US7282577B2 - Proteins having hemolytic activity and genes encoding the protein - Google Patents

Proteins having hemolytic activity and genes encoding the protein Download PDF

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US7282577B2
US7282577B2 US11/024,428 US2442804A US7282577B2 US 7282577 B2 US7282577 B2 US 7282577B2 US 2442804 A US2442804 A US 2442804A US 7282577 B2 US7282577 B2 US 7282577B2
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protein
amino acid
hemolytic
proteins
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US20050106676A1 (en
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Hiroshi Nagai
Kyoko Kuroda
Terumi Nakajima
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Suntory Holdings Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
    • C07K14/43595—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from coelenteratae, e.g. medusae
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/04—Antihaemorrhagics; Procoagulants; Haemostatic agents; Antifibrinolytic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel proteins having a hemolytic activity and genes encoding thereof. More specifically, the present invention relates to novel proteins having the hemolytic activity, a process for producing thereof, reagents, pesticides and medicines utilizing physiological activities thereof.
  • the sting injury by the jellyfish in sea bathing has occurred in various parts of the world.
  • the sting injury by Carybdea rastonii or Physalia physalis has also occurred frequently in Japan every year in the season of sea bathing of the summertime.
  • the degree of the symptom by sting differs by species of a jellyfish and the individual differences of patients.
  • the first symptom is dermotoses, such as pain, flare, papule, vesicle and so on in the sting site.
  • patients may die with generating of hemorrhagic maculae and the necrosis, and also constitutional symptom, such as headache, high fever, nausea, dyspnea, and the fluctuation of a pulse.
  • the determination and pharmacological properties of the toxic components of jellyfish have not been studied intensively. Therefore, the development of medicines for treatment of the sting by the jellyfish is hardly performed before the present invention.
  • the problems to be solved by the present invention is providing an approach to development of the drugs for treatment of the sting injury by the jellyfish by means of isolating the proteins or peptides having as potent hemolytic activity as possible, in the state where the physiologic activity is retained.
  • the present invention further provides the approach to study similarities on embryology or structure, and the species specificity of the protein having hemolytic activity to evaluate the structure-activity relationship thereof.
  • the inventors extensively performed the research for isolating the proteins having the hemolytic activity from the nematocyst of Carybdea alata using the hemolytic activity as the parameter, while retaining these hemolytic activities. As the result, they found out the process for isolating and purifying the proteins retaining hemolytic activities, and clarified the protein from Carybdea alata having the partial chemical structure consisting the following amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOS.: 1 and 2, and the molecular weight of about 50,000 Da (determined by SDS gel electrophoresis).
  • Another embodiment of the present invention also provides the process for preparing such proteins.
  • Another embodiment provides the gene encoding such proteins, the process for preparing the specific proteins using the gene, and the drugs or the pesticides using the same.
  • the present invention further provides the pharmaceutical compositions containing the proteins using these properties, particularly, the pharmaceutical compositions having the platelet agglutination effect etc., or the pesticides utilizing the cytotoxic properties of the proteins.
  • the isolation and purification of the proteins having the specific physiological activity provided by the present invention can specifically be performed as follows.
  • the ultrasonication of the nematocyst of Carybdea alata is carried out in phosphoric acid buffer solution, and then supernatants are collected by the centrifugal separation to obtain a crude extract.
  • the object proteins can be separated and purified by subjecting this crude extract to ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography using an ion exchange column such as TSK-GEL (Toso Co.), and the gel filtration high performance liquid chromatography with a gel filtrate column such as Superdex-75 (Pharmacia Co.).
  • the structure of the protein provided according to the present invention obtained in this way can be determined by combining the analysis procedure of the amino acid sequence by the selective degradation using the enzyme, and the analysis procedure of a gene sequence using the PCR method or the like.
  • the amino acid sequence can be determined by processing the protein separated and purified as mentioned above with a lysyl-endopeptidase, fractionating the fragment using a high performance liquid chromatography, and analyzing it using an amino acid sequencer or the like.
  • the gene sequence of the proteins can be determined by RT-PCR method or the like using the primers prepared on the basis of the amino acid sequence.
  • the full primary amino acid sequence of the proteins can be clarified by determining the amino acid sequence on the basis of the gene sequence.
  • the protein provided according to the present invention has the molecular weight of about 50,000 Da (measured by SDS gel electrophoresis), and the partial amino acid sequences have the above-mentioned amino acid SEQ ID NOS.: 1 and 2.
  • the method for preparing the specific protein of the present invention by separation and purification is characterized in retaining the hemolytic activity.
  • the separation and the purification in the state of retaining such hemolytic activity are attained by performing the processing such as ultrasonication using the above-mentioned phosphoric acid buffer solution or various high performance liquid chromatography in 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing above 0.1 M NaCl, preferably above 0.3 M, and more preferably above 0.5 M, at below 10° C., preferably below 5° C.
  • the present invention also provides the method for preparing the protein by extracting and purifying them from the nematocyst of the Carybdea alata in the state of retaining the physiological activity.
  • the specific protein of the present invention also can be prepared by the gene recombination method.
  • Preparation by the gene recombination method can be performed according to a conventional method. For example, it can be obtained by preparing the vector integrated with the gene represented by SEQ ID NO: 4, transforming a host cell by the vector, incubating or growing the host cell, and isolating and purifying the proteins having hemolytic activity of interest from the host cell or culture solution.
  • the above-mentioned column was equilibrated with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 0.3 M NaCl. After the equilibration, the supernatant fluids obtained by extraction in the operation of the above-mentioned 1) were combined and diluted with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) to 4 times. The solution was loaded onto the above-mentioned column at a flow rate of the 3 ml/min. The column was washed with 100 ml of 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solutions (pH 6.0) after the sample application.
  • the elution was carried out by the 60 minutes gradient in 0 to 0.7 M NaCl concentration (in 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution: pH 6.0). Hemolytic activity was showed in many fractions eluting between 45 and 65 minutes after start of the gradient. In addition, hemolytic activity was examined about the hemolytic effect to sheep hemocytes (see the after-mentioned example 2).
  • the above-mentioned column was well equilibrated with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 0.3 M NaCl.
  • the hemolytic active fractions obtained by purifying operation of the above-mentioned 2) were diluted with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) to 4 times.
  • the solution was loaded onto the above-mentioned column at the flow rate of 2 ml/min.
  • the column was washed with 30 ml of 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solutions (pH 6.0) after the sample application. After washing, the elution was performed by the 60 min gradient in 0 to 0.8 M NaCl concentration (in 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution: pH 6.0).
  • the column was well equilibrated with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 0.3 M NaCl.
  • the hemolytic active fractions obtained by purifying operation of above-mentioned 3) were diluted with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) to 4 times.
  • the solution was loaded onto the above-mentioned column at the flow rate of 2 ml/min.
  • the column was washed with 30 ml of 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solutions (pH 6.0) after the sample application. After washing, 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 0.8 M NaCl was then rinsed and the sample adhered into the column was allowed to elute. In about 5 minutes after exchange of the solvent, the portion of the hemolytic active component condensed and eluted at a stretch was collected.
  • Hemolytic activity was measured by hemolysis to a sheep erythrocyte. That is, every 200 ⁇ l of PBS(+) buffer solution containing 0.8% of sheep erythrocyte was put into the microwell plates of 96 wells (round bottom type). 10 ⁇ l of the solution dissolved the fraction obtained in each purification step of the above-mentioned Example 1 in 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) was added to the plate. It was allowed to stand at room temperature for 3 hours, and the hemolytic condition of the sheep erythrocyte of each plate was observed. In addition, the presence or absence of the retention of the hemolytic activity was determined by whether the fraction obtained in each purification step exhibits a perfect hemolysis.
  • Example 2 the Protein of the Present Invention Having the Hemolytic Activity Finally Obtained by Purification Operation of the Above-Mentioned 5) in Example 1 causesd the Perfect Hemolysis to the Sheep Erythrocyte in the Concentration Below 100 ng/ml (About 2 nM).
  • the single band visualized by applying the protein of the present invention having the hemolytic activity obtained by purification operation of 5) in Example 1 to SDS gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) according to the conventional method was compared with the protein molecular-weight marker (Pharmacia Co.). As the result, it was identified that the molecular weight of the protein of the present invention are about 50,000 Da.
  • the protein was decomposed by adding 3 pM of Achromobacter Protease I (derived from Achromobacter lyticus M497-1: Takara Shuzo Co.) to 10 ⁇ g of protein according to the present invention having the hemolytic activity obtained by purification operation of the above-mentioned 5) in Example 1, and incubating in 10 mM of Tris-HC1 buffer solution (pH 9.0) at 30° C. for 20 hours.
  • the protein digested with the enzyme was applied to the high performance liquid chromatography (column: Bakerbond wide pore ODS), and separated with the 60 min gradient in 10 to 62% of acetonitrile concentration (in water containing 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid) at the flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. Consequently, two peptide fragments eluting respectively at a retention time 25 and 49 minutes were obtained.
  • the amino acid sequence of three peptide fragments obtained as mentioned above was determined according to the conventional method using Shimadzu PSQ-1 protein sequencer (Shimadzu Co.).
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 Amino acid sequence: Tyr-Arg-Asp-Gln-Glu-Leu-Glu-Asp-Asn-Val-Lys (SEQ ID NO. 2) Amino acid sequence: Lys-Trp-Pro-Asp-Tyr-Phe-Val-Tyr-Met-Glu-Ser-Ser- Ala-His-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Arg (wherein, an amino acid residue is written by the 3 letters notation defined by IUPAC and IUB).
  • the tentacle (about 0.5 g in wet weights) of Carybdea alata was crushed in the liquid nitrogen, and homogenized in 5 ml TRIzol (registered trademark) reagent (GIBCO BRL Co.). To this mixture was added 1 ml of chloroform, and the mixture was agitated, and centrifuged with the cooling centrifuge (Sakuma Co.) at 13,000 rpm, for 15 minutes, at 4° C. The upper aqueous layer was fractionated, and to this solution was added 2.5 ml of isopropanol, then, the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes.
  • TRIzol registered trademark
  • the supernatant fluid was removed after the centrifugal separation (13,000 rpm, for 10 minutes, at 4° C.) using the cooling centrifuge, and then 5 ml of 75% ethanol was added the residue.
  • the supernatant fluid was removed after the centrifuge (10,000 rpm, for 5 minutes, at 4° C.) to obtain the residue, then, the air-drying of the residue was performed for about 10 minutes.
  • 100 ⁇ l of RNase-free water was added to the resulting residue, and the mixture was incubated for 10 minutes at 60° C. to lyse RNA. About 0.5 mg of total RNA was obtained according to the above-mentioned method.
  • single-strand cDNA was synthesized using SUPERSCRIPT (registered trademark) Preamplification System for First Strand cDNA Synthesis. That is, 1 ⁇ g of total RNA , oligo(dT) 12-18 , and DEPC-treated water were mixed, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 10 minutes at 70° C. Then, PCR buffer, 25 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM dNTP mix, and 0.1 M DTT were added to this mixture, and the resulting mixture was pre-incubated for 5 minutes at 42° C. Superscript II RT (SEQ ID NO: 7)(200 units/ ⁇ l) was added to this mixture, and the mixture was incubated for 50 minutes at 42° C. and for 15 minutes at 70° C. The RNase H was added to the mixture, and then, the resulting mixture was incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. to obtain 1st-strand cDNA.
  • SUPERSCRIPT registered trademark
  • PCR was performed using GeneAmp PCR System 2400 thermal cycler (Perkin-Elmer Co.). That is, 1st-strand cDNA, PCR buffer, dNTP mix, F-primer, R-primer, TaKaRa Ex Taq (registered trademark, Takara Shuzo Co.), and water were mixed.
  • the reaction was performed by heating the mixture at 94° C. for 5 minutes, then repeating 3 cycles of 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 45° C. and 2 minutes at 72° C., and further 27 cycles of 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C. and 2 minutes at 72° C.
  • the reactant was then treated for 5 minutes at 72° C.
  • the obtained reaction solution was electrophoresed on 0.8% agarose gel to confirm the amplified PCR product in the combination of F-primer and R-primer.
  • the size of the PCR product was about 900 bp.
  • the PCR product was inserted into TA cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen Co.), and the recombinant was transformed to the Escherichia coli JM109.
  • the transformant was cultured on LB (containing 50 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l of ampicillin) agar medium. According to the following conditions, colony PCR was performed to the colonies obtained as a template using the M13 universal primer.
  • the strain of Escherichia coli , PCR buffer, dNTP mix, M13 FW primer, M13 RV primer, TaKaRa Ex Taq (registered trademark, Takara Shuzo Co.), and water were mixed. The reaction was performed by heating the mixture at 90° C.
  • the obtained sequence was analyzed using gene analysis soft ware GENETYX-MAC (Software Development Co.). As the result, the partial cDNA sequence of about 900 bp was analyzed.
  • 5′ RACE and 3′ RACE were performed using 5′/3′ RACE Kit (Boehringer Mannheim Co.).
  • RNA, cDNA synthesis buffer, dNTP mix, 5′-RACE-1R, AMV reverse transcriptase, and DEPC-treated water were mixed, and the mixture was incubated for 60 minutes at 55° C. and for 10 minutes at 65° C. to obtain 1st-strand cDNA.
  • 1st-strand cDNA thus obtained was purified on the spin column, then, reaction buffer and 2 mM dATP were added to the 1st-strand cDNA, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 3 minutes at 94° C. Terminal transferase (10 units/ ⁇ l) was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. After the incubation, 1st-strand cDNA, PCR buffer, dNTP mix, 5′-RACE-2R, oligo(dT)-anchor primer, and water were added to the above mixture. The reaction was performed by heating the mixture at 94° C. for 5 minutes, then repeating 30 cycles of 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C.
  • the nested-PCR was performed to the 1st-PCR product as a template using the combination of 5′-RACE-3R and PCR anchor primer under the same condition as 1st-PCR.
  • the 1st-PCR product and the nested-PCR product were electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gel to confirm the band of about 600 bp.
  • This nested-PCR product was inserted into TA cloning vector, and the sequencing was performed according to the determination of the base sequence of cDNA described in the above-mentioned 4-3), then the sequence was analyzed.
  • RNA, cDNA synthesis buffer, dNTP mix, oligo(dT)-anchor primer, AMV reverse transcriptase, and DEPC-treated water were mixed, and the mixture was incubated for 60 minutes at 55° C. Subsequently, the reactant was treated for 10 minutes at 65° C. to obtain 1st-strand cDNA.
  • 1st-PCR thus obtained was performed under the following condition. 1st-strand cDNA, PCR buffer, dNTP mix, 3′-RACE-1F, PCR anchor primer, TaKaRa Ex Taq (registered trademark, Takara Shuzo Co.), and water were mixed. The reaction was performed by heating the mixture at 94° C. for 5 minutes, then repeating 30 cycles of 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C. and 2 minutes at 72° C., and further heating at 72° C. for 5 minutes. The nested-PCR was performed to the 1st-PCR product as a template using the combination of 3′-RACE-2F and PCR anchor primer under the same condition as 1st-PCR.
  • the 1st-PCR product and the nested-PCR product were electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gel to confirm the band of about 600 bp.
  • the nested-PCR product was inserted into TA cloning vector, the sequencing was performed according to the determination of the base sequence of cDNA described in the above-mentioned 4-3), and the sequence was analyzed.
  • the size (2000 bp) and the sequence of cDNA encoding the novel hemolytic active protein of Carybdea alata , and the number (463aa) and the sequence of amino acid of the protein became clear. That is, the hemolytic active protein of Carybdea alata has the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, and the gene encoding thereof has the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • novel protein of the present invention obtained as mentioned above is the specific protein having the following physiological activity, and physical and chemical property, as indicated by the example:
  • the protein having the hemolytic activity derived from the nematocyst of Carybdea alata provided according to the present invention is a novel protein which is not similar to known protein, as a result of the homology search on the partial amino acid sequence and the full primary amino acid sequences, it is useful as a biochemical reagent for example, elucidating the mechanism of a hemolysis etc.
  • drugs such as the medicine for treating the sting by the jellyfish, on the basis of study of correlation of the structural activity in a molecular level, and the antibody on the protein or the partial peptide, etc.
  • drugs having a platelet agglutination effect etc., and pesticides using a hemolytic activity.

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Abstract

Hemolytic proteins offer new approaches to drug development. The hemolytic proteins are obtained from a nematocyst of Carybdea alata. Alternatively, the proteins may be recovered from cultured cells transfected with the sequence encoding the hemolytic protein of Carybdea alata.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a division of patent application Ser. No. 09/979,275, filed Nov. 21, 2001, now U.S.Pat. No. 6,855,803 B2 issued Feb. 15, 2005, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to novel proteins having a hemolytic activity and genes encoding thereof. More specifically, the present invention relates to novel proteins having the hemolytic activity, a process for producing thereof, reagents, pesticides and medicines utilizing physiological activities thereof.
BACKGROUND ART
The sting injury by the jellyfish in sea bathing has occurred in various parts of the world. The sting injury by Carybdea rastonii or Physalia physalis has also occurred frequently in Japan every year in the season of sea bathing of the summertime. The degree of the symptom by sting differs by species of a jellyfish and the individual differences of patients. The first symptom is dermotoses, such as pain, flare, papule, vesicle and so on in the sting site. In a serious illness, patients may die with generating of hemorrhagic maculae and the necrosis, and also constitutional symptom, such as headache, high fever, nausea, dyspnea, and the fluctuation of a pulse. Although such sting injury is occurring frequently, the determination and pharmacological properties of the toxic components of jellyfish have not been studied intensively. Therefore, the development of medicines for treatment of the sting by the jellyfish is hardly performed before the present invention.
For example, the serious sting injury by Carybdea alata in Hawaii or other places has been reported (R. H. Tamanaha et al., J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1996, 35, 991-993); however, the determination and pharmacological properties of the toxic components of this jellyfish have not been studied. On the contrary, the studies on the toxic components of Carybdea rastonii, which is family relation to Carybdea alata, have been well studied, and chemical and physiological properties of the toxic component of Carybdea rastonii have been clarified (Akihiko Sato, “Research on the toxic component of Carybdea rastonii”, The Journal of the Ochanomizu Medico-dental Society, vol. 33, No. 2, 131-151, June 1985; International Laid-open Patent Publication No. WO99/50294).
On the one hand, since the known poisons from the nematocyst of a jellyfish were non-dialyzable high polymer and deactivated by treatment with acid or alkali, or by heating processing, organic solvent processing, protease processing, etc., it was thought that the main components of poison were proteins.
Moreover, the purification of the protein toxin derived from a jellyfish has also been tried; however, the isolation and the purification of the active components maintaining the hemolytic activity were not performed since the toxin of a jellyfish itself was very easy to be deactivated. Therefore, the physical and chemical properties of the toxin from jellyfish have never been clarified up to now. However, the method for isolation and purification of the unstable toxic components of jellyfish in good yields has been reported recently in the International Laid-open Patent Publication No. WO99/50294.
The detailed studies on the toxic component of a jellyfish is very important for the development of drugs applying their various physiological activities, in particular, specific hemolytic activity and the cytotoxic effect, and for the development of medicines for treatment of the sting injury by the jellyfish.
Therefore, the problems to be solved by the present invention is providing an approach to development of the drugs for treatment of the sting injury by the jellyfish by means of isolating the proteins or peptides having as potent hemolytic activity as possible, in the state where the physiologic activity is retained. The present invention further provides the approach to study similarities on embryology or structure, and the species specificity of the protein having hemolytic activity to evaluate the structure-activity relationship thereof.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The inventors extensively performed the research for isolating the proteins having the hemolytic activity from the nematocyst of Carybdea alata using the hemolytic activity as the parameter, while retaining these hemolytic activities. As the result, they found out the process for isolating and purifying the proteins retaining hemolytic activities, and clarified the protein from Carybdea alata having the partial chemical structure consisting the following amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOS.: 1 and 2, and the molecular weight of about 50,000 Da (determined by SDS gel electrophoresis).
(SEQ ID NO: 1)
Amino acid sequence
Tyr-Arg-Asp-Gln-Glu-Leu-Glu-Asp-Asn-Val-Lys
(SEQ ID NO: 2)
Amino acid sequence
Lys-Trp-Pro-Asp-Tyr-Phe-Val-Tyr-Met-Glu-Ser-Ser-
Ala-His-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Arg

(wherein, an amino acid residue is written by the 3 letters notation defined by IUPAC and IUB)
Furthermore, they prepared the primers based on their partial chemical structures of the protein, and analyzed the gene sequence of about 900 base pair of said protein by conducting the RT-PCR to total RNA prepared from the tentacle of Carybdea alata by using these primers. Consequently, they further determined the full primary amino acid sequence of the hemolytic active protein of Carybdea alata by means of analyzing the gene sequence in 5′-end and 3′-end using the 5′ RACE method and 3′ RACE method.
Therefore, one embodiment of the present invention provides the specific protein having the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, or the amino acid sequence modified by the addition and deletion of one or more amino acid, and/or the substitution by other amino acid to said amino acid sequence, with the above-mentioned physiological, physical and chemical properties.
Another embodiment of the present invention also provides the process for preparing such proteins.
Furthermore, another embodiment provides the gene encoding such proteins, the process for preparing the specific proteins using the gene, and the drugs or the pesticides using the same.
The present invention further provides the pharmaceutical compositions containing the proteins using these properties, particularly, the pharmaceutical compositions having the platelet agglutination effect etc., or the pesticides utilizing the cytotoxic properties of the proteins.
Moreover, since a specific antibody can also be obtained from this hemolytic active protein according to a conventional method (Cell Technology, separate volume, “Experimental protocol of antipeptide antibody”, Shujunsha Co.), the present invention also provides the pharmaceutical compositions containing said antibody.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The isolation and purification of the proteins having the specific physiological activity provided by the present invention can specifically be performed as follows. For example, the ultrasonication of the nematocyst of Carybdea alata is carried out in phosphoric acid buffer solution, and then supernatants are collected by the centrifugal separation to obtain a crude extract. The object proteins can be separated and purified by subjecting this crude extract to ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography using an ion exchange column such as TSK-GEL (Toso Co.), and the gel filtration high performance liquid chromatography with a gel filtrate column such as Superdex-75 (Pharmacia Co.).
The structure of the protein provided according to the present invention obtained in this way can be determined by combining the analysis procedure of the amino acid sequence by the selective degradation using the enzyme, and the analysis procedure of a gene sequence using the PCR method or the like. For example, the amino acid sequence can be determined by processing the protein separated and purified as mentioned above with a lysyl-endopeptidase, fractionating the fragment using a high performance liquid chromatography, and analyzing it using an amino acid sequencer or the like. Next, the gene sequence of the proteins can be determined by RT-PCR method or the like using the primers prepared on the basis of the amino acid sequence. Finally, the full primary amino acid sequence of the proteins can be clarified by determining the amino acid sequence on the basis of the gene sequence.
It was confirmed by such analysis that the protein provided according to the present invention has the molecular weight of about 50,000 Da (measured by SDS gel electrophoresis), and the partial amino acid sequences have the above-mentioned amino acid SEQ ID NOS.: 1 and 2.
As a result of a homology search on the partial amino acid sequences, except for exhibiting about 40% of homology between the protein of the present invention and the hemolytic active proteins from Carybdea rastonii, which is family relation to Carybdea alata, the homology between the protein of the present invention and the known other proteins was very low. Therefore, it was suggested that the protein of the present invention having the hemolytic activity is completely novel protein, which is not similar to the known proteins.
Next, the determination of the gene sequence of about 1,000 base pairs by performing RT-PCR to total RNA prepared from the tentacle of Carybdea alata using the primers prepared on the basis of the partial amino acid sequence, and the determination of the gene sequences of the 5′-end and the 3′-end using the 5′ RACE method and 3′ RACE method were performed. Consequently, it is concluded that the hemolytic active protein of Carybdea alata has the full primary amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, and the gene encoding thereof has the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4.
The method for preparing the specific protein of the present invention by separation and purification is characterized in retaining the hemolytic activity. For example, the separation and the purification in the state of retaining such hemolytic activity are attained by performing the processing such as ultrasonication using the above-mentioned phosphoric acid buffer solution or various high performance liquid chromatography in 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing above 0.1 M NaCl, preferably above 0.3 M, and more preferably above 0.5 M, at below 10° C., preferably below 5° C.
Therefore, the present invention also provides the method for preparing the protein by extracting and purifying them from the nematocyst of the Carybdea alata in the state of retaining the physiological activity.
The specific protein of the present invention also can be prepared by the gene recombination method. Preparation by the gene recombination method can be performed according to a conventional method. For example, it can be obtained by preparing the vector integrated with the gene represented by SEQ ID NO: 4, transforming a host cell by the vector, incubating or growing the host cell, and isolating and purifying the proteins having hemolytic activity of interest from the host cell or culture solution.
Since the protein provided according to the present invention has hemolytic activity, for example, it may be used for the medicaments having the cytolysis effect and for the reagents for research on a hemolysis. Furthermore, it provides the new approach for the development of drugs, such as a drug for treating the sting by the jellyfish, and development of pesticides, such as an insecticide, using the hemolytic or cytotoxic activity.
EXAMPLES
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples; however, the present invention is not limited to the examples.
Example 1
1) Extraction of the Nematocyst of Carybdea alata
200 mg of the nematocyst of the Carybdea alata obtained on the Waikiki Beach, Hawaii and cryopreservated at −80° C. was immersed in 8 ml of 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0), and treated for 15 minutes by the ultrasonic wave (ultrasonic cleaner VS150, Iuchi Co.). The supernatant fluids were collected by centrifugal separation (3,000 rpm, for 20 minutes). This operation was performed 3 times in total. Furthermore, the same extraction operation was repeated 3 times with 8 ml of 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solutions (pH 6.0) containing 1 M NaCl, and then all the supernatant fluids were collected. After the extraction operation, ion exchange HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) of the following purification step was immediately performed.
2) The Purification by Ion Exchange HPLC (Column: TSK-GEL CM650S, Column Size: 20×220 mm, Toso Co.)
The above-mentioned column was equilibrated with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 0.3 M NaCl. After the equilibration, the supernatant fluids obtained by extraction in the operation of the above-mentioned 1) were combined and diluted with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) to 4 times. The solution was loaded onto the above-mentioned column at a flow rate of the 3 ml/min. The column was washed with 100 ml of 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solutions (pH 6.0) after the sample application. The elution was carried out by the 60 minutes gradient in 0 to 0.7 M NaCl concentration (in 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution: pH 6.0). Hemolytic activity was showed in many fractions eluting between 45 and 65 minutes after start of the gradient. In addition, hemolytic activity was examined about the hemolytic effect to sheep hemocytes (see the after-mentioned example 2).
3) The Purification by Ion Exchange HPLC (Column: TSK-GEL CM5PW, Column Size: 7.5×75 mm, Toso Co.)
The above-mentioned column was well equilibrated with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 0.3 M NaCl. The hemolytic active fractions obtained by purifying operation of the above-mentioned 2) were diluted with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) to 4 times. The solution was loaded onto the above-mentioned column at the flow rate of 2 ml/min. The column was washed with 30 ml of 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solutions (pH 6.0) after the sample application. After washing, the elution was performed by the 60 min gradient in 0 to 0.8 M NaCl concentration (in 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution: pH 6.0). Fractions having hemolytic activity were eluted between 25 and 35 minutes after start of the gradient, and each fraction was applied to SDS-PAGE. The separating condition of the active component was verified, and the portions separated well were collected and used in the next step. On the contrary, the portions not separated were further purified by chromatography to complete the separation of the active component.
4) Concentration of the Hemolytic Active Component by Ion Exchange HPLC (Column: TSK-GEL CM5PW, Column Size: 7.5×75 mm, Toso Co.)
The column was well equilibrated with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 0.3 M NaCl. The hemolytic active fractions obtained by purifying operation of above-mentioned 3) were diluted with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) to 4 times. The solution was loaded onto the above-mentioned column at the flow rate of 2 ml/min. The column was washed with 30 ml of 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solutions (pH 6.0) after the sample application. After washing, 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 0.8 M NaCl was then rinsed and the sample adhered into the column was allowed to elute. In about 5 minutes after exchange of the solvent, the portion of the hemolytic active component condensed and eluted at a stretch was collected.
5) The Purification by Gel Filtration HPLC (Column: Superdex-75, Column Size: 16 ×600 mm, Pharmacia Co.)
Every 0.5-1.0 ml of the sample condensed by ion exchange HPLC of above 4) was applied to the above-mentioned column equilibrated with 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) containing 0.8 M NaCl, and allowed to elute at the flow rate of 1 ml/min. Potent hemolytic activity was found out in the fraction eluting between 50 and 60 minutes after injection of the sample. After confirming the separating condition by SDS PAGE, the protein of the present invention, a hemolytic toxin, was separated by collecting the active fractions (about 10 μg).
Example 2 Measurement of the Hemolytic Activity
Measurement of the hemolytic activity in each purification step in the above-mentioned Example 1 and measurement of the hemolytic activity of the protein of the present invention finally obtained were performed as follows.
1) Method
Hemolytic activity was measured by hemolysis to a sheep erythrocyte. That is, every 200 μl of PBS(+) buffer solution containing 0.8% of sheep erythrocyte was put into the microwell plates of 96 wells (round bottom type). 10 μl of the solution dissolved the fraction obtained in each purification step of the above-mentioned Example 1 in 10 mM phosphoric acid buffer solution (pH 6.0) was added to the plate. It was allowed to stand at room temperature for 3 hours, and the hemolytic condition of the sheep erythrocyte of each plate was observed. In addition, the presence or absence of the retention of the hemolytic activity was determined by whether the fraction obtained in each purification step exhibits a perfect hemolysis.
2) Results
2-1) The Fraction Obtained in Each Purification Step of the Above-Mentioned Example 1 Exhibited the Perfect Hemolysis to the Sheep Erythrocyte, and therefore, it became Clear that it Retains the Hemolytic Activity.
2-2) Moreover, the Protein of the Present Invention Having the Hemolytic Activity Finally Obtained by Purification Operation of the Above-Mentioned 5) in Example 1 Caused the Perfect Hemolysis to the Sheep Erythrocyte in the Concentration Below 100 ng/ml (About 2 nM).
Example 3 Determination of the Molecular Weight and the Partial Structure on the Proteins
3-1) Determination of the Molecular Weight
The single band visualized by applying the protein of the present invention having the hemolytic activity obtained by purification operation of 5) in Example 1 to SDS gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) according to the conventional method was compared with the protein molecular-weight marker (Pharmacia Co.). As the result, it was identified that the molecular weight of the protein of the present invention are about 50,000 Da.
3-2) Decomposition with the Lysylendopeptidase
The protein was decomposed by adding 3 pM of Achromobacter Protease I (derived from Achromobacter lyticus M497-1: Takara Shuzo Co.) to 10 μg of protein according to the present invention having the hemolytic activity obtained by purification operation of the above-mentioned 5) in Example 1, and incubating in 10 mM of Tris-HC1 buffer solution (pH 9.0) at 30° C. for 20 hours. The protein digested with the enzyme was applied to the high performance liquid chromatography (column: Bakerbond wide pore ODS), and separated with the 60 min gradient in 10 to 62% of acetonitrile concentration (in water containing 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid) at the flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. Consequently, two peptide fragments eluting respectively at a retention time 25 and 49 minutes were obtained.
3-3) Determination of the Amino Acid Sequence of Each Fragments by the Amino Acid Sequencer
The amino acid sequence of three peptide fragments obtained as mentioned above was determined according to the conventional method using Shimadzu PSQ-1 protein sequencer (Shimadzu Co.).
As the result, two fragments have the following amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOS.: 1 and 2, respectively:
SEQ ID NO: 1
Amino acid sequence:
Tyr-Arg-Asp-Gln-Glu-Leu-Glu-Asp-Asn-Val-Lys
(SEQ ID NO. 2)
Amino acid sequence:
Lys-Trp-Pro-Asp-Tyr-Phe-Val-Tyr-Met-Glu-Ser-Ser-
Ala-His-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Arg

(wherein, an amino acid residue is written by the 3 letters notation defined by IUPAC and IUB).
The homology search about each fragment with which the amino acid sequence was determined as mentioned above exhibited that the homology between these fragments and the known proteins was very low, except for exhibiting about 40% homology with hemolytic active proteins from Carybdea rastonii. Therefore, it was suggested that the specific protein of the present invention fractionated from the nematocyst of Carybdea alata while retaining the hemolytic activity is completely novel protein.
Example 4 Determination of the Full Amino Acid Sequence of the Protein and the Gene Encoding the Amino Acids
4-1) Preparation of Total RNA of Carybdea alata
The tentacle (about 0.5 g in wet weights) of Carybdea alata was crushed in the liquid nitrogen, and homogenized in 5 ml TRIzol (registered trademark) reagent (GIBCO BRL Co.). To this mixture was added 1 ml of chloroform, and the mixture was agitated, and centrifuged with the cooling centrifuge (Sakuma Co.) at 13,000 rpm, for 15 minutes, at 4° C. The upper aqueous layer was fractionated, and to this solution was added 2.5 ml of isopropanol, then, the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes. The supernatant fluid was removed after the centrifugal separation (13,000 rpm, for 10 minutes, at 4° C.) using the cooling centrifuge, and then 5 ml of 75% ethanol was added the residue. The supernatant fluid was removed after the centrifuge (10,000 rpm, for 5 minutes, at 4° C.) to obtain the residue, then, the air-drying of the residue was performed for about 10 minutes. 100 μl of RNase-free water was added to the resulting residue, and the mixture was incubated for 10 minutes at 60° C. to lyse RNA. About 0.5 mg of total RNA was obtained according to the above-mentioned method.
4-2) Cloning of a Partial cDNA
On the basis of amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2), the following degenerate primers were designed and synthesized by the conventional method:
(SEQ ID NO. 5)
F-primer; GAY CAR GAR YTI GAR GAY AA
(SEQ ID NO: 6
R-primer; ATR TAI CCR TGI GCI SWI SWY TCC

(wherein, the above-mentioned alphabetic character was written based on the “Nucleotide Abbreviation List” (Cell Technology, separate volume, “Biotechnology Experiment Illustrated”: Shujunsha Co.).
Next, according to the following procedure, single-strand cDNA was synthesized using SUPERSCRIPT (registered trademark) Preamplification System for First Strand cDNA Synthesis. That is, 1 μg of total RNA , oligo(dT)12-18, and DEPC-treated water were mixed, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 10 minutes at 70° C. Then, PCR buffer, 25 mM MgCl2, 10 mM dNTP mix, and 0.1 M DTT were added to this mixture, and the resulting mixture was pre-incubated for 5 minutes at 42° C. Superscript II RT (SEQ ID NO: 7)(200 units/μl) was added to this mixture, and the mixture was incubated for 50 minutes at 42° C. and for 15 minutes at 70° C. The RNase H was added to the mixture, and then, the resulting mixture was incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. to obtain 1st-strand cDNA.
Subsequently, according to the following conditions, PCR was performed using GeneAmp PCR System 2400 thermal cycler (Perkin-Elmer Co.). That is, 1st-strand cDNA, PCR buffer, dNTP mix, F-primer, R-primer, TaKaRa Ex Taq (registered trademark, Takara Shuzo Co.), and water were mixed. The reaction was performed by heating the mixture at 94° C. for 5 minutes, then repeating 3 cycles of 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 45° C. and 2 minutes at 72° C., and further 27 cycles of 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C. and 2 minutes at 72° C. The reactant was then treated for 5 minutes at 72° C.
The obtained reaction solution was electrophoresed on 0.8% agarose gel to confirm the amplified PCR product in the combination of F-primer and R-primer. The size of the PCR product was about 900 bp.
4-3) Sequencing of the Partial cDNA
The PCR product was inserted into TA cloning vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen Co.), and the recombinant was transformed to the Escherichia coli JM109. The transformant was cultured on LB (containing 50 μg/μl of ampicillin) agar medium. According to the following conditions, colony PCR was performed to the colonies obtained as a template using the M13 universal primer. The strain of Escherichia coli, PCR buffer, dNTP mix, M13 FW primer, M13 RV primer, TaKaRa Ex Taq (registered trademark, Takara Shuzo Co.), and water were mixed. The reaction was performed by heating the mixture at 90° C. for 10 minutes, then repeating 30 cycles of 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C. and 2 minutes at 72° C., and further heating at 72° C. for 5 minutes. The reaction solution was electrophoresed on 0.8% agarose gel and the target colony PCR product was purified on the spin column of MicroSpin (registered trademark) S-400 (Amersham Pharmacia Co.). Then, the sequencing of the obtained product was conducted by using ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems Co.).
The obtained sequence was analyzed using gene analysis soft ware GENETYX-MAC (Software Development Co.). As the result, the partial cDNA sequence of about 900 bp was analyzed.
4-4) Sequencing of the Full-Length cDNA
Following primers were synthesized based on the base sequence of the partial cDNA:
5′-RACE-1R;
ACA GCA TCT CTG ACC GAA TC (SEQ ID NO: 8)
5′-RACE-2R;
AAT GGA CCT CGG TCA GAT TC (SEQ ID NO: 9)
5′-RACE-3R;
CAC TGT TGA CGA AGG TGA TG (SEQ ID NO: 10)
3′-RACE-1F;
GGA ACA GCT GAT GAA GAT CC (SEQ ID NO: 11)
3′-RACE-2F;
GGT GAG CAA GGT TAC TTC AC (SEQ ID NO: 12)
Next, according to the following procedure, 5′ RACE and 3′ RACE were performed using 5′/3′ RACE Kit (Boehringer Mannheim Co.).
(a) 5′ RACE
1 μg of total RNA, cDNA synthesis buffer, dNTP mix, 5′-RACE-1R, AMV reverse transcriptase, and DEPC-treated water were mixed, and the mixture was incubated for 60 minutes at 55° C. and for 10 minutes at 65° C. to obtain 1st-strand cDNA.
Next, 1st-strand cDNA thus obtained was purified on the spin column, then, reaction buffer and 2 mM dATP were added to the 1st-strand cDNA, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 3 minutes at 94° C. Terminal transferase (10 units/μl) was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. After the incubation, 1st-strand cDNA, PCR buffer, dNTP mix, 5′-RACE-2R, oligo(dT)-anchor primer, and water were added to the above mixture. The reaction was performed by heating the mixture at 94° C. for 5 minutes, then repeating 30 cycles of 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C. and 1 minute at 72° C., and further heating at 72° C. for 5 minutes. Consequently, the nested-PCR was performed to the 1st-PCR product as a template using the combination of 5′-RACE-3R and PCR anchor primer under the same condition as 1st-PCR.
The 1st-PCR product and the nested-PCR product were electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gel to confirm the band of about 600 bp. This nested-PCR product was inserted into TA cloning vector, and the sequencing was performed according to the determination of the base sequence of cDNA described in the above-mentioned 4-3), then the sequence was analyzed.
(b) 3′ RACE
1 μg of total RNA, cDNA synthesis buffer, dNTP mix, oligo(dT)-anchor primer, AMV reverse transcriptase, and DEPC-treated water were mixed, and the mixture was incubated for 60 minutes at 55° C. Subsequently, the reactant was treated for 10 minutes at 65° C. to obtain 1st-strand cDNA.
Next, 1st-PCR thus obtained was performed under the following condition. 1st-strand cDNA, PCR buffer, dNTP mix, 3′-RACE-1F, PCR anchor primer, TaKaRa Ex Taq (registered trademark, Takara Shuzo Co.), and water were mixed. The reaction was performed by heating the mixture at 94° C. for 5 minutes, then repeating 30 cycles of 30 seconds at 94° C., 30 seconds at 55° C. and 2 minutes at 72° C., and further heating at 72° C. for 5 minutes. The nested-PCR was performed to the 1st-PCR product as a template using the combination of 3′-RACE-2F and PCR anchor primer under the same condition as 1st-PCR.
The 1st-PCR product and the nested-PCR product were electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gel to confirm the band of about 600 bp. The nested-PCR product was inserted into TA cloning vector, the sequencing was performed according to the determination of the base sequence of cDNA described in the above-mentioned 4-3), and the sequence was analyzed.
As a result, the size (2000 bp) and the sequence of cDNA encoding the novel hemolytic active protein of Carybdea alata , and the number (463aa) and the sequence of amino acid of the protein became clear. That is, the hemolytic active protein of Carybdea alata has the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, and the gene encoding thereof has the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4.
The novel protein of the present invention obtained as mentioned above is the specific protein having the following physiological activity, and physical and chemical property, as indicated by the example:
(a) having hemolytic activity;
(b) having a molecular weight of about 50,000 Da (determined by SDS gel electrophoresis);
(c) having the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOS.: 1 and 2 described above as a partial amino acid sequence; and
(d) having the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 as the full amino acid sequence.
Industrial Applicability
Since the protein having the hemolytic activity derived from the nematocyst of Carybdea alata provided according to the present invention is a novel protein which is not similar to known protein, as a result of the homology search on the partial amino acid sequence and the full primary amino acid sequences, it is useful as a biochemical reagent for example, elucidating the mechanism of a hemolysis etc.
It also provides the new approach directed to development of drugs, such as the medicine for treating the sting by the jellyfish, on the basis of study of correlation of the structural activity in a molecular level, and the antibody on the protein or the partial peptide, etc. Furthermore, it is useful as the drugs having a platelet agglutination effect etc., and pesticides using a hemolytic activity.

Claims (4)

1. An isolated polynucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of a hemolytic protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 , wherein the hemolytic protein has a molecular weight of about 50,000 Da.
2. A vector comprising the polynucleotide sequence according to claim 1.
3. A host cell transformed by the vector according to claim 2.
4. A process for preparing a hemolytic protein, comprising culturing or growing a host cell according to claim 3; and recovering the protein from said host cell or the culture solution of said host cell.
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