US790022A - Mechanism for making stretchable crinkled paper. - Google Patents

Description

J. ARKBLL, DEGD.

I W. J. 3i 3. AEKELL, EXBGUTQRS.

MECHANISM FOR MAKING STRETGHABLE ORINKLED PAPER.

PATENTED MAY 16,1905

APPLICATION FILED JULY 17,1903.

INVENT DK. MM

3 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

A ORNEY WETNESSES PATBNTED MAY 16, 1905.

- J. ARKBLL, DEGD.

W. J. 61 B. ABKELL, BXEOUTORS. MECHANISM FOR MAKING STRETGHABLE 0R1- NKLED PAPER.

nruonxon FILED JULY 11. 1903.

. a Sums-sun"! a.

NO. 790,022. Patented May 16, 1905.

- UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

WILLIAM J. ARKELL AND BARTLETT ARKELL, OF NEW YORK, N. Y., EXEGUTORS OF JAMES ARKELL, DECEASED.

MECHANISM FOR MAKING STRETCHABLE CRINKLED PAPER.

SPEGIFIGATIdiN forming part of Letters Patent No. 790,022, dated May 16, 1905. Application filed July 1'7, 1903. Serial No. 165,906.

T all? whom it may concern: able liquid, generally water. In this tank ro- 50 Be it known that we, WILLIAM J. ARKELL tates a drum. 10, preferably. made of foramiand BARTLETT ARKELL, citizens of the United nous material and supported by arms 11 and States, residing in the city, county, and State 12, which depend from bolts 13 and 14:, fixed of New York, are the executors of the last in the upper part of the frame. These bolts will and testament of JAMEs ARKELL,dGCG&S6d, enter slots 15 and 16 in the arms, so that the 55 late of Canajoharie, county of Montgomery, latter, together with the drum, may be re- State of New York, and that the said JAMES moved. 17 is another tank designed to con- ARKELL did invent new and useful Improvetain a loath of suitable liquid, generally water, I0 ments in Mechanism for Making Stretchable and supported by the shelf 18, carried by the Grinkled Paper, of which the following is a main frame. 60

specification. 19 is the driving-shaft on which are secured This invention relates to mechanism dethe driving-wheel 20 and the gear 21, which signed to make stretchable crinkled paper. latter meshes with the gear 22 on the shaft 5 The mechanism in its preferred form and 23. The shaft 23 carries a smooth-faced reas shown in the accompanying drawings is ceiving-roll, preferably of iron and rotating 65 more particularly designed to operate on the partly submerged in the tank 17. Meshing heavier grades of plain-finished paper, and with the gear 22 is a gear 25, carried on the the finished product is thus suitable for wrapshaft 26, which carries a roll 27, preferably 20 ping and pa diilr igpwoses and has special having a rubber or other yielding surface.

advantages. 1e paper is rendered stretch- This roll 27 which works in close proximity 70 able by means of the crinkles formed in it, to the roll 24k, for a purpose hereinafter to be and is thus capable of withstanding strains explained, is carried in boxes 28, supported which would break the paper if it were not by the main frame. These boxes 28'are ad- 5 crinkled. justable to and from the roll 24 by the screws In the accompanying drawings, forming 29 and 30, so as to vary the pressure of the 7 5 part of this specification, is shown one emroll 27 against the roll 2 L. bodiment of the various features constituting 31 is a guide-roll working in boxes 32, adthe invention. justable by screws 33 and 3 k and operatirn, to

3 In said drawings, Figure 1 is a side elevaguide the paper web to and deposit it upon the tion of the mechanism except the drying-mareceiving-roll 24:. chine. Fig. 2 is a central longitudinal sec- Associated with the roll 24 is a doctor contional elevation of the mechanism shown in sisting of a cross-bar 35, having a blade 36, Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a sectional elevation take-n which is preferably secured to and removable 35 on the line 3 3 of Fig. 2. Fig. 4: is a sectional from the cross-bar by screws 56. (See Fig.

elevation taken on the line 4: 4: of Fig. 2, and The doctor is carried by two arms 37 and Fig. 5 is a sectional elevationdiagrammatic- 38, which are pivotally supported by the crossally showing an apparatus for drying the rod 39, so that the doctor may be swung up crinkled paper immediately after the paper is away from the roll when required. The doc- 40 crinkled. tor is pressed down in contact withthe poll-by Referring now to said drawings, 1 is the means of a var1able-pressure device, prefermain frame of the machine. ably consistlng of a bent iron bar 40. This 2 and 3 are rails supported by legs 4 and 5 bar extends" beneath the rod 39'and has one and bolted to thev main frame. On the legs end resting upon the doctor and the other end f and 5 are supported the boxes, such as 6, supported by an adjusting-wedge 4:1. This adjustable'by means of screws 7 and carrying l bar 40 is elastic, and by adjusting the wedge the rotatable roll of plain paper 8, which is 14.1 the pressure which the bar imparts to the to be crinkled. l doctor may be varied as required.

9 is a tank designed to carry a bath of suit- 1 4:2 is a sprocketchain driven from a y sides of the tank 17, opposite the ends of the sprocket-wheel 43 on the shaft 26 and passing around a sprocket-wheel 44, carried on the shaft 45, which latter is adjustable in its bearings by means of screws 46 and 47. The shaft carries a roll 48, which drives the carrier 49, extending around the roll 50, supported in close proximity to the doctor. The carrier 49 operates to carry away the crinkled paper as it is stripped from the roll 24 by the doctor and deliver it to the drying apparatus. (See Fig. 5.)

51 and 52 are rods or paper in its progress.

53 is a curved cross-rod adjustable up and down by means of bolts 54 and against which the wet paper passes on its way to the roll 24. 55 is a similar curved rod horizontally adjustable and operating for the same purpose as the rod 53.

57 is an adjustable wheel to take up slack in the sprocket-chain 42.

After the paper has been crinkled it is then delivered to a drying apparatus which may be of any suitable construction capable of drying the paper, so as to make the crinkles therein permanent, and thus render the paper stretchable. In Fig. 5 is shown diagrammatically the preferred arrangement of such drying apparatus and by means of which the paper is subjected to a drying atmosphere. Referring now to Fig. 5, the paper 8 having been crinkled is delivered by the carrier 49 to the drying apparatus, whose receiving end is arranged in close proximity to the delivery end of the carrier 49. This drying apparatus, as shown in Fig. 5, consists of a plurality of endless.

carriers 58, 59, and 60, between which are arranged steam-pipes 61. The paper is first delivered to the carrier 58 and by it delivered to carrier 59. The carrier 59 delivers the paper to carrier 60, from which the paper issues as a finished product. By means of this arrangement of the drying apparatus the paper is carried back and forth several times and as many as may be desired, while the heat from the steam-pipes acts to dry the paper. Thus it will be seen that the paper is not stretched nor the crinkles removed; but, on the other hand, the crinkles are made permanent and the paper rendered thereby stretchable.

It is sometimes desirable to waterproof the the paper at some stage during its passage through the apparatus. In effecting this result the waterproofing material, such as paraffiu, is preferably turned in on top of the waie in the tank 17 and on the front side of the roll 24. The presence of such waterproofing material is indicated in Fig. 2 at 62 by the heavier shade-lines representing the liquid in the tank 17. This waterproofing material 62 floats on the surface of the water, and in order to prevent it from passing to the rear side of the tank by the action of the rotating roll 24 baflie-plates 63 and 64 are fixed 0n the inner rolls for guiding the roll 24. These bathe-plates prevent the waterproofing material from passing around the ends of the roll 24 to the rear of the tank, where it would not effectively reach the paper.

In the operation of the machine the paper is taken from the roll, passes thence over the guide bar or roll 51, through the tank 9, where it is submerged by means of the drum 10. Thence it passes over the guide bar or roll 52, against the curved bars 53 and 55, over the guide-roll 31, down and around the roll 24, which submerges the paper in the liquid contained in the tank 17. Thence it is carried by the roll 24 up against the doctor, which crinkles the paper and strips it from the roll 24 and deposits itupon the carrier 49, whence the moist crinkled paper is delivered to the carrier 58 of the drying apparatus, at which carrier the paper is stretched to reduce the crinkles, as heretofore explained. The roll 27 presses the paper against the roll 24 just before the paper meets the doctor. This accomplishes two results. First, it causes the paper to smoothly and firmly adhere to the smooth face of the roll 24, so that the paper in its adherence to the roll 24 may resist the action of the doctor sufficiently to cause the doctor to crowd'the paper back against itself, and thereby crinkle it. Moreover, the roll27 operates to extract or press out any surplus moisture that may be retained by the paper just before it meets the doctor. These purposes may be effected by other means without departing from the scope of the invention. As the paper emerges from the tank 9 it swells because of the moisture absorbed and is therefore wrinkled. It is desirable to remove these wrinkles before the paper reaches the doctor, and for this purpose suitable means are employed to extend the paper laterally before it reaches the doctor. In the present form of apparatus shown in the accompanying drawings the curved rods 53 and 54 are employed for this purpose, the paper passing over the rods and being thereby smoothed out, so that it may be deposited upon the roll 24 smooth and free from wrinkles. In some cases only one curved rod need be used.

It is to be understood that the various combinations of features constituting the invention may be variously modified from what is specifically shown in the drawings without dcparting from the invention.

What is claimed, and desired to be secured by Letters Patent, is

1. In a machine for makingstretchable crinkled paper, the combination of asmooth-faced receiving-roll adapted to hat e the paper deposited thereon; adoctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; and a receptacle containinga bath through which the paper passes before it reaches the doctor.

2. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the co mbination of asmootlrfaccd 30 receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposextending the paper laterally after it has been 6 5 ited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll wet and before it reaches the doctor. and against which the paper is carried on said 9. In amachine for making stretchable crinroll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a kled paper, the combination of asmooth-faced bath through which the paper passes before receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deit reaches the doctor; and means for extractposited thereon; a doctor associated with said 7 ing the surplus moisture from the paper be roll and against which the paper is carried fore it reaches the doctor. on said roll for'crinkling; a receptacle con- 3. In a machine for making stretchable crintaining a bath through which the paper passes 0 kled paper, the combination of asmooth-faced before it reaches the doctor; means for exreceiving-roll adapted to have the paper depostracting the surplus moisture from the paper 7 ited thereon; adoctor associated with said roll before it reaches the doctor; and means for and against which the paper is carried on said extending the paper laterally after it has been roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a wet and before it reaches the doctor.

5 bath through which the paper passes before 10. In a machine for making stretchable it reaches the doctor; and a pressure-roll arcrinkled paper, the combination of a smoothrangedto press the wet paper in close adherfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper ence to the receiving-roll. deposited thereon; a doctor associated with.

I. In amachinefor making stretchable crinsaid roll and against which the paper is car- 20 kled paper, the combination ofasmooth-faced ried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle receiving-rolladaptedtohavethe paperdeposcontaining a bath through which the paper ited thereon; adoctor associated with said roll passes before it reaches the doctor; a presand against which the paper is carried on said sure-roll arranged to press the wet paper in roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a close adherence to' the receiving -roll; and

2'; bath through which the paper passes before means for extending the paper laterally after it reaches the doctor; and means for extendithas been wet and before it reaches the doctor.

ing the paper laterally after it has been wet 11. In a machine for making stretchable and before it reaches the doctor. crinkled paper, the combination of a smooth- 5. In amachine for making stretchable crinfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper 0 kled paper, the combination of asmooth-faced deposited thereon; a doctor associated with receiving-roll adapted to havethe paper depossaid roll and against which the paper is carited thereon; adoctor associated with said roll ried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle and against which the paper is carried on said containing a bath through which the paper passes before 1t reaches the receiving-roll; a

roll for crinkling; and a receptacle contain- 5 ing a bath through which the paper passes bepressure-roll arranged to press the wet paper fore it reaches the receiving-roll. in close adherence to the receiving-roll; and

means for extending the paper laterally after 6. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smooth-faced it has been wet andbefore it reaches the doctor. 12. In a machine for making stretchable receiving-roll adapted to have the paper depos- 4o ited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the'paper and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a deposited thereon; a doctor associated with bath through which the paper passes before said roll and against which the paper is carit reaches the receiving-roll; and means for ried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle 45 extracting the surplus moisture from the pacontaining a bath through which the paper passes before it reaches the doctor; and one or 1 1 o per before it reaches the doctor.

7. In amachinefor makingstretchable crinmore curved transverse rods over which the kled paper, the combination of a smooth-faced wet paper passes before it reaches the doctor receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposand operating to extend the paper laterally.

5o ited thereon; adoctor associated'with said roll 13. In a machine for making stretchable and against which the paper is carried on said crinkled paper, the combination of a smooth- I I 5 roll for'crinkling; a receptacle containing a faced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper bath through which the paper passes before deposited thereon; a doctor associated with it reaches the receiving-roll; and a pressuresaid roll and against which the paper is car- 5 5 roll arranged to press the wet paper in close ried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle adherence t the receiving-roll. containing a bath through which the paper 8. In a machine for making stretchable crinpasses before it reaches the receiving-roll; and

kled paper, the combination of asmoothfaced means for extending the wet paper laterally receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposbefore it reaches the receiving-roll.

6o ited thereon; adoctor associatedwithsaid roll 14. In a machine for making stretchable and against which the paper is carried on said crinkled paper, the combination of a smooth- 12 roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a faced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper bath through which the paper passes before deposited thereon; a doctor associated with it reaches the receiving-roll; and means for said roll and ,against which the paper is car- &

ried on said roll containing a batl passes before it and one or moi which the wet the receiving-roll paper laterally.

crinkled 1o faced receiving-r deposited thereo said roll and aga ried on said roll passes before it 1 adjustable pressur Wet paper in close roll.

ried on said roll f0 and means for su surplus moisture f crinkled.

17. In a ma 3o crinkled paper faced receivin deposited there rol ried on said roll f0 ting the paper herence against th been wet and bef 4 crinkle faced receivingdeposited thereon; said roll and a ried on said r n a machin doctor.

19. In a mach 5 crinkled paper, the faced receiving-roll deposited thereon;

and laterally before i 01 paper, the

Qgiaced receiving-roll deposited there roll and against Whi said roll for cr means f e curved transve paper passes b 15. In a machine for makin paper, the combinatio ell adapted to n; a doctor a inst which the paper is carcontaining a bath throng 25 ting the paper befo chine for making stretchable the com bination of a smoot said roll and against which tl bef e receiving-r ore 1t rea d paper, the comb gainst Which the 011 for for extending been wet and b ine for m n' a machine for maki on; a doctor b inkling; paper before it reacl for crinkling; a receptacle 1 through which the paper reaches the receiving-roll; rse rods over efore it reaches and operating to extend the g stretchable n of a smoothhave the paper ssociated with for crinkling; a receptacle h which the paper caches the doctor; and an e-roll arranged to press the adherence to the receivingr crinkling; means for wetre it reaches the doctor; bsequently extracting the rem the paper before it is have the paper sociated with 1e paper is car- 1 adapted to h a doctor as r crinkling;

er in close adoll after it has ches the doctor.

making stretchable ination of a smoothted to have the paper ctor associated with paper is caring; means for wetreaches the doctor; the paper laterally efore it reaches the e for ado crinkl aking stretchable ation of a smoothd to have the paper or associated with com bin adapte a doct caches the ng stretchable ion of a smooth- 0 have the paper caring upon said ch the paper is carried on r wetting the or; and means com binat adapted t we the doct for varying the pr the receiving-roll.

21. In a machine for making crinkled paper, the combination 0 faced receiving-roll adapted to ha deposited thereon; adoctor bearing upon said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; means for wetting the paper before it reaches the doctor; and a spring-bar for varying the pressure of the doctor against the receiving-roll.

In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; means for wetting the paper before it reaches the doctor; means for extending the wet paper laterally; and means for pressing the wet paper in close adherence to the receiving roll before it reaches the doctor.

23. In a machine for crinkled paper, the combi faced receiving-roll adapt deposited thereon; a (1 said roll and against wl ried on said roll for crin ting the paper before i roll; means for essnre of the doctor a 'a making stretchable nation of a smoothed to have the paper octor associated with 1ich the paper is carkling; means for wett reaches the receivingextending the wet paper laterally; and means for pressing the wet paper in close adherence to the receiving-roll before it reaches the doctor.

24. In a machine for mal crinkled paper, the combinat faced receiving-roll adapted t deposited thereon; a doctor said roll and against wl ried on said roll for crinkling; means for wetting the paper before it reaches the doctor; a pressure-roll for pressing the paper in close adherence against said receiving-roll after it has been wet; and means for adjusting said pressure-roll.

25. In a m achine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the com bination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; and a receptacle containing a bath in which the receiving roll rotates with the paper.

26. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a bath in which the receiving-roll rotates with the paper; and a pressure-roll arranged to press the wet paper in close adherence to the receiving-roll after the paper leaves said bath.

27. In a machine for making IlO stretchable crinkled paper, the combination ofia smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is'carried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a bath through which the paper passes before it reaches the receiving-roll; and a second receptacle containing a bath in which the receiving-roll rotates with the paper.

28. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted-to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a bath through which the paper passes before it reaches the receiving-roll; a pressure-roll arranged to press the wet paper in close adherence to the receiving-roll; and a second receptacle containing a bath in which the receiving-roll rotates with the paper.

29. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper; the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing abath through which the paper passes before it reaches the rece iving-roll; means for extending the paper laterally after it has been wet and before it reaches the doctor; and a second receptacle containingabath in which the receiving-roll rotates with the paper. i

30. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a bath through which the paper which the receiving-roll rotates passes before it reaches the receiving-roll; a pressure-roll arranged to press the wet paper in close adherence to'the receiving-roll; means for extending the paper laterally after it has been wet-and before it reaches the doctor; and a second receptacle containing a bath in with the paper.

31. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a bath in which the receiving-roll rotates with the paper; and means for wetting the paper before it reaches the receiving-roll.

32. In a machine for making stretchablc crinkled paper, the combination of a smooth faced receiving-rolladapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a bath in which the receiving-roll rotates with the paper; means for wetting the paper before it reaches the receiving-roll; and a pressure-roll arranged to press the wet paper in close adherence to the receiving-roll after the paper leaves said bath.

33. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; means for' wetting the paper while on the receiving-roll; and means for wetting the paper before it reaches the receiving-roll.

34:. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; -a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; means for wetting the paper while on the receiving-roll; means for wetting the paper before it reaches the receiving-roll; and means for extracting the surplus moisture from the paper before it reaches the doctor.

35. In amachine for making stretchable crinkled paper, thecombination of a smooth- I faced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; means for wetting the paper while on the receiving-roll; means for wetting the paper before it reaches the receiving-roll; and a pressure-roll arranged to press the wet paper in close adherence to the receiving-roll.

36. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; means for wetting the paper while on the receiving-roll; means for Wetting the paper before it reachesthe receiving-roll; and means for extending the paper laterally after it has been wet and before it reaches the doctor.

37. Ina machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; means for wetting the paper while on the receiving-roll; means for wetting the paper before it reaches the receiving-roll; a pressure-roll arranged to press the wet paper in close adherence to the receiving-roll; and means for extending the paper laterally after it has been wet and before it reaches the doctor.

38. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smooth faced receivingaroll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; a receptacle containing a bath through which the paper passes before it reaches the doctor; and means for drying the crinkled paper and thereby making the crinkles permanent and rendering the paper stretchable.

39. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against Which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; means for wetting the paper before it reaches the doctor; means for pressing the paper in close adherence against the receiving-roll after it has been wet and before it reaches the doctor; and means for drying the crinkled paper and thereby making the crinkles permanent and rendering the paper stretchable.

40. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll for crinkling; means for wetting the paper before it reaches the doctor; means for extending the paper laterally after it has been Wet and before it reaches the doctor; and means for drying the crinkled paper and thereby making the crinkles permanent and rendering the paper stretchable.

41. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried on said roll forcrinkling; means for wetting the paper while on the receiving-roll; means for wetting the paper before it reaches the receiving roll; and means for drying the crinkled paper and thereby making the crinkles permanent and rendering the paper stretchable.

42. In a machine for making stretchable crinkled paper, the combination of a smoothfaced receiving-roll adapted to have the paper deposited thereon; a doctor associated with said roll and against which the paper is carried .on said roll for crinkling; means for wetting the paper while on the receiving-roll; means for wetting the paper before it reaches the receiving-roll; a pressure-roll arranged to press the wet paper in close adherence to the receiving-roll; means for extending the paper laterally after it has been wet and before it reaches the doctor; and means for drying the crinkled paper and thereby making the crinkles permanent and rendering the paper stretchable.

In testimony whereof we have signed our names to this specification in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

ILLIAM J. ARKELL, BAR'LLE'I ARKELL, .Eweowtors 0f the estate Of-fdJ/MN rl/Z'rJ/t, (loceased.

\Vitnesses:

DANIEL E. WING, GEORGE L. LEWIS.

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