US7726002B2 - Processes for making spinal intervertebral implant, interconnections for such implant - Google Patents
Processes for making spinal intervertebral implant, interconnections for such implant Download PDFInfo
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- US7726002B2 US7726002B2 US10964113 US96411304A US7726002B2 US 7726002 B2 US7726002 B2 US 7726002B2 US 10964113 US10964113 US 10964113 US 96411304 A US96411304 A US 96411304A US 7726002 B2 US7726002 B2 US 7726002B2
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- implant
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F2/4455—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs for the fusion of spinal bodies, e.g. intervertebral fusion of adjacent spinal bodies, e.g. fusion cages
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Abstract
Description
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/005,238 filed Dec. 5, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,167, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
This invention relates to spinal intervertebral fusion implants, processes for making such implants and interconnecting arrangements for attaching bone implants formed from planks of bone.
Of interest are commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,123,731 to Boyce et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,899,939 to Boyce et al. and copending application Ser. No. 09/705,377 entitled Spinal Intervertebral Implant filed Nov. 3, 2000 corresponding to PCT/US01/45551 filed Nov. 2, 2001, Ser. No. 09/328,242 entitled Ramp Shaped Intervertebral Implant filed Jun. 8, 1999 in the name of John W. Boyle, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,149, Ser. No. 60/246,297 entitled Spinal Intervertebral Insertion Tool filed Nov. 7, 2000 in the name of Erik Martz et al. and corresponding to PCT application PCT/US01/44414, filed Nov. 6, 2001, Serial No. 996243 entitled Osteoimplant, Method of Making Same and Use of the Osteoimplant for the Treatment of Bone Defects filed Nov. 28, 2001 in the name of John Winterbottom et al., now U.S. Pat. No. 6,478,825 and Ser. No. 60/264,601 entitled Implant Insertion Tool filed Jan. 26, 2001 in the name of John M. Winterbottom et al. and corresponding to PCT application PCT/US01/44414 filed Nov. 6, 2001, all incorporated by reference herein.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,899,939 to Boyce et al. discloses a bone-derived implant made up of one or more layers of fully demineralized or partially demineralized cortical bone and optionally one or more layers of some other material. An adhesive, or other bonding techniques or mechanical fasteners such as pins, screws, dowels and so on or interengaging features may be used to connect the layers. The implants can be shaped by machining or press molding.
Surgical procedures using spinal implants for fusing adjacent vertebrae to treat various pathologies are well known. Implants for such procedures take a wide variety of shapes, forms and materials from bone to titanium inert materials, rigid and elastic, circular cylindrical, wedge shapes, cages with or without openings to accept bone fusion promoting material. The implants are dimensioned and shaped to provide a predetermined disc space between the fused adjacent vertebra.
Generally, bone growth promoting material is used in conjunction with the implant especially inert implants of metal, ceramic or other synthetic compositions. Often this growth promoting material is in the form of bone chips or bone fibers. The bone source may be the iliac crest of the patient which is not desirable due to pain and long recovery periods.
Implants of generally one kind of design are described in certain of the aforementioned copending applications.
Published PCT international applications WO 99/09914 and WO 00/24327 also disclose spinal intervertebral implants of different shapes and are incorporated by reference herein. Manufacturing processes and tools for insertion are also disclosed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,878,915 to Brantigan illustrates a spinal intervertebral implant. The implant is circular cylindrical and has a threaded bore and two opposing radial slots at one end for receiving an insertion tool threaded stud and prongs.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,261 to Dove et al. illustrates an inert C-shaped spinal fusion implant.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,327 to Brantigan discloses a prosthetic implant for vertebrae.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,514 discloses a method for fusing adjacent vertebrae using a spinal implant. The implant has through openings to provide for blood flow and bone growth from one side of the implant to the other side of the implant to adjacent vertebra. The implant is made of chopped fiber reinforced molded polymer, stainless steel or titanium.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,522,899 to Michlelson discloses spinal implants which are substantially hollow rectangular configurations. In one embodiment, a series of implants are placed side by side in the intervertabral space to substantially fill the disc space. Autogenous bone material is packed within the hollow portion to promote bone growth. In other embodiments a substantially rectangular member has a series of ridges on upper and lower surfaces. The material of the implants is not described.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,769,897 to Harle discloses a wedge implant having a first component of a synthetic bone material such as a bioceramic material and a second component of a synthetic bone material such as a bioceramic material or bone tissue or containing bone tissue in combination with other biointegration enhancing components. The second material is incorporated in accessible voids such as open cells, pores, bore, holes and/or of the first component. The first component forms a frame or matrix for the second component. The first component imparts strength to the second component. The first and second components can receive one or more pharmaceutical substances. The second component can fully or partially disintegrate upon completion of the implanting to promote penetration of freshly grown bone tissue into the first component.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,416 to Lin discloses an elastic intervertebral implant.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,253 to Michelson, discloses an implant that is tubular and cylindrical and is inserted in an opening in the spine formed by a drill.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,514 to Steffee discloses a spinal implant that is wedge shaped with two opposing flat parallel surfaces and two inclined surfaces which converge toward one end. The flat surfaces have recesses which receive the clamp of an insertion instrument.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,347 to Anderson et al. discloses a composite bone graft for implantation in a patient. The graft includes two or more bone portions and one or more biocompatible connectors which hold the bone portions together. Textured surfaces are provided. Disclosed are different embodiments and shapes.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,025,538 to Yaccarino discloses a composite allograft bone device comprising a first bone member body defining a face that includes a plurality of intersecting grooves cut into the face defining a plurality of spaced projections of a first pattern. A second bone member body has a face that includes a plurality of angularly spaced grooves forming projections in a second pattern on the first bone member body. The projections and grooves mate to form the composite body. An angled through bore is in the two bodies and includes a dowel mounted in the bore.
PCT application WO 99/09914 discloses a cortical bone cervical Smith-Robinson fusion Implant. Disclosed are different spinal implants of cortical bone and methodology for making. The implants are D-shaped or C-shaped and may be formed in layers which are pinned together. A cancellous plug or plug made of other biocompatible material with bone growth materials is used with the D-shaped implant.
Fred H. Albee in Bone graft Surgery in Disease, Injury and Deformity, D. Appleton-Century Company, NY., 1940, pages 20-22, discloses the fabrication of bone pegs and screws using a bone mill and in Scientific American, April 1936, Vol. No. 4, pages 178-181, discloses the formation of various bone configurations in a manner similar to woodworking methodology using similar tools as in woodworking.
The present invention is a recognition of a need for improvements to the above described implants and related connecting structures as well as processing methodology for formation of such implants.
A spinal fusion implant for fusing together two adjacent vertebra according to an aspect of the present invention comprises a first member having first and second opposing sides and a first bore defining a central, longitudinal first axis, the first bore being in communication with at least the first side. A second member has third and fourth opposing sides and a second bore in communication with at least the third side, the second bore defining a second central longitudinal axis, the first and second axes forming a first pair. An elongated first pin is located in the first and second bores for securing the first member to the second member at the interface formed by the facing first and third respective sides, the pin having a first section defining a third central longitudinal axis and a second section defining a fourth central longitudinal axis, the third and fourth axes forming a second pair.
One axis of at least one of the first and second pair of axes is offset relative to the other axis of the at least one pair of axes so as to place the pin in relative compression and tension in the first and second bores for providing a compressive load on the surface of the first and second bores to frictionally secure the members together. The first and second members define a planar interface, further including an interengaging arrangement coupled to the first and second members adjacent to said interface for precluding translation displacement of the members transverse to said first and second axes in response to the compression load on the surface of the bores.
The first member has a planar interface surface at the first side, the second member having a planar interface surface at the third side for abutting the first member planar surface in a plane, the first member defining an edge, the second member having a leg extending therefrom, the leg for abutment with the edge to form said interengaging arrangement to preclude relative translation of the first and second members in at least one direction in the plane, the compression and tension creating compression forces in said members in the at least one direction. Each member is L-shaped with the leg of each member forming a recess with its planar interface surface, each member having a portion adjacent to its leg in the recess of the other member.
A spinal fusion implant according to a further aspect for fusing together two adjacent vertebra comprises a first member having first and second opposing sides and a first bore defining a central longitudinal first axis, the first bore being in communication with at least the first side. A second member has third and fourth opposing sides and a second bore in communication with at least the third side, the second bore defining a second central longitudinal axis, the first and second axes forming a first pair. An elongated first pin located in the first and second bores for securing the first member to the second member at the interface formed by the facing first and third respective sides, the pin having a first section defining a third central longitudinal axis and a second section defining a fourth central longitudinal axis, the third and fourth axes forming a second pair. One axis of at least one of the first and second pair of axes is offset relative to the other axis of the at least one pair of axes so as to place the pin in relative compression and tension in the first and second bores for providing a compressive load on the surface of the first and second bores to frictionally secure the members together; wherein the offset is formed by the at least one axis being non-parallel to said other axis.
In a further aspect, the one and other axes intersect.
A spinal fusion implant for fusing together two adjacent vertebra according to a still further aspect comprises a first member having first and second opposing sides and a first bore defining a central longitudinal first axis, the first bore being in communication with at least the first side. A second member has third and fourth opposing sides and a second bore in communication with at least the third side, the second bore defining a second central longitudinal axis, the first and second axes forming a first pair. An elongated first pin is located in the first and second bores for securing the first member to the second member at the interface formed by the facing first and third respective sides, the pin having a first section defining a third central longitudinal axis and a second section defining a fourth central longitudinal axis, the third and fourth axes forming a second pair. One axis of at least one of the first and second pair of axes is offset relative to the other axis of the at least one pair of axes so as to place the pin in relative compression and tension in the first and second bores for providing a compressive load on the surface of the first and second bores to frictionally secure the members together; wherein the first and second sections are curved forming said second pair of axes as a single continuous curved axis.
In a further aspect, the projection of the first and second elongated bores in a direction normal to said planes forms an X shaped image of said first and second elongated bores in a plane parallel to said parallel planes.
In a further aspect, there are two sets of said first and second bores and a second pin, the first pin engaged with the first set of bores and the second pin engaged with the second set of bores. Each set of bores are inclined at an angle not perpendicular to the plane of the interface of the members, the angle of one set of bores being oriented opposite to the orientation of the other set of bores.
In a still further aspect, the members each comprise sheet material, the sheet material having opposing surfaces defining said sides, the members forming a wedge having proximal and distal ends, the proximal end forming an anterior end and the distal end forming a posterior end, the implant having a longitudinal axis normal to the interface of said members and extending through said proximal and distal ends normal to the interface of said members, the elongated first pin extending along said longitudinal axis.
In a further aspect, a pair of first and second pins, a different pin being in each member bore for attaching the members to each other, the pins and bores being arranged to place the pins in both compression and tension, at least one of the bores having first and second sections each defining a first transverse dimension defining a corresponding pair of first and second respective central longitudinal axes. One axis of one of the pair of first and second axes being offset relative to the other axis of the pair of axes so as to form a first offset arrangement of a given orientation and to place the first pin in relative compression and tension in the at least one bore for providing a compressive load on the surface of the at least one bore to frictionally secure the members together.
A method of forming a bone implant according to an aspect of the present invention comprises assembling two cortical bone planks in parallel abutting relation, boring at least one first bore in one of the bone planks in a first direction, and boring at least one second bore in the other of the bone planks in a second direction generally opposite the first direction wherein the first and second bores are offset relative to each an amount such that a straight bone pin inserted in the bores is placed in compression and tension.
A method of forming an implant according to a further aspect comprises forming first and second cortical bone members with a bore in each member, contracting a cortical bone pin by dehydrating the pin, inserting the dehydrated pin in the bore of each member; and then expanding the inserted pin to create an interference fit between the pin and bone members in the bores.
A process for forming a bone implant according to a further aspect comprises forming a plurality of planks of cortical bone, the planks having a broad surface terminating at edges, the surface being defined by a length and a width, the planks each having a thickness, forming the broad surface of each of at least two of said planks for mating in abutting relation, surface demineralizing all surfaces of the at least two planks, clamping together the two at least planks with said mating broad surfaces abutting, washing the clamped at least two planks, forming at least one bore in the at least two clamped planks transversely the broad surfaces for receiving a locking pin therein, forming a locking pin and inserting the locking pin in said at least one bore in each of the at least two clamped planks, forming a plurality of ridges on first and second opposing sides of said clamped planks, surface demineralizing the formed ridges, freezing and/or drying under clamping pressure the resulting demineralized implant; and then unclamping the implant.
A process of making a spinal implant according to a further aspect comprises forming first and second hydrated cortical bone planks with aligned bores, surface demineralizing a bone pin and then dehydrating the pin, inserting the dehydrated pin into the aligned bores; and then swelling the demineralized pin surface to provide a friction fit between the pin and bores.
The intervertebral wedge shaped implant 10,
Surfaces 12 and 14 are preferably inclined to form a wedge shaped implant, sometimes referred as a ramp, but also may be rectangular of uniform thickness or curved as in a cylindrical dowel. Surfaces 12 and 14 of implant 10 converge at posterior end 16, to a height in the range of about 7 to 13 mm. The height increases toward the respective anterior end in the range of about 9 to 15 mm in one embodiment. Other shapes and configurations are described below herein in reference to others of the figures.
Surface 16 is planar and forms the posterior end and surface 18, which is formed rounded with two radii R,
Preferably the implant is formed from cadaveric human or animal bone an/or bone composites of sufficient strength comparable to cortical bone to support adjacent vertebra when fused thereto, and more preferably of a long human or animal bone and comprising primarily cortical bone, which is hard and exhibits relatively good strength.
The implant 10 comprises two sheets or planks 30 and 32 of cortical bone. The term sheets as used herein and in the claims is intended to include planks, wafers and other relatively thin sheet-like material and as used herein is interchangeable with such other terms. Sheet material of different thicknesses and according to the relative shape are referred to as planks herein in the interest of illustration of a relatively long sheet with a narrower transverse dimension as common with conventional material known as planks. Preferably, the sheets or planks forming the implant 10 are formed from a cortical ring cut from a long bone, such as the fibula, ulna, humerus, tibia or femur by cutting the bone transversely across the diaphysis or metaphisis of the bone as shown in
In
In the alternative, the planks may be formed as followed. In
A clamp bar 194 is screwed to body 184 by screws 164 to clamp the bone 158 to the clamp 180. The clamp 180 is secured by screw 181 to base 172. This clamp 170 forms a fixture that permits incremental cutting of the bone 158 into planks with 0.5 mm increments depending upon the hole combination of apertures 188 and 190 set by pin 192. The clamped bone 158 when attached to the base 172 permits the overhanging end 171 to be sliced by saw blade 196 of table 175. The bone may be adjusted in position by resetting the pin 192 in different apertures in the clamp. Employing this technique bone planks may be formed. This arrangement allows easy adjustment of the clamp 180 position relative to the saw blade 196. Large easily seen markings (not shown) on the clamp components and the large pin 192 permits ease of adjustment. The claim 170 is precisely positioned in the slide slot 176 which aligns the clamp 170 and clamp 180 via the slide rib 174 in the slot 176. Once the clamp screw 181 is tightened, the clamp 180 is positioned against the wall 183 of the base 180 forming recess 178. This prevents angular displacement of the clamp 180 and provides accurate alignment of the clamp 180 to the blade 196. The above techniques are given by way of example. Other known fabrication techniques may be used to accurately machine the implant body to the desired dimensions.
The planks 40 may be in a range of less than 1 mm to in excess of 20 mm thick. Preferably the planks 30 and 32,
In
Prior art approaches to securing multiple planks together relied on different diameters between locking pins and the bores in the planks in which the pins are inserted. This difference in diameters is employed to create an interference fit between a locking pin and the plank bores. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,200,347 and 6,025,538 disclose for example press or interference fit of pins into mating bores in the graft formed of multiple layers. The disadvantage of this approach is that when the implant is dried, the hole size relative to the pin may lead to splitting of the bone planks as shown in
In
Two bores 52 and 54,
The subset bores 60 and 62 are offset distance 64 and the subset bores 56 and 58 are also offset the same distance 64. Bore 60 has an axis 66 and bore 62 has an axis 68 with the axes offset from each other by distance 64. Similarly, the axes of subset bores 56 and 58 are offset from each other, but in an opposite direction as the direction of offset of the subset bores 60 and 62.
Thus bore 60 is displaced from bore 62 in direction 70 of the implant longitudinal axis 22 and bore 56 is axially displaced on axis 22 from bore 58 in direction 72 opposite to direction 70. Preferably the offset distance 64 is about 0.1 to 1 mm for a bore 52 or bore 54 diameter of 3-5 mm, the subset bores each being circular cylindrical. This offset range value may differ in accordance with a given implementation and the strength and fiber characteristics of the particular bone being used. Thus the offset distance 64 of each of the respective bores 56 and 60 in plate 30 is in a direction toward each other relative to the axes of the corresponding subset bores 58 and 62. This relative direction of the offset is important.
In
Guide holes 80 and 82 receive drill bit 88 of a drill for drilling the respective bores 56 and 58 and the guide holes serve to guide the bit 88 to form respective bores 60 and 62. The tool 74 may be used to form bores in the various implant embodiments described hereinafter with minor modifications to accept the different implant and bore configurations. This arrangement provides precision bore locations in the implant. The tapered tip of the drill bit chamfers the edge of the bores in the adjacent planks. This chamfering permits ease of passage of an offset pin from one bore to the other in the adjacent planks. After drilling the bores, the pins can be pressed into place without disturbing the clamped guides 76 and 78.
In
A pin 90 is forced into each bore 54 and 52. In
In
In
When the pin 90 is forced into the bore 52 or 54, it bends somewhat in response to the offset axes of the bore sections 60, 62 or 56, 58 of the two bores 52 and 54. The bend occurs generally at the interface between the two planks 30 and 32 at which the offset between the two bores is first reached by the pin upon insertion. In
The bending of the pin 90 creates both latent compression and tensile forces in the pin as known from general strength of materials principles relating to bent beams. If the pin 90 is assumed to be bent in the direction of the dashed lines 106 and 108 for purposes of discussion, then the region of the pin to the left of the axis 94 in the figure will be in compression as shown by arrows 110. The region to the right of the axis 94 will be in tension as shown by arrows 112. The compression and tension create latent compressive and tensile potential energy resilient forces in the pin and also place the pin in shear. These forces act in a direction to straighten the pin to its original configuration as shown in
In respect of pin fabrication, bones are anisotropic, i.e., strength varies according to direction due to the fibrous structure. To maximize pin strength, the fiber direction is in the axial length direction of the pin. In this way transverse shearing forces must break the fibers,
The larger the pin diameter, the greater its holding power. The surface area of a pin increases with its diameter, i.e., A=πd L where A is the surface area, d is the diameter and L is the length of the pin. Thus doubling the pin diameter also doubles the surface area. Since in the offset pin arrangements, the compression loads induced on the adjacent implant surfaces is utilized to create static friction forces, the greater the surface area the greater the friction load for a given force. Therefore, the pins should be as great a diameter as possible for a given implant configuration. This can be determined empirically for each implant design.
Hole saws are preferable for generating pins, Pins using such saws were fabricated with diameters as small as 1.5 mm. Hand held saws as well as machine operated saws may be used according to the saw design. Since bone is relatively elastic, extremely high precision in making the pins is not required. In such cases, once the pins are formed no other machining of the exterior outer surface is required other than cutting the pins to length. In contrast, metal pins require a much greater degree of accuracy to obtain a given fit in a bore. Centerless grinding may be used to increase pin diameter tolerances. Such a process is especially useful for fabricating tapered pins. Because of the elasticity of bone, obtaining a friction fit can be achieved without extremely tight tolerances.
Pin bores are formed by drills which are available in all desired sizes and will complement the various pin diameters formed by hole saws. Such bores may also be finished with reamers if desired. Pins made of bone are axially strong in compression. However, the pins are relatively weak in bending and in radial expansion. These deficiencies can be overcome by inserting the pins through tubes or holes that provide radial support to the pins so that the pins can not expand radially outwardly under insertion loads,
In general bone has spring back. This means the ID of a hole is slightly smaller than the corresponding drill size. The bone pins might fit easily into the drill guides but manifest a tight press fit in the bored holes. The bore size can be determined empirically by one of ordinary skill in this art according to various pin sizes being used, the texture and hardness of the pins and relative pin diameters and pin configurations. A drill guide may have a flared out top to allow easy bone pin insertion and a taper near the bottom to reduce the guide diameter to precisely the diameter of the hole in the implant.
Tapered pins which mate with tapered bores with shallow angles, e.g., less than about 10 degrees, are self locking. Forming a tapered bore is simple using a custom drill or reamer. A tapered pin is formed after the cylindrical pin is formed. Pins may be left unfinished after formation or may be sanded or ground to provide a smooth exterior to integrate the pin surface with the implant bore surface.
In
Normally, without other restraining structure, the forces in directions 114 and 116 would merely slide the planks 30 and 32 relative to each other in these directions until the pin 90 is straight. Thus, a restraint is necessary to oppose the thrust from the misaligned bores-pins. This is to keep the planks in place resisting the opposing thrust forces in these directions. This restraint can take the form of a number of different embodiments. The basic construction principle of misaligned bores is effective no matter the orientation of the pins, parallel or angled to each other. The advantage is that holding power can be satisfactory with little or no diametrical interference between the pin and hole which greatly reduces the chances of splitting the planks.
In the present embodiment of
The pin fibers have a fiber direction generally normal to axis 22 and present a maximum resistance to shearing of the pins by the shearing forces in directions 114 and 116. These shearing forces are created by the compression loads on the planks at the offset plane. By offsetting the bores receiving both pins 90, a maximum locking action of the two planks in a direction normal to axis 22 is provided. It should be understood that the two planks are by way of example and any number of pins may lock together any number of planks as described herein. However, both pins need not be bent or inserted in offset bores. Only one such pin need be bent and the other pin may be inserted in a straight through bore (not shown in this embodiment) and held in place by a typical interference fit and/or bonding, for example. The other pin may be held in place by such friction interference fit, an adhesive or other securing arrangements.
This other pin prevents the axial displacement of the planks along the implant longitudinal axis 22 (
In the alternative, friction fit of pins may be obtained by swelling of bone from hydration. This process requires the cutting of the pins and dehydrating them. The dehydration may use any process such as a vacuum, air drying and/or freeze drying, or any other desirable process. The dried pins are placed in normal (hydrated bone) bone, then the pinned implant is immersed in saline to hydrate and swell the pins. Thereafter, the pins will match the hydration state of the mating bone and the friction load should remain through freezing, freeze drying, rehydration and so on of the pinned implant. Rehydration of the pins can crack the surrounding bone if care is not taken. Therefore, relative dimensions of the pin and bores need be carefully matched. Once the pin is attached in this way, variations in the environment including temperature and humidity will affect the pins and implant uniformly so that both contract and expand in unison retaining the friction fit.
Another consideration in maximizing the strength of the implant 10 is to optimize the strength of the planks 30 and 32 in the presence of the compressive forces presented by the bent pins 90. In
Thus while two offset pins-mating bores are shown in
The implant 10 side walls 17 and 19 and top and bottom surfaces 12 and 14 are machined to form configurations such as the preferred taper, radii and saw teeth ridges of the implant 10, or left in their natural peripheral configuration (not shown). Other shapes as disclosed later herein may also be provided as desired. The angle of the wedge surfaces 12 and 14,
Surface demineralization reduces surface hardness and so can reduce precision needed in pin and hole machining. A problem is that the grain of the bone runs parallel to the axis of the pin and thus demineralized surface layers on the pin can be sheared off relatively easily,
When the pin is dried after surface demineralization, it will shrink significantly, and especially at the demineralized layer. The dry pin can be inserted as a loose press fit such that the demineralized layer is not damaged by the insertion. Upon rehydration, the demineralized layer will swell, providing a tight fit in the bone planks. Any other use of demineralized pins is not preferred. Thus inserting dry pins with a light press fit results in the demineralized layer not being sheared off during the insertion of the pins.
Instead of or in conjunction with such surface demineralization of the pins, the bores in the implant receiving the pins can also be surface demineralized. Demineralization generally weakens the bone fibers. When the fibers in the bores run perpendicular to the bores, there is less possibility of shearing of the demineralized surface in the bores than on the pins. Furthermore, by demineralizing the bores, the load bearing diameter of the pins will not be reduced as might occur when the pins are surface demineralized. Therefore, it is preferable to use surface demineralized bores with undemineralized pins. However, surface demineralized pins may be used with surface demineralized mating bores if desired.
The planks with surface demineralized bores preferably have the bores formed somewhat undersized with respect to the pins so that the surface demineralized layers will be compressed upon pin insertion. Drying the planks before pin insertion after the bores are formed is not preferred because this leads to shrinkage of the bore diameters. Thus, the pins may be inserted after their being dried to provide the desired fit, but may be inserted without such drying.
To surface demineralize the bores in the planks, the entire plank is surface demineralized after the plank bores are formed. The planks may be demineralized while assembled in the bore forming fixture such as illustrated in
The planks may also be secured by adhesives with or without pins, screws or other mechanical fastening arrangements including interlocking projections and recesses and so on. Bone may be treated to make it adhesive without the use of an additional adhesive substance. See the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,899,939. Such treatment can include preparing a demineralized collagen layer adhesive or recrystallizing the demineralized surfaces to form interlocking crystals. Adhesives as a separate substance can also be employed.
In collagen bonding, the surfaces to be bonded are demineralized. A combination of heat and pressure produces the desired bond of the abutting demineralized surfaces. The exact mechanism for such bonds is not understood, but such bonds appear to be relatively weak. It is believed that strength may be imparted to the bonded joint by adding an ingredient that improves collagen solubility such as a salt. Further, the effect on inductivity by increasing collagen solubility is not known. Also, the ability of such bonds to withstand immersion in body fluids is also not known. It is believed better to bond bone fiber ends with a collagen bond rather than the collagen fibers parallel to the surface being bonded.
In recrystallization bonding, bone surfaces are painted with acid which promotes strong bond formation at least while the bone is dry. Such a bond dissolves in the presence of saline. It is known to use calcium phosphate self setting cements. Such cements may be used for such recrystallization bonding. Such cements are stable in body fluids. In one example, a cement system employs hydroxylapatite and phosphoric acid. The bone contains hydroxylapatite as its mineral base, and painting the surfaces with phosphoric acid forms a stronger bond than when the surfaces are painted with hydrochloric acid, forming a calcium phosphate cement.
Recrystallization bonding may be used to strengthen the implant of multiple bone planks for insertion into the disc space, for example, when the implant planks are not rehydrated. This provides an advantage over collagen bonding in that there is little or no demineralized layer present at the bond once the recrystallization effect dissipates. Thus the implant will exhibit greater strength than one with an internal collagen bond layer.
Recrystallization can be carried out by soaking or painting the bone surfaces with any acid, phosphoric acid being preferred. The wet surfaces are then joined. Bonding is enhanced by pressing the surfaces together under pressure and then drying the implant under pressure. The bonding process can also be used to bond a pin to an implant in the implant bore.
Total demineralization of one or more pin segments may also be useful. These segments are flexible due to the demineralization and may stretch under tensile load. During insertion, the pins are pulled in place so the demineralized segment stretches and, in response, shrinks in diameter. After insertion, the tensile force is removed, the pin relaxes and the demineralized segment returns to its normal configuration increasing in diameter locking the pin in place in interference fit with the mating bore.
Acid for adhesion of bone elements whether pins to the planks or planks to each other can be applied after assembly and delivered to the contacting surfaces by capillary action. Therefore, the acid need not be applied prior to assembly to obtain an adhesive bond.
In a variation of the acid treatment process described above, the bone planks can be assembled into an implant, and the assembled implant is then subjected to an acid treatment as discussed. The acid diffuses between the contacting bone surfaces. This effects the required amount of dissolution especially if the clamping pressure is minimized while the diffusion is in process. This process may be used in conjunction with the disclosed processes in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,123,731 incorporated by reference herein.
If the implant with multiple planks is dried rather than stored frozen, warpage can be a problem. Normally implants made from bone do not warp or change dimensions when frozen. The warpage can cause cracks to appear between the bone planks. To resolve this problem, different approaches may be used individually or in combination. These approaches include minimizing the shrinkage, or constraining the implant so that warpage does not occur, or causing the planks to adhere so they cannot separate.
By removing most of the moisture by drying the implant at a temperature above freezing reduces shrinkage significantly, compared to freeze drying where the implant is frozen during most of the water removal process. After drying the implant at a temperature above freezing, remaining residual moisture may be removed by conventional freeze-drying, without introducing any additional shrinkage. In the alternative, glycerol may be introduced into the bone to reduce shrinkage prior to freezing and may also be used to assist in swelling the implant.
Physical restraint by clamping the implant during drying reduces the tendency to warp. Physical restraint is also beneficial in retaining the dimensions of the implant. For example, a threaded pilot hole for an insertion instrument can shrink during drying to the point where it is difficult or impossible for the inserter threads to engage the implant. A rigid screw placed in the hole before drying minimizes this problem.
The efficacy of the adhesion process can be enhanced if the bone assembly is clamped together and dried above freezing before a freeze drying step is carried out. The clamp can be retained or removed during a subsequent freeze dry cycle but retention is preferred.
To optimize support of spinal loads on the implant, it is preferred that the implant bone fibers run parallel to the spinal column. This is shown by the fibers 50,
The process for forming the implant such as implant 10 is as follows. The implant is formed from planks formed from a long bone as described in connection with
The two planks 30 and 32 are then pressed together by a clamp as illustrated in
The planks are transferred to a further clamp (not shown) so that the serration teeth may be formed. In
The bores 170,
The body is then dried under clamp pressure and removed from the clamp. This pressure is provided by the clamps. The ambient air pressure may be above or below atmospheric pressure and is independent of the clamping pressure. The pins 90 (
During surgery, anterior end 18 of the implant 10,
In
A straight pin, such as right circular cylindrical pin 90,
A straight pin similar to pin 90, but longer is inserted in each of the bores 210 and 212. These pins are each placed in tension and compression in response to their bending in a manner as described for pin 90 discussed above. The tension and compression loads of the pins transfer to the planks as axial compression load components in the direction of the implant longitudinal axis, frictionally holding the planks together. The bores 210 and 212 being in opposite orientation, restrain axial slippage of the planks in response to the pin compression loads which are exerted in opposing directions on the two planks. Thus the bending of the pin 90 as described in connection with
In
A straight right circular cylindrical pin 243,
In
When the pin 242 is inserted in a straight cylindrical bore, the sections 244 and 246 tend to bend in a direction normal to their axes creating compressive and tensile forces in the pin in similar fashion as the forces created in pin 90, FIG. 4 a. These compressive and tensile forces create compressive forces in the mating planks which are held together as a result of the static friction loads between the pin and planks created by the plank compressive forces.
In a further alternative, pin 250,
For example, in
In
Right circular cylindrical pins 270 and 270′ of cortical bone are fabricated to about the same dimensions, preferably as close in dimensions as possible, it being recognized that it is difficult to fabricate bone elements as identically as metal components. The pins 270 and 270′ are inserted into corresponding bores 266 and 268 which preferably are the same, but in practice may differ in dimensions due to the fact the bores are formed in bone. These pins are bent by the offset relation of the bore sections creating compressive and tensile loads in the pins which transfers into compressive loads on each of the planks. These loads hold the planks together.
In
In
Pin 271 of
In
Pin 285 of
In
In
Pin 296,
In use, the pin 296 is inserted in an implant bore that is straight and of a diameter that is the same as the diameter of the body of the pin from which the ribs 298 project. In this way, the ribs are either compressed by the implant in the implant bore or dig somewhat into the bone of the implant in the bore to provide compressive locking of the pin to the implant planks locking the planks together.
In
In
Pins with different cross sectional geometries can be used to relieve stresses as the bone planks shrink upon drying, which tends to minimize the development of cracks in the planks. Such pins with different cross sectional areas than the mating bore in the implant are as shown in
While pins have been described made of cortical bone, the pins may be made of other biocompatible materials such as polymers, metals and other known biocompatible materials. Further, the ends of the pins can be spread apart to also increase holding power. Punching the end of a pin is one way to achieve such spreading. Such swaging relationships for example are utilized in the metal fabrication art. In addition, wedges, or smaller pins (not shown) may be employed to spread the ends of the inserted pins apart. These further pins and wedges are made of the same or biocompatible material as the pins.
In the above embodiments, the pins and offset bores, where the term offset includes both offset axes and angular differences in sections of a bore receiving a pin, have closely matching diameters so that there is negligible interference fit between any of the pins and the corresponding bore diameter. Thus the holding power is provided with little or no diametrical interference between the pin and the mating bore. The tensile and compressive bending loads in the bent pin, due to either pin bent shapes as shown in
Holding power is increased by establishing an angle between the pins as shown in
In
Tool 400 is a tool steel die used to finish bone pins to a final diameter. In
In
Bores may be formed by broaches (not shown) which differ slightly in diameters or shaped cross sections. The final bore shape and dimensions are thus obtained by gradual incremental formation. Alignment devices may be used to align the pin being formed with the die bores. Such dies may comprise a series of stepped dies axially aligned to progressively form the pins or bores. The shapes of the bores and pins may also be gradually changed progressively, for example, from a rectangular cross section to circular, triangular or polygon for example, in small incremental steps. The dies are accurately formed to form the bores and pins to precise dimensions required for a given implementation.
For deep bore cuts, a tapered broach or a series of broaches, each slightly larger than the immediately preceding die can be used. In forming bores, first a hole is drilled of a diameter about the smallest dimension of the desired bore geometry. Then a shaped broach forms the final bore configuration.
In
The L-shaped member 326 is formed as shown in
The member 328 may be formed from a band saw from cortical rings or cortical strips and sanded to fit into the desired shape and dimensions to fit in the recess 336,
In the implant 324, two pins 414 are inserted into corresponding bores through the base portion 330 and the filler plank member 328. Both bores may be offset as shown in
In
-
- 1) C<D
Where in general D−C=about 0.2 mm for 3 mm diameter pins.
The net result is that the forces on the two pins oppose each other and lock the pins to the planks.
In the alternative, in
The net result is that the plank 446 is forced against the leg 458 of member 444. Bore 436,
This implant is strong during insertion and while supporting spinal loads. Employing a single L-shaped member with a flat plank filler member provides advantages in ease of assembly and yet provides a relatively strong implant during insertion. Assuming the wider end is the anterior end which is inserted into the disc space first, the insertion forces on the member 328 does not displace this member relative to member 326 since it abuts the member 326 leg. The two pins 414 resist axial displacement of the member 326 relative to member 328 during insertion due to insertion loads. Since only one member 326 might displace relative to the other member 328 except for the pins, the leg helps resist insertion shear loads on the pins to preclude failure during insertion. However, the selection of bone for the filler plank and the L-shaped member may be more critical in that the bones should be matched so that they react uniformly in response to changes in the environment. Bone separation due to such changes is not desirable.
In
Two pins 474 and 476 are placed in respective aligned bores in the members 466, 468 and 470. The pins 474 and 476 are normally right circular cylinders of cortical bone. The corresponding bores are offset as shown in
In
The legs 498 and 502 abut the base portions of the respective members 496 and 500 to preclude axial displacement of the members toward each other in directions 510. The pins 504 bend in a direction so that the leg 498 is forced against the member 500 and the member 496 is forced against the leg 502 in one of directions 510 to the right in the figure. During assembly, the base portions of the various embodiments employing an L-shaped member are pressed against each other without applying a force to the legs to provide even pressure between the base members during assembly.
In this embodiment, the anterior end 495 is inserted first into the disc space and the member 500 absorbs all of the insertion loads. There is no or negligible insertion load on the member 492. Therefore, there is little shear force on the pins at the junction between the members 496 and 500 as compared to the embodiment of
In the embodiments of
In
The implant 512 has two pins 530 and 532 which are in the vertical orientation relative to the vertebra when the implant is inserted. The pins are offset and the mating bores are straight cylindrical bores as in the embodiment of
Implant 534 of
In
In this embodiment, the planes of the planks are parallel to the vertebra and is strong in supporting compression loads exerted by the vertebra. It is expected that this implant is rotationally stable which increases with two members instead of three. It is easy to fabricate and with respect to the embodiment of
In
The pin is preferably press fit in this embodiment as there is no second pin provided to resist sideway slippage of the plank layers due to compressive forces of a bent pin. Also, the various layers are also preferably bonded to each other to enhance the joining of the layers. The pin in the alternative may have the different shapes as discussed above to assist in joining the planks. This orientation of the planks provides enhanced resistance to shearing forces during insertion of the implant in direction 582. In the alternative, two or more pins may be provided with one or more with offsets at each plate as described above. The fiber direction of the planks may be oriented normal to the insertion direction to provide increased resistance to insertion shearing forces.
The finished implant may have tapered upper and lower surfaces as well as tapered sides. In addition, a chamfered end may be provided the insertion end of the implant to facilitate insertion. In addition, surface features such as holes, threads, slots and so on can be provided for an insertion tool (not shown). This implant is strong in supporting insertion loads and during use for supporting spinal compression loads. It is easy to fabricate and if the segments separate after insertion, spinal support would be largely unaffected.
A band saw presently available with a table guide is capable of holding 0.0762 mm (0.003 inch) tolerances for fabricating such planks or in the alternative, a table saw can be used to cut planks from femoral rings. It is less desirable to cut strips from cortical strips or from long bone segments. Retaining pins preferably are friction fit attached as described herein.
In
With respect to fiber orientation in the planks of the implants of the different embodiments, it is preferred the orientation of the plank of
The implant 596 of
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
Plank 670 is identical to plank 672 and plank 671 is identical to plank 673 in respect of the pin bores and their spaced relations. Plank 70 has two pin bores 674 and 676 which for purpose of illustration are identical and are right circular cylinders lying on respective axes 678 and 680. Plank 672 also has a set of bores 674 and 676 on respective axes 678 and 680. Plank 671 is between planks 670 and 672 and has bores 682 and 684 on respective axes 682′ and 684′. Axes 682′ and 684′ are offset from respective axes 678 and 680 in opposing directions the same amount. In this embodiment, the axes 682′ and 684′ are closer together than axes 678 and 680 but in the alternative could be further apart. Similarly, plank 673 has a set of bores 682 and 684 on respective axes 682′ and 684′.
Planks 670-673 are mounted together in abutting relation and may be bonded by an adhesive as described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,899,939. The planks are mechanically joined by two identical pins such as pin 243,
The two pins are bent by the offset of the bores in the planks 670-673 is in opposing directions in any given corresponding plane parallel to the plane of the planks. The pins thus exhibit multiple compression and tensile loads normal to the plane of the planks. These compressive and tensile loads translate into compression load components in the plane of the planks in opposite directions, frictionally locking the planks to the pins. The pins are nominally the same diameter as the bores in the planks so that only compressive loads in one direction is imposed on each plank. This single compressive load direction minimizes the tendency of the planks to split along there fiber lengths as discussed in connection with
In
Two like spaced projections 700 and 702 extend from a side 704 of body 696. The projections 700 and 702 may be identical and extend from the side 704 the same distance 708 as the thickness 706′ of the projection 698 (and thickness 706′ and 706 of the respective bodies 696′ and 696). The body 696 has the thickness 706 throughout. The spacing 710 between the projections 700 and 702 is the same as the height dimension 712 of the projection 698.
The projections 700 and 702 straddle and receive therebetween the projection 698′,
In
In
In
In the assembly, the slots 736 and 736′ of the two pieces are interengaged. The slots 738 and 738′ of the two pieces are also interengaged at the same time. The resulting interlocked assembly is shown in
In respect of producing pins, the pins may be in interference fit or offset. The pins are preferably formed from under utilized bone scrap left over from plank manufacturing from larger bones using a hole or core saw. Each pinned implant blank is machined to a finished implant including interface features for insertion tools. Conventional milling techniques may be used to fabricate the various pieces of the different embodiments. Surface features such as saw teeth or projections and grooves are used to transmit loads and hold the pieces together as needed.
In
An implant insertion tool 748 includes a pair of mating spaced aligned tines 750, 752 on one side of the tool 748. Tines 750, 752 form a slot 754 therebetween. The slot 754 is dimensioned to receive the protruding pin portions of pins 744 and 746 in sliding close fit therewith.
The insertion tool 748 has a second pair of tines 756 and 758 which define a slot 760 on a side of the tool opposite the tines 750 and 752. Slot 760 receives the pin portions 744′, 746′ of pins 744 and 746 protruding from the opposite side of the implant 742. The tool 748 of
It will occur to one of ordinary skill that modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. The disclosed embodiments are given by way of illustration and not limitation. For example, while bone pins are preferred, pins of other known biocompatible materials may be used for the implant planks. Also, the planks and implants may be formed of non-bone biocompatible materials.
Claims (9)
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US10005238 US6855167B2 (en) | 2001-12-05 | 2001-12-05 | Spinal intervertebral implant, interconnections for such implant and processes for making |
US10964113 US7726002B2 (en) | 2001-12-05 | 2004-10-13 | Processes for making spinal intervertebral implant, interconnections for such implant |
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US10964113 US7726002B2 (en) | 2001-12-05 | 2004-10-13 | Processes for making spinal intervertebral implant, interconnections for such implant |
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US7726002B2 true US7726002B2 (en) | 2010-06-01 |
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US20050107880A1 (en) | 2005-05-19 | application |
EP1450736A2 (en) | 2004-09-01 | application |
US20030105528A1 (en) | 2003-06-05 | application |
WO2003047473A3 (en) | 2004-03-04 | application |
WO2003047473A2 (en) | 2003-06-12 | application |
US6855167B2 (en) | 2005-02-15 | grant |
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