US7146125B2 - Transfer roller with resistivity range - Google Patents

Transfer roller with resistivity range Download PDF

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Publication number
US7146125B2
US7146125B2 US10/678,287 US67828703A US7146125B2 US 7146125 B2 US7146125 B2 US 7146125B2 US 67828703 A US67828703 A US 67828703A US 7146125 B2 US7146125 B2 US 7146125B2
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Prior art keywords
transfer roller
transfer
resistivity
toner
voltage
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Expired - Fee Related, expires
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US10/678,287
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US20040126156A1 (en
Inventor
Eric C. Stelter
Joseph E. Guth
Paul S. Gloyer
George R. Walgrove, III
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Eastman Kodak Co
NexPress Digital LLC
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Publication of US20040126156A1 publication Critical patent/US20040126156A1/en
Assigned to EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY reassignment EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NEXPRESS DIGITAL L.L.C. (FORMERLY HEIDELBERG DIGITAL L.L.C.)
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Assigned to CITICORP NORTH AMERICA, INC., AS AGENT reassignment CITICORP NORTH AMERICA, INC., AS AGENT SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, PAKON, INC.
Assigned to WILMINGTON TRUST, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS AGENT reassignment WILMINGTON TRUST, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS AGENT PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, PAKON, INC.
Assigned to JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE reassignment JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SECURITY AGREEMENT (FIRST LIEN) Assignors: CREO MANUFACTURING AMERICA LLC, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, FAR EAST DEVELOPMENT LTD., FPC INC., KODAK (NEAR EAST), INC., KODAK AMERICAS, LTD., KODAK AVIATION LEASING LLC, KODAK IMAGING NETWORK, INC., KODAK PHILIPPINES, LTD., KODAK PORTUGUESA LIMITED, KODAK REALTY, INC., LASER-PACIFIC MEDIA CORPORATION, NPEC INC., PAKON, INC., QUALEX INC.
Assigned to BARCLAYS BANK PLC, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT reassignment BARCLAYS BANK PLC, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SECURITY AGREEMENT (SECOND LIEN) Assignors: CREO MANUFACTURING AMERICA LLC, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, FAR EAST DEVELOPMENT LTD., FPC INC., KODAK (NEAR EAST), INC., KODAK AMERICAS, LTD., KODAK AVIATION LEASING LLC, KODAK IMAGING NETWORK, INC., KODAK PHILIPPINES, LTD., KODAK PORTUGUESA LIMITED, KODAK REALTY, INC., LASER-PACIFIC MEDIA CORPORATION, NPEC INC., PAKON, INC., QUALEX INC.
Assigned to BANK OF AMERICA N.A., AS AGENT reassignment BANK OF AMERICA N.A., AS AGENT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SECURITY AGREEMENT (ABL) Assignors: CREO MANUFACTURING AMERICA LLC, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, FAR EAST DEVELOPMENT LTD., FPC INC., KODAK (NEAR EAST), INC., KODAK AMERICAS, LTD., KODAK AVIATION LEASING LLC, KODAK IMAGING NETWORK, INC., KODAK PHILIPPINES, LTD., KODAK PORTUGUESA LIMITED, KODAK REALTY, INC., LASER-PACIFIC MEDIA CORPORATION, NPEC INC., PAKON, INC., QUALEX INC.
Assigned to EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, PAKON, INC. reassignment EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENTS Assignors: CITICORP NORTH AMERICA, INC., AS SENIOR DIP AGENT, WILMINGTON TRUST, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS JUNIOR DIP AGENT
Assigned to FAR EAST DEVELOPMENT LTD., NPEC, INC., PAKON, INC., FPC, INC., KODAK (NEAR EAST), INC., KODAK AMERICAS, LTD., EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, LASER PACIFIC MEDIA CORPORATION, KODAK IMAGING NETWORK, INC., KODAK PORTUGUESA LIMITED, KODAK REALTY, INC., KODAK PHILIPPINES, LTD., KODAK AVIATION LEASING LLC, CREO MANUFACTURING AMERICA LLC, QUALEX, INC. reassignment FAR EAST DEVELOPMENT LTD. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JP MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT
Assigned to KODAK IMAGING NETWORK, INC., KODAK REALTY, INC., KODAK (NEAR EAST), INC., EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, PAKON, INC., KODAK AMERICAS, LTD., CREO MANUFACTURING AMERICA LLC, LASER PACIFIC MEDIA CORPORATION, FAR EAST DEVELOPMENT LTD., KODAK PORTUGUESA LIMITED, QUALEX, INC., KODAK PHILIPPINES, LTD., NPEC, INC., KODAK AVIATION LEASING LLC, PFC, INC. reassignment KODAK IMAGING NETWORK, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JP MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT
Assigned to KODAK REALTY INC., LASER PACIFIC MEDIA CORPORATION, KODAK (NEAR EAST) INC., QUALEX INC., EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, KODAK PHILIPPINES LTD., NPEC INC., KODAK AMERICAS LTD., FPC INC., FAR EAST DEVELOPMENT LTD. reassignment KODAK REALTY INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BARCLAYS BANK PLC
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/14—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base
    • G03G15/16—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern, e.g. magnetic transfer
    • G03G15/1665—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern, e.g. magnetic transfer by introducing the second base in the nip formed by the recording member and at least one transfer member, e.g. in combination with bias or heat
    • G03G15/167—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern, e.g. magnetic transfer by introducing the second base in the nip formed by the recording member and at least one transfer member, e.g. in combination with bias or heat at least one of the recording member or the transfer member being rotatable during the transfer
    • G03G15/1685—Structure, details of the transfer member, e.g. chemical composition

Definitions

  • High speed electrographic engines preferably use roller transfer to move a toner image from a charge retentive dielectric member, such as a photoconductor, to the receiver, which is usually paper or transparency material.
  • Corona wire devices are also used for transferring toner, but the performance of corona transfer is inferior to that of roller transfer, particularly at high speeds.
  • the transfer roller is a conductive, elastomeric roller that is biased to a polarity opposite the toner polarity.
  • the front surface of the receiver is brought adjacent the toner image carried by the photoconductor, the roller contacts the back surface of the receiver, and the image is transferred to the front surface of the receiver by the electric field produced by the transfer roller.
  • the area of contact of the transfer roller and the receiver is described as the transfer nip.
  • An adjustable constant current supply is preferably used to produce a constant charge density on the receiver. This results in a constant electric field for transfer independent of the receiver thickness. Toner with higher charge requires a higher charge density on the receiver and greater transfer current.
  • the electric current setpoint of the constant current supply is adjusted appropriately for high charge toner or low charge toner. Faster process speeds also require proportionally higher current to produce the same surface charge density. At high output currents, the current supply operates at high voltages.
  • Prior art indicates that a minimum surface charge density is required for uniform transfer of toner. High speed processes provide less time for this charge to be applied and for toner transfer. Prior art suggests that increasing the transfer current for high speed processes to apply the appropriate surface charge density will result in uniform toner transfer. However, we found that increasing the current with the prior art transfer roller did not solve the problem for high speed processes without introducing transfer defects, and another solution had to be found.
  • the invention provides a new roller with defined resistivities as a function of the operating speed of the machine and of the transfer current.
  • the invention is also a method of operating an electrographic machine by selecting the resistivity of its transfer roller as a function of the speed of the process, the required transfer current, and the dimensions of the transfer roller.
  • the transfer roller has a resistivity ranging from 1.0 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ -cm to 0.65 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ 0.32 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ -cm for a receiver travel speed of between 15–20 inches per second to 40 30–35 inches per second.
  • the corresponding currents are approximately 45 ⁇ A at 15–20 inches per second to approximately 85 ⁇ A at 30–35 inches per second.
  • the resistivity is lowered to about 0.65 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ 0.32 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ -cm and the current is increased to approximately 85 ⁇ A.
  • the values of resistivity and of current can be scaled to other speeds and roller dimensions by those experienced in the art.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a transfer station.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph of roller resistivity as a function of process speed.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph of voltage as a function of current output measured at 210 PPM.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an electrographic machine.
  • FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a typical reproduction apparatus 10 , of the electrophotographic type, suitable for utilizing an exemplary roller transfer assembly such as shown and described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,097,913, and 5,101,238 whose entire disclosures are incorporated by reference.
  • the reproduction apparatus 10 described herein only to the extent necessary for a complete understanding of this invention, includes a photoconductor (charge member) retentive photoconductor 12 that carries the toned, developed image.
  • the photoconductor 12 is, for example, in the form of an elongated endless web mounted on support rollers and movable about a closed loop path through a series of electrographic process stations in the direction of the arrow A.
  • the latent image charge pattern on the photoconductor 12 is then brought into association with a development station 18 which applies pigmented marking (toner) particles to adhere to the photoconductor 12 to develop that latent image.
  • a development station 18 which applies pigmented marking (toner) particles to adhere to the photoconductor 12 to develop that latent image.
  • the image is erased by a lamp 19 adjacent the back side of the photoconductor, which minimizes the difference in voltage between areas of the photoconductor coated with toner particles and areas that are not coated with toner particles.
  • the back side of the photoconductor is the side that is not developed with particles.
  • the photoconductor 12 is at a low voltage, such as 0V to 50 V.
  • the portion of the photoconductor 12 carrying the developed image then passes by a supply hopper 22 along the path P.
  • a receiver sheet 8 is withdraw from a hopper 22 and is registered with the developed image.
  • An electric field produced in the transfer station 20 attracts the marking particle of the developed image from the photoconductor 12 to the receiver member.
  • the electric transfer field may also cause the receiver member 8 to adhere to the photoconductor 12 .
  • a detack mechanism 24 immediately downstream in the direction of travel of the photoconductor, is provided to facilitate removal of the receiver member from the photoconductor.
  • the detack mechanism may be, for example, an AC corona charger for neutralizing the attractive field holding the receiver member to the photoconductor.
  • the fusing station 26 includes fuser roller 60 and support roller 62 .
  • the receiver sheet 8 passes between fusing roller 60 and support roller 62 .
  • the toner material carried by the receiver sheet is then permanently fixed to the surface of the receiver sheet 8 by the temperature and pressure provided by fuser roller 60 and support roller 62 .
  • This invention comprises an improvement in the transfer station, and, in particular, an improvement in the transfer roller.
  • the new transfer roller has preferred resistivity ranges as a function of process speed and of the dimensions of the transfer roller so that the required charge is applied to the receiver, bias voltages are low, and pre-nip ionization and post-nip ionization are minimized.
  • the transfer roller is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • Transfer roller 210 at transfer station 20 is shown connected to a voltage limited constant current source 204 . The level of voltage and current is controlled by a central processing unit CPU 202 .
  • the roller 210 has an inner roller 212 of steel or other highly conductive material.
  • the outer roller 214 is a polyether-polyurethane composition.
  • ionization current is divided between the pre-nip and post-nip regions. Charge can also be injected in the nip region if the surface of the transfer roller is rough. Under normal operating conditions, virtually all of the ionization occurs in the post-nip region 220 for effective transfer of the marking particle developed image from the photoconductor 12 to the receiver member 8 . A small amount of pre-nip ionization can be tolerated but must be regulated to prevent image transfer defects. For the preferred resistivity range, most of the transfer current is applied within the nip and at the trail edge of the nip.
  • receiver sheet 8 contacts the transfer roller 210 .
  • the other side of the receiver sheet 8 contacts the toned image on the photocondutor 12 .
  • the charge on the back of the receiver sheet attracts the toner from photoconductor 12 to the receiver sheet 8 .
  • the charged receiver sheet retains the toner and the sheet 8 is sent to the fuser where the image is fixed to the sheet 8 .
  • the transfer roller 210 used in the Digisource 9110 has an outside diameter of 1.000′′ on a conductive shaft of diameter 0.500′′, resulting in an elastomer thickness of 0.25′′.
  • the nip width is approximately 0.125′′.
  • the 1′′ diameter elastomer section of the roller is 14.5 inches long.
  • rollers with nominal resistivity on the order of 1.0 ⁇ 10 9 ohm-cm are used with current of approximately 45 microamps for toner with charge-to-mass-ratio of approximately ⁇ 30 ⁇ C/g at toner coverage per unit area of approximately 12 g/m 2
  • a surface charge density of approximately 2.75 ⁇ 10 -4 C/m 2 is applied to the receiver.
  • FIG. 2 shows a preliminary plot of recommended roller resistivity vs. process speed. Supply voltages and current for the two rollers are shown in Table 1 and FIG. 3 . Calculated surface voltages at the nip for the rollers are shown in Table 2.
  • the time of approach is defined as the time interval for a point on the roller surface to move into contact with the receiver from a distance of approximately twice the thickness of the roller blanket, or for a point on the roller surface to rotate toward the receiver through an arc of 90 degrees, whichever is less.
  • Resistivity is measured on an uncoated 0.25′′ ASTM D-2240 test slab after 12 days conditioning at 70 degrees F., 50% RH.
  • the resistivity of finished rollers is measured on an equivalent test fixture with an electrode that fits the roller surface. All resistivities plotted in this disclosure were measured on finished rollers.
  • Table 1 and FIG. 3 show that, if current is extrapolated to zero, supply voltage is greater than zero. This is believed to be due to contact resistance at the roller surface and the receiver interface.
  • the resistance R Tot includes contributions from the roller, receiver, and charge member.
  • a roller with resistivity suitable for lower speeds is used for operation at higher speeds, the supply voltage must be increased. This can result in high surface voltages on the roller that can produce image defects. Lower roller resistivities are preferred so that lower supply voltages can be used for the appropriate currents, with the result that the potential on the roller surface before entering the transfer nip and after exiting the transfer nip is small enough in magnitude that electric breakdown is minimized.
  • a surface potential less than 350 V, and preferably less than 300 V is required to minimize breakdown to adjacent surfaces.
  • the surface potential of the roller can be referenced to ground potential, the potential of the surface of the photoconductor, or the potential of the adjacent surface of the receiver.
  • the surface potential of the transfer roller can be referenced to ground. The voltages at which breakdown occurs are well known in the art.
  • the preferred resistivity is of course dependent on roller dimensions.
  • the transfer roller 210 used in the Digisource 9110 has an outside diameter of 1.000′′ on a conductive shaft of diameter 0.500′′, resulting in an elastomer thickness of 0.25′′.
  • the time of approach is 0.045 sec, and at 33.4 ips, the time of approach is 0.024 sec. Rollers with thicker elastomeric layers require proportionally lower resistivity for the same kind of approach.
  • the voltage on the roller surface at the nip can be estimated as follows. As the roller rotates, the region of the roller approaching contact with the receiver begins to conduct before that portion of the roller actually contacts the receiver. Between the initiation of conduction in a region of the roller approaching the nip and passage of that region through the nip. For a point on the roller surface, the time of approach is approximately the time for that point to rotate into contact with the receiver and through the nip from a distance of approximately half the roller diameter from the exit side of the nip. This distance is the length of approach. At 17.5 ips process speed with a 1′′ diameter roller, the time of approach is 0.029 sec, and at 33.4 ips, the time of approach is 0.015 sec. For different geometries, such as transfer belts and wider nips, a similar time of approach and corresponding length of approach can be estimated.
  • V Approach IR Approach
  • I in amps
  • R Approach is approximately given by [elastomer resistivity (ohm-cm) ⁇ elastomer thickness (cm)]/[length of approach (cm) ⁇ roller length (cm)].
  • This equation for R Approach approximates the region in which conductivity occurs as the roller rotates as a rectangular slab with one edge at the nip exit having constant current density.
  • the voltage at the roller surface, V Surface shown in Table 2 is given by supply voltage V Supply minus this voltage drop, and is calculated using values for current and voltage from Table 1 and FIG. 3 .
  • ⁇ C/g toner charge-to-mass ratio
  • g/m 2 the preferred roller resistivity is given by the solution to the equation V Surface ⁇ V Break where V Break is referenced to adjacent surfaces.
  • V Supply ⁇ V Approach ⁇ V Break If the voltage drop across the roller is ohmic, V Supply ⁇ IR Approach ⁇ V Break If the relationship between supply voltage and current is linear, V C +IR Tot ⁇ IR Approach ⁇ V Break Approximating R Approach as a rectangular slab of resistivity ⁇ , V Supply ⁇ I ⁇ l /((approach length) ⁇ L ) ⁇ V Break or V C +IR Tot ⁇ I ⁇ l /((approach length) ⁇ L ) ⁇ V Break
  • I current in amps
  • ⁇ resistivity in ohm-cm
  • l blanket thickness in cm
  • approach length is in cm
  • L is the length of the elastomer on the roller in cm
  • voltage is measured in volts
  • resistance is measured in ohms
  • V Break is the approximate breakdown voltage, here taken to be approximately 300 V or 350 V in magnitude.
  • the roller surface at the nip entrance or nip exit should be within 350 V and preferably within 300 V of the receiver surface voltage, or of the photoconductor surface voltage, or of ground. Both V C and R Tot depend on ⁇ and receiver parameters. The values of ⁇ satisfying these equations are best determined by experimentation and iteration. Rollers with thicker elastomeric layers require proportionately lower restivity for the same kind of approach. Longer rollers require greater current. Resistivity should be chosen so that V Surface is large enough to drive current flow to the receiver, but V Surface referenced to adjacent surfaces should not exceed V Break .
  • the transfer roller generally operates at high surface voltages near breakdown.
  • V Supply is greater than V Break and ⁇ is too low, pre-nip ionization can occur at a level that creates image defects.
  • the time of approach or the length of approach should be decreased by geometry changes, R Approach should be increased by geometry changes or other means, or ⁇ should be increased.
  • the resistivity ⁇ must be within the limits of this disclosure.
  • Capacitance is strongly dependent on geometry. For rollers of the same overall dimensions, capacitance can be assumed to be constant as resistivity, voltage, or process speeds are changed. Resistivity of the elastomer is measured on an uncoated 0.25′′ ASTM D-2240 test slab after 12 days conditioning at 70 degrees F., 50% RH. The resistivity of finished rollers is measured on an equivalent test fixture with an electrode that fits the roller surface. All resistivities plotted in this disclosure were measured on finished rollers. Resistivities and currents are generally held to tolerances of +/ ⁇ 50%.
  • the resistivity of 0.62 ⁇ 10 9 ohm-cm for a polyether-polyurethane roller formulation is obtained by 1.2 weight % of PIP antistat (Eastman Kodak CIN#10056008).
  • PIP antistat Eastman Kodak CIN#10056008
  • 0.55 weight % PIP is used.
  • PIP increases the conductivity of the roller and lowers its resistivity.
  • Other conductive materials may also be added or substituted for PIP in order to alter the resistivity of the transfer roller. Greater antistat concentrations and lower resistivities are preferred because they increase roller life. Rollers fail due to increase of resistivity with usage.
  • the foregoing can also be adapted to negative or positive charged toners.
  • This invention can be used with intermediate transfer rollers as well as with transfer rollers. This invention is applicable to technologies using the transfer of powders or layers of powders to surfaces, including electrophotography, ionography, or powder coating, without limitation.
  • the resistivity is a material characteristic.
  • the overall resistance of the roller depends upon its dimensions including its thickness and length.
  • the length corresponds to the thickness of the elastomeric sleeve and the cross-sectional area corresponds to the portion of the surface area of the elastomeric sleeve where current flows between the transfer roller and the photoconductor.
  • longer rollers will have less resistance than short rollers because they have a larger cross-sectional area for current to travel over and rollers with thin elastomeric sleeves will have less resistance than roller with thicker sleeves because the length of the current path is shorter.
  • the invention lets the manufacturer select a transfer roller with a chosen resistivity that optimizes toner transfer at the high speed.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Charge, Transfer And Separation In Electrography (AREA)
US10/678,287 2002-10-04 2003-10-03 Transfer roller with resistivity range Expired - Fee Related US7146125B2 (en)

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US10/678,287 US7146125B2 (en) 2002-10-04 2003-10-03 Transfer roller with resistivity range

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Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7502583B2 (en) * 2004-09-10 2009-03-10 Ricoh Company, Limited Transfer device and image forming apparatus for enhancement of an image stored on a recording medium
US8588667B2 (en) * 2010-06-29 2013-11-19 Lexmark International, Inc Transfer NIP for an electrophotographic device, and methods of making and using same
US8948669B2 (en) * 2012-03-15 2015-02-03 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Transfer device and image forming apparatus
JP2015161913A (ja) * 2014-02-28 2015-09-07 シャープ株式会社 画像形成装置

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5101238A (en) 1991-01-18 1992-03-31 Eastman Kodak Company Roller transfer assembly
US5132738A (en) * 1987-12-28 1992-07-21 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming apparatus with cleaning mechanism for charging electrode
US5745820A (en) * 1995-10-24 1998-04-28 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming apparatus with a potential generating device
US5909611A (en) * 1997-06-06 1999-06-01 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming apparatus
US5915150A (en) * 1996-02-20 1999-06-22 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming method utilizing toner having inorganic particles and particles of a specific sphericity
US5923937A (en) * 1998-06-23 1999-07-13 Eastman Kodak Company Electrostatographic apparatus and method using a transfer member that is supported to prevent distortion
US6081686A (en) * 1994-10-19 2000-06-27 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming apparatus having transfer drum with specific construction
US6097913A (en) 1998-12-30 2000-08-01 Eastman Kodak Company Transfer roller positioning mechanism
US6097923A (en) * 1997-03-14 2000-08-01 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming method and apparatus

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4967231A (en) * 1987-12-29 1990-10-30 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Apparatus for forming an electrophotographic latent image
US5187526A (en) * 1991-09-23 1993-02-16 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus of forming a toner image on a receiving sheet using an intermediate image member
US6067430A (en) * 1998-03-02 2000-05-23 Xerox Corporation Fluorinated carbon filled foam biasable components
JP4532629B2 (ja) * 1999-10-06 2010-08-25 キヤノン株式会社 画像形成装置

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5132738A (en) * 1987-12-28 1992-07-21 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming apparatus with cleaning mechanism for charging electrode
US5101238A (en) 1991-01-18 1992-03-31 Eastman Kodak Company Roller transfer assembly
US6081686A (en) * 1994-10-19 2000-06-27 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming apparatus having transfer drum with specific construction
US5745820A (en) * 1995-10-24 1998-04-28 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming apparatus with a potential generating device
US5915150A (en) * 1996-02-20 1999-06-22 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming method utilizing toner having inorganic particles and particles of a specific sphericity
US6097923A (en) * 1997-03-14 2000-08-01 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming method and apparatus
US5909611A (en) * 1997-06-06 1999-06-01 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming apparatus
US5923937A (en) * 1998-06-23 1999-07-13 Eastman Kodak Company Electrostatographic apparatus and method using a transfer member that is supported to prevent distortion
US6097913A (en) 1998-12-30 2000-08-01 Eastman Kodak Company Transfer roller positioning mechanism

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US20040126156A1 (en) 2004-07-01
EP1429208A3 (fr) 2010-12-15
EP1429208A2 (fr) 2004-06-16

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