US8006023B1 - Driver based wireless USB - Google Patents
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- US8006023B1 US8006023B1 US12/436,577 US43657709A US8006023B1 US 8006023 B1 US8006023 B1 US 8006023B1 US 43657709 A US43657709 A US 43657709A US 8006023 B1 US8006023 B1 US 8006023B1
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F13/00—Interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
- G06F13/38—Information transfer, e.g. on bus
- G06F13/382—Information transfer, e.g. on bus using universal interface adapter
- G06F13/385—Information transfer, e.g. on bus using universal interface adapter for adaptation of a particular data processing system to different peripheral devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to interconnection of, or transfer of information or other signals between, memories, input/output devices or central processing units
- G06F2213/38—Universal adapter
- G06F2213/3814—Wireless link with a computer system port
Definitions
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- a personal computer may use USB to connect to input devices such as keyboards and cursor control devices and output devices such as printers and speakers.
- input devices such as keyboards and cursor control devices
- output devices such as printers and speakers.
- USB has also expanded beyond PCs to digital cameras, personal music players, game consoles, wireless phones, and so on.
- the functionality provided by USB may be found in a wide range of devices for a variety of situations that may range from business to personal uses.
- conventional USB is limited to wired applications which may limit the convenience of USB.
- a Universal Serial Bus (USB) device includes one or more modules configured to communicate data over a wireless USB connection to another USB device.
- the wireless USB connection is implemented by mimicking a wired USB connection.
- an interface is provided that is configured to be accessible to one or more applications to provide communicative coupling via a universal serial bus (USB) connection to a USB device.
- USB universal serial bus
- Data is communicated via the USB connection wirelessly to the USB device without making the one or more applications aware that the communicative coupling to the USB device is wireless.
- a Universal Serial Bus (USB) host includes one or more modules to initiate a USB enumeration procedure to simulate a USB attach operation when a connect command is received wirelessly from a USB device or to simulate a USB detach operation when a disconnect command is received from the USB device via a wireless USB connection.
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- FIG. 1 is an illustration of an example implementation of an environment that includes a universal serial bus (USB) host that is communicatively coupled to a USB device using a wireless USB connection.
- USB universal serial bus
- FIG. 2 is an illustration of a system in an example implementation of the USB host and the USB device of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 is an illustration of an example user interface that may be output by a virtual USB-wireless manager to initiate a USB connect/disconnect and USB enumeration procedure.
- FIG. 4 is an illustration of a system in an example implementation in which a wireless USB connection of FIG. 1 is utilized to communicate streams of video and audio from the USB host to the USB device.
- FIG. 5 is an illustration of an example of an RTP header of FIG. 4 in greater detail.
- FIG. 6 is an illustration of an example of an RTP extension header of FIG. 4 in greater detail.
- FIG. 7 is an illustration of a system in an example implementation that illustrates example software/hardware partitioning.
- FIG. 8 is an illustration of an example implementation of a video header that may be utilized to communicate over a wireless USB connection.
- FIG. 9 is a flow diagram that depicts a method in an example implementation in which an interface is exposed to communicate data over a wireless USB connection.
- FIG. 10 is an illustration of an example of a system on a chip (SoC) that is configured to provide wireless connection for USB in a video implementation.
- SoC system on a chip
- USB The range of devices that are able to connect via USB is quite diverse. For example, devices such as PCs, cameras, modems, mass storage devices, card readers, and so on may each use USB to connect to another device. However, conventional USB is limited to wired connections, thereby limiting the convenience of USB to users.
- a USB cable that was previously utilized to connect USB devices is replaced with a wireless connection, e.g., a wireless connection in accordance with IEEE 802.11 (i.e., WiFi) or other wireless technologies, such as cellular technologies (e.g., 3G), Bluetooth, and so on.
- this wireless connection may leverage underlying functionality used to provide USB to increase efficiency of a device and expand usefulness of the wireless connection.
- traditional applications and devices may leverage the wireless USB connection without being aware that a wireless connection is being used.
- the wireless USB connection may be configured such that drivers, firmware, and so on established for providing a conventional USB connection may also be used for the wireless USB connection without being reconfigured. Further discussion of a wireless USB connection and devices that may employ the wireless USB connection may be found in relation to the following sections.
- example operating environments are described that may incorporate the wireless USB connection techniques.
- Example methods are also described that may be employed in the example operating environments, as well as other environments.
- reference will be made to the environments by way of example. Therefore, implementation of the methods is not limited to the environments and use of the devices is not limited to the methods.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an example implementation of an environment 100 that includes a universal serial bus (USB) host 102 that is communicatively coupled to a USB device 104 using a wireless USB connection 106 .
- the USB host 102 and the USB device 104 are illustrated as including respective USB modules 108 , 110 that are representative of functionality to provide and manage communication in accordance with USB.
- USB follows a “host controlled” topology in which a single host (e.g., USB host 102 ) is responsible for control of the USB, e.g., to undertake transactions and schedule bandwidth.
- the USB may support a host negotiation protocol such that two or more devices may negotiate for the role of host.
- the USB host 102 may be configured as a digital camera and the USB device 104 may be configured as a mobile phone that may negotiate for the role of a host. Once a host is determined, the device assuming the role of host is responsible for transactions and bandwidth usage of the USB.
- the USB host 102 may be configured in a variety of ways, such as a desktop computer, server, laptop computer, a peripheral device (e.g., printer), and so on.
- the USB device 104 may also be configured in a variety of ways.
- device functionality of the USB device 104 may be configured to provide data storage (e.g., a USB data storage dongle), printing (e.g., as a photo printer), image capture (e.g., as a digital camera), input (e.g., as a keyboard or mouse), and so on.
- data storage e.g., a USB data storage dongle
- printing e.g., as a photo printer
- image capture e.g., as a digital camera
- input e.g., as a keyboard or mouse
- USB host 102 may include other USB devices that are connected to a USB of the USB host 102 directly via a wired connection.
- the USB module 110 of the USB device 104 may negotiate with the USB module 108 of the USB host 102 to communicate with one of the other USB devices.
- the USB device 104 may communicate with the other USB devices of the USB host 102 directly via the USB.
- the USB device 104 may also communicate indirectly through the USB module 108 of the USB host 102 with other devices that are not configured for communication via the USB, such as a processor and memory of the USB host 102 .
- the USB modules 108 , 110 are further illustrated as including respective wireless modules 112 , 114 that are representative of functionality to provide the wireless USB connection 106 .
- the wireless modules 112 , 114 may include hardware (e.g., transmitters, receivers, antennas) and software (e.g., drivers) that are configured to provide wireless communication according to one or more protocols, such as, IEEE 802.11.
- the wireless functionality may be provided without specially configuring devices and applications that are configured to avail themselves of USB.
- the USB modules 108 , 110 may provide functionality of the wireless USB connection 106 without exposing particular protocols and other functionality used to provide the connection, further discussion of which may be found in relation to FIG. 2 .
- any of the functions described herein can be implemented using software, firmware (e.g., fixed logic circuitry), or a combination of these implementations.
- the terms “module,” “functionality,” and “logic” as used herein generally represent software, firmware, or a combination of software and firmware.
- the module, functionality, or logic represents program code that performs specified tasks when executed on a processor (e.g., CPU or CPUs).
- the program code can be stored in one or more computer readable memory devices.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a system 200 in an example implementation of the USB host 102 and the USB device 104 of FIG. 1 .
- the USB host 102 and the USB device 104 are illustrated as including USB drivers and firmware 202 , 204 , virtual USB-wireless bus drivers 206 , 208 , virtual USB-wireless managers 210 , 212 and wireless drivers 214 , 216 , respectively.
- the USB drivers and firmware 202 , 204 on the USB host 102 and USB device 104 may be implemented to simulate conventional USB functionality thereby ensuring backward compatibility by mimicking a conventional wired USB connection.
- the virtual USB-wireless bus drivers 206 , 208 may implement a similar application programming interface (API) as would a legacy USB driver thereby appearing as a conventional wired USB connection to devices and/or software that are to utilize the connection even though a wireless connection is being utilized to communicate the data between devices.
- API application programming interface
- the virtual USB-wireless bus drivers 206 , 208 may implement a state machine to address a simulated USB enumeration procedure, e.g., to attach or detach the USB device 104 from the USB host 102 , such that formation of a wireless connection appears similar to formation of a conventional wired USB connection to software and/or devices that are to utilize the wireless connection.
- a state machine to address a simulated USB enumeration procedure, e.g., to attach or detach the USB device 104 from the USB host 102 , such that formation of a wireless connection appears similar to formation of a conventional wired USB connection to software and/or devices that are to utilize the wireless connection.
- a variety of other examples are also contemplated, such as, simulated read/write operations and so on.
- the virtual USB-wireless manager 210 on the USB host 102 is configured to generate a corresponding attach or detach command to the virtual USB-wireless bus driver 206 to start a USB enumeration procedure as previously described. For instance, when the virtual USB-wireless manager 210 receives the “connect” or “disconnect” command from the USB device 104 , the corresponding command may be generated. In an implementation, the virtual USB-wireless manager 210 verifies the validity of the command, such as via an encryption key that was previously provided to the USB device 104 . Further discussion of the encryption key may be found in relation to FIG. 3 .
- the virtual USB-wireless manager 212 on the USB device 104 may be configured to implement an interface that mimics (e.g., substantially matches) an interface of a legacy USB driver.
- the virtual USB-wireless manager 212 may implement a state machine to provide a simulated USB enumeration procedure as previously described.
- the virtual USB-wireless manager 212 may call a corresponding wireless related read/write operation of the wireless driver 216 to complete a USB read/write operation issued from the USB drivers and firmware 204 .
- the virtual USB-wireless manager 212 on the USB device 104 may be configured to output a user interface to provide a variety of functionality.
- the user interface may be used to allow an end user to specify the USB host 102 from a plurality of other available USB hosts. This may be done in a variety of ways, such as by specifying a host name, IP address with a port number by which a TCP/IP connection may be established, and so on.
- the user may also input an encryption key to allow some security check when trying to connect to the USB host 102 .
- the USB device 104 includes a connect button (which may be implemented in hardware and/or in a display of a user interface) that is operable to initiate the wireless connection.
- the process may simulate a USB attach, thereby initiating the USB enumeration procedure.
- a user may identify which port the USB host 102 “should listen to” to form the wireless connection with the USB device 104 .
- the USB host 102 may recognize the USB device 104 .
- a USB “detach” may be simulated.
- a user at the USB host 102 may see the USB device 104 disappear from a user interface output at the USB host 102 .
- the command may be sent via the wireless USB connection 106 such that the virtual USB-wireless bus driver 206 may interpret the commands and react accordingly.
- FIG. 3 depicts an example user interface 302 that may be output by the virtual USB-wireless manager 212 to initiate a USB connect/disconnect and USB enumeration procedure.
- the USB device 104 is configured as a wireless phone.
- a user interface 302 is output on a display device 304 of the USB device 104 and includes a plurality of options to specify which of a plurality of USB hosts 102 the USB device 104 is to attach to, examples of which are illustrated as “USB Modem,” “USB Camera,” “USB storage,” and “USB Card Reader.”
- the user interface 302 also includes a portion to specify a particular IP address, a port, and an encryption key as previously described for forming the wireless connection.
- the encryption key may be entered in a variety of ways, such as manually by a user, automatically by device, and so on.
- the user interface 302 may output an option via which the user may manually specify a particular encryption key.
- the encryption key may be automatically generated by the USB device 104 .
- the illustrated user interface 302 includes a display of connect 306 and disconnect 308 buttons to initiate and terminate the wireless USB connection 106 of FIG. 1 , respectively.
- connect 306 and disconnect 308 buttons to initiate and terminate the wireless USB connection 106 of FIG. 1 , respectively.
- disconnect 308 buttons to initiate and terminate the wireless USB connection 106 of FIG. 1 , respectively.
- a variety of other implementations are also contemplated, such as, dedicated hardware buttons, sharing of a single button (e.g., press to connect and press again to disconnect), and so on.
- a variety of different types of data may leverage the wireless USB connection described herein, an example of which may be found in relation to the following section.
- FIG. 4 depicts a system 400 in an example implementation in which the wireless USB connection 106 of FIG. 1 is utilized to communicate streams of video and audio data from the USB host 102 to the USB device 104 .
- a variety of different protocols may be utilized to communicate data via the wireless USB connection 106 .
- protocols may be chosen to achieve a relatively low packet header and control path overhead, an ability to transport a timestamp, sequence number and frame details such as a start of frame indicator, and so on.
- a RTP Real Time Protocol
- UDP User Datagram Protocol
- a layer 3 protocol such that an RTP header is communicated over the UDP.
- separate streams are used for audio and video data between the USB host 102 and the USB device 104 , which are illustrated as a video stream 402 and an audio stream 404 .
- RTCP Real Time Control Protocol
- RTP Real Time Control Protocol
- RTCP may be utilized to determine a quality of service (QoS) of the RTP streams, gather statistics and a source description, and so on.
- QoS quality of service
- the wireless connection may also be implemented without this functionality.
- the video stream 402 is illustrated as communicating a packet that includes an RTP header 406 , an RTP extension 408 and a video payload 410 .
- the audio stream 404 is illustrated as communicating a packet that includes an RTP header 412 , an RTP extension 414 and an audio payload 416 . Further discussion of the RTP header 406 and the RTP extension 408 may be found in relation to the following figures.
- FIG. 5 shows an example of the RTP header 406 of FIG. 4 in greater detail.
- each USB packet is appended with a basic 12-byte RTP header. Additional headers may also be included, which may be based on whether audio or video data (e.g., JPEG) is being communicated.
- the RTP header 406 of FIG. 5 is illustrated as including a variety of different portions, each of which is detailed in a respective section below.
- This field identifies the version of RTP, which is set to 2 in the illustrated example.
- Padding (P) 504 1 Bit
- the packet contains one or more additional padding octets at the end which are not part of the payload, otherwise the bit is set to 0.
- the extension field is set, the fixed header is followed by a single header extension, e.g., the bit is set to 1.
- the CSRC count contains the number of CSRC identifiers that follow the fixed header, otherwise the CSRC count 508 field is set to 0.
- the interpretation of the marker is defined by a traffic profile. For JPEG, this is set to 1 when the packet contains the EOI (End of Image).
- Payload Type (PT) 512 7 Bits
- This field identifies the format of the RTP payload and determines its interpretation by the application.
- the payload type 512 is set to a type that is not assigned to other previously-defined types, e.g., to 34.
- the sequence number 514 increments by one for each RTP data packet sent.
- the sequence number 514 has a variety of different uses, such as for use by a receiver to detect packet loss and to restore packet sequence.
- the initial value of the sequence number may be set as 0.
- Timestamp 516 32 Bits
- the timestamp 516 reflects a sampling instance of a first octet in an RTP data packet.
- the sampling instance may be derived from a timestamp of a clock of a JPEG codec.
- the SSRC 518 field identifies a synchronization source. This identifier may be chosen randomly to increase a likelihood that two synchronization sources within the same RTP session do not have the same SSRC 518 identifier. It should be readily apparent that a variety of different RTP headers 406 may be employed to provide the USB wireless connection techniques. Accordingly, the previous fields of the RTP headers 406 above are but a few of a variety of contemplated examples.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an example of an RTP extension 408 to the RTP header 406 of FIG. 4 in greater detail.
- the USB packet may include an RTP header 406 as was described in relation to FIG. 5 .
- the USB packet may also include an RTP extension 408 that may further describe the packet and its content, examples of which follow.
- Payload Type 602 8 Bits
- the payload type 602 field may be defined in the same way as the payload types 512 defined for RTP header 406 .
- the value is 26.
- the payload type 602 may depend on a codec used.
- Length 604 16 Bits.
- the length 604 field describes a number of bits included in the RTP extension 408 .
- the length 604 may be determined by counting a number of 32-bit words in the RTP extension 408 , excluding a four-octet extension header (therefore zero is a valid length).
- the Start of Image (SOI) 606 field indicates a start of a payload and the End of Image (EOI) field indicates an end of the payload, which is an image in this instance.
- SOI Start of Image
- EI End of Image
- FIG. 7 depicts a system 700 that illustrates example software/hardware partitioning.
- the system 700 is illustrated as including examples of applications including an operating system 702 and client software 704 .
- the system is also illustrated as including a USB driver 706 , a host controller driver 708 , a transaction list 710 having one or more transactions 712 , a host controller 714 and a USB 716 .
- the client software 704 interfaces with the operating system 702 and originates the data 718 in this instance that is to be communicated via the USB 716 as packets 720 .
- the USB driver 706 communicates with the client software 704 via a USB driver interface 722 .
- the USB driver 706 is configured to ensure that a desired device configuration may be accommodated on the USB 716 .
- the USB driver 706 may also be configured to approve an endpoint, packet size, transfer type, transfer period, and so on.
- the USB driver 706 is configured specific to the operating system 702 .
- the host controller driver 708 communicates with the USB driver 706 via a host controller driver interface 724 .
- the host controller driver 708 is configured to add I/O Request Packets 726 from a respective transaction 712 in the transaction list 710 .
- the host controller driver 708 informs the client software 704 .
- the host controller 714 in the illustrated example is implemented in hardware.
- the host controller 714 is configured to control a USB protocol utilized over the USB 716 , e.g., to handle packet 720 retries, transfers, CRC, and so on.
- the host controller driver 708 and the host controller 714 provide the hardware/software interface 728 between the USB 716 and the client software 704 .
- FIG. 8 depicts an example implementation of a video header 800 that may be utilized for communication over a wireless USB connection.
- video packets are appended with the video header 800 before transmission.
- the video header 800 is appended to the start of each video payload packet (e.g., 1023 byte packets).
- the header length 802 is the length of the header in bytes.
- the FID 804 is a bit toggles at start of each frame and is used to determine a start of a new frame for use by a higher layer protocol.
- the EOF 806 (End of Frame) is used by a higher layer protocol.
- the PTS 808 indicates presence of a presentation time stamp.
- the SCR 810 indicates presence of a source clock.
- the RES 812 field is reserved.
- the STI 814 field indicates whether the payload is a still image.
- ERR 816 is an error bit field, with EOH 816 indicating an end of the header.
- the PTS 820 - 826 are time stamps provided by a source clock at the start of a video frame and remain the same for each packet of that frame.
- At least one of the SCR 828 - 838 (source clock timestamps) contain a timestamp of the source clock before the packet was transmitted over the USB.
- Another one of the SCRs 828 - 838 may contain a 1 Khz counter value. This field is typically used by chipset implementations that can trigger on SOF but cannot accurately obtain a frame number.
- the USB video header may be removed before sending the packet to a next stage in the data path.
- a video header associated with a video payload may be replaced with a protocol header obtained from a protocol stack.
- the protocol header may then be used to transfer the payload over a wireless interface.
- the video header may be retained, e.g., appended to the protocol header, as a part of the payload, and so on.
- FIG. 9 depicts a method 900 in an example implementation in which an interface is provided to communicate data over a wireless USB connection.
- the method may be implemented utilizing the previously described systems and devices, as well as other systems and device subsequently described. Aspects of the method may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof.
- the method is shown as a set of blocks that specify operations performed by one or more devices and are not necessarily limited to the orders shown for performing the operations by the respective blocks.
- USB universal serial bus
- the USB driver 706 may provide a USB driver interface 722 to applications such as client software 704 , an operating system 702 , and so on.
- the USB driver interface 722 mimics a conventional wired USB interface.
- applications e.g., the client software 704
- the USB driver interface 722 may achieve backward compatibility with conventional devices and applications.
- USB Data which is received via the interface, is communicated via the USB wirelessly to the USB device without making the one or more applications aware that the communicative coupling of the USB to the USB device is wireless (block 904 ).
- the USB driver interface 722 mimics a conventional wired USB interface from a point-of-view of the client software 704
- interaction with the wireless USB may be performed using commands, protocols, and procedures of a conventional wired USB interface with the benefits of a wireless connection.
- the client software 704 may avail itself of a wireless connection without being aware that the connection is wireless.
- a variety of other examples are also contemplated as previously described.
- FIG. 10 depicts an example system on a chip (SoC) 1000 that is configured to provide wireless connection for USB in a video implementation.
- SoC 1000 includes a portion 1002 to provide wireless connectivity, which in this instance complies with one or more IEEE 802.11 standards, although other examples are also contemplated.
- Another portion 1004 is configured to provide a wired USB connection.
- the portions 1002 , 1004 are communicatively coupled via a graphics bus 1006 with a graphics portion 1008 of the SoC 1000 .
- USB may be utilized to transmit different amounts of data, including high bandwidth applications such as video data being transmitted from a capturing device (e.g., a web camera) and sent over USB to a display or storage device, e.g., a personal computer.
- a capturing device e.g., a web camera
- a display or storage device e.g., a personal computer.
- SoC 1000 an example SoC 1000 is illustrated, it should be readily apparent that the techniques described herein may be implemented in a variety of other way, such as by multiple integrated circuits, software, and so on.
Abstract
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