US7040002B2 - Method for terminating a conductor of a superconducting cable - Google Patents
Method for terminating a conductor of a superconducting cable Download PDFInfo
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- US7040002B2 US7040002B2 US10/218,636 US21863602A US7040002B2 US 7040002 B2 US7040002 B2 US 7040002B2 US 21863602 A US21863602 A US 21863602A US 7040002 B2 US7040002 B2 US 7040002B2
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- conductor
- portions
- superconducting tapes
- superconducting
- solder
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G15/00—Cable fittings
- H02G15/34—Cable fittings for cryogenic cables
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
- H01R4/58—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation characterised by the form or material of the contacting members
- H01R4/68—Connections to or between superconductive connectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
- H01R4/70—Insulation of connections
- H01R4/72—Insulation of connections using a heat shrinking insulating sleeve
- H01R4/723—Making a soldered electrical connection simultaneously with the heat shrinking
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
- Y10S505/70—High TC, above 30 k, superconducting device, article, or structured stock
- Y10S505/706—Contact pads or leads bonded to superconductor
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49014—Superconductor
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
- Y10T29/49174—Assembling terminal to elongated conductor
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
- Y10T29/49174—Assembling terminal to elongated conductor
- Y10T29/49176—Assembling terminal to elongated conductor with molding of electrically insulating material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
- Y10T29/49174—Assembling terminal to elongated conductor
- Y10T29/49179—Assembling terminal to elongated conductor by metal fusion bonding
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
- Y10T29/49194—Assembling elongated conductors, e.g., splicing, etc.
- Y10T29/49195—Assembling elongated conductors, e.g., splicing, etc. with end-to-end orienting
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/51—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling
- Y10T29/5187—Wire working
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/53—Means to assemble or disassemble
- Y10T29/5313—Means to assemble electrical device
- Y10T29/532—Conductor
- Y10T29/53209—Terminal or connector
- Y10T29/53213—Assembled to wire-type conductor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the termination of the conductor of a superconducting cable.
- the expression “superconducting cable” is used to indicate a cable intended for carrying electric current in so-called conditions of superconductivity, that is, in conditions of almost zero electrical resistance under direct current transport condition.
- the expression “conductor” is used to indicate the electrically active part of a superconducting cable, intended for carrying the phase electric current or that of each phase of a three-phase current system (where necessary, more in particular referred to as “phase conductor”).
- phase conductor is also used to indicate the “return conductor”, that is, the electrically active part of a superconducting cable capable of transmitting the same quantity of electric current of the phase conductor/s associated with it, but in the reverse direction.
- the expression “conductor termination” is used to indicate the connection to the conductor of an electrically conductive connector to allow fixing it to a second cable conductor, either superconducting or non-superconducting, or to an electrical apparatus in general, such as a transformer, an electrical motor, etcetera.
- the termination in the above meaning must thus be intended as the formation of a joint between the two conductors.
- the electrically conductive connector shall sometimes be referred to as “top connector” in the following description.
- a warm dielectric superconducting cable (or each phase element of a warm dielectric three-phase cable) essentially comprises a tubular element for supporting one or more layers of superconducting tapes, and substantially defining a flow channel for a cryogenic fluid, a cryostat arranged coaxially external to the layers of superconducting cables, and a dielectric arranged coaxially external to the cryostat.
- superconducting material is used to indicate a material such as, for example, particular ceramic materials based on mixed oxides of copper such as those discussed by Cava R., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 83 [1], 5–28 (2000). These compounds exhibit a substantially zero resistivity below a certain temperature, defined as critical temperature, or Tc.
- critical temperature for the above materials ranges between about 80K ( ⁇ 193° C.) and about 150K ( ⁇ 123° C.).
- the superconducting material in particular the BSCCO material, is commonly manufactured and used in the form of single- or multi-filament tapes wherein filaments of superconducting material are embedded in a metal matrix, usually silver, optionally added with aluminium or magnesium; or, in particular the YBCO and REBCO material is manufactured and used in the form of a film of superconducting material supported by a metal tape, and optionally coated with one or more oxide layers.
- a cold dielectric superconducting cable (or each phase element of a cold dielectric three-phase cable) essentially comprises a tubular element for supporting one or more layers of superconducting tapes, and substantially defining a flow channel for a cryogenic fluid, and, arranged coaxially external to the layers of superconducting tape, in a sequence: a dielectric, a return conductor, an annular flow channel for the cryogenic fluid, and a cryostat.
- a single cryostat is provided for all phases present in the superconducting cable.
- the tubular element for supporting the layers of superconducting tapes of the phase conductor can be at least partly made of a material exhibiting a low electrical resistance with the function of protecting the superconducting material from overcurrent, as described for example in the international patent application WO 00/39812 in the name of the Applicant.
- a screen external to the outermost layer of superconducting material can be provided, for example comprising one or more layers of conductive tapes, for example of copper.
- the expression “cryostability device” is used to indicate such a tubular supporting element and/or such an external screen.
- the operating temperature of a superconducting cable a term used to indicate the temperature at which the superconducting cable transmits electric current in superconductivity conditions, is below the critical temperature of the superconducting material used.
- the superconducting cable is provided with at least one channel for the flow of a cryogenic fluid.
- the cryogenic fluid generally is helium, nitrogen, hydrogen and/or argon at application-specific temperature and pressure.
- a superconducting ceramic conductor for use in a cryogenic fluid, comprising a composite ceramic superconducting tape or wire and a sealing structure hermetically surrounding the outer surface of the composite ceramic tape/wire.
- the sealing structure is metallic and in particular, it comprises rolled metallic tapes on the greater faces of the superconducting tape, and non-porous solder fillets, for example of Pb—Sn—Ag, Pb—Sn, Sn—Ag, In—Pb, at the side faces of the superconducting tape.
- the solder can include dispersions of metallic fibres or particles in an epoxy resin.
- the sealing structure comprises a polymer layer with optional metal elements dispersed therein, surrounding the outer surface of the superconducting tape or wire.
- the superconducting tape ends can be encapsulated through solder or silicone.
- the Applicant has perceived that the problem of the cryogenic fluid infiltration occurs to a greater extent at the ends of the superconducting tapes, as when a conductor is cut to size upon installation, since the superconducting material is directly exposed at the cross section or end.
- end of a superconducting tape is used to indicate a longitudinal part of a superconducting tape immediately adjacent to and comprising its exposed cross section.
- the Applicant has perceived that the termination of a conductor of a superconducting cable must meet the two requirements of ensuring the sealing of the ends of the superconducting tapes of the conductor against the diffusion of the cryogenic fluid, and of ensuring a good electric contact between the conductor and the top connector and/or between the conductor and that of a second superconducting cable, retaining the above properties following thermal cycles between ambient temperature and operating temperature.
- the Applicant has perceived that the use of only a plastic material or of only a solder is not sufficient to meet the above requirements because in the first case there is not sufficient electric contact and in the second case, the amount of solder needed is such as to practically imply such a high porosity of the solder as to allow the formation of micro-channels within which the cryogenic fluid infiltrates into the superconducting tapes.
- the present invention relates to a method of terminating at least one conductor of superconducting cable comprising a plurality of superconducting tapes, comprising the steps of:
- end portion of a superconducting tape is used to indicate a longitudinal part of superconducting tape adjacent to its end as defined above.
- the step c) of embedding an end portion of the superconducting tapes in a solder is carried out by embedding the end portions of at least all superconducting tapes of a same conductor in a common bulk of solder.
- solder bulk can therefore be common to the superconducting tapes of both conductors, or two solder bulks can be made, each common to the superconducting tapes of a respective conductor.
- the step c) of embedding an end portion of the superconducting tapes in a solder is carried out by providing at least one sleeve surrounding an end portion of conductor and filling the sleeve with solder.
- step b) of embedding an end of the superconducting tapes in a thermosetting resin can be carried out by embedding the ends of at least all superconducting tapes of a same conductor in a common bulk of thermosetting resin.
- thermosetting resin bulk can therefore be common to the superconducting tapes of both conductors, or two thermosetting resin bulks can be made, each common to the superconducting tapes of a respective conductor.
- the step b) of embedding an end of the superconducting tapes in a thermosetting resin can be carried out by providing at least one collar surrounding at least one end of conductor and filling the collar with the thermosetting resin.
- the step d) of achieving an electric contact by the solder and the step c) of embedding an end portion of the superconducting tapes in a solder are carried out by embedding the end portions of at least all superconducting tapes of a same conductor and a corresponding portion of the connector in a common bulk of solder.
- step b) of embedding an end of the superconducting tapes in a thermosetting resin is carried out by embedding at most individually said end of each superconducting tape in a respective bulk of thermosetting resin.
- each thermosetting resin bulk can therefore be intended to have the end of a single superconducting tape embedded, or the ends of a pair of a superconducting tape of the first conductor and of a superconducting tape of the second conductor.
- the step b) of embedding an end of the superconducting tapes in a thermosetting resin is carried out by introducing at most individually the free end of each superconducting tape in a respective cap and filling at least partly each cap with the thermosetting resin.
- free end of a superconducting tape is used to indicate a longitudinal part of superconducting tape adjacent to and extending from its exposed cross section. Said free end can comprise all or part of the end, all or part of the end portion, and also a part upstream of the end portion.
- cap is used to indicate an element having a hole intended for loosely receiving the free end of at least one superconducting tape, wherein the hole can be a through or a blind hole, optionally provided with one or more leaks.
- the step c) of embedding an end portion of the superconducting tapes in a solder is carried out by embedding at most individually the end portion of each superconducting tape in a respective bulk of solder.
- each bulk of solder can therefore be intended to have the end of a single superconducting tape embedded, or the ends of a pair of a superconducting tape of the first conductor and of a superconducting tape of the second conductor.
- step e) of arranging at most individually a free end of each superconducting tape in a respective electrically conductive cap is carried out by filling a first part of each cap with the thermosetting resin, and step c) is carried out by filling at least a second part of each cap with the solder.
- step d) of achieving an electric contact by the solder can be carried out by fixing each cap in contact with the connector.
- step d) of achieving an electric contact by the solder comprises providing a respective electrically conductive tape extending from each cap.
- the cryostability device is a tubular, at least partly conductive element supporting the superconducting tapes
- step f) of achieving an electric contact between the connector and the cryostability device, and step c) of embedding an end portion of the superconducting tapes in a solder are carried out by embedding the end portions of at least all superconducting tapes of a same conductor and a corresponding portion of the tubular element in a common bulk of solder.
- the cryostability device is an at least partly conductive screen coaxially external to the superconducting tapes, and step f) of achieving an electric contact between the connector and the cryostability device is carried out by fixing a portion of the screen in contact with the connector.
- Solders useful for the purposes of the present invention have a melting point lower than a temperature damaging the superconducting tapes.
- the solder is a Sn—Pb—Bi alloy.
- the solder is an alloy comprising 43% Sn, 43% Pb and 14% Bi.
- thermosetting resin is an epoxy or silicone resin.
- thermosetting resin is added with a hardener.
- thermosetting resin is that available under the trademark Araldite® from Ciba Specialites Chimiques SA, Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France.
- the thermosetting resin is Araldite® added with HY 951 as a hardener.
- thermosetting resin is added with a mineral filler.
- the mineral filler preferably is quartz or aluminium oxide.
- thermosetting resin is Araldite® added with quartz or aluminium oxide as a mineral filler.
- the superconducting material of each superconducting tape is an oxide of bismuth, lead, strontium, calcium, and copper (BSCCO).
- each superconducting tape comprises a hermetically sealing structure surrounding its outside surface along its length, for example as described in the above-mentioned international patent application WO 01/08234.
- the present invention relates to a terminated conductor of a superconducting cable comprising a plurality of superconducting tapes and an electrically conductive connector associated to said superconducting cable radially at said conductor, wherein ends of said superconducting tapes are embedded in a thermosetting resin and end portions of said superconducting tapes are embedded in a solder, the solder being in electric contact with the connector.
- the present invention relates to a superconducting cable comprising at least one conductor comprising a plurality of superconducting tapes and a respective electrically conductive connector associated radially at said at least one conductor, wherein ends of said superconducting tapes are embedded in a thermosetting resin and end portions of said superconducting tapes are embedded in a solder, an electric contact being achieved by the solder.
- the present invention relates to a joint between conductors of two superconducting cables, each conductor comprising a plurality of superconducting tapes, the joint comprising an electrically conductive connector butt-coupling the conductors of the two superconducting cables, wherein ends of the superconducting tapes are embedded in a thermosetting resin and end portions of the superconducting tapes are embedded in a solder, at least one of said thermosetting resin and said solder having the superconducting tapes of both said conductors embedded, and an electric contact being achieved by the solder.
- the joint comprises a collar surrounding the ends of the two conductors and filled with the thermosetting resin.
- the joint comprises a sleeve surrounding the end portions of the two conductors and filled with the solder.
- the present invention relates to a current transmission/distribution network comprising at least one terminated conductor of a superconducting cable as described above, at least one superconducting cable as described above, and/or at least one joint between conductors of two superconducting cables as described above.
- the present invention relates to a terminator for at least one conductor of superconducting cable comprising a plurality of superconducting tapes, the terminator comprising:
- the delimiting elements comprise a collar suitable for surrounding the ends of at least all superconducting tapes of a same conductor and intended for containing the thermosetting resin.
- the delimiting elements comprise a sleeve suitable for surrounding the end portions of at least all superconducting tapes of a same conductor and intended for containing the solder.
- the delimiting elements comprise a plurality of electrically conductive caps, each suitable for containing the free end of at least one respective superconducting tape and each intended for containing a bulk of thermosetting resin.
- the electrically conductive caps can be suitable for containing at least one bulk of solder each.
- each cap comprises an electrically conductive tape extending from the end opposed to the end receiving the superconducting tape
- said connector comprises a first and a second tubular element, the outside surface of the first tubular element and the inside surface of the second tubular element being sloped with respect to the respective axes, with angles of inclination selected so that the first and the second tubular element realise a conical coupling suitable for clamping the electrically conductive tapes extending from said caps.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a longitudinal and partly sectional view of a first embodiment of a terminated conductor of superconducting cable according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a longitudinal and partly sectional view of a second embodiment of a terminated conductor of superconducting cable according to the present invention
- FIG. 3 schematically shows a longitudinal and partly sectional view of a third embodiment of a terminated conductor of superconducting cable according to the present invention
- FIGS. 4 and 5 schematically show a detail of the embodiment of FIG. 3 , respectively in front and sectioned view;
- FIG. 6 shows a longitudinal sectional view of a fourth embodiment of a terminated conductor of superconducting cable according to the present invention
- FIG. 7 shows a longitudinal sectional view of a fifth embodiment of a terminated conductor of superconducting cable according to the present invention.
- FIGS. 8–14 schematically show some embodiments of joints between conductors of two superconducting cables according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a conductor 10 of superconducting cable terminated according to the present invention.
- conductor 10 is representative of a phase conductor of a warm dielectric cable, or a phase conductor of a cold dielectric cable.
- the illustrated conductor 10 comprises a plurality of superconducting tapes 13 wound in four layers around a tubular supporting element 12 .
- the tubular supporting element 12 substantially defines a flow channel for a cryogenic fluid.
- the tubular supporting element 12 preferably consists, at least partly, of low electrical resistance material, in order to protect the superconducting tapes against overcurrent, i.e. it also serves as a cryostability device.
- a suitable tubular supporting element 12 is described in the international patent application WO 00/39812 in the Applicant's name.
- the superconducting tapes 13 are Bi-2223 tapes in silver matrix, preferably sealed along their length against the diffusion of the cryogenic fluid, as described in the above patent application WO 01/08234.
- a top connector 11 made of an electrically conductive material, such as for example copper, is associated to the superconducting cable radially at conductor 10 .
- top connector 11 is partly screwed into the tubular supporting element 12 .
- top connector 11 is not important for the purposes of the present invention. It is sufficient that it exhibits fixing means, preferably removable, conjugated to fixing means of a second cable conductor, either superconducting or non-superconducting, or of an electric apparatus in general, such as a transformer, an electrical motor, etcetera.
- a collar 15 is arranged coaxially external to the end of conductor 10 , i.e. to the end of the group of its superconducting tapes 13 .
- Collar 15 delimits a bulk of thermosetting resin 14 , wherein the ends of the superconducting tapes 13 are embedded.
- Collar 15 is preferably made of an electrically conductive material.
- thermosetting resin 14 is preferably Araldite® added with HY 951 as a hardener. Moreover, such resin is preferably added with quartz or aluminium oxide [Al 2 (OH) 3 ] as a mineral filler.
- thermosetting resins can be used, in particular other epoxy or silicone resins.
- a sleeve 17 is arranged coaxially external to collar 15 , i.e. around end portions of the group of its superconducting tapes 13 and around an end portion of top connector 11 .
- Sleeve 17 is preferably made of an electrically conductive material.
- Sleeve 17 delimits a bulk of solder 16 , wherein the end portions of the superconducting tapes 13 and the end portion of top connector 11 are embedded.
- solder 16 infiltrates between the superconducting tapes 13 , also the part of support 12 corresponding to the end portions of the superconducting tapes 13 is embedded in solder 16 .
- said support 12 is made of an at least partly metal material and serves as a cryostability device.
- Solder 16 preferably is a Sn, Pb, Bi alloy, such as the DAIKO PFA 140 alloy available from Indium Corporation of America, Utica, N.Y., U.S.A., whose composition is 43% Sn %, 43% Pb and 14% Bi.
- Sn, Pb, Bi alloy such as the DAIKO PFA 140 alloy available from Indium Corporation of America, Utica, N.Y., U.S.A., whose composition is 43% Sn %, 43% Pb and 14% Bi.
- thermosetting resin 14 effectively proofs the ends of the superconducting tapes 13 , an electric contact is achieved by the bulk of solder 16 between conductor 10 and top connector 11 , as well as the tubular cryostability element 12 .
- the bulk of solder 16 that is, the diameter of sleeve 17 with respect to the diameter of collar 15 , are to be selected so as to meet the opposed requirements of minimising the space occupied by the conductor termination and minimising the dissipated power at the termination, which as known, is inversely proportional to the cross section of solder 16 .
- the dissipated power at the maximum operating current of the superconducting cable at the maximum operating temperature should preferably be less than 50 W, more preferably less than 20 W and even more preferably, less than 10 W.
- solder 16 exhibits a thickness much larger than a few tens of micromillimetres, i.e. it is in practice too porous to prevent the formation of micro-channels inside which the cryogenic fluid could thus infiltrate in the superconducting tapes 13 in the absence of the thermosetting resin 14 , thus degrading their performance.
- solder 16 guarantees the necessary mechanical constrain between conductor 10 and top connector 11 .
- collar 15 and sleeve 17 will exhibit a respective opening (not shown) to fill them with the thermosetting resin 14 and with solder 16 respectively.
- sleeve 17 will advantageously exhibit the shape shown, tapered at its lower end, upstream of the termination.
- collar 15 could exhibit a bottom 15 a , for example made of a plurality of spacing rings between the layers.
- the termination could be carried out by first filling sleeve 17 only partly with solder 16 , up to such a height as to leave the ends of the superconducting tapes 13 free, then filling collar 15 using the hardened solder 16 as a bottom, and afterwards, finishing to fill sleeve 17 with solder 16 .
- both collar 15 and sleeve 17 could be joined with top connector 11 , for example through radial crosspieces (not shown).
- conductor 10 can be representative of a return conductor of a cold dielectric cable.
- the tubular supporting element 12 of the superconducting tapes 13 is missing, the superconducting tapes 13 being wound on the dielectric.
- the dielectric typically comprises a wrap of paper tapes that could be damaged by the contact with solder 16 , it may be necessary to insert a tubular protective element between the dielectric and the superconducting tapes 13 .
- Such a tubular protective element can be regarded as schematically represented in FIG. 1 by the tubular supporting element 12 .
- FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of termination of the conductor of a superconducting cable, which is modified with respect to that illustrated and described with reference to FIG. 1 in the following aspects.
- Sleeve 17 is replaced by a sleeve 17 a whose inner diameter essentially corresponds to the outer diameter of collar 15 and does not extend longitudinally at the end portion of top connector 11 .
- Sleeve 17 a thus delimits a bulk of solder 16 , wherein only the end portions of the superconducting tapes 13 are embedded, whereas the end portion of top connector 11 is not.
- solder 16 The electric contact between conductor 10 and top connector 11 is achieved by solder 16 , sleeve 17 a and a wrap of conductor braids or tapes 18 , for example of copper, between sleeve 17 a and top connector 11 .
- solder 16 in practice exhibits a thickness of more than a few tens of micromillimetres.
- FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment of a conductor 20 of superconducting cable terminated according to the present invention.
- conductor 20 is representative of a phase conductor of a warm dielectric cable, or of a phase conductor of a cold dielectric cable.
- the illustrated conductor 20 comprises a plurality of superconducting tapes 22 wound in two layers around a tubular supporting element 21 .
- the superconducting tapes 22 and the tubular supporting element 21 are as described with reference to the superconducting tapes 13 and to the tubular supporting element 12 respectively of the embodiment of FIG. 1 .
- a top connector made of an electrically conductive material, such as for example copper, is radially associated to the superconducting cable at conductor 20 .
- the top connector comprises a first tubular element 23 a clamped, such as by a crimping in the region indicated with reference number 24 , around the tubular supporting element 21 .
- the top connector preferably comprises a second tubular element 23 c inserted inside the tubular supporting element 21 and coupled to the first tubular element, for example screwed as indicated at 25 . Also in this case, the actual shape of top connector 23 a – 23 c is not important.
- each superconducting tape 22 is loosely inserted in a respective cap 27 , as can be better seen in FIGS. 4 and 5 .
- Each cap 27 is made of an electrically conductive material, for example copper.
- Each cap 27 is filled with thermosetting resin 44 for a first part, wherein the end of the respective superconducting tape 22 is embedded.
- each cap 27 is filled with solder 46 for a second part, wherein an end portion of the respective superconducting tape 22 is embedded.
- thermosetting resin 44 and the solder 46 are as described with reference to the thermosetting resin 14 and the solder 16 respectively of the embodiment of FIG. 1 .
- Each cap 27 preferably exhibits a hole 27 a , optionally threaded, at the opposed end of the insertion end of the respective superconducting tape 22 .
- each cap 27 is in electric contact with top connector 23 a – 23 c , as by surface contact and fixing by a respective screw 28 to top connector 23 a – 23 c.
- each cap 27 is fixed to an element 23 b of the top connector screwed outside element 23 a of the top connector.
- Element 23 b of the top connector exhibits an outside stepwise surface, where the steps are preferably sloped with respect to its longitudinal axis, so that the superconducting tapes 22 of the innermost layer are fixed, by the respective cap 27 , at a lower slope than the superconducting tapes of the outermost layer, so that the respective caps 27 and screws 28 do not interfere or damage the superconducting tapes 22 of the outermost layer.
- a larger diameter is available that allows using caps larger than the superconducting tapes. If conductor 20 exhibits a number of layers of superconducting tapes 22 other than two, element 23 b of the top connector will exhibit a corresponding number of steps.
- Elements 23 a and 23 b of the top connector can be replaced with a single element.
- thermosetting resin 44 proofs the ends of the superconducting tapes 22 .
- tubular element 21 is at least partly electrically conductive for cryostability reasons, the electric contact between the tubular element 21 and top connector 23 a – 23 c is provided by the contact relationship between them.
- FIG. 3 shows a wrap 26 of the superconducting tapes 22 upstream of top connector 23 a – 23 c.
- the amount of solder 46 needed to provide sufficient electric conductivity and sufficient mechanical constrain between each superconducting tape 22 and the respective cap 27 is such that, in practice, it is too porous to perform the function of proofing against the cryogenic fluid.
- conductor 20 of the present embodiment can alternatively represent a return conductor of a cold dielectric cable, with the changes described with reference to the embodiment of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 6 A further embodiment of termination of the conductor of a superconducting cable is illustrated in FIG. 6 . Such embodiment is particularly advantageous in the case of a return conductor of a cold dielectric cable.
- the illustrated conductor 30 comprises a plurality of superconducting tapes 31 wound in two layers around an insulator 35 .
- the superconducting tapes 31 are as described with reference to the superconducting tapes 13 of the embodiment of FIG. 1 .
- conductive tapes 33 for example of copper, wound around the superconducting tapes 31 and having the function of a cryostability device, as described in the international patent application WO 00/39812 in the Applicant's name.
- each superconducting tape 31 is inserted in a respective cap 34 containing thermosetting resin 44 and solder 46 analogously to what described with reference to FIGS. 3–5 .
- the superconducting tapes 31 are radially spaced from dielectric 35 , for example by thinning dielectric 35 , as shown at 35 a.
- a top connector comprises a first electrically conductive tubular element 32 a , for example of copper or alloys thereof, inserted on the superconducting cable between dielectric 35 and the superconducting tapes 31 , and a second electrically conductive tubular element 32 b , for example of copper or alloys thereof, inserted on the superconducting cable outside the superconducting tapes 31 and the conducting tapes 33 , if present.
- the outside surface of the first tubular element 32 a and the inside surface of the second tubular element 32 b are sloped as regards to the respective longitudinal axes, with inclination angles selected so that the first and the second tubular element 32 a , 32 b of the top connector establish a conical coupling, thus providing the necessary mechanical constrain between top connector 32 a , 32 b and the superconducting tapes 32 as well as the conductive tapes 33 , if present.
- the electric contact between conductor 30 and top connector 32 a – 32 b is achieved by solder 46 , caps 34 and the contact relationship between caps 34 and top connector 32 a – 32 b.
- Caps 34 can be fixed to top connector 32 a analogously to what described with reference to the embodiment of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of termination of the conductor of a superconducting cable that is modified with respect to that illustrated and described with reference to FIG. 6 in the following aspects.
- the superconducting tapes 31 are cut upstream of top connector 32 a , 32 b and inserted in respective caps 34 ′ similar to caps 34 of the embodiment of FIGS. 3–5 , but showing a respective conductive tape 36 , for example made of copper or alloys thereof, extending from the end opposed to that of insertion of the respective superconducting tape 31 .
- Caps 34 ′ do not exhibit hole 27 a present in caps 34 of the embodiment of FIGS. 3–5 .
- the conductive tapes 36 and the optional cryostability conductive tapes 33 are clamped by the conical coupling provided by the two tubular elements 32 a , 32 b of the top connector, whereas the superconducting tapes 31 are not.
- the superconducting tapes 31 are not stressed, thus preventing any risk of damage.
- the electric contact between conductor 30 and top connector 32 a , 32 b is achieved by solder 46 , caps 34 ′, conductive tapes 36 and the contact relation between the conductive tapes 36 and top connector 32 a – 32 b.
- collar 15 of the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 and the respective thermosetting resin 14 could be replaced with a plurality of caps similar to caps 27 of the embodiment of FIG. 3 , each cap being filled with just the thermosetting resin.
- FIGS. from 8 to 14 show, in a very schematic manner, some embodiments of joint between conductors of two superconducting cables according to the present invention, which shall be described only in their major features. For further details, reference shall be each time made to the description of the relevant FIGS. from 1 to 7 .
- FIGS. from 8 to 14 show a conductor 50 of a first superconducting cable, comprising a plurality of superconducting tapes 51 wound in more layers around a tubular supporting element 52 , and a conductor 60 of a second superconducting cable, comprising a plurality of superconducting tapes 61 wound in more layers around a tubular supporting element 62 .
- connector 70 which butt-couples the two conductors 50 , 60 , for example by being inserted in the tubular supporting elements 52 , 62 , is illustrated.
- Connector 70 is schematically indicated as single-piece, but as an alternative it can comprise two complementary elements removably connected to one another.
- thermosetting resin 53 and 63 are illustrated as having also respective portions of connector 70 embedded, but this is not necessary.
- the end portions of the superconducting tapes 51 of the first conductor 50 and the end portions of the superconducting tapes 61 of the second conductor 60 are embedded in a common bulk 71 of solder contained in a common sleeve 72 .
- FIG. 9 differs from that of FIG. 8 in that the ends of the superconducting tapes 51 of the first conductor 50 and the ends of the superconducting tapes 61 of the second conductor 60 are embedded in a common bulk 73 of thermosetting resin contained in a common collar 74 .
- the bulk of thermosetting resin 73 has also the corresponding portion of connector 70 embedded.
- FIG. 10 differs from that of FIG. 8 in that the ends of the superconducting tapes 51 of the first conductor 50 and the ends of the superconducting tapes 61 of the second conductor 60 are embedded in respective bulks of thermosetting resin contained in respective caps 55 , 65 .
- thermosetting resin 73 has also the matching portion of connector 70 embedded.
- the end portions of the superconducting tapes 51 of the first conductor 50 are embedded in a first bulk 56 of solder contained in a first sleeve 57 and the ends of the superconducting tapes 61 of the second conductor 60 are embedded in a second bulk 66 of solder contained in a second sleeve 67 .
- a wrap of conductive tapes or braids 75 electrically connects sleeves 57 , 67 .
- caps 76 are filled, in a central part, with thermosetting resin, wherein the ends of both superconducting tapes 51 , 61 are embedded, and, in two parts adjacent to the central part, with solder, wherein the end portions of each superconducting tape 51 , 61 are individually embedded.
- caps 55 and 65 are each filled with a bulk of thermosetting resin at the end of the respective superconducting tape 51 , 61 , and with a bulk of solder at the end portion of the respective superconducting tape 51 , 61 .
- caps 55 and 65 are connected in pairs by a respective common conductive tape 77 .
- caps 55 and 65 are each filled with a bulk of thermosetting resin at the end of the respective superconducting tape 51 , 61 .
- the end portions of the superconducting tapes 51 of the first conductor 50 are embedded in a first bulk 56 of solder contained in a first sleeve 57 and the ends of the superconducting tapes 61 of the second conductor 60 are embedded in a second bulk 66 of solder contained in a second sleeve 67 .
- a wrap of conductive tapes or braids 75 electrically connects sleeves 57 , 67 .
- a conductor sample was made using Bi-2223 superconducting tapes in silver matrix for which proof against the infiltration of liquid nitrogen along their entire length had been previously checked.
- the conductor sample is 10 metres long.
- the sample was terminated at each end as described with reference to FIG. 1 , using Araldite® added with HY 951 and aluminium oxide, as thermosetting resin 14 , and alloy DAIKO PFA 140 as solder 16 .
- the sample thus terminated was mounted into a cryostat and constrained at the ends on a stiff frame, so as to simulate the traction to which the termination is subject in a clamped-head installation configuration.
- a configuration represents the most critical condition of traction by shrinkage upon cooling of the superconducting cable.
- the sample was immersed in liquid nitrogen and subjected to 10 thermal cycles between ambient temperature and the operating temperature of 77K at atmospheric pressure. Afterwards, still in clamped-head configuration, the sample was left immersed for 120 hours in liquid nitrogen at a pressure of about 30 bar.
- Thermosetting resin 14 and solder 16 did not exhibit either cracks or fractures.
- the superconducting tapes 13 did not exhibit either surface “balloons” or other damages.
- a sample of cold dielectric superconducting cable (free from cryostat) was made using Bi-2223 superconducting tapes in silver matrix for which proof against the infiltration of liquid nitrogen along their entire length had been previously checked.
- the conductor cable sample is 10 metres long.
- phase conductor of the sample was terminated at each end as described with reference to FIG. 3
- return conductor of the superconducting cable sample was terminated at each end as described with reference to FIG. 6 .
- the sample thus terminated was mounted into a cryostat and constrained at the ends on a stiff frame, so as to simulate the traction to which the termination is subject in a clamped-head installation configuration.
- the sample was immersed in liquid nitrogen and subjected to 10 thermal cycles between ambient temperature and the operating temperature of 77K at atmospheric pressure.
- the sample was left immersed for 120 hours in liquid nitrogen at a pressure of about 30 bar.
- Thermosetting resin 44 and solder 46 inside caps 27 , 34 did not exhibit either cracks or fractures.
- the superconducting tapes 22 , 32 did not exhibit either surface “balloons” or other damages.
- the termination according to the invention meets the requirements of mechanical constrain and protection of the integrity of the superconducting tapes.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
- Gas Or Oil Filled Cable Accessories (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- a) associating an electrically conductive connector radially at the at least one conductor,
- b) embedding an end of the superconducting tapes in a thermosetting resin,
- c) embedding an end portion of the superconducting tapes in a solder, and
- d) achieving an electric contact by the solder.
-
- an electrically conductive connector radially combinable to said at least one conductor,
- delimiting elements intended for containing thermosetting resin and/or solder and suitable for being associated to the at least one conductor so that ends of the superconducting tapes are embedded in the thermosetting resin, so that end portions of the superconducting tapes are embedded in the solder, and so that an electric contact is achieved by the solder.
Claims (19)
Priority Applications (1)
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US10/218,636 US7040002B2 (en) | 2001-08-27 | 2002-08-15 | Method for terminating a conductor of a superconducting cable |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP01203197.7 | 2001-08-27 | ||
EP20010203197 EP1289067B1 (en) | 2001-08-27 | 2001-08-27 | Termination of the conductor of a superconducting cable |
US31503801P | 2001-08-28 | 2001-08-28 | |
US10/218,636 US7040002B2 (en) | 2001-08-27 | 2002-08-15 | Method for terminating a conductor of a superconducting cable |
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US20030040439A1 US20030040439A1 (en) | 2003-02-27 |
US7040002B2 true US7040002B2 (en) | 2006-05-09 |
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US10/218,636 Expired - Fee Related US7040002B2 (en) | 2001-08-27 | 2002-08-15 | Method for terminating a conductor of a superconducting cable |
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Cited By (2)
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US20060061630A1 (en) * | 2004-09-23 | 2006-03-23 | Jeffrey Birkmeyer | Soldering a flexible circuit |
CN111030032A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-04-17 | 北京交通大学 | Superconducting cable end welding structure |
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JP2005012915A (en) * | 2003-06-19 | 2005-01-13 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Connection structure of superconductive cable and insulated spacer for connecting superconductive cable |
US7608785B2 (en) * | 2004-04-27 | 2009-10-27 | Superpower, Inc. | System for transmitting current including magnetically decoupled superconducting conductors |
FR2899389B1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2013-12-27 | Nexans | TERMINATION OF CONNECTION OF A SUPERCONDUCTING CABLE |
JP5209695B2 (en) * | 2007-03-21 | 2013-06-12 | エヌコーテー ケーブルス ウルテラ アクティーゼルスカブ | Termination device |
EP2369600B1 (en) * | 2010-03-04 | 2012-08-29 | Nexans | Direct current supraconductor cable |
JP5622195B2 (en) * | 2010-08-05 | 2014-11-12 | 国立大学法人九州大学 | RE1Ba2Cu3O7-z superconductor |
US8984745B2 (en) | 2013-01-24 | 2015-03-24 | Andrew Llc | Soldered connector and cable interconnection method |
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