US8000014B2

US8000014B2 - Adaptive sunlight redirector

Info

Publication number: US8000014B2
Application number: US12/665,103
Authority: US
Inventors: Lorne A. Whitehead; Jon David Edward Scott
Original assignee: University of British Columbia
Current assignee: University of British Columbia
Priority date: 2007-06-22
Filing date: 2008-06-16
Publication date: 2011-08-16
Anticipated expiration: 2028-06-16
Also published as: CA2685957A1; CA2687383C; EP2171347B1; EP2171347A4; EP2171347A1; SG182185A1; US20100198562A1; WO2009000071A1; WO2009000070A8; CA2685957C; US8352224B2; JP2010529568A; JP2010531036A; CN101688656A; KR101114664B1; US20100254010A1; KR20100025581A; CN101688656B; EP2171340A1; CN101688637A

Abstract

Longitudinally adjacent plane mirrors (106-114) are pivotally interconnected in a columnar array (56) by non-stretching linkages (120) which constrain movement of the mirrors such that their normal vectors (115) remain parallel. Pivotable couplings (122, 124) in two mirrors permit movement of the mirrors with respect to mutually perpendicular axes (x, y) and prevent movement of the mirrors with respect to a third axis (z). Two actuators (117A, 117B) coupled to one of the pivotable couplings controllably move a selected mirror with respect to the mutually perpendicular axes (x, y). A first frame (116) couples the mirror columns together so that movement of the selected mirror moves all the mirrors in unison. The actuators controllably move the mirrors to orient the normal vectors such that the mirrors specularly reflect incident light in a preselected direction.

Description

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/945,653 filed 22 Jun. 2007.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure concerns redirection of sunlight into a specific direction, regardless of the sun's position in the sky.

BACKGROUND

Building core daylight illumination systems would facilitate illumination of the core regions of a building with sunlight, thus reducing electrical lighting requirements and improving lighting quality. Widespread usage of building core daylight illumination systems in the most common workplace environment—substantially open-plan, multi-story office buildings—could significantly reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. To foster their widespread usage, building core daylight illumination systems must be cost-effective. A cost-effective sunlight redirector for a building core daylight illumination system is disclosed below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is schematic, fragmented, side elevation view of a 3-story portion of a building having prior art solar canopies mounted above the building's windows along a south facade of the building.

FIG. 1B is a partially fragmented schematic top plan view of one of the FIG. 1A solar canopies, showing the optical component configuration.

FIG. 2A is a front elevation schematic depiction of six columns of pivotally interconnected mirrors, depicting the mirrors in a neutral (non-rotated) position.

FIG. 2B is similar to FIG. 2A, except the mirrors are depicted in an azimuth-rotated position.

FIG. 2C is similar to FIGS. 2A and 2B, except the mirrors are depicted in an altitude-rotated position.

FIG. 3A is a top front oblique isometric illustration of a mirror and a universal joint.

FIG. 3B is a top plan illustration of a mirror and universal joint like those of FIG. 3A, but with the universal joint shown schematically and showing two actuators coupled to the universal joint.

FIG. 4A is a schematic top plan view of a 6-column portion of a columnar mirror array, with solid lines depicting the mirrors' neutral positions and dashed lines depicting rotation of the mirrors about the depicted y-axis.

FIG. 4B is similar to FIG. 4A, except the dashed lines depict rotation of the mirrors about the depicted x-axis.

FIG. 4C is similar to FIGS. 4A and 4B, except the dashed lines depict rotation of the mirrors about both of the depicted x and y axes.

FIG. 4D is similar to FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C, except the dashed lines depict undesirable rotation of the mirrors about a z axis which is perpendicular to both of the depicted x and y axes.

DESCRIPTION

Throughout the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the disclosure. In some instances, well known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the disclosure. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive, sense.

FIG. 1A schematically depicts a 3-story portion of a building 10 with prior art

solar canopies

12, 14, 16 mounted along a south facade of building 10 above

windows

18, 20, 22 respectively. Each one of

solar canopies

12, 14, 16 captures sunlight and redirects the sunlight through a corresponding one of weather-protected

openings

24, 26, 28 in the exterior wall of building 10, and into a corresponding one of sunlight distributors (i.e. light guides) 30, 32, 34.

Plenum spaces

36, 38, 40 are conventionally provided for each floor of building 10, i.e. plenum space 36 is provided between the first floor's ceiling 42 and drop ceiling 44, plenum space 38 is provided between the second floor's ceiling 46 and drop ceiling 48, and plenum space 40 is provided between the third floor's ceiling 50 and drop ceiling 52. Sunlight

distributors

30, 32, 34 are provided within

plenum spaces

36, 38, 40 respectively to distribute sunlight within building 10. Alternatively, instead of being invisibly recessed within a drop ceiling, the sunlight distributors could be incorporated in an exposed ceiling design similar to those in which ventilation ducts, etc. remain visible.

FIG. 1B schematically depicts an exemplary one of

solar canopies

12, 14, 16; namely solar canopy 12 which houses optical and mechanical components within transparent cover 54. Cover 54 protects the components from wind, precipitation, dirt, etc., facilitates formation of the components from relatively inexpensive and lightweight materials, and reduces the components' maintenance requirements. Only sunlight-receiving portions of solar canopy 12 need be transparent; other portions thereof (e.g. side portions which never face the sun) may be opaque. The optical components housed within solar canopy 12 include sunlight redirecting

mirror arrays

56, 58 and

paraboloidal mirrors

60, 62, 64, 66.

Mirror arrays

56, 58 reflect incident sunlight rays 68 toward

paraboloidal mirrors

60, 62 respectively as indicated by

dashed lines

70, 72 and 74, 76 respectively.

Paraboloidal mirrors

60, 62 redirect the reflected rays toward paraboloidal mirrors 64, 66 respectively as indicated by

dashed lines

78, 80 and 82, 84 respectively. Paraboloidal mirrors 64, 66 further redirect the reflected rays through wall opening 24 into sunlight distributor 30 as indicated by dashed lines 86, 88 and 90, 92 respectively.

Paraboloidal mirrors

60, 62, 64, 66 are configured and oriented with respect to

mirror arrays

56, 58 such that light rays are redirected into sunlight distributor 30 at an appropriate range of angles for transmission by sunlight distributor 30. This disclosure pertains to sunlight redirecting

mirror arrays

56, 58; not to

paraboloidal mirrors

60, 62, 64, 66 or sunlight distributor 30.

FIGS. 2A-2C schematically depict an exemplary one of

mirror arrays

56, 58; namely mirror array 56, which has six

columns

94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104 of mirrors. Each column has five thin, rectangular, planar mirrors. For example, column 94 has five

mirrors

106, 108, 110, 112, 114, etc. Each mirror has a notional surface normal vector 115 (FIGS. 3A and 3B).

Mirror columns

94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104 are pivotally connected to rigid rectangular first frame 116. Specifically, the uppermost mirror in each column (i.e. mirror 106 in column 94, etc.) is pivotally connected to first frame 116 by a pair of brackets, only one of which (i.e. bracket 118 in column 94, etc.) is visible in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Neither the brackets nor first frame 116 are shown in FIG. 2C to avoid obscuring other details. First frame 116 couples the columns of mirrors together so that all of the mirrors in array 56 move in unison.

The mirrors in each column are mechanically coupled together such that they can easily be rotated in two planes in order to adjust the mirrors' positions as the altitude and azimuth of the sun changes, without allowing the mirrors to interfere with (i.e. contact) one another as they move. The mirrors should not excessively shade one another as they move, although some minimal shading during relatively brief positions of the mirrors, the sun, or both, is acceptable to optimize overall efficiency of the sunlight redirector.

Each intermediate mirror in each column (i.e. mirrors 108, 110, 112 in column 94, etc.) is pivotally connected to the mirrors immediately above and below the intermediate mirror by linkages 120. Linkages 120 need not be rigid members, although they may be. Linkages 120 may be formed of a non-stretching material such as stainless steel wire. The opposed ends of each linkage 120 can be connected to the mirrors by ball joints, flexible elastomeric connectors, or other suitable means which permits the mirrors to pivot easily about the points at which linkages 120 are connected to the mirrors. If linkages 120 are not rigid, they should be held under sufficient tension (e.g. by adjusting the length of each linkage 120) that they behave as rigid members.

A universal joint (i.e. pivotable coupling) is provided in the center of the top and the bottom mirror in each column (i.e.

universal joints

122, 124 are provided in

mirrors

106, 114 respectively of column 94, etc.). Provision of two such universal joints per column allows the mirrors in each column to rotate about the depicted x and y axes which are perpendicular to the direction of longitudinal extent of the column, while preventing the mirrors from rotating about the z axis which is parallel to the direction of longitudinal extent of the column and perpendicular to the x and y axes.

FIGS. 3A and 3B

show mirror

106 and universal joint 122 in greater detail. Universal joint 122 incorporates an x-axis rotational member 126 and a y-axis rotational member 128. One end of pivot link 130 is fixed to x-axis rotational member 126. The opposite end of pivot link 130 is fixed to an external second frame 132 (FIGS. 2A-2C) which is separate from and is not connected to first frame 116. As seen in FIGS. 2A-2C, one pivot link 130 extends upwardly from top mirror 106's universal joint 122 to an upper portion of second frame 132, and another pivot link 130 extends downwardly from bottom mirror 114's universal joint 124 to a lower portion of second frame 132, thereby securely bracing mirror column 94 to prevent rotation of the column 94 mirrors about the z axis. Although the universal joints are relatively inexpensive, they increase cost somewhat so it is desirable to provide them in only the top and bottom mirrors of each column. This is facilitated by linkages 120, which are less expensive than the universal joints, to facilitate pivotable movement of the intermediate mirrors.

First frame

116 may be coupled to any one of the mirrors in a column, provided the frame-coupled mirror in any column has the same columnar position relative to the frame-coupled mirrors in the other columns. For example, first frame 116 can be coupled, by the aforementioned brackets, to the top mirror in each column, or to the second mirror in each column, or to the bottom mirror in each column, etc. If the mirrors are interconnected as aforesaid, two inexpensive electronically controllable electro-mechanical rotational actuators (117A, 117B) can be used to smoothly move all of the mirrors in array 56 in unison, with very little torque. The two actuators can be provided on any one of the mirrors in which a universal joint is provided, as shown in FIG. 3B. Well known algorithms can be used to apply suitable control signals to the actuators, to cause predetermined angular displacement of the x and y-axis

rotational members

126, 128 of the universal joint in the mirror on which the actuators are provided. Specifically, the actuators can be adaptively controlled to move the mirrors to track the sun, thereby continually redirecting sunlight into a specific direction (i.e. toward

paraboloidal mirrors

60, 62, 64, 66 and thence into sunlight distributor 30), regardless of the sun's position—provided the sun is located within a predetermined angular range corresponding to about ±3 hours of true local solar noon (i.e. a significant part of a typical work day). Each sunlight redirecting

mirror array

56, 58 is accordingly operative as a heliostat.

The solid lines in FIGS. 2A and 4A-4D show the mirrors in the neutral (non-rotated) position. FIG. 2B, and the dashed lines in FIG. 4A show the mirrors in an azimuth-rotated position, i.e. after suitable controlled operation of the actuators to rotate the mirrors about the depicted y-axis. FIG. 2C, and the dashed lines in FIG. 4B show the mirrors in an altitude-rotated position, i.e. after suitable controlled operation of the actuators to rotate the mirrors about the depicted x-axis. The dashed lines in FIG. 4C show the mirrors in an azimuth and altitude-rotated position, i.e. after suitable controlled operation of the actuators to rotate the mirrors about both of the depicted x and y axes. The dashed lines in FIG. 4D show how the mirrors would undesirably interfere with one another if they were not constrained, by the universal joints, to prevent them from rotating about the z axis (i.e. the axis which is perpendicular to both of the depicted x and y axes).

In operation, a light ray incident 68 on one side of one of

mirror arrays

56, 58 is reflected once by one of the mirrors in that array and passes through to the opposite side of the array, as indicated by dashed

lines

70, 72 and 74, 76 respectively in FIG. 1B. The actuators are controllably actuated to move the mirrors such that the mirrors' normal vectors are oriented, according to the law of specular reflection, such that incident light 68 is reflected into a preselected reflection direction.

Each mirror may be approximately 17×19 cm, although other sizes are acceptable. If the mirrors are too large, solar canopy 12 will extend too far off the side of building 10, which is architecturally undesirable. If the mirrors are too small, the cost of mirror array 56 may be excessive, which is also undesirable. The mirrors in each column should be spaced apart from one another such that the maximum amount of sunlight is captured, while minimizing shading of one mirror by the mirror above it. An array having six columns of seven mirrors per column, with each mirror approximately 17×19 cm in size, and with the mirrors in each column spaced about 12 cm apart, produces acceptable results. A 3 metre canopy (measured in the x direction shown in 1B) may house two such mirror arrays, as shown in FIG. 1B.

While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.

For example, the actuators can be provided in an analogous mechanical arrangement coupled to first frame 116 and positioned adjacent mirror array 56.

The columnar mirrors within

mirror arrays

56, 58 need not be vertically adjacent or vertically aligned with one another as shown in FIGS. 2A-2C. For example, the mirrors could be connected together in diagonally extending columns or other longitudinally extending columns. However linkages 120 should not be pivotally connected to the mirrors so as to permit the linkages to extend parallel to the planes of the mirrors for any position within the mirrors' intended angular operational range. For example, if the neutral position of the mirrors is horizontal, then the mirrors should not be connected in horizontal rows.

As another example, if the mirrors within

mirror arrays

56, 58 are perfectly parallel to one another they will reflect sunlight as aforesaid, but they will not concentrate the sunlight—only

paraboloidal mirrors

60, 62, 64, 66 will concentrate the sunlight. It is however possible to configure

mirror arrays

56, 58 to contribute to concentration of the sunlight. This can be achieved by maintaining the plane of each mirror at a slight angle relative to the planes of the other mirrors, instead of maintaining the mirrors parallel to one another. More particularly, the actuators can be controlled to move the mirrors such that the orientation of each mirror's normal vector deviates slightly from that of the other mirrors. Consequently, according to the law of reflection, incident light 68 is reflected into directions which deviate slightly from a preselected reflection direction. The deviation of each mirror's normal vector should be large enough to produce a preselected pattern in the reflected light. Appropriate selection of the deviation of each mirror's normal vector facilitates some concentration (i.e. focusing) of the sunlight as it is redirected toward paraboloidal mirrors 60, 62, 64, 66. This reduces the degree of sunlight concentration required of

paraboloidal mirrors

60, 62, 64, 66 thereby reducing the optical quality—and hence cost—of

paraboloidal mirrors

60, 62, 64, 66.

The deviation of each mirror's normal vector should however be limited, since if the deviation is too great adjacent mirrors may interfere with (i.e. contact or excessively shade) one another as they are moved to track the sun, particularly at extreme azimuth or altitude angles. This can be alleviated by increasing the spacing between adjacent mirrors and columns of mirrors, but at the expense of reduced efficiency since some light would pass through the increased spacing between adjacent mirrors without being reflected by the mirrors and hence be lost in the sense that such light would not be distributed within building 10.

Claims

1. A sunlight redirector, comprising:

an array of plane mirrors, each mirror having a surface normal vector;

non-stretching linkages pivotally interconnecting longitudinally adjacent ones of the mirrors and constraining movement of the mirrors such that the normal vectors remain parallel while the mirrors move;

a first pivotable coupling in a first one of the longitudinally adjacent mirrors; and

a second pivotable coupling in a second one of the longitudinally adjacent mirrors;

the first and second pivotable couplings permitting the first and second mirrors to move with respect to either one of two mutually perpendicular axes and preventing movement of the first and second mirrors with respect to a third axis;

wherein:

the first and second pivotable couplings are first and second universal joints each having a first member rotatable with respect to a first one of the two mutually perpendicular axes, and a second member rotatable with respect to a second one of the two mutually perpendicular axes;

the first mirror surrounds and pivots on the first member of the first universal joint; and

the second mirror surrounds and pivots on the first member of the second universal joint.

2. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 1, wherein:

the mirrors are arranged in a plurality of columns; and

the non-stretching linkages connect each mirror to an adjacent mirror in the same column.

3. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 2, wherein the third axis is perpendicular to the two mutually perpendicular axes and parallel to a direction of longitudinal extent of the columns.

4. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 2, further comprising:

a first frame pivotally coupled to one mirror in each one of the columns;

in each one of the columns;

a first pivot link coupled between a second frame and one pivotable coupling in one mirror; and

a second pivot link coupled between the second frame and another pivotable coupling in another mirror;

wherein a mirror in any column coupled to the first frame has the same columnar position as a mirror in any other column coupled to the first frame.

5. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 2, operative as a heliostat and wherein:

6. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 2, further comprising:

a first frame pivotally coupled to one mirror in each column;

in each one of the columns:

a second pivot link coupled between the second frame and another pivotable coupling in another mirror.

7. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 1, further comprising:

a first electronically controllable actuator coupled to one of the pivotable couplings to controllably move a selected one of the mirrors with respect to a first one of the two mutually perpendicular axes; and

a second electronically controllable actuator coupled to the one of the pivotable couplings to controllably move the selected one of the mirrors with respect to a second one of the two mutually perpendicular axes;

and wherein:

a light ray incident on one side of the array is reflected once by one of the mirrors through an opposite side of the array; and

the actuators are controllable to move the mirrors to orient the normal vectors such that the mirrors specularly reflect incident light in a preselected direction.

8. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 1, further comprising:

a second electronically controllable actuator coupled to the one of the pivotable couplings to controllably move the selected one of the mirrors with respect to a second one of the two mutually perpendicular axes.

9. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 8, wherein:

10. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 9, wherein:

11. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 8, wherein:

the mirrors are arranged in a plurality of columns; and

12. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 11, wherein:

13. A sunlight redirector as defined in claim 1, operative as a heliostat.