such as I_Pi, alleviating the spurious current problem. In circuit 160, compensating circuitry 180 provides compensating current I_Cto line 164. By taking a current sum at node 182, it can be seen that I_LINE, the total current on line 164 into node 182, must equal the combination of the other currents, i.e. I_LINE=I_B+I_Pi−I_C. In the ideal case for bias of the source followers, I_LINE=I_B, which can only hold if I_Pi=I_C. Therefore, a current compensating for spurious current should be at least approximately equal to the spurious current, and ideally the two would be precisely equal.

As used herein, the term “compensate”, as in “compensating for spurious current”, means to make up for the thing compensated. In other words, a “compensating current” can make up for spurious current, such as by supplying a current with matching or approximately equal magnitude to a line from which spurious current is being drawn. Conversely, if a spurious current were being supplied to a line, a compensating current could be drawn from the line.

The compensation technique in FIG. 2 is applicable not only to the illustrated type of spurious current nor only to the particular signal-providing circuitry shown for

pixels

166 and 168, but could be applied in general to lines through which any type of signal-providing elements provide signals that may be affected by any type of spurious currents. Further, the positioning of compensating circuitry 180 relative to array 162 and current sink 172, although convenient, is merely illustrative, and compensating current I_Ccould be provided to line 164 at any suitable point along its length.

FIG. 3 shows circuit 200, an example of how compensating circuitry 180 in FIG. 2 can be implemented. Circuit 200 can provide compensating current I_Con line 164 while a signal is provided, and therefore can prevent or eliminate bright light effects such as sun smear and other effects due to spurious current. Specifically, circuit 200 can sense spurious current on readout line 164 when pixels are not providing signals through line 164 and can provide a current to compensate for the spurious current to line 164 while a pixel is providing its signal through line 164. Advantageously, circuit 200 provides compensating current that is equal to the readout line's sensed spurious current to a high level of precision. In addition, circuit 200 includes a cascoded transistor current source that provides a constant current that is very insensitive to variations in voltage on line 164, such as during signal and reset sampling.

Compensating circuit 200 can conveniently be included in readout circuitry 210 for an array, connected near the point at which S/H circuitry is connected as shown, but could alternatively be connected to line 164 in any other appropriate position. Readout circuitry 210 also includes an implementation of current sink 172 in FIG. 2, which includes transistor 212, held on by voltage Vln, and Vln_enable switch 214.

Although highly suitable for a CMOS image sensor as described above, compensating circuit 200 could be applied in any other device in which signals provided on a line are affected by spurious current as defined above. Because it can remove or eliminate bright light effects such as sun smear, circuit 200 is especially useful in outdoor daylight situations.

As noted above,

cascoded transistors

220 and 222, p-channel transistors in this implementation, provide a current source for circuit 200. As used herein, the term “cascoded transistors” encompasses a configuration of two or more transistors connected in series and with one controlling the output voltage of the next in the series.

Circuit

200 also includes

sensing capacitors

224 and 226, connected between supply voltage V_DDand the gates of

transistors

220 and 222, respectively. As used herein, “sensing”, as in “sensing spurious current”, means to obtain one or more signals that indicate or include information about a parameter of the thing sensed, such as the magnitude or another value of a sensed current.

Capacitors

224 and 226 obtain signals in the form of voltage levels that cause

transistors

220 and 222 to provide a compensating current equal in magnitude to a spurious current; the voltage levels therefore indicate or include information about the spurious current's magnitude.

Several switches control compensating circuit 200, as can be understood more fully in relation to FIG. 4. For example, at T₀in FIG. 4, Comp_enable switch 230 can be closed, enabling circuit 200 to begin sensing and compensating for spurious current on line 164. Similarly, Comp_enable switch 230 can be opened to stop these operations.

T₁marks the beginning of a row's sampling cycle, during which signal and reset sampling can be performed in the conventional manner. The remainder of FIG. 4 shows events during the cycle that begins at T₁, and the same or similar event sequences could occur during subsequent cycles.

At T₂, Cascode_sample switch 232 and Source_sample switch 234 are closed. Assuming Comp_enable switch 230 is closed, the closing of Cascode_sample switch 232 and Source_sample switch 234

places circuit

200 in a sensing mode in which it senses spurious current on line 164.

Switches

232 and 234 begin the sensing mode by providing a connection between each transistor's gate and one of its channel leads, allowing the voltages on the gates to float to levels at which

transistors

220 and 222 are providing a current that balances spurious current.

At T₂, the Row switches of all pixels connected to line 164 are open, and Vln_enable switch 214 is also open. As a result, the only current sinks connected to line 164 are spurious current sinks such as those represented by spurious current sink 174 in FIG. 2 and the only current source connected to line 164 is

cascoded transistors

220 and 222.

Transistors

220 and 222 are turned off at T₁by supply voltage V_DDreceived through

capacitors

224 and 226, but are then turned on at T₂by closing

switches

232 and 234. As discussed above, the photocurrent sinks represented by spurious current sink 174 can provide a spurious current of I_Pi, and, after an initial transient

cascoded transistors

220 and 222 provide a precisely matching current I_C=I_Pi, as shown in the upper waveform in FIG. 4.

While

cascoded transistors

220 and 222 go through the initial transient to providing I_C=I_Pi, the voltages at their gates also go through a transient, as illustrated by the second waveform in FIG. 4, showing the voltage V_Sacross capacitor 224, which is equal to V_DDminus the gate voltage of transistor 220. This transient ends when V_Sand the voltage across capacitor 226 (not shown) reach levels at which

transistors

220 and 222 provide I_C=I_Pi, shown at T₃in FIG. 4. At T₃, spurious current I_Pihas been sensed, and values for producing I_C=I_Piare stored in

capacitors

224 and 226.

At T₄, which could for example be approximately 1 μsec after T₂, switches 232 and 234 are opened, shifting circuit 200 from the sensing mode to an operating mode in which it provides I_C=I_Pi, precisely compensating for spurious current on line 164; the operating mode can continue until circuit 200 is shifted back into the sensing mode, or as long as

capacitors

224 and 226 are storing accurate voltages. At T5, switch 214 is closed so that I_LINE, the net current in line 164, rises to the appropriate bias current I_Bfor source followers to provide signals through line 164. Further switching can then be performed in the conventional manner to close the Row switch of a pixel whose source follower is providing a signal in the current row cycle, and to capture the signal in S/H circuitry without any effect from undesired photocurrent or other spurious current. Despite fluctuating voltages and signals on line 164 during sampling, circuit 200 continues to provide constant compensating current I_C=I_Pibecause transistor 232 is isolated from voltage on line 164 due to the cascoded connection with transistor 234, which acts as a buffer. In a typical implementation, signals will be received by voltage mode read out, but other readout techniques could be used within the scope of the invention.

When sampling is completed, switch 214 opens at T6 and I_LINEdrops back to zero because circuit 200 continues to compensate for spurious current on line 164. The row cycle ends and a following row cycle begins at T7, with circuit 200 continuing to harmlessly provide I_C=I_Piuntil

switches

232 and 234 are again closed to begin the next sensing phase. Although

capacitors

224 and 226, which control the level of compensating current I_C, discharge very slowly through parasitic resistances of

sampling switches

232 and 234, parasitic effects in typical implementations should be small enough to make this effect negligible over time scales of interest, so that V_S, and therefore I_C, can be treated as remaining constant until well after the following row's cycle begins. Also, sampling switches 232 and 234 can be CMOS switches to reduce the effect of clock feedthrough and charge injection on sensing of spurious current.

Each row's cycle can begin with spurious current sensing by circuit 200, as occurs between T₂and T₄in FIG. 4, to ensure that any spurious current changes, such as photocurrent variations due to image changes, are reflected in the voltages across

capacitors

224 and 226. This also ensures that

capacitors

224 and 226 do not discharge appreciably from the values necessary to compensate for spurious current, and are updated during each row's cycle by an upward or downward transient similar in duration to the one between T₂and T₃in FIG. 4.

Circuit

200 is particularly advantageous because it senses spurious current and provides precisely matching compensating current. Although it would be within the scope of the invention to compensate for spurious current less precisely, circuit 200 can achieve precise matching because

cascoded transistors

220 and 222 provide a self-biasing, highly constant current source that is not sensitive to voltage variations on line 164.

Compensating circuitry 180 in FIG. 2 could be implemented in numerous ways other than circuit 200. Various other types of current sources could be used, such as single transistor sources, sources with transistors connected in a mirror or other configuration, and so forth.

Capacitors

224 and 226 are illustrative only, and could be replaced by any appropriate component for holding a voltage or other sensed value indicating a spurious current, including any suitable configuration of capacitors or equivalents. The sequence of operations in FIG. 4 could also be modified within the scope of the invention, such as by sensing spurious current more or less frequently relative to sampling or by adding additional modes besides the sensing and operating modes of circuit 200.

The compensating technique exemplified by circuit 200 could readily be applied in other environments, such as by drawing a compensating current from each readout line in an inverted or n-type circuit in which spurious currents flow into readout lines rather than out from readout lines as in the more conventional p-type circuits in FIGS. 2 and 3. Although the illustrated implementation is highly suitable for sensing visible light images with a CMOS image sensor array, application to sensing of any other images in visible or invisible regions of the radiation spectrum or to sensing of other input energy sources would be within the scope of the invention. Examples of other possible applications include infrared, ultraviolet, and x-ray image sensing, and bright lights causing spurious current could be within or outside the sensing region of the spectrum.

As suggested in FIG. 3, readout circuitry 210 can include an array of N circuits like circuit 200, each connected to a column line from an image sensor array. As in FIG. 1, output from readout circuitry 210 can be provided to a suitable readout path.

Although particularly suited for integration on a substrate with a CMOS image sensor array as described below, transistors, capacitances, and switches as in FIG. 3 could be implemented with any appropriate structures, including transistors, capacitors, and switching transistors of any suitable type formed with layers of semiconductor material on any appropriate substrate. The invention could be implemented, for example, on a GaAs substrate in which spurious currents arise due to leakage, or in other contexts in which spurious currents arise. Other possible implementations within the scope of the invention include, but are not limited to, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) technology, doped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial layers of silicon supported by a base semiconductor foundation, and other semiconductor structures. Implementation with an absorption medium on a separate chip, connected for example by a Ge or GaAs flip chip connection, would also be within the scope of the invention.

FIG. 5 shows chip 250 on which readout circuitry as in FIG. 3 can be implemented as part of an integrated image sensor circuit. Pixel array 252 can be implemented as a CMOS image array as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,524 ('524), incorporated by reference. Row driver 254, row address decoder 256, and column address decoder 258, can also be implemented as described in '524. Controller 260, which can be a block of digital logic that functions as a state machine providing timing and control signals to other components, can in part provide timing and control signals as described in '524, though it also provides other signals as described below.

Readout array

262 can be implemented as described above in relation to FIGS. 1 and 3. Within readout array 262, compensating circuitry 264 can be implemented with an array of circuits like circuit 200 in FIG. 3. Column address decoder 258 performs N:I multiplexing to transfer a sequence of signals from readout array 262 to readout path 266, which can include analog processing circuitry 270, analog-to-digital (A-to-D) conversion circuitry 272, and pixel processing circuitry 274. Pixel processing circuitry 274 can receive digital values, correct defective pixels, and perform color interpolation and other digital image processing. Pixel processing circuitry 274 and controller 260 could both be implemented on a simple microprocessor on chip 250. Signals from chip 250 are ultimately transferred from output buffer 276 to an external computer system or other external circuitry, such as through appropriate pin connections.

Controller

260 provides signals to switches in readout array 262, including switches in compensating circuitry 264. If implemented with circuit 200, controller 260 can provide signals to close and open switches as described above in relation to FIG. 4.

A chip with circuitry to compensate for spurious current could be implemented in many other ways within the scope of the invention. Also, rather than being on a single chip, some circuitry, such as the readout array and readout path, could be provided on one or more additional chips rather than on the same chip with the pixel array, all within the scope of the invention.

FIG. 6 shows system 300, a typical processor based system modified to include an image sensor IC as in FIG. 5. Processor based systems exemplify systems of digital circuits that could include an image sensor. Examples of processor based systems include, without limitation, computer systems, camera systems, scanners, machine vision systems, vehicle navigation systems, video telephones, surveillance systems, auto focus systems, star tracker systems, motion detection systems, image stabilization systems, and data compression systems for high-definition television, any of which could utilize the invention.

System

300 includes central processing unit (CPU) 302 that communicates with various devices over bus 304. Some of the devices connected to bus 304 provide communication into and out of system 300, illustratively including input/output (I/O) device 306 and image sensor IC 308. Other devices connected to bus 304 provide memory, illustratively including random access memory (RAM) 310, hard drive 312, and one or more peripheral memory devices such as floppy disk drive 314 and compact disk (CD) drive 316.

Image sensor

308 can be implemented as an integrated image sensor circuit on a chip with circuitry to compensate for spurious current, as illustrated in FIG. 5. Image sensor 308 may be combined with a processor, such as a CPU, digital signal processor, or microprocessor, in a single integrated circuit.

As can be seen by the described implementations, the invention encompasses methods, circuits, and systems that provide current to compensate for spurious current, such as, e.g., spurious current occurring on a column line during sampling of a CMOS image array.

Although the invention has been described with specific reference to row/column arrays for image sensing, the invention has broader applicability and may be used in any application where signals from signal-providing elements may be affected by spurious current. Also, although exemplary compensating circuitry has been described and illustrated, current to compensate for spurious current could be provided in many other ways, some of which are mentioned above. Accordingly, the methods described above are merely exemplary.

The above description and drawings illustrate implementations that achieve the objects, features, and advantages of the invention, but it is not intended that the invention be limited to any illustrated or described embodiment. Any modification that comes within the spirit and scope of the following claims should be considered part of the invention.

Claims

1. A compensating circuit for compensating for spurious current on a line, comprising:

a self-biasing current source comprising at least two cascoded transistors;

a respective capacitor connected to the gate of each cascoded transistors; and

switch circuitry for switching the compensating circuit between a sensing mode and an operation mode; in the sensing mode, the current source providing a current to balance spurious current on the line when no signals are being provided on the line, the capacitors reaching voltages at which the cascoded transistors provide the balancing current; in the operation mode, the current source provides current on the line to compensate for spurious current, the cascoded transistors providing the compensating current in response to the voltages from the capacitors.

2. The compensating circuit of claim 1 in which the cascoded transistors are p-channel transistors.

3. The compensating circuit of claim 1 in which the compensating current precisely matches the spurious current.