US7149725B2 - Apparatus and method of communicating changes in states of contractual responsibilities - Google Patents
Apparatus and method of communicating changes in states of contractual responsibilities Download PDFInfo
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- US7149725B2 US7149725B2 US10/251,428 US25142802A US7149725B2 US 7149725 B2 US7149725 B2 US 7149725B2 US 25142802 A US25142802 A US 25142802A US 7149725 B2 US7149725 B2 US 7149725B2
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 101100465000 Mus musculus Prag1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013475 authorization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013439 planning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012384 transportation and delivery Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
- G06Q10/10—Office automation; Time management
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
- G06Q40/04—Trading; Exchange, e.g. stocks, commodities, derivatives or currency exchange
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q50/00—Information and communication technology [ICT] specially adapted for implementation of business processes of specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
- G06Q50/10—Services
- G06Q50/18—Legal services
- G06Q50/188—Electronic negotiation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus and method of communicating changes in the states and contractual responsibilities of parties, and in particular to an apparatus and method for communicating these changes using an agreed message exchange protocol.
- Hewlett Packard “ChangeEngine Application Programming Interface Reference Guide”, HP Part No 2279-90024 ChangeEngine Access Protocol carried over HTTP allows clients to connect and send requests to the Work List server.
- the protocol allows authorised clients to access a work list, set and read data, and start a process associated with the task. A notification message can be returned to the authorised client if required when a process changes date.
- the protocol does not allow a work item to be refused and so de-committing from a task is not a normal operation.
- the disclosed model focuses on processes and work items (activity centric) rather than contractual obligations (state centric).
- J. R. Putman “Architecting with RM-ODP”, Prentice Hall 2000 introduces a policy model for specifying a policy being part of an environment contract.
- the document specifies policy (commitment) types Obligation, Prohibition, Permission and Authorisation to control actions.
- the disclosure does not consider a notion of a state associated with the Policy that changes as future events occur, nor does it introduce a protocol to communicate changes of policy states as viewed by each enterprise.
- None of the above-mentioned disclosures addresses the need for a system that allows parties to estimate the likelihood of a commitment being actually realised by a party and to utilise this information promptly for planning, scheduling, forecasting and other processes of value in the enterprise.
- the present invention seeks to address or significantly mitigate one or more of the aforementioned problems.
- an apparatus for communicating the contractual commitments of a party comprising: an agreed commitment model; a commitment encoding engine for encoding commitment data for the party according to the agreed commitment model; a storage facility for storing the commitment data and which is accessible by the commitment encoding engine for retrieving the commitment data; a commitment state store that forms a part of the commitment model and stores data related to the known commitment state of parties to a contract, the commitment state store being accessible by the commitment encoding engine for retrieving the commitment state data; a decision descriptor store for storing decision descriptors for identifying an External Information Source, a procedure to be executed by the External Information Source and parameters required by the procedure; and a messaging module for formatting a message containing information related to a change of state of the commitment model in accordance with an agreed messaging protocol, and for sending, receiving and relaying such messages to the party.
- a method of communicating changes in states of contractual commitments of parties to a contract comprising the steps: agreeing a messaging protocol to be used for exchanges of messages between parties; receiving knowledge of events relevant to commitment states of the contract parties; retrieving commitment state data from the commitment state store; deciding which message should be sent to the contract party based on the commitment state data and knowledge of events using a commitment encoding engine; formatting the message to be sent using the messaging module in accordance with the agreed messaging protocol; and sending the formatted message to the contract party over a communications link.
- a computer readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a method of communicating changes in states of contractual commitments of parties to a contract according to the second aspect.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a preferred embodiment according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example commitment state model for the commitment type “Obligation” in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the message content used in the notification of changes in commitment level in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the decision descriptor used to invoke a procedure in the External Information Source and obtain a true or false result.
- the invention introduces a state centric model of contractual commitments.
- the model allows commitment types (Obligation, Prohibition, Permission) to be expressed over roles, and apply them to actions (“obliged to do x”) as well as states (“obliged to maintain parameter within agreed limits”).
- Each commitment type has a state associated with it that changes as future events that impact the commitment level occur.
- the communication protocol described herein allows independently operating contact parties to exchange information in a structured way, concerning the state of commitments during contracts delivery.
- a preferred embodiment enables information relevant to commitment undertaken under an agreed contract to be communicated to relevant contract parties. The information communicated about a change of state in the commitment can be exploited to construct probabilistic risk/utility decision/prediction models.
- the contract parties communicate via a network 120 that links the computer systems 101 and 102 that each runs independently.
- the communication takes place via sending of messages through messaging systems 103 and 104 according to an agreed shared protocol 113 .
- the application 105 decides which message should be sent by the messaging system 103 based on the actual commitment state and knowledge of events relevant to the change of this state.
- the messaging system 103 formats an appropriate message and sends it via a communication link 120 to the relevant contracts party's computer system 102 .
- the message is received by the messaging system 104 that checks it according to the protocol 113 and notifies the application 106 .
- the application uses the shared common description of a commitment model 107 that includes a description of the states that a commitment may undergo.
- the application 106 based on the known commitment state and the proposed new commitment state contained in the received message makes a decision about the proposed state change.
- the application 106 before making a decision, consults the decision descriptor shown in FIG. 4 for a given commitment, actual commitment state and proposed transition to a new state. If a descriptor exists the application 106 requests execution of the procedure named in field 405 from the External Information Source indicated in field 404 and supplies parameters listed in field 406 that may be required by the procedure. The result (true or false) of the procedure is then taken into account by the application 106 to arrive at a decision about the change of the state of the commitment. Once change is agreed the application 106 records the new state for the relevant commitment in storage 112 and notifies the message system 104 to send the acceptance message.
- the state transitions are atomic. At any stage the application 106 can retrieve from the storage 112 a requested commitment and verify its state.
- the commitment model illustrated in FIG. 2 shows possible items that the model might comprise of.
- Commitments are made within a context of a contract that is identified by the contract identifier 205 .
- Commitments are identified uniquely for each contract by the identifier 201 .
- Commitments can be of different types 202 .
- Each commitment has a number of roles 203 associated with it.
- the principal role for the obligation is the role that is responsible for bringing about the commitment subject 208 which can be an action or state.
- the beneficiary role is the one who will benefit by the activation of the commitment subject 208 .
- the commitment is in a given state that is one of the allowed by the commitment state model 206 that specifies permissible sequence of state changes. Potentially different commitment state models can be associated with different commitments.
- the message can be identified by the identifier 301 and belongs to one of the following types 302 : request, acknowledgement, no acknowledgement, exception.
- the role field identifies the sender role and addressee roles for this message.
- the contract identifier 305 allows to locate the commitment by its identifier 304 and by querying the storage 112 retrieve the commitment model shown in FIG. 2 from which further data if necessary can be retrieved.
- the message contains the proposed, new transition 307 from the old commitment state 306 .
- the states and transitions for the commitment are given by their state model as shown in FIG. 2 .
- the protocol rule 401 specifies that sending of a message of request type may be followed by response of either acknowledgement, no acknowledgement or exception.
- the rules for the application logic 402 determine for a given old commitment state and a transition name when a transition will occur. For example if the of state is PRESCRIBED than transition REFUSE will take place if on a send of a request message from beneficiary B of commitment O directed to a principal role holding the commitment O under contract C 1 the principal responds with a message of type no acknowledgement for commitment O under C 1 .
- the preferred embodiment allows for the beneficiary to the obligation to typically send a message requesting confirmation that the contractual obligation is going to be carried out. Also, the benefit of storing those electronic messages that are exchanged between parties, is that they may be used as evidence later on if any disagreement should arise over the performance of a contract. Therefore a first party cannot for example cannot deny that a second party did not request an obligation or did not promise to fulfil an obligation because the second party will have a record.
- the decision about the change of the state of commitments to a new one may involve results obtained from the External Information Sources. For example consider that the actual commitment state is ACCEPTED and a message is received from the counter-party that in the field 307 proposes the transition FULFILL. The application needs to decide whether to make a transition to FULFILLED state. The store of the decision descriptors is searched for a match on fields 401 , 402 and 403 for the commitment in the actual state and the proposed transition. If a match is found the Application 106 uses fields 404 , 405 and 406 to identify the External Information Source, and the procedure and its parameters to executed.
- the External Information Sources to consulted are the Document Store and Calendar System to determine if this obligation is fulfilled.
- the procedure to be executed by the Document Store is “exists Payment Advice for Invoice” and the parameters are the payment sum and invoice number.
- the procedure returns value true is there exists a document Payment Advice for the given invoice and for an indicated sum.
- the procedure to be executed by the Calendar System is “current Date is earlier than” that takes a date as a parameter. When executed by the Calendar System the procedure returns true is the deadline has not yet passed.
- the Application 106 takes into account the returned values from the Information Sources to decide about the new commitment state.
- the embodiments of the invention described with reference to the drawings comprise computer apparatus and processes performed in computer apparatus, the invention also extends to computer programs, particularly computer programs on or in a carrier, adapted for putting the invention into practice.
- the program may be in the form of source code, object code, a code intermediate source and object code such as in partially compiled form, or in any other form suitable for use in the implementation of the processes according to the invention.
- the carrier be any entity or device capable of carrying the program.
- the carrier may comprise a storage medium, such as ROM, or example a CD ROM or a semiconductor ROM, or a magnetic recording medium, for example a floppy disc or hard disk.
- the carrier may be a transmissible carrier such as an electrical or optical signal which may be conveyed via electrical or optical cable or by radio or other means.
- the carrier may be constituted by such cable or other device or means.
- the carrier may be an integrated circuit in which the program is embedded, the integrated circuit being adapted for performing, or for use in the performance of, the relevant processes.
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Abstract
Description
401 | PROTOCOL RULE |
SEND RESPONSE | |
REQ -> Ack/Nack/ |
|
402 | RULES FOR THE APPLICATION LOGIC |
STATE TRANSITIONS | TRANSITION Initiation and Termination |
AGREED | prescribe: | on send M-P:req(C1,O) response P-M:ack |
(C1,O) | ||
PRESCRIBED | accept: | on send B-P:req(C1,O) response P-B:ack |
(C1,O) | ||
refuse: | on B-P:req(C1,O) response P-B:nack(C,O) | |
wave: | on B-P:req(C1,O-P) response P-B:ack | |
(C1,O-P) | ||
ACCEPTED | delegate: | on send P-D:req(C2,O) response D-P:ack |
(C2,O) | ||
refuse: | on B-P:req(C1,O) response P-B:nack(C1,O) | |
fulfil: | on P-B:req(C1,O) response P-B:ack(C1,O) | |
wave: | on P-B:req(C1,O) response B-P:ack(C1,O) | |
Claims (17)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0122867A GB2380011A (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2001-09-21 | Apparatus and method of communicating changes in states of contractual repsonsibilities |
GB0122867.5 | 2001-09-21 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20040024683A1 US20040024683A1 (en) | 2004-02-05 |
US7149725B2 true US7149725B2 (en) | 2006-12-12 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
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US10/251,428 Expired - Lifetime US7149725B2 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-09-20 | Apparatus and method of communicating changes in states of contractual responsibilities |
Country Status (3)
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US (1) | US7149725B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1300653A3 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2380011A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
USRE41991E1 (en) * | 2001-04-13 | 2010-12-07 | Cross Joseph K | System and method for managing and communicating state changes of a complex system |
Families Citing this family (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7904317B1 (en) * | 1999-10-14 | 2011-03-08 | The TriZetto Group | Method and apparatus for repricing a reimbursement claim against a contract |
US8768729B2 (en) | 2004-10-14 | 2014-07-01 | Trizetto Corporation | System and method for using a first electronic representation of contract terms for generating a second electronic representation of the contract terms |
US8515468B2 (en) * | 2005-09-21 | 2013-08-20 | Buckyball Mobile Inc | Calculation of higher-order data from context data |
US9042921B2 (en) * | 2005-09-21 | 2015-05-26 | Buckyball Mobile Inc. | Association of context data with a voice-message component |
US8489132B2 (en) * | 2005-09-21 | 2013-07-16 | Buckyball Mobile Inc. | Context-enriched microblog posting |
US8275399B2 (en) * | 2005-09-21 | 2012-09-25 | Buckyball Mobile Inc. | Dynamic context-data tag cloud |
US9166823B2 (en) * | 2005-09-21 | 2015-10-20 | U Owe Me, Inc. | Generation of a context-enriched message including a message component and a contextual attribute |
US7580719B2 (en) * | 2005-09-21 | 2009-08-25 | U Owe Me, Inc | SMS+: short message service plus context support for social obligations |
US8509827B2 (en) * | 2005-09-21 | 2013-08-13 | Buckyball Mobile Inc. | Methods and apparatus of context-data acquisition and ranking |
US7551935B2 (en) * | 2005-09-21 | 2009-06-23 | U Owe Me, Inc. | SMS+4D: short message service plus 4-dimensional context |
US8509826B2 (en) * | 2005-09-21 | 2013-08-13 | Buckyball Mobile Inc | Biosensor measurements included in the association of context data with a text message |
US20080033750A1 (en) * | 2006-06-02 | 2008-02-07 | The Trizetto Group, Inc. | Enhanced systems and methods for processing of healthcare information |
US8489131B2 (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2013-07-16 | Buckyball Mobile Inc. | Smart device configured to determine higher-order context data |
US8457992B1 (en) * | 2010-04-13 | 2013-06-04 | Inmar, Inc. | System, method and computer program product for determining compliance with contracted pharmacy reimbursement rates |
US8756075B1 (en) | 2011-05-18 | 2014-06-17 | Trizetto Corporation | System and method for processing payment bundles |
US10296976B1 (en) | 2011-09-23 | 2019-05-21 | Cognizant Trizetto Software Group, Inc. | System and method for calculating estimated payment based on partial coding data |
US10318923B1 (en) | 2012-08-01 | 2019-06-11 | Cognizant Trizetto Software Group, Inc. | Payment assurance and claim pre-validation |
US9904661B2 (en) | 2015-06-23 | 2018-02-27 | International Business Machines Corporation | Real-time agreement analysis |
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- 2001-09-21 GB GB0122867A patent/GB2380011A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-09-20 EP EP02256564A patent/EP1300653A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-09-20 US US10/251,428 patent/US7149725B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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---|---|---|---|---|
USRE41991E1 (en) * | 2001-04-13 | 2010-12-07 | Cross Joseph K | System and method for managing and communicating state changes of a complex system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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GB0122867D0 (en) | 2001-11-14 |
US20040024683A1 (en) | 2004-02-05 |
GB2380011A (en) | 2003-03-26 |
EP1300653A3 (en) | 2003-04-16 |
EP1300653A2 (en) | 2003-04-09 |
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