US6783986B1 - Sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS), a preparation method and cDNA therefor, and use of the cDNA for modifying SPS expression in plant cells - Google Patents

Sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS), a preparation method and cDNA therefor, and use of the cDNA for modifying SPS expression in plant cells Download PDF

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US6783986B1
US6783986B1 US08/429,053 US42905395A US6783986B1 US 6783986 B1 US6783986 B1 US 6783986B1 US 42905395 A US42905395 A US 42905395A US 6783986 B1 US6783986 B1 US 6783986B1
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Charles Van Assche
Danielle Lando
Jean Michel Bruneau
Toni Alois Voelker
Monica Gervais
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    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
    • C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
    • C12N15/8245—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving modified carbohydrate or sugar alcohol metabolism, e.g. starch biosynthesis
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    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
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    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/1048—Glycosyltransferases (2.4)
    • C12N9/1051—Hexosyltransferases (2.4.1)
    • C12N9/1066—Sucrose phosphate synthase (2.4.1.14)
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants

Definitions

  • SPS Sucrose phosphate synthetase
  • the present invention relates to saccharose phosphate synthetase (SPS), its preparation process, its complementary DNA and the use of the latter to modify the rate of expression of SPS in vegetable cells.
  • SPS saccharose phosphate synthetase
  • a subject of the invention is proteins having the activity of saccharose phosphate synthetase (SPS).
  • SPS saccharose phosphate synthetase
  • vegetable cell all plant cells being able to form undifferentiated tissue such as calluses or differentiated tissues such as embryos, certain parts of plants, whole plants or also seeds.
  • plant By plant is meant notably plants producing seeds, for example the grasses such as straw cereals such as wheat, barley, maize or oats, the legumes such as soya, oleaginous plants such as sunflowers, plants with tubers such as potatoes, plants with roots such as beetroots or fruits such as tomatoes.
  • grasses such as straw cereals such as wheat, barley, maize or oats
  • legumes such as soya
  • oleaginous plants such as sunflowers
  • tubers such as potatoes
  • plants with roots such as beetroots or fruits such as tomatoes.
  • a subject of the invention is saccharose phosphate synthetase and notably the saccharose phosphate synthetase of plants.
  • plants are meant for example the grasses such as for example wheat, barley, maize, sugar cane, vegetables such as tomatoes and soya, fruits, such as apples and bananas.
  • grasses such as for example wheat, barley, maize, sugar cane, vegetables such as tomatoes and soya, fruits, such as apples and bananas.
  • Saccharose phosphate synthetase is a key enzyme in the regulation mechanisms of saccharose, but also in the regulation mechanisms of the distribution of carbon between starch and saccharose in photosynthesis (see on this subject the article by Jack PREISS in TIBS January 1984, pages 24 and following, or also the article by Mark STITT and Coll. in Biochemistry of Plants vol. 10, 1987 pages 327 and following).
  • the SPS appears to be specific to the species concerned; Joan L-Walker and Steven C. Huber who have purified and carried out a preliminary characterization of the saccharose phosphate of spinach indicate clearly that the antibodies obtained recognize exclusively the SPS of spinach (cf PLANT PHYSIOL (1989) 89, 518-524).
  • a subject of the invention is the SPS of maize.
  • the SPS of maize can exist in a pure or practically pure form.
  • a subject of the invention is the proteins defined previously of molecular weight of the order of 110 to 130 kD appearing in the monomer, dimer or tetramer form and their derivatives having at least one peptide whose amino acid sequence is the following:
  • TrpSerHisAspGlyAlaArg (SEQ ID NO: 5)
  • a subject of the invention is the proteins defined previously having the amino acid sequence described in FIG. 7 . (SEQ ID NO: 11)
  • a subject of the invention is the derivatives of the proteins defined previously modified by genetic engineering techniques and presenting the activity of the SPS.
  • an extract is made from parts of the plants preserved at low temperature by grinding, centrifugation and filtration,
  • the extract obtained is enriched in SPS protein by precipitation in an appropriate solvent, centrifugation and solubilisation of the precipitate obtained in a buffer solution,
  • the hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies are prepared from an antigen solution obtained from one of the preparations obtained in paragraphs a), b), and c) above,
  • the hybridomas are screened and the monoclonal antibody or antibodies directed specifically against the SPS are selected,
  • an extract is made from parts of maize plants preserved at low temperature by grinding, centrifugation and filtration,
  • the extract obtained is enriched in proteins by precipitation in polyethyleneglycol, centrifugation and solubilisation of the precipitate obtained in a buffer solution,
  • the SPS protein thus obtained is purified by low pressure anion exchange chromatography, then by chromatography on heparin Sepharose, then by high pressure anion exchange chromatography,
  • the active fractions are purified by passage through 2 high pressure chromatography columns, and, if desired,
  • the hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies are prepared from an antigen solution obtained from a preparation a), b), c),
  • the hybridomas are screened and the antibodies directed specifically against the SPS are selected,
  • the maize used is a maize of PIONEER 3184 strain
  • the parts of maize plants used are leaves preserved at low temperature for example between ⁇ 50° C. and ⁇ 90° C.
  • PEG polyethyleneglycol
  • the measurement of the SPS activity is preferably carried out using two different methods:
  • mice are immunized with several injections of the purified enzymatic preparation.
  • mice Different mouse types can be used, for example BALB/C mice.
  • the antigen is used in the complete Freund adjuvant then in the incomplete Freund adjuvant.
  • the first injections are carried out by subcutaneous route, for example in the foot pads, the last injection is carried out by intravenous route in the tail for example.
  • the stages of fusion with myeloma cells, preservation of the hybridomas, cloning and production of the antibodies are achieved according to known methods.
  • a subject of the invention is the cell lines of the hybridomas obtained and notably the cell lines of the following hybridomas:
  • a subject of the invention is monoclonal antibodies directed specifically against the SPS.
  • a subject of the invention is a preparation process for proteins characterized in that a preparation containing said proteins is passed through a chromatography column containing the monoclonal antibodies directed specifically against said proteins and in this way the desired proteins are obtained. Also a subject of the invention is the DNA coding sequences for the proteins defined previously and notably the SPS of maize, whose sequence appears in FIG. 7 .
  • the complementary DNA (cDNA) coding for the saccharose Phosphate Synthethase (SPS) enzyme was prepared as follows:
  • Purified preparations of maize SPS obtained previously give, upon separation on acrylamide gel, a minor band of 120 kd (corresponding to the total protein sequence) and two major bands of 90 and 30 kd. These two polypeptides are separated by electrophoresis then electroelution. Trypsic digestion followed by the sequencing of fragments obtained allowed the amino acid sequences of 5 peptides to be determined (FIG. 3 ). Knowledge of the amino acid sequence of these peptides allows the corresponding nucleotide sequence to be determined.
  • the total RNA is isolated according to the TURPEN and GRIFFITH method (1986, Biotechniques vol.4 pp 11-15).
  • RNA polyA+ is prepared by passage through a column of oligodT cellulose according to known techniques.
  • the cDNA synthesis is carried out using the “PROMEGA”® synthesis kit.
  • the reverse transcriptase of MMLV is used in place of AMV reverse transcriptase.
  • the size of cDNA's obtained is comprised between 500 base pairs and several thousand base pairs.
  • ECoRI adapters are added to the ends of the cDNA before cloning in a lambda gt11 expression vector.
  • the cDNA library contains approximately 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 transformants.
  • the oligonucleotides derivatised from B11 peptide sequences (coming from 30 kd) and 4 K (coming from 90 kd) described in FIG. 3 are used as initiators in PCR-type reactions.
  • the starting hypothesis is that the polypeptides of 30 and 90 kd are the degradation products of the SPS protein of 120 kd. Therefore the peptides resulting from the SPS 30 and SPS 90 fragments have to come from the translation of the same RNA messenger.
  • An oligonucleotide complementary to the 5′ sequence of the SPS61 clone is used as initiator for the synthesis of the cDNA.
  • the cDNA was cloned in the lambda phage.
  • the library contains approximately 1 million clones.
  • the SPS 90 and SPS 77 clones were obtained during the screening of this library with SPS 61 (FIG. 6 ). The sequence of these clones has allowed the region overlapping with the SPS 61 clone to be determined.
  • the SPS 90 clone allows the 5′ part of the SPS to be reached.
  • Verification of the organization of the different sequences (FIG. 6) allowing the complete cDNA sequence to be obtained was able to be carried out by using the PCR technique.
  • the initiators used belong to the SPS 3 and SPS 90 clones.
  • the obtaining of a fragment of 750 base pairs of the exact size predicted by the complete sequence permits the assertion that the SPS 3 and SPS 90 clones derive from the same RNA messenger.
  • a subject of the invention is the genomic DNA containing the coding part for the proteins defined previously and sequences necessary for the expression and regulation of this protein in plants.
  • a subject of the invention is a process for modifying the expression rate of the SPS in a plant, characterized in that the cells of said plant are transformed by means of an expression vector containing the cDNA defined previously.
  • a subject of the invention is a vector allowing the expression of the SPS protein under the control of a promoter capable of directing the expression and preferably the superexpression of said SPS in a plant cell and a 3′ region containing transcription regulation signals for the expression of the gene coding for the SPS.
  • a subject of the invention is the plants obtained by the implementation of this process.
  • a subject of the invention is the seeds obtained.
  • FIG. 1 is the SDS-PAGE profile illustrating the purification of maize saccharose phosphate synthetase.
  • FIG. 2 is an autoradiograph of maize saccharose phosphate synthetase showing strong signals at protein bands 120 kd, 95 kd and 35 kd.
  • FIG. 3 shows the sequences of 5 peptides with molecular weights of 90 kd and 30 kd from the SPS protein.
  • FIG. 4 shows the sequence of peptides called CD3 and
  • FIG. 5A shows the PCR reaction of CD3 and CD4 and 5 B is an autoradiograph of CD7 and CD4 reactions.
  • FIG. 6 is a restriction map of cDNA coding for SPS.
  • FIG. 7 is the protein sequence deduced from study of the open reading phase of cDNA coding for SDS.
  • FIG. 8 shows the electrophoresis band of peptides anti SPS 90 and anti SPS 30 rabbit sera.
  • FIG. 9A is a gel of total proteins isolated from a 30 day old maize plant.
  • FIG. 9B shows the western analysis of using a mixture of anti SPS 30 and anti SPS 90.
  • the monitoring of the SPS activity during purification is carried out in 2 ways:
  • the saccharose Phosphate Synthetase or UDP glucose ⁇ D Fructose ⁇ Phosphate Glucosyltransferase catalyses the reaction:
  • UDPG Uridine Di-Phospho Glucose
  • Fructose 6-P or F6P Fructose 6-Phosphate
  • Saccharose 6-P Saccharose 6-Phosphate
  • the saccharose 6-P formed reacts with the resorcinol to give a red-colored compound quantifiable by spectrophotometry at 520 nm (D.O. 520 nm).
  • the starting material for the purification is constituted by young maize leaves (Pioneer 3184 strain) cut up, de-veined, deep-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at ⁇ 70° C.
  • the leaves are ground until a homogeneous suspension is obtained. This suspension is filtered. The resultant product is then centrifuged at 14000 g for 20 mn at 4° C.
  • the final extract is chromatographed on a column of DEAE Sepharose Fast-Flow equilibrated in a resuspension buffer. After washing the column with the same buffer, the proteins adsorbed on the support are eluted by means of an increasing ionic strength of linear gradient between 0.08 M KCl and 0.35 M KCl in the HEPES buffer 50 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, DTT 5 mM, EG 10% pH 7.5 (buffer A). The flow rate applied during this experiment is 180 ml/h and chromatography is carried out at 4° C.
  • the SPS activity is eluted at approximately 0.17 M KCl.
  • fractions containing the SPS activity are combined and diluted to 1 ⁇ 5 th in buffer A then added to 12 ml Heparin Sepharose previously equilibrated in buffer A. After incubation for one hour with slow agitation at 4° C., the gel is washed with approximately 10 volumes of buffer A+0.05 M KCl then reconditioned in a chromatographic column.
  • the adsorbed proteins are eluted in an isocratic manner by means of a CAPS buffer 10 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, DTT 5 mM, EG 10%, Tween 80 0.01%, Heparin 1 mg/ml, Fructose 1%, KCl 0,25M pH 10 delivered at 60 ml/h. Chromatography is carried out at 4° C.
  • fractions containing the SPS activity are combined (heparin fraction) and preserved on ice until the following purification stage.
  • the enzyme at this stage is stable for at least a week.
  • HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography system
  • the heparin fraction is diluted to 2 ⁇ 3 in Triethanolamine buffer 20 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, DTT 10 mM, EG 3%, Tween 80 0.3% pH 7.5 (buffer A) and loaded onto an HPLC Mono Q HR10/10 column previously equilibrated with the same buffer with NaCl added (final concentration 0.18 M). After returning to 0 the proteins of the A280 adsorbed on the chromatographic support are eluted by means of a salt complex gradient made up as follows:
  • buffer B buffer A+NaCl 1 M
  • the flow rate applied on the column is 180 ml/h.
  • the SPS activity is eluted between 0.26 and 0.31 M NaCl.
  • the active fractions are brought together (Mono Q fraction).
  • the Mono Q FRACTION is loaded on an HPLC column of hydroxyapatite equilibrated with the buffer KH2PO4/K2HPO4 20 mM, EG 3%, Tween 80 0.3%, DTT 5 mM pH 7.5. After return to 0 the adsorbed proteins of the A280 are eluted by means of the following phosphate gradient:
  • buffer B idem buffer A but with 500 mM of K phosphate
  • the flow rate applied is 60 ml/h. It should be noted that at this stage the phosphate is a partial inhibitor of the SPS activity and it is therefore difficult to calculate a specific activity as well as a purification factor (cf table 1).
  • the SPS activity is eluted in these conditions with about 60 mM phosphate.
  • the active fractions are combined and constitute the HAC fraction.
  • the HAC fraction is loaded on a Di Ethyl Amino Ethyl (DEAE-5PW) type of anion exchange HPLC column previously equilibrated in a Triethanolamine buffer 20 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, EG 3%, DTT 2.5 mM, Betaine 2% pH 7.5 (Buffer A)+0.15 M NaCl.
  • DEAE-5PW Di Ethyl Amino Ethyl
  • buffer B idem buffer A with 1M NaCl
  • the flow rate used is 60 ml/h.
  • the SPS activity is eluted with approximately 0.3M NaCl.
  • the final preparation is concentrated by HPLC chromatography on Mono Q HR5/5 exchanger (5 ⁇ 50 mm, Pharmacia) and rapid elution.
  • the DEAE 5PW fraction (or the G200 fraction) is diluted to 2 ⁇ 3 in buffer A (idem 6) and loaded on the column which has been previously equilibrated with buffer A+0.18 M NaCl. The following gradient is then applied on the column:
  • the flow rate used is 60 ml/h.
  • the SPS activity is eluted with approximately 30% B (0.3 M NaCl).
  • the final preparation is stored at ⁇ 20° C. until use.
  • Table 1 summarizes the results obtained at the different stages of purification in terms of the quantities of proteins and SPS activity.
  • FIG. 1 A profile (SDS—PAGE) illustrating the purification process and the quality of the final preparation is given in FIG. 1 .
  • the presence of 120, 95, and 35 Kd (Kilodaltons) proteins is correlated with the SPS activity.
  • the saccharose phosphate synthetase seems therefore to be a di- or tetrameric protein having a 120 Kd protein (homo-dimer or homo-tetramer) as a base sub-unit.
  • the protein bands which are visible at about 120 Kd (1), 95 Kd (2) and 35 Kd (3) are correlated, in the course of the chromatography stages, to the presence of an SPS activity in the fractions.
  • mice are immunized by sub-cutaneous injection (pads and paws) according to the following methodology: Day 0 Injection of approximately 5 micrograms of proteins (i.e. approximately 0.3 USPS per mouse): Mono Q pool emulsified volume for volume with Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA).
  • FCA Freund's Complete Adjuvant
  • Fusion is carried out 3 days after the IV immunization.
  • Serums are taken on D34, D67, D98 and D159 in order to measure the immune response (cf screening).
  • This screening method allows antibodies binding at the level of the SPS active site or at the level of a site close to it, to be detected and therefore preventing substrate access.
  • 70 ⁇ l of serum or supernatant of the hybridoma culture diluted in an appropriate manner is added to 70 ⁇ l of SPS preparation (Heparin fraction).
  • This method is based on the precipitation of an antibody-SPS complex using a trainer system (mouse Ig anti-Ig coupled with Sepharose balls: Goat-anti mouse-Sepharose or GAM Sepharose).
  • a trainer system mouse Ig anti-Ig coupled with Sepharose balls: Goat-anti mouse-Sepharose or GAM Sepharose.
  • SPS preparation Heparin fraction
  • the mixture is added to 50 microliters of GAM-SEPHAROSE at 25% washed 3 times beforehand with a HEPES buffer 50 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, EG 10%, DTT 5 mM pH 7.5. The mixture is incubated overnight at 4° C.
  • mice were immunized according to the protocol described above.
  • the following table gives the results of precipitation determinations carried out with the hetero-antisera of 10 mice on D159.
  • the serums are diluted to 1/200.
  • MOUSE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % PREC. 45 22 32 64 36 30 22 16 39 37
  • mice 1 and 4 The spleens of mice 1 and 4 are used for the fusion.
  • Mouse splenocytes are fused with SP2/0-Ag-14 mouse myeloma cells in a ratio of 2/1 in the presence of polyethylene glycol 1500 at 45%.
  • the selection of the hybridomas is carried out by adding hypoxanthine and azaserine to the culture medium 24 and 48 hours after fusion.
  • the hybridomas are cloned and subcloned by the method of dilution limits.
  • HYBRIDS MOUSE 4 (SPA fusion) MOUSE 1 (SPB fusion) 2 positive Hybrids in 45 6 positive Hybrids in 52 SPA2: 38% prec.
  • SPB3 17% prec.
  • SPA19 7% prec.
  • SPB5 67% prec.
  • SPB8 53% prec.
  • SPB13 68% prec.
  • SPB25 13% prec.
  • SPB34 17% prec.
  • SPA19-7 8% prec.
  • SPB5-1 76% prec.
  • SPB5-2 71% prec.
  • SPB5-3 45% prec.
  • SPB5-4 24% prec.
  • SPB13-1 79% prec.
  • SPB13-2 53% prec.
  • SPB3-2-19 21% prec.
  • SPA2-2-22 33% prec.
  • SPB5-2-10 86% prec.
  • SPA2-2-25 92% prec.
  • SPB5-4-2 46% prec.
  • SPB13-1-7 87% prec.
  • SPB13-2-2 93% prec.
  • the hybridomas are injected by intraperitoneal route to BALB/c female mice treated beforehand with pristane.
  • the monoclonal antibodies are partially purified from ascitic liquids thus produced by precipitation with 18% sodium sulphate.
  • the precipitated proteins are dissolved then dialyzed against the PBS (F18).
  • the type is determined using an ELISA test.
  • Antibodies of rabbit anti-IgG and mouse anti-IgM (ZYMED) are fixed at the bottom of wells on 96-well plates. After one night at ambient temperature the non-occupied sites are saturated with a solution of bovine serum albumin at 3% in PBS. After one hour of incubation at 37° C. and several washings, the different F18's are deposited in the wells. After incubation and several washings, the goat or rabbit antibodies, anti-class and anti-subclass of mouse immunglobulins, coupled with peroxidase, are added. After one hour at 37° C., the antibodies are revealed using the H 2 O 2 /ABTS system.
  • All the anti-SPS monoclonal antibodies are of Ig G 1 type.
  • Determination of the capacity of the antibodies to inhibit the SPS activity is carried out using the technique mentioned above (cf 2.1.1 a) using the F18's.
  • Determination of the capacity of the antibodies to immuno-precipitate the SPS activity is carried out using the technique mentioned above (cf 2.1.1 b) using the F18's.
  • This characterization is carried out using SPB3-2-19 and SPB13-2-2 antibodies by the technique of immuno-detection after transfer of the proteins from an electrophoresis gel under denaturing conditions (SDS PAGE) on to a nitro-cellulose membrane.
  • SDS PAGE electrophoresis gel under denaturing conditions
  • the proteins After migration in acrylamide gel at 12.5% (Nature 227 (1970) 680-685), the proteins are transferred onto a 0.22 ⁇ m nitro-cellulose gel (Schleicher and Schuell) by means of a transfer vat for 30 mn, the initial current being 1 Ampere.
  • the buffer used is the standard electrophoresis buffer (TRIS base 3.03 g/l, Glycine 14.4 g/l, SDS 0.1% pH 8.3) to which 20% methanol is added.
  • the membrane After transfer, the membrane is put in a saturation bath (Casein 0.5% in PBS) in order to saturate the sites non-occupied with proteins originating from the gel.
  • a saturation bath (Casein 0.5% in PBS) in order to saturate the sites non-occupied with proteins originating from the gel.
  • the membrane is washed 3 to 4 times with a washing buffer (Casein 0.1%, Tween 20 0.5%, in PBS) then incubated with a solution of 10 micrograms/ml of the monoclonal antibodies to be tested. A part of the membrane is incubated in parallel with a non-immune antibody (negative control). After incubation for 1 hour at ambient temperature followed by 9 to 10 washings, the membrane is incubated in the presence of a mouse anti-antibody antibody labelled with Iodine 125 diluted in washing buffer (50000 cpm per cm 2 of membrane). After incubation for 1 hour at ambient temperature followed by 9 to 10 washings, the membrane is dried then autoradiographed (film X-OMAT AR KODAK and filter amplifier Cronex XTRA Life DUPONT).
  • a washing buffer Casein 0.1%, Tween 20 0.5%, in PBS
  • FIG. 2 An autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 2. A strong signal is observed at the level of the protein bands 120 Kd, 95 Kd and 35 Kd which correlates with the previous results (see first section).
  • PA deposit of proteins obtained after immunoaffinity chromatography (see below) with the monoclonal antibody SPB13-2-2, approximately 40 micrograms of proteins per deposit.
  • H deposit of Heparin fraction, approximately 40 micrograms of proteins per deposit.
  • the F18 (see 2.2.2) corresponding to the SPB13-1-7 antibody or to the SPB13-2-2 antibody is added to activated CH-Sepharose, at the rate of 1 mg of antibody per ml of gel. After incubation for 2 h at ambient temperature, the sites not occupied by antibodies are saturated with 1M ethanolamine pH 9. The support is then washed alternately with an acetate buffer 0.1 M NaCl 0.5 M pH 4 and a TRIS buffer 0.1 M NaCl 0.5 M pH 8. The immunoaffinity support thus prepared is preserved at 4° C. in HEPES buffer 50 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, PMSF 1 mM, Sodium nitride (azide) 0.01% pH 7.5.
  • the Heparin fraction corresponding to the purification of the SPS has 50% PEG added to it (see 1.2.1) until a final concentration of 20% PEG is reached. After incubation for 30 mn at 4° C. with slow agitation, the mixture is centrifuged at 1600 g for 30 mn. The protein pellet is taken up in half the volume of starting buffer 50 mM HEPES, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EDTA, 10% ethylene glycol pH 7.5. This stage allows the elimination of the previous buffer which is incompatible with immunoaffinity chromatography and concentration of the proteins. The yield of SPS activity is 80 to 90%.
  • the solution obtained is applied at a flow rate of 0.1 ml/mn on to 1 ml of immunoaffinity support packed into a column and on which has been fixed an antibody not directed against the SPS (activated CNBr-SEPHAROSE, on which is fixed an anti-neomycin antibody).
  • SPS activated CNBr-SEPHAROSE, on which is fixed an anti-neomycin antibody.
  • This first stage allows some contaminants which fix themselves in an aspecific manner on the chromatography support to be eliminated.
  • the non-specific column effluent is in its turn applied on the anti-SPS immunoaffinity support (2 ml in a 11 ⁇ 20 mm column) with a flow rate of 0.1 ml/mn.
  • the elution method for proteins adsorbed on the immunoaffinity support is non-reversibly inhibitory to the SPS activity but the recovery yield of SPS-linked proteins is optimal by comparison with tests carried out in conditions of native elution.
  • the immunoaffinity column eluant is desalted using the G25 column, against a buffer of 0.14% Glycerol, 0.07% B-mercaptoethanol, 0.04% SDS, 0.9 mM TRIS pH 6.8 (electrophoresis buffer in reducing conditions diluted 70 times). After desalting, the protein preparation is concentrated 70 times using a vacuum concentrator and the SPS proteins are purified by SDS-PAGE (see below).
  • Samples of a purified protein preparation obtained as described previously are subjected to an electrophoresis in SDS acrylamide gel.
  • the bands of proteins are detected by treatment with potassium chloride as described by Bergman and Joernvall (Eur. Jour. Biochem. (1978) 169, 9-12) and the bands observed corresponding to molecular weights of 90 kD and 30 kD are excised.
  • the proteins are electro-eluted from these gel fragments using an Electrophoretic Concentrator according to the manufacturer's recommendations (ISCO; Lincoln, Nebr.) in 4 mM of sodium acetate, pH 8.
  • the quantities of proteins recovered are determined by comparison with a solution of known concentration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by staining with Coomassie Blue. Approximately 30 micrograms of 30 kD proteins and 75 micrograms of 90 kD proteins are obtained.
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • the proteins are concentrated by acetonic precipitation and put in suspension in a buffer of 50 mM of ammonium carbonate, pH 8. Tryptic digestion and HPLC purification are carried out as described by Sturm and Chrispeels (Jour. Biol. Chem. (1987) 262, 13392-13403). Briefly, the digestion is carried out by the addition of trypsin, and incubation for two hours at 37° C. The digestion is then repeated.
  • the proteins are concentrated by lyophilization and suspended in a buffer of 50 mM of sodium phosphate, pH 2.2. This mixture is subjected to reversed phase HPLC chromatography by application on a C18 column. Elution is carried out using an increasing gradient of acetonitrile.
  • the elution carried out with the buffer mixture of phosphate/acetonitrile gradient is monitored spectrophotometrically at 214 nm.
  • the fractions corresponding to the absorption peaks at 214 nm are collected, lyophilized, suspended in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, applied again to the C18 column, and eluted using an acetonitrile gradient.
  • the elution carried out with the trifluoroacetic acid/acetontrile gradient is monitored spectrophotometrically at 214 nm.
  • the fractions corresponding to absorption peaks at 214 nm are collected, lyophilized, and subjected to a protein degradation of Edman type using an automatic protein sequencer (Applied Bio-systems; Foster City, Calif.). Sequences of 5 peptides are obtained. (See FIG. 3 ).
  • RNA is isolated according to the method of Turpen and Griffith (Biotechniques (1986) 4, 11-15). Briefly, 250 g of material is homogenized in 4 M of guanidine thiocyanate and 2% sarcosyl. The mixture is then centrifuged and the supernatant called clear Lysat is deposited on a bed of 5.7 M CsCl and centrifuged for 5.5 hours at 50,000 rpm.
  • RNA pellet is dissolved in water, extracted with phenol and chloroform, and precipitated with ethanol.
  • the resultant pellet is suspended in water.
  • the final yield of the isolation of RNA is quantified by UV spectrophotometry.
  • a saturated suspension of cellulose powder/water is added to the RNA/water mixture, at 10% of the total volume, to remove the residual polysaccharides.
  • the supernatant containing the RNA is applied to a column of oligo (dT)-cellulose as described in Maniatis et al. (Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, (1982) Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).
  • the fraction containing the poly (A) RNA is then applied again to the column.
  • the eluted fraction containing the poly (A) RNA is extracted with phenol and the RNA is precipitated with ethanol.
  • the synthesis of cDNA is carried out according to the recommendations of the manufacturer (Systeme de Synthese RiboCloneTM cDNA by Promega, Madison, Wis.), using five micrograms of poly (A) RNA as matrix, the M-MLV reverse transcriptase (BRL; Bethesda, Md.) is substituted for AMV reverse transcriptase.
  • the EcoRI adapter oligonucleotides are added to the cDNA with free ends and the resultant fragments are cloned in an expression vector (LambdaZAP, Stratagene; La Jolla, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
  • the library obtained contains approximately 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 transformants.
  • a fragment of 1200 bp corresponding to the cDNA of the SPS is generated.
  • the total cDNA obtained from maize leaf RNA is used as a matrix and the degenerated oligonucleotides, synthesized from the data of the sequences of 30 kD and 90 kD protein peptides, are used as initiator. These initiator series are called CD3 and CD4. (FIG. 4 ).
  • the PCR reaction using the other series of initiators, CD4, does not result in the synthesis of a fragment.
  • FIG. 5 The use of the correct series of initiators, which is CD3, results in a fragment created by PCR reaction.
  • the PCR reaction is carried out according to the manufacturer's recommendations (GeneAmpTM DNA Amplification Reagent Kit and DNA Thermal Cycler of Perkin Elmer Cetus; Norwalk, Conn.) except for the reaction which is continued for 30 cycles, and the rehybridization stages which are carried out at 50° C. for one minute.
  • Southern analysis confirms that the PCR band is not an artefact, as shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the 4K5 probe is used because the sequence corresponding to this probe is supposed to be in the 1200 bp fragment if this fragment corresponds to the SPS sequence.
  • the probe hybridizes at the 1200 bp band generated by PCR using the CD3 initiator series but not with the PCR products generated using the CD4 initiator series. (FIG. 5 ).
  • a new cDNA library is prepared following the RiboCloneTM cDNA Synthesis System by Promega; Madison, Wis.) using M-MLV reverse transcriptase instead of AMV reverse transcriptase.
  • M-MLV reverse transcriptase instead of AMV reverse transcriptase.
  • a synthetic initiator, 23B synthesized from the 5′ region of the SPS#61 clone, is used. This results in the obtaining of cDNA which contains only the regions upstream of the 5′ region of the SPS#61.
  • the library is screened using the EcoRI fragment of SPS#61 labelled with 32 P as a probe, and 16 plates are positive with hybridization.
  • the clones with the longest insertions, SPS#77 and SPS#90, are chosen for a more thorough analysis.
  • the study of the DNA sequence of SPS#77 and SPS#90 shows that the overlapping region (of a size greater than 100 bp) with SPS#61 is identical, and that both extend further upstream in region 5′. (FIG. 6 ).
  • the fragment resulting from this PCR reaction is 750 bp in length, compatible with the size expected from study of the DNA sequence. This fragment of 750 bp is sub-cloned in a vector derived from Bluescript in the form of a SALI/HinIII fragment. Four of the resultant sub-clones were partially sequenced and the sequence obtained is identical to the sequence of the previously determined DNA.
  • the two strands of #90, #61, and #3 are sequenced by the method of Sanger and al. ( PNAS (1977)74; 5463-5467).
  • the reading phase of the SPS determined by knowledge of the peptide sequences, shows that the first methionine codons are placed in positions 112 bp and 250 bp.
  • FIG. 7 The codon in position 112 bp corresponds to a eukaryotic consensus sequence for commencement of translation (Kozak, Cell (1986) 44: 283-292) and is placed 54 bp downstream of a TAG stop codon (58 bp). A translational stop is found in the SPS#3 clone, in position 1603 bp.
  • SPS#18 another cDNA clone, obtained during the initial screening of the cDNA library (see Example 2), called SPS#18, does not have a stop codon in position 1603. Due to this fact the 1603 bp region of SPS#18 is used to bring about the final construction of complete length (see below).
  • the complete sequence coding for the SPS can be prepared by combining the 529 bp fragment BamHI/HindIII of the SPS#90, the 705 bp fragment HindIII of the SPS#61, the 686 bp fragment HindIII of the SPS#18, and the 1476 bp fragment HindIII/EcoRI of the SPS#3.
  • the five peptide sequences derived from SPS 30 kD- and SPS 90 kD- are found in the protein sequence deduced from study of the open reading phase of the cDNA. (FIG. 7 ).
  • the total proteins are extracted from leaves of a 30-day old maize plant, picked at 11 o'clock in the morning, and they are taken to boiling point in an SDS buffer.
  • the protein extracts are deposited on SDS acrylamide gels, in two stages.
  • One gel is stained with Coomassie Blue, while the other is subjected to Western analysis, using a mixture of anti SPS30 and anti SPS90 antisera as a probe. (FIG. 9 ).
  • the most dense bands appearing on the gel stained with Coomassie Blue are identified as being phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCASE), an enzyme involved in photosynthesis.
  • PEPCASE phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
  • the Western blot reveals the presence of the SPS.
  • the appearance profile of SPS proteins is very similar to the appearance profile of PEPcase proteins; not present in the roots, and not present in leaf section closest to the stem, nor in the very young leaves. This profile corresponds to the expression of proteins associated with photosynthesis, and is the expected graphical representation for the SPS.
  • An SPS#90 clone (FIG. 6 ), is digested with HindIII and linked to the 705 bp HindIII fragment of the SPS#61 clone to create a plasmid containing the terminal 5′ region of the coding part for the SPS.
  • the resultant plasmid is digested with BamHI and partially digested with HindIII, resulting in a 1340 bp fragment of BamHI/HindIII containing the terminal 5′ region of the SPS.
  • the terminal 3′ region of the coding part for the SPS is obtained by replacing the 686 bp HindIII fragment (positions 1340-2036) of the SPS#3 clone with the 646 bp HindIII fragment of the SPS#18 (to remove the stop codon). All of the terminal 3′ region is then recovered by EcoRI digestion and partial HindIII digestion, resulting in a 1172 bp HindIII/EcoRI fragment. This HindIII/EcoRI fragment, carrying the terminal 3′ region, is linked to the BamHI/EcoRI fragment carrying the terminal 5′ region in a vector derived from pUC digested by BamHi/EcoRI, to create a carrying all of the region coding for the SPS, that being 3406 bp.
  • the region coding for the SPS can be cloned in a convenient manner in the form of a BamHI/EcoRI fragment (106 pb-3506 bp) in a small sub-unit promoter cassette of tobacco (SSU).
  • SSU promoter cassette for the expression of the SPS, can be prepared as follows.
  • the SSU promoter region comes from the PCGN627 (described below) in the form of an Asp718/SalI fragment, and linked to a plasmid pCGN1431 digested by Asp718/SalI (described below), resulting in a cassette containing the SSU promoter and the tml 3′ region separated by a DNA fragment carrying the restriction sites.
  • the SSU/SPS/tml3′ region can be linked in a binary vector and integrated in a plant genome by transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
  • the 3.4 kb EcoRI fragment of the TSSU3-8 (O'Neal et al., Nucleic Acids Res (1987) 15; 8661-8677), containing the promoter region of the small sub-unit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, is cloned in the EcoRI site of the M13mp18 (Yanisch-Perron et al., Gene (1985) 53: 103-119) to produce a M13 8B clone.
  • the single strand DNA of this M13 8B phage is used as a matrix to prolong the initiation of oligonucleotide “Probe 1” whose structure is defined in O'Neal's article (O'Neal et al., Nucleic Acids Research (1987) 15; 8661-8677) by using the Klenow fragment of the DNA polymerase I.
  • the products of this reaction with polymerase are treated with mung bean nuclease (Mung Bean Nuclease) and then digested with HindIII to produce a 1450 bp fragment containing the SSU promoter region. This fragment is cloned in pUC18 digested by HindIII-SmaI (Yanisch-Perron et al., Gene (1985) 53: 103-119) to produce pCGN625.
  • pCGN625 is digested by the restriction enzyme HindIII, the terminal regions are filled with the Klenow fragment of the DNA polymerase I and the plasmid thus obtained is redigested with the restriction enzyme EcoRI.
  • the filled EcoRI/HindIII fragment containing the SSU promoter region is linked by ligation to the plasmid pUC18 digested by SmaI/EcoRI to produce pCGN627.
  • pCGN1431 contains the double promoter CAMV 35S and the tml 3′ region with a multiple cloning site between them.
  • This promoter/terminator cassette is contained in a vector derived from pUC which contains a chloramphenicol resistance gene instead of the ampicillin resistance gene.
  • the cassette is flanked with multiple restriction sites for easy use.
  • pCGN986 contains the 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV35) and a tml-3′ region of the T-DNA with multiple restriction sites between them.
  • the plasmid pCGN986 is derived from another cassette, pCGN206, containing the promoter of CaMV35S and a different 3′ region, the VI terminal 3′ region of the CaMV region.
  • the promoter of CaMV35S is cloned in the form of an AluI fragment (7144-7734 bp) (Gardner et al., Nucl. Acids Res. (1981) 9: 2871-2888) in a HincII site of M13mp7 (Messing et al., Nucl.
  • pCGN148a containing a promoter region, a label allowing a selection (Kanamycin with 2 ATG'S), and a 3′ region, is prepared by digestion of the plasmid pCGN528 with BglII and insertion of the promoter fragment BamHi-BglII of the pCGN147. This fragment is cloned in the BglII site of the pCGN528 seeing to it that the the BglII site is close to the Kanamycin gene of the pCGN528.
  • pCGN535 is obtained by digestion of a plasmid containing Tn5, (which carries a Kanamycin resistance gene) (Jorgensen et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. (1979) 177: 65), with HindIII-BamHI and by insertion of the HindIII-BamHI fragment containing the Kanamycin resistance gene in the HindIII-BamHI sites of the pACYC184 tetracylcin resistance gene (Chang and Cohen, J. Bacteriol. (1978) 134: 1141-1156).
  • pCGN526 is obtained by inserting the BamHI 19 fragment of pTiA6 (Thomashow et al., Cell (1980) 19: 729-739) modified with XhoI adapters at the level of the SmaI site, in the BamHI site of pCGN525.
  • pCGN528 is obtained by removing the small Xho fragment followed by a new ligation.
  • the plasmid pCGN149a is obtained by cloning the BamHI fragment of the pMB9KanXXI carrying the Kanamycin resistance gene in the BamHI site of the pCGN148a.
  • pMB9KanXXI is a vector derived from the pUC4K plasmid (Vieira and Messing, Gene (1982) 19: 259-268) which has no XhoI restriction site but which contains the Kanamycin resistance gene of Tn903 allowing an efficient selection in Agrobacterium. [*4]
  • pCGN149a is digested with HindIII and BamHI and linked with pUC8 (Vieira and Messing, supra) digested with HindIII and BamHI to produce pCGN169. This eliminates the Kanamycin label of Tn903.
  • pCGN565 and pCGN169 are both digested with HindIII and PstI and religated to form pCGN203, a plasmid containing the CaMV 35S promoter and a part of the terminal 5′ region of the Kanamycin Tn5 gene (up to site PstI) (Jorgensen et al., Mol.Gen. Genet. (1979) 177: 65).
  • a 3′ regulatory region is added to the pCGN203 from the pCGN204 plasmid (a EcoRI fragment of CaMV (408-6105 bp) containing the VI terminal 3′ region cloned in pUC18 (Gardner et al., Nucl.Acids Res. (1981) 9: 2871-2888) by digestion with HindIII and PstI and ligation.
  • the resultant cassette, pCGN206 is the base plasmid for the construction of the pCGN986.
  • tml 3′ sequences of pTiA6 T-DNA are sub-cloned from the BamHI19 fragment of the T-DNA (Thomashow et al., Cell (1980) 19: 729-739) in the form of a BamHI-EcoRI fragment (nucleotides 9062 to 12823, following the numbering of Barker (Barker et al., Plant Mo. Biol. (1983) 2: 335-350).
  • This sequence is combined with the pACYC184 replication origin (EcoRI-HindII fragment) (Chang and Cohen, J.Bacteriol. (1978) 134: 1141-1156) and a marker of gentamycin resistance of the pLB41 plasmid, (BamHI-HindII fragment) (D. Figurski) to produce pCGN417.
  • the single SmaI site of pCGN417 (nucleotide 11207 of the BamHI19 fragment) is changed into an SacI site by using adapters and the BamHI-SacI fragment is sub-cloned in pCGN565 to give pCGN971.
  • the BamHI site of pCGN971 is changed into an EcoRI site by using adapters to produce pCGN971E.
  • the EcoRI-SacI fragment of the pCGN971E plasmid, containing the tml 3′ regulatory region, is joined to the pCGN206 plasmid after digestion by EcoRI and SacI to give pCGN975.
  • the small part of the Tn5 Kanamycin resistance gene is removed from the terminal 3′ region of the CaMV 35S promoter by digestion with SalI and BglII, by making the ends free and adding SalI adapters.
  • the final expression cassette pCGN986 contains the CaMV 35s promoter followed by two SalI sites, an XbaI, BamHI, SmaI, KpnI site and the tml 3′ region (nucleotides 11207-9023 of the T-DNA).
  • the AluI fragment of the CaMV (7144-7735 bp) (Gardner et al., Nucl. Acids Res. (1981) 9: 2871-2888) is obtained by digestion with AluI and cloning in the HincII site of M13mp7 (Vieira and Messing, Gene (1982) 19: 259-268) to create C614. Digestion of C614 by the restriction enzyme EcoRI produces the EcoRI fragment containing the 35S promoter. This fragment is cloned in the EcoRI site of pUC8 (Vieira and Messing, supra) to produce pCGN146.
  • the BglII site (7670 bp) is treated with BglII and Bal31and subsequently a BglII adapter is attached to the DNA treated by Bal31 to produce pCGN147.
  • pCGN147 is digested with EcoRI/HphI and the resultant EcoRI-HphI fragment containing the 35S promoter is transferred into an M13mp8 vector digested by EcoRI and SmaI (Vieira and Messing, supra) to create pCGN164.
  • pCGN164 is digested with EcoRV and BamHI to free the EcoRV-BamHI fragment containing a part of the 35S promoter (7340-7433 bp).
  • the pCGN638 plasmid is digested with HindIII and EcoRV to free a HindIII-EcoRV fragment containing a different part of the 35S promoter (6493-7340 bp).
  • pCGN986 previously digested with HindIII and BamHI to remove the HindIII-BamHI fragment of the 35S promoter; this ligation produces pCGN639, which contains the skeleton of the plasmid and the tml-3′ region of the pCGN986 and the two fragments of the 35S promoter of pCGN164 and pCGN638.
  • pCGN638 is digested with EcoRV and DdeI to free a fragment of the 35S promoter (7070-7340 bp).
  • the fragment is treated with the Klenow fragment of the DNA polymerase I to create free terminal regions and is linked to the EcoRV site of pCGN639 to produce pCGN2113 which has the fragment in a good orientation.
  • the pCGN2113 plasmid was deposited at the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) on Mar. 22, 1989, Accession Number 40587.
  • pCGN2113 is digested by the EcoRI restriction enzyme and the plasmid is linked in the presence of a synthetic adapter containing an XbaI site and a BamHI site (the adapter contained the cohesive EcoRI terminii of each side, but the adjacent bases are such that an EcoRI site is not reconstructed at this site) to produce pCGN2113M.
  • pCGN2113M is digested completely by SacI and then subjected to a partial digestion by BamHI. This DNA is then treated with the T4 DNA polymerase to create free terminii and an EcoRI adapter is linked in the plasmid to the free terminii. After transformation a clone carrying a plasmid having an EcoRI site between the promoter and the intact tml-3′ region is chosen and designated pCGN1761.
  • the SalI-EcoRI fragment of pCGN2113, which contains the complete promoter/multiple restriction site—tml 3′ cassette is recovered by SalI-EcoRI digestion and cloned in the plasmid pCGN565 digested by SalI-EcoRI to create pCGN2120.
  • the pCGN565 plasmid is a cloning vector based on a pUC8-Cm vector carrying the chloramphenicol resistance gene (K. Buckley, Ph.D.Thesis, UC San Diego 1985), but containing the multi-restriction site of pUC18 (Yanisch-Perron et al., Gene (1985) 53: 103-119).
  • pCGN2120 is digested totally with PstI and then linked again.
  • a clone having eliminated only the PstI-PstI fragment of 858 bp.(9207-10065, Barker et al., 1983 supra) of the tml 3′ region is called pCGN1431.
  • FIG. 3 peptide sequences derived from of the SPS protein. All the peptides are oriented N ⁇ >C terminal.
  • FIG. 4 structure of the oligonucleotides used for the CD3 and CD4 PCR reactions in connection with the peptides (anti-direction sequences are presented in bold). The arrows indicate the direction towards which the oligonucleotides will initiate the catalysis reaction by polymerase.
  • FIG. 5 A electrophoresis using agarose gel of the CD3 and CD4 PCR reactions. Dimensions are given in kb.
  • FIG. 5 B shows an autoradiograph of the Southern blot of the CD3 and CD4 reactions read using the 4K5 oligonucleotide probe.
  • FIG. 6 restriction map of the CDNA coding for the SPS.
  • the upper part represents the restriction map of the total DNA fragment coding for the SPS.
  • the lower parts represent the structure of the different clones having been allowed by combination to achieve this restriction map. The initiation and termination translation codons are indicated.
  • FIG. 7 sequence of the cDNA coding for the SPS.
  • the sequences of the SPS 90, PSP 61 and SPS 3 clones are fused at the points indicated on FIG. 4 .
  • the three reading phases have been translated. Only the open reading phase corresponding to the SPS is indicated under the nucleotide sequence. All the peptide sequences obtained during the purification and sequencing of the SPS (peptides of FIG. 3) are indicated in the sequence.
  • FIG. 8 characterization by the Western technique of the anti-SPS 90 and anti-SPS 30 rabbit sera.
  • pAS non-immune serum, rabbit SPS 90;
  • AS* anti SPS 90 immunized serum.
  • S SPS 120 kd polypeptide;
  • S* SPS 90 kd polypeptide;
  • S** SPS 30 kd polypeptide.
  • FIG. 9 A gel of total proteins isolated from a 30-day old maize plant, stained with Coomassie Blue.
  • Leaf 5 was cut into 5 segments starting from the end of the leaf (5a) up to the end of the sheath (5e).
  • PEP phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
  • FIG. 9 B shows the results of a Western analysis using a mixture of anti-SPS 30 and anti-SPS 90 sera directed against the total proteins isolated from a 30-day old maize plant. The signal corresponding to the SPS appears at the 120-140 kd level.

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Abstract

Proteins having the activity of saccharose phosphate synthetase (SPS) and a process for obtaining the same.

Description

PRIOR APPLICATIONS
This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/376,764 filed Jan. 23, 1995 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/842,337 filed Jul. 22, 1992, now abandoned.
Sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS), its preparation process, its complementary DNA and the use of the complementary DNA to modify the expression of the SPS in vegetable cells.
The present invention relates to saccharose phosphate synthetase (SPS), its preparation process, its complementary DNA and the use of the latter to modify the rate of expression of SPS in vegetable cells.
A subject of the invention is proteins having the activity of saccharose phosphate synthetase (SPS).
By vegetable cell is meant all plant cells being able to form undifferentiated tissue such as calluses or differentiated tissues such as embryos, certain parts of plants, whole plants or also seeds.
By plant is meant notably plants producing seeds, for example the grasses such as straw cereals such as wheat, barley, maize or oats, the legumes such as soya, oleaginous plants such as sunflowers, plants with tubers such as potatoes, plants with roots such as beetroots or fruits such as tomatoes.
More particularly a subject of the invention is saccharose phosphate synthetase and notably the saccharose phosphate synthetase of plants.
By plants is meant for example the grasses such as for example wheat, barley, maize, sugar cane, vegetables such as tomatoes and soya, fruits, such as apples and bananas.
Saccharose phosphate synthetase is a key enzyme in the regulation mechanisms of saccharose, but also in the regulation mechanisms of the distribution of carbon between starch and saccharose in photosynthesis (see on this subject the article by Jack PREISS in TIBS January 1984, pages 24 and following, or also the article by Mark STITT and Coll. in Biochemistry of Plants vol. 10, 1987 pages 327 and following).
The SPS appears to be specific to the species concerned; Joan L-Walker and Steven C. Huber who have purified and carried out a preliminary characterization of the saccharose phosphate of spinach indicate clearly that the antibodies obtained recognize exclusively the SPS of spinach (cf PLANT PHYSIOL (1989) 89, 518-524).
More precisely a subject of the invention is the SPS of maize.
The SPS of maize can exist in a pure or practically pure form.
More precisely a subject of the invention is the proteins defined previously of molecular weight of the order of 110 to 130 kD appearing in the monomer, dimer or tetramer form and their derivatives having at least one peptide whose amino acid sequence is the following:
ThrTrpIleLys (SEQ ID NO: 1)
TyrValValGluLeuAlaArg (SEQ ID NO: 2)
SerMetProProIleTrpAlaGluValMetArg (SEQ ID NO: 3)
LeuArgProAspGlnAspTyrLeuMetHisIleSerHisArg (SEQ ID NO: 4)
TrpSerHisAspGlyAlaArg (SEQ ID NO: 5)
Notably a subject of the invention is the proteins defined previously having the amino acid sequence described in FIG. 7. (SEQ ID NO: 11)
Also a subject of the invention is the derivatives of the proteins defined previously modified by genetic engineering techniques and presenting the activity of the SPS.
Also a subject of the invention is a preparation process characterized in that:
a) an extract is made from parts of the plants preserved at low temperature by grinding, centrifugation and filtration,
b) the extract obtained is enriched in SPS protein by precipitation in an appropriate solvent, centrifugation and solubilisation of the precipitate obtained in a buffer solution,
c) the active protein thus obtained is purified by chromatography and if desired,
d) the hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies are prepared from an antigen solution obtained from one of the preparations obtained in paragraphs a), b), and c) above,
e) the hybridomas are screened and the monoclonal antibody or antibodies directed specifically against the SPS are selected,
f) the SPS obtained is purified by means of the antibodies prepared in this way.
More precisely a subject of the invention is a process characterized in that:
a) an extract is made from parts of maize plants preserved at low temperature by grinding, centrifugation and filtration,
b) the extract obtained is enriched in proteins by precipitation in polyethyleneglycol, centrifugation and solubilisation of the precipitate obtained in a buffer solution,
c) the SPS protein thus obtained is purified by low pressure anion exchange chromatography, then by chromatography on heparin Sepharose, then by high pressure anion exchange chromatography,
d) the active fractions are purified by passage through 2 high pressure chromatography columns, and, if desired,
e) the hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies are prepared from an antigen solution obtained from a preparation a), b), c),
f) the hybridomas are screened and the antibodies directed specifically against the SPS are selected,
g) the SPS obtained previously is purified by means of antibodies thus prepared.
In a preferred embodiment:
the maize used is a maize of PIONEER 3184 strain,
the parts of maize plants used are leaves preserved at low temperature for example between −50° C. and −90° C.,
the purification in polyethyleneglycol (PEG) takes place in two stages:
a first precipitation where the final concentration of PEG is close to 6%,
a second precipitation where the final concentration of PEG is close to 12%.
the various chromatographies are carried out as follows:
1st chromatography: DEAE Sepharose,
2nd chromatography: heparin Sepharose: it should be noted that the preparation thus obtained can be preserved for several days without a major loss of activity,
3rd HPLC chromatography: Mono Q chromatography,
4th HPLC chromatography: hydroxylapatite,
5th HPLC chromatography: DEAE.
in the course of these various purification stages and the following, the measurement of the SPS activity is preferably carried out using two different methods:
a) a method based on a colorimetric test or a resorcinal test,
b) a method based on the determination of one of the products formed during the transformation reactions involving the SPS. These two methods are detailed in the experimental part set out hereafter.
mice are immunized with several injections of the purified enzymatic preparation.
Different mouse types can be used, for example BALB/C mice.
The antigen is used in the complete Freund adjuvant then in the incomplete Freund adjuvant.
Several injections of the antigen are administered to the mice: good results were obtained with three injections of mono Q fractions followed by three injections of final fractions (on days 0, 14, 27, 60, 90 and 105 for example).
The first injections are carried out by subcutaneous route, for example in the foot pads, the last injection is carried out by intravenous route in the tail for example.
the preparation of cellular suspensions of spleen thus immunized is treated in a clonic fashion.
The stages of fusion with myeloma cells, preservation of the hybridomas, cloning and production of the antibodies are achieved according to known methods.
To detect the hybridomas secreting the antibodies directed against the antigen, two methods are used to select the detection antibodies of the secreting hybridomas directed against the immunization antigen:
a method of detection of antibody inhibitors of SPS activity,
a method of antibody activity directed against SPS activity.
These methods are preferably those described in the experimental part.
Also a subject of the invention is the cell lines of the hybridomas obtained and notably the cell lines of the following hybridomas:
SPA 2-2-3: I-971
SPA 2-2-22: I-970
SPA 2-2-25: I-972
SPB 3-2-19: I-973
SPB 5-2-10: I-974
SPB 5-4-2: I-975
SPB 13-1-7: 1-976
SPB 13-2-2: I-977
which were deposited on Jun. 11, 1990 with the Collection Nationale de Culture de Microorganismes (CNCM—Institute Pasteur) under the numbers mentioned located at 28, rue de Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
Also a subject of the invention is monoclonal antibodies directed specifically against the SPS.
Also a subject of the invention is a preparation process for proteins characterized in that a preparation containing said proteins is passed through a chromatography column containing the monoclonal antibodies directed specifically against said proteins and in this way the desired proteins are obtained. Also a subject of the invention is the DNA coding sequences for the proteins defined previously and notably the SPS of maize, whose sequence appears in FIG. 7.
The complementary DNA (cDNA) coding for the saccharose Phosphate Synthethase (SPS) enzyme was prepared as follows:
1—Sequencing of purified SPS peptide fragments.
Purified preparations of maize SPS obtained previously give, upon separation on acrylamide gel, a minor band of 120 kd (corresponding to the total protein sequence) and two major bands of 90 and 30 kd. These two polypeptides are separated by electrophoresis then electroelution. Trypsic digestion followed by the sequencing of fragments obtained allowed the amino acid sequences of 5 peptides to be determined (FIG. 3). Knowledge of the amino acid sequence of these peptides allows the corresponding nucleotide sequence to be determined.
2—Isolation of the RNA of maize leaves.
The total RNA is isolated according to the TURPEN and GRIFFITH method (1986, Biotechniques vol.4 pp 11-15).
The RNA polyA+ is prepared by passage through a column of oligodT cellulose according to known techniques.
3—Construction of a cDNA library.
The cDNA synthesis is carried out using the “PROMEGA”® synthesis kit. The reverse transcriptase of MMLV is used in place of AMV reverse transcriptase. The size of cDNA's obtained is comprised between 500 base pairs and several thousand base pairs. ECoRI adapters are added to the ends of the cDNA before cloning in a lambda gt11 expression vector. The cDNA library contains approximately 1.5×106 transformants.
4—The use of PCR for the synthesis of a specific nucleotide probe for SPS.
The oligonucleotides derivatised from B11 peptide sequences (coming from 30 kd) and 4 K (coming from 90 kd) described in FIG. 3 are used as initiators in PCR-type reactions. The starting hypothesis is that the polypeptides of 30 and 90 kd are the degradation products of the SPS protein of 120 kd. Therefore the peptides resulting from the SPS 30 and SPS 90 fragments have to come from the translation of the same RNA messenger. In this hypothesis the use of a pair of oligonucleotides corresponding to the peptide sequences in a PCR-type reaction has to result in the synthesis of a DNA fragment of determined size if these oligonucleotides are complementary to an indentical DNA sequence. Not knowing the respective position of those peptides in the SPS protein, the various combination are tried out. Only the pair of CD3 oligonucleotides (FIG. 4) gives a DNA fragment of determined size (1200 base pairs).
5—Screening the cDNA library.
250,000 lambda gt11 transformants have been screened using the DNA fragment of 1200 base pairs obtained by PCR reaction (described previously). 16 positive clones have been obtained. The insertion sizes vary from 0.3 kb to 2.8 kb. The Sequence obtained is not complete on the R′ side. A second screening of the library using a DNA fragment of 400 bp corresponding to the 5′ part of the SPS3 clone allows a clone (SPS 61) to be obtained which goes further in the 5′ part (FIG. 6) without having the 5′ terminus.
6—Production and screening of a second cDNA library allowing the cloning of the 5′ part of the cDNA coding for the SPS.
An oligonucleotide complementary to the 5′ sequence of the SPS61 clone is used as initiator for the synthesis of the cDNA. After synthesis of the second strand, the cDNA was cloned in the lambda phage. The library contains approximately 1 million clones. The SPS 90 and SPS 77 clones were obtained during the screening of this library with SPS 61 (FIG. 6). The sequence of these clones has allowed the region overlapping with the SPS 61 clone to be determined. The SPS 90 clone allows the 5′ part of the SPS to be reached.
Verification of the organization of the different sequences (FIG. 6) allowing the complete cDNA sequence to be obtained was able to be carried out by using the PCR technique. The initiators used belong to the SPS 3 and SPS 90 clones. The obtaining of a fragment of 750 base pairs of the exact size predicted by the complete sequence permits the assertion that the SPS 3 and SPS 90 clones derive from the same RNA messenger.
7—Assembly of the complete cDNA.
Also a subject of the invention is the genomic DNA containing the coding part for the proteins defined previously and sequences necessary for the expression and regulation of this protein in plants.
Also a subject of the invention is a process for modifying the expression rate of the SPS in a plant, characterized in that the cells of said plant are transformed by means of an expression vector containing the cDNA defined previously.
Also a subject of the invention is a vector allowing the expression of the SPS protein under the control of a promoter capable of directing the expression and preferably the superexpression of said SPS in a plant cell and a 3′ region containing transcription regulation signals for the expression of the gene coding for the SPS.
Moreover a subject of the invention is the plants obtained by the implementation of this process.
Also a subject of the invention is the seeds obtained.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is the SDS-PAGE profile illustrating the purification of maize saccharose phosphate synthetase.
FIG. 2 is an autoradiograph of maize saccharose phosphate synthetase showing strong signals at protein bands 120 kd, 95 kd and 35 kd.
FIG. 3 shows the sequences of 5 peptides with molecular weights of 90 kd and 30 kd from the SPS protein.
FIG. 4 shows the sequence of peptides called CD3 and
FIG. 5A shows the PCR reaction of CD3 and CD4 and 5B is an autoradiograph of CD7 and CD4 reactions.
FIG. 6 is a restriction map of cDNA coding for SPS.
FIG. 7 is the protein sequence deduced from study of the open reading phase of cDNA coding for SDS.
FIG. 8 shows the electrophoresis band of peptides anti SPS 90 and anti SPS 30 rabbit sera.
FIG. 9A is a gel of total proteins isolated from a 30 day old maize plant and
FIG. 9B shows the western analysis of using a mixture of anti SPS 30 and anti SPS 90.
The following examples illustrate the invention without however limiting it.
1—Purification of Saccharose Phosphate of Maize
1.1—Determination Method of the Enzymatic Activity (SPS)
The monitoring of the SPS activity during purification is carried out in 2 ways:
a) either by means of a calorimetric test (P. S. Kerr et al., Planta 1987, 170: 515-519) so-called resorcinol test.
The saccharose Phosphate Synthetase or UDP glucose−D Fructose−Phosphate Glucosyltransferase catalyses the reaction:
UDPG−Fructose 6−P=Saccharose 6−P+UDP
UDPG: Uridine Di-Phospho Glucose
Fructose 6-P or F6P: Fructose 6-Phosphate
Saccharose 6-P: Saccharose 6-Phosphate
The saccharose 6-P formed reacts with the resorcinol to give a red-colored compound quantifiable by spectrophotometry at 520 nm (D.O. 520 nm).
b) or by means of a paired enzymatic system (S. Harbron and al., Anal. Biochem. 1980, 107: 56-59) made up in the following manner:
UDPG+F6P<=>SACCHAROSE 6 P+UDP
SPS
UDP+ATP<=>ADP+UTP
Nucleoside Diphosphokinase NP2K
 ADP+PEP<=>Pyruvate+ATP
Pyruvate kinase PK
pyruvate+NADH<=>NAD+lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase LDH
The disappearance of NADH at 340 nm is measured and 1 mol of NAD formed or 1 mol of NADH consumed corresponds to 1 mol of saccharose 6P formed.
1.2—Purification of the SPS (Preparation of the Immunogen)
1.2.1—Extraction
The starting material for the purification is constituted by young maize leaves (Pioneer 3184 strain) cut up, de-veined, deep-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70° C.
250 g of leaves are suspended in 1 liter of HEPES buffer 50 mM MgCl 2 10 mM EDTA 1 mM DTT 5 mM pH 7.5 (extraction buffer) with 11 g of Polyvinylpyrrolidone added, with nitrogen bubbled through it and cooling to 0° C.
The leaves are ground until a homogeneous suspension is obtained. This suspension is filtered. The resultant product is then centrifuged at 14000 g for 20 mn at 4° C.
While maintaining the bubbling through of nitrogen, a solution of 50% Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG 8000 “Breox” 50% p/v in extraction buffer) is added to the supernatant until a final PEG concentration of 6% is reached. After centrifugation, 20 mn at 14000 g, 50% PEG is added to the supernatant until a final PEG concentration of 12% is reached. After centrifuging again, the supernatant is eliminated and the pellet is solubilised with 60 ml of HEPES buffer 50 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, DTT 5 mM, Ethylene Glycol (EG) 10%, KCl 0.08 M pH 7.5 (resuspension buffer). This solution is clarified by centrifuging 10 mn at 40000 g. The supernatant constitutes the final extract.
1.2.2—Low Pressure Anion Exchange Chromatography: DEAE Sepharose Fast-flow Exchanger
The final extract is chromatographed on a column of DEAE Sepharose Fast-Flow equilibrated in a resuspension buffer. After washing the column with the same buffer, the proteins adsorbed on the support are eluted by means of an increasing ionic strength of linear gradient between 0.08 M KCl and 0.35 M KCl in the HEPES buffer 50 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, DTT 5 mM, EG 10% pH 7.5 (buffer A). The flow rate applied during this experiment is 180 ml/h and chromatography is carried out at 4° C.
The SPS activity is eluted at approximately 0.17 M KCl.
1.2.3—Chromatography on Heparin Sepharose
The fractions containing the SPS activity are combined and diluted to ⅕ th in buffer A then added to 12 ml Heparin Sepharose previously equilibrated in buffer A. After incubation for one hour with slow agitation at 4° C., the gel is washed with approximately 10 volumes of buffer A+0.05 M KCl then reconditioned in a chromatographic column.
The adsorbed proteins are eluted in an isocratic manner by means of a CAPS buffer 10 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, DTT 5 mM, EG 10%, Tween 80 0.01%, Heparin 1 mg/ml, Fructose 1%, KCl 0,25M pH 10 delivered at 60 ml/h. Chromatography is carried out at 4° C.
The fractions containing the SPS activity are combined (heparin fraction) and preserved on ice until the following purification stage. The enzyme at this stage is stable for at least a week.
The following purification stages are carried out using a High Performance Liquid Chromatography system (HPLC), and purification is monitored by means of a detector equipped with a filter allowing the ultra-violet absorption at 280 nm (A280) to be measured. The buffers and recovered fractions are maintained at low temperature.
1.2.4—High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography: Mono Q
The heparin fraction is diluted to ⅔ in Triethanolamine buffer 20 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, DTT 10 mM, EG 3%, Tween 80 0.3% pH 7.5 (buffer A) and loaded onto an HPLC Mono Q HR10/10 column previously equilibrated with the same buffer with NaCl added (final concentration 0.18 M). After returning to 0 the proteins of the A280 adsorbed on the chromatographic support are eluted by means of a salt complex gradient made up as follows:
buffer A: cf above
buffer B: buffer A+NaCl 1 M
time (minutes) % B
0 18
0.1 24
15 24
19 26
23 26
33 31
38 31
41 100
43 18
The flow rate applied on the column is 180 ml/h.
The SPS activity is eluted between 0.26 and 0.31 M NaCl. The active fractions are brought together (Mono Q fraction).
1.2.5—HPLC on Hydroxyapatite
The Mono Q FRACTION is loaded on an HPLC column of hydroxyapatite equilibrated with the buffer KH2PO4/K2HPO4 20 mM, EG 3%, Tween 80 0.3%, DTT 5 mM pH 7.5. After return to 0 the adsorbed proteins of the A280 are eluted by means of the following phosphate gradient:
buffer A: cf above
buffer B: idem buffer A but with 500 mM of K phosphate
time (minutes) % B
0 2
5 11
9 13
14 13
29 40
31 100
32 100
35 2
The flow rate applied is 60 ml/h. It should be noted that at this stage the phosphate is a partial inhibitor of the SPS activity and it is therefore difficult to calculate a specific activity as well as a purification factor (cf table 1).
The SPS activity is eluted in these conditions with about 60 mM phosphate.
The active fractions are combined and constitute the HAC fraction.
1.2.6—HPLC on DEAE 5PW
The HAC fraction is loaded on a Di Ethyl Amino Ethyl (DEAE-5PW) type of anion exchange HPLC column previously equilibrated in a Triethanolamine buffer 20 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, EG 3%, DTT 2.5 mM, Betaine 2% pH 7.5 (Buffer A)+0.15 M NaCl.
After return to 0 the adsorbed proteins of the A280 are eluted by means of the following NaCl gradient:
buffer A: cf above
buffer B: idem buffer A with 1M NaCl
time (minutes) % B
0 15
0.1 20
5 20
22 35
27 35
30 100
31 15
The flow rate used is 60 ml/h.
The SPS activity is eluted with approximately 0.3M NaCl.
1.2.7—Obtaining the Final Preparation: Concentration
The final preparation is concentrated by HPLC chromatography on Mono Q HR5/5 exchanger (5×50 mm, Pharmacia) and rapid elution.
The DEAE 5PW fraction (or the G200 fraction) is diluted to ⅔ in buffer A (idem 6) and loaded on the column which has been previously equilibrated with buffer A+0.18 M NaCl. The following gradient is then applied on the column:
buffers A & B: (idem 6)
time (minutes) % B
0 18
10 40
12 100
13 18
The flow rate used is 60 ml/h.
The SPS activity is eluted with approximately 30% B (0.3 M NaCl).
The final preparation is stored at −20° C. until use.
Table 1 summarizes the results obtained at the different stages of purification in terms of the quantities of proteins and SPS activity.
TABLE 1
Protein
concentration Volume Sa** Y*
(mg/ml) (ml) (U) Pf** (%)
Homogenate 1 1000 0.05 0 100
Final extract 4< <8 60 0.30 6 144
DEAE FF frac. 0.4< <0.8 70 3 60 168
Heparin frac. 0.2< <0.4 25 9 180 90
Mono Q frac. (0.02) 30 — — —
HAC frac. (0.03) 8 — — —
Final prep. 0.05 2 25 500 5
Key
Sa = Specific enzymatic activity: 1 U corresponds to 1 micromole of saccharose formed per minute per mg of protein at 37° C.
Pf = Purification factor
Y = Yield
() = approximate value
— = not determined
Remarks:
**the measurement of the quantity of proteins is carried out by using the Bradford method. The Tween interferes greatly in this method, it is not possible to determine the proteins and therefore to calculate an Sa at the level of stages containing it. In addition the phosphate being an inhibitor of the SPS activity, the determination during the HAC stage gives an underestimated result.
*the increasing output during the first stages may be explained by the elimination during purification of some inhibitors of the SPS activity.
A profile (SDS—PAGE) illustrating the purification process and the quality of the final preparation is given in FIG. 1. The presence of 120, 95, and 35 Kd (Kilodaltons) proteins is correlated with the SPS activity.
Sequence studies of 35 and 95 Kd proteins carried out subsequently, seem to show that these proteins are probably degradation products of the 120 Kd protein. In addition, the antibodies directed against the 35 and 95 Kd proteins also recognize the 120 kd protein by immuno-detection after transfer onto a membrane, which demonstrates an antigen community between these three proteins (see further on). It must be pointed out, however, that adding protease inhibitors to the buffers during purification did not allow a 120 Kd protein to be obtained solely.
The saccharose phosphate synthetase seems therefore to be a di- or tetrameric protein having a 120 Kd protein (homo-dimer or homo-tetramer) as a base sub-unit.
Key to FIG. 1
The SDS—PAGE profile illustrating the purification of the maize saccharose phosphate synthetase: acrylamide gel at 8.5%, reducing conditions and staining with silver nitrate M: Standard molecular weight B-Galactosidase (116 Kd), Bovine albumin (68 Kd), Ovalbumin (45 Kd), Carbonic anhydrase (29 Kd).
H: Heparin Fraction, 30 micrograms of proteins per well.
FP: Final Preparation, 7.5 micrograms of proteins per well.
FE: Final Extract, 7.5 micrograms of proteins per well.
D: DEAE Fast-Flow Fraction, 7.5 micrograms of proteins per well.
The protein bands which are visible at about 120 Kd (1), 95 Kd (2) and 35 Kd (3) are correlated, in the course of the chromatography stages, to the presence of an SPS activity in the fractions.
2—PREPARATION PROCESS FOR THE MONOCLONAL ANTOBODIES DIRECTED AGAINST THE SACCHAROSE PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE
2.1—Immunizations
BALB/C mice are immunized by sub-cutaneous injection (pads and paws) according to the following methodology: Day 0 Injection of approximately 5 micrograms of proteins (i.e. approximately 0.3 USPS per mouse): Mono Q pool emulsified volume for volume with Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA).
Day 14 Injection of approximately 5 micrograms of proteins (i.e. approximately 0.3 USPS per mouse: Mono Q pool emulsified volume for volume with Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA).
Day 27 Idem D14
Day 0+2 months Injection of approximately 20 micrograms of proteins: final preparation in FIA
Day 0+3 months Injection of approximately 12 micrograms of proteins: final preparation in FIA
Day 0+4.5 months Injection by intravenous route (IV) in the tail of approximately 20 micrograms of proteins: final pool as is.
Fusion is carried out 3 days after the IV immunization.
Serums are taken on D34, D67, D98 and D159 in order to measure the immune response (cf screening).
2.1.1—Screening Method
As the SPS used for the immunizations is not perfectly homogeneous, it is necessary to perfect a specific screening test for this enzyme. In fact an ELISA-type test also reveals antibodies directed against SPS non-related impurities which are present in the preparations having served as immunizations.
Two antibody detection methods are used:
detection method for antibody inhibitors of the SPS activity
detection method for antibodies directed against the SPS (inhibitors or not).
a) Detection Method for Antibody Inhibitors of the SPS Activity
This screening method allows antibodies binding at the level of the SPS active site or at the level of a site close to it, to be detected and therefore preventing substrate access. In practice 70 μl of serum or supernatant of the hybridoma culture diluted in an appropriate manner is added to 70 μl of SPS preparation (Heparin fraction).
After incubation for one hour at ambient temperature, the residual activity is determined using coupled enzymatic determination (Cf I-1). Results are expressed as a percentage of inhibition compared to the same SPS preparation treated in the same manner without antibodies.
b) Detection Method for Antibodies Directed Against the SPS (Inhibitors or Not)
This method is based on the precipitation of an antibody-SPS complex using a trainer system (mouse Ig anti-Ig coupled with Sepharose balls: Goat-anti mouse-Sepharose or GAM Sepharose). In practice 60 microliters of serum or supernatant of hybridoma culture diluted in an appropriate manner is added to 60 microliters of SPS preparation (Heparin fraction). After incubation for 2 hours at ambient temperature, the mixture is added to 50 microliters of GAM-SEPHAROSE at 25% washed 3 times beforehand with a HEPES buffer 50 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, EG 10%, DTT 5 mM pH 7.5. The mixture is incubated overnight at 4° C. under vibrational agitation. After centrifuging for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm the residual SPS activity in the supernatant is determined using coupled enzymatic determination (cf 1.1). The results are expressed as a precipitation percentage (% prec.) compared to the same SPS preparation treated in the same manner without antibodies.
2.1.2—Results
10 mice were immunized according to the protocol described above. The following table gives the results of precipitation determinations carried out with the hetero-antisera of 10 mice on D159. The serums are diluted to 1/200.
MOUSE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
% PREC. 45 22 32 64 36 30 22 16 39 37
Additional dilutions of the serum of mouse 4 gives the the following results:
DILUTION % PRECIPITATION
1/200 67
1/400 48
1/600 29
 1/1000 20
The spleens of mice 1 and 4 are used for the fusion.
2.2—Cellular Fusion
Mouse splenocytes are fused with SP2/0-Ag-14 mouse myeloma cells in a ratio of 2/1 in the presence of polyethylene glycol 1500 at 45%. The selection of the hybridomas is carried out by adding hypoxanthine and azaserine to the culture medium 24 and 48 hours after fusion.
The hybridomas are cloned and subcloned by the method of dilution limits.
2.2.1—Results of Screening of the Hybrids and Clones
HYBRIDS
MOUSE 4 (SPA fusion) MOUSE 1 (SPB fusion)
2 positive Hybrids in 45 6 positive Hybrids in 52
SPA2: 38% prec. SPB3: 17% prec.
SPA19: 7% prec. SPB5: 67% prec.
SPB8: 53% prec.
SPB13: 68% prec.
SPB25: 13% prec.
SPB34: 17% prec.
CLONES
FUSION SPA FUSION SPB
2 clones retained in 36 7 clones retained in 46
SPA2-2: 85% prec. SPB3-2: 19% prec.
SPA19-7: 8% prec. SPB5-1: 76% prec.
SPB5-2: 71% prec.
SPB5-3: 45% prec.
SPB5-4: 24% prec.
SPB13-1: 79% prec.
SPB13-2: 53% prec.
SUBCLONES
SPA FUSION SPB FUSION
3 subclones retained in 48 5 subclones retained in 72
SPA2-2-3: 60% prec. SPB3-2-19: 21% prec.
SPA2-2-22: 33% prec. SPB5-2-10: 86% prec.
SPA2-2-25: 92% prec. SPB5-4-2: 46% prec.
SPB13-1-7: 87% prec.
SPB13-2-2: 93% prec.
2.2.2—Production of Anti-SPS Monoclonal Antibodies
The hybridomas are injected by intraperitoneal route to BALB/c female mice treated beforehand with pristane. The monoclonal antibodies are partially purified from ascitic liquids thus produced by precipitation with 18% sodium sulphate. The precipitated proteins are dissolved then dialyzed against the PBS (F18).
2.2.3—Characterization of Anti-SPS Monoclonal Antibodies
a) Type
The type is determined using an ELISA test. Antibodies of rabbit anti-IgG and mouse anti-IgM (ZYMED) are fixed at the bottom of wells on 96-well plates. After one night at ambient temperature the non-occupied sites are saturated with a solution of bovine serum albumin at 3% in PBS. After one hour of incubation at 37° C. and several washings, the different F18's are deposited in the wells. After incubation and several washings, the goat or rabbit antibodies, anti-class and anti-subclass of mouse immunglobulins, coupled with peroxidase, are added. After one hour at 37° C., the antibodies are revealed using the H2O2/ABTS system.
All the anti-SPS monoclonal antibodies are of Ig G1 type.
b) Inhibition of the SPS Activity
Determination of the capacity of the antibodies to inhibit the SPS activity is carried out using the technique mentioned above (cf 2.1.1 a) using the F18's.
Concentration of antibodies
Antibodies (micrograms/ml) % Inhibition
SPA2-2-3 50 0
SPA2-2-22 50 0
SPA2-2-25 50 0
SPB3-2-19 50 0
SPB5-2-10 50 0
SPB5-4-2 50 0
SPB13-1-7 50 50
25 55
5 25
2.5 10
1 2.1
SPB13-2-2 50 60.1
25 59.1
5 33.8
2.5 14.2
1 8.7
c) Immuno-precipitation of the SPS Activity
Determination of the capacity of the antibodies to immuno-precipitate the SPS activity is carried out using the technique mentioned above (cf 2.1.1 b) using the F18's.
Concentration of antibodies
Antibodies (micrograms/ml) % Precipitation
SPA2-2-3 50 95
25 92
5 80
2.5 40
1 20
SPA2-2-22 50 95.7
25 95
10 51
5 48.2
2.5 25
1 10
Antibody
SPA2-2-25 50 91.3
25 95.3
5 90.4
2.5 22.8
1 12.5
SPB3-2-19 50 95
25 95
5 27.8
2.5 17.8
1 9.3
SPB5-2-10 50 95
25 95
5 81.1
2.5 41.4
1 22.6
50 95
SPB5-4-2 25 95
5 86.1
2.5 57.2
1 26.1
SPB13-1-7 50 95
25 95
10 65.4
5 48.1
2.5 15
1 10
SPB13-2-2 50 95
25 95
5 71.8
2.5 43.5
3—Use of Monoclonal Antibodies for the Characterisation and Purification of Saccharose Phosphate Synthetase
3.1—Characterization of Maize Saccharose Phosphate Synthetase
This characterization is carried out using SPB3-2-19 and SPB13-2-2 antibodies by the technique of immuno-detection after transfer of the proteins from an electrophoresis gel under denaturing conditions (SDS PAGE) on to a nitro-cellulose membrane.
After migration in acrylamide gel at 12.5% (Nature 227 (1970) 680-685), the proteins are transferred onto a 0.22 μm nitro-cellulose gel (Schleicher and Schuell) by means of a transfer vat for 30 mn, the initial current being 1 Ampere. The buffer used is the standard electrophoresis buffer (TRIS base 3.03 g/l, Glycine 14.4 g/l, SDS 0.1% pH 8.3) to which 20% methanol is added.
After transfer, the membrane is put in a saturation bath (Casein 0.5% in PBS) in order to saturate the sites non-occupied with proteins originating from the gel.
After 1 h at 37° C. under gentle agitation, the membrane is washed 3 to 4 times with a washing buffer (Casein 0.1%, Tween 20 0.5%, in PBS) then incubated with a solution of 10 micrograms/ml of the monoclonal antibodies to be tested. A part of the membrane is incubated in parallel with a non-immune antibody (negative control). After incubation for 1 hour at ambient temperature followed by 9 to 10 washings, the membrane is incubated in the presence of a mouse anti-antibody antibody labelled with Iodine 125 diluted in washing buffer (50000 cpm per cm2 of membrane). After incubation for 1 hour at ambient temperature followed by 9 to 10 washings, the membrane is dried then autoradiographed (film X-OMAT AR KODAK and filter amplifier Cronex XTRA Life DUPONT).
An autoradiograph is shown in FIG. 2. A strong signal is observed at the level of the protein bands 120 Kd, 95 Kd and 35 Kd which correlates with the previous results (see first section).
Key to FIG. 2
A: membrane incubated in the presence of the SPB3-2-19 antibody
B: membrane incubated in the presence of an antibody not directed against the SPS (anti-neomycin monoclonal antibody negative Control)
C: membrane incubated in the presence of the SPB13-2-2 antibody M: molecular weight markers radiolabelled with I125 (NEX-188 NEN) B-Galactosidase (116 Kd), Bovine albumin (68 Kd), carbonic anhydrase (29 Kd), Trypsic inhibitor (20.1 Kd), Alpha-Lactalbumin (14.4 Kd), 150000 cpm per deposit
PA: deposit of proteins obtained after immunoaffinity chromatography (see below) with the monoclonal antibody SPB13-2-2, approximately 40 micrograms of proteins per deposit.
H: deposit of Heparin fraction, approximately 40 micrograms of proteins per deposit.
3.2—Purification of the Saccharose Phosphate Synthetase by Immunoaffinity
A methodology for purification of the maize Saccharose Phosphate Synthetase on an immunoaffinity support was developed in order to increase the quantity of protein recovered by reducing the number of purification stages and to thus allow sequencing studies.
3.2.1—Preparation of the Immuno-adsorbant
The F18 (see 2.2.2) corresponding to the SPB13-1-7 antibody or to the SPB13-2-2 antibody is added to activated CH-Sepharose, at the rate of 1 mg of antibody per ml of gel. After incubation for 2 h at ambient temperature, the sites not occupied by antibodies are saturated with 1M ethanolamine pH 9. The support is then washed alternately with an acetate buffer 0.1 M NaCl 0.5 M pH 4 and a TRIS buffer 0.1 M NaCl 0.5 M pH 8. The immunoaffinity support thus prepared is preserved at 4° C. in HEPES buffer 50 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, EDTA 1 mM, PMSF 1 mM, Sodium nitride (azide) 0.01% pH 7.5.
3.2.2—Immunoaffinity Chromatography
The Heparin fraction corresponding to the purification of the SPS has 50% PEG added to it (see 1.2.1) until a final concentration of 20% PEG is reached. After incubation for 30 mn at 4° C. with slow agitation, the mixture is centrifuged at 1600 g for 30 mn. The protein pellet is taken up in half the volume of starting buffer 50 mM HEPES, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA, 10% ethylene glycol pH 7.5. This stage allows the elimination of the previous buffer which is incompatible with immunoaffinity chromatography and concentration of the proteins. The yield of SPS activity is 80 to 90%.
The solution obtained is applied at a flow rate of 0.1 ml/mn on to 1 ml of immunoaffinity support packed into a column and on which has been fixed an antibody not directed against the SPS (activated CNBr-SEPHAROSE, on which is fixed an anti-neomycin antibody). This first stage allows some contaminants which fix themselves in an aspecific manner on the chromatography support to be eliminated. The non-specific column effluent is in its turn applied on the anti-SPS immunoaffinity support (2 ml in a 11×20 mm column) with a flow rate of 0.1 ml/mn. These two stages are carried out at laboratory temperature. After washing the column with 10 ml of loading buffer then with a washing buffer (loading buffer with NaCl 0.25 M and Tween 20 0.3% added to it) until the absorption in the ultraviolet at 280 nm is close to the base level, the proteins adsorbed on the support are eluted with a solution of triethylamine 50 mM pH 11. This elution is carried out at 4° C. and the immunoaffinity column is turned upside down to obtain an optimum yield. The SDS PAGE profile of the final preparation obtained corresponds to what is obtained with a standard protocol (see 1). It should be noted that the elution method for proteins adsorbed on the immunoaffinity support is non-reversibly inhibitory to the SPS activity but the recovery yield of SPS-linked proteins is optimal by comparison with tests carried out in conditions of native elution. The immunoaffinity column eluant is desalted using the G25 column, against a buffer of 0.14% Glycerol, 0.07% B-mercaptoethanol, 0.04% SDS, 0.9 mM TRIS pH 6.8 (electrophoresis buffer in reducing conditions diluted 70 times). After desalting, the protein preparation is concentrated 70 times using a vacuum concentrator and the SPS proteins are purified by SDS-PAGE (see below).
EXAMPLE 1
Construction of a Complete cDNA Coding for the SPS
A) Sequence of the SPS Polypeptides
Samples of a purified protein preparation obtained as described previously are subjected to an electrophoresis in SDS acrylamide gel.
After electrophoresis, the bands of proteins are detected by treatment with potassium chloride as described by Bergman and Joernvall (Eur. Jour. Biochem. (1978) 169, 9-12) and the bands observed corresponding to molecular weights of 90 kD and 30 kD are excised. The proteins are electro-eluted from these gel fragments using an Electrophoretic Concentrator according to the manufacturer's recommendations (ISCO; Lincoln, Nebr.) in 4 mM of sodium acetate, pH 8. After electro-elution, the quantities of proteins recovered are determined by comparison with a solution of known concentration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by staining with Coomassie Blue. Approximately 30 micrograms of 30 kD proteins and 75 micrograms of 90 kD proteins are obtained.
The proteins are concentrated by acetonic precipitation and put in suspension in a buffer of 50 mM of ammonium carbonate, pH 8. Tryptic digestion and HPLC purification are carried out as described by Sturm and Chrispeels (Jour. Biol. Chem. (1987) 262, 13392-13403). Briefly, the digestion is carried out by the addition of trypsin, and incubation for two hours at 37° C. The digestion is then repeated. The proteins are concentrated by lyophilization and suspended in a buffer of 50 mM of sodium phosphate, pH 2.2. This mixture is subjected to reversed phase HPLC chromatography by application on a C18 column. Elution is carried out using an increasing gradient of acetonitrile. The elution carried out with the buffer mixture of phosphate/acetonitrile gradient is monitored spectrophotometrically at 214 nm. The fractions corresponding to the absorption peaks at 214 nm are collected, lyophilized, suspended in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, applied again to the C18 column, and eluted using an acetonitrile gradient. The elution carried out with the trifluoroacetic acid/acetontrile gradient is monitored spectrophotometrically at 214 nm. The fractions corresponding to absorption peaks at 214 nm are collected, lyophilized, and subjected to a protein degradation of Edman type using an automatic protein sequencer (Applied Bio-systems; Foster City, Calif.). Sequences of 5 peptides are obtained. (See FIG. 3).
B) Isolation of RNA from Maize Leaves
Whole and fully developed leaves are picked from hybrid 3184 vegetative plants of Pioneer maize of two feet in height (60.96 cm). The leaves are picked late in the morning, deep-frozen in a bath of liquid nitrogen, and kept at −70° C. The total RNA is isolated according to the method of Turpen and Griffith (Biotechniques (1986) 4, 11-15). Briefly, 250 g of material is homogenized in 4 M of guanidine thiocyanate and 2% sarcosyl. The mixture is then centrifuged and the supernatant called clear Lysat is deposited on a bed of 5.7 M CsCl and centrifuged for 5.5 hours at 50,000 rpm. The RNA pellet is dissolved in water, extracted with phenol and chloroform, and precipitated with ethanol. The resultant pellet is suspended in water. The final yield of the isolation of RNA is quantified by UV spectrophotometry. A saturated suspension of cellulose powder/water is added to the RNA/water mixture, at 10% of the total volume, to remove the residual polysaccharides. After centrifuging, the supernatant containing the RNA is applied to a column of oligo (dT)-cellulose as described in Maniatis et al. (Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, (1982) Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). The fraction containing the poly (A) RNA is then applied again to the column. The eluted fraction containing the poly (A) RNA is extracted with phenol and the RNA is precipitated with ethanol.
C) Construction and Screening of a cDNA Library
The synthesis of cDNA is carried out according to the recommendations of the manufacturer (Systeme de Synthese RiboClone™ cDNA by Promega, Madison, Wis.), using five micrograms of poly (A) RNA as matrix, the M-MLV reverse transcriptase (BRL; Bethesda, Md.) is substituted for AMV reverse transcriptase. The EcoRI adapter oligonucleotides are added to the cDNA with free ends and the resultant fragments are cloned in an expression vector (LambdaZAP, Stratagene; La Jolla, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The library obtained contains approximately 1.5×106 transformants.
By using the information given by the sequence of peptides of Stage A and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a fragment of 1200 bp corresponding to the cDNA of the SPS is generated. The total cDNA obtained from maize leaf RNA is used as a matrix and the degenerated oligonucleotides, synthesized from the data of the sequences of 30 kD and 90 kD protein peptides, are used as initiator. These initiator series are called CD3 and CD4. (FIG. 4). The use of the correct series of initiators, which is CD3, results in a fragment created by PCR reaction. The PCR reaction using the other series of initiators, CD4, does not result in the synthesis of a fragment. FIG. 5. The PCR reaction is carried out according to the manufacturer's recommendations (GeneAmp™ DNA Amplification Reagent Kit and DNA Thermal Cycler of Perkin Elmer Cetus; Norwalk, Conn.) except for the reaction which is continued for 30 cycles, and the rehybridization stages which are carried out at 50° C. for one minute. Southern analysis confirms that the PCR band is not an artefact, as shown in FIG. 5. The 4K5 probe is used because the sequence corresponding to this probe is supposed to be in the 1200 bp fragment if this fragment corresponds to the SPS sequence. The probe hybridizes at the 1200 bp band generated by PCR using the CD3 initiator series but not with the PCR products generated using the CD4 initiator series. (FIG. 5).
The 1200 bp fragment generated by PCR is labelled with 32P [32P=radioactive phosphorus] (following the Random Primed DNA Labelling Kit, Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.) and used as a probe to screen approximately 250,000 plates of a cDNA library. Insertions of positive clones are analyzed by restriction analysis with EcoRI, and the clones possessing the longest insertions SPS#3 and SPS#18, are chosen for a more thorough analysis. (FIG. 6). A HindIII/EcoRI 400 bp fragment of the 5′ terminal part of the SPS 3 is isolated, then labelled with 32P by random labelling (Random Primed DNA Labelling Kit) and used as a probe to rescreen the library. A new clone, called SPS#61, which extends much further upstream than the SPS#3, is isolated. (FIG. 6).
To isolate the cDNA clones which contain more 5′ region then the SPS#3 or the SPS#61, a new cDNA library is prepared following the RiboClone™ cDNA Synthesis System by Promega; Madison, Wis.) using M-MLV reverse transcriptase instead of AMV reverse transcriptase. However, instead of using the oligo (dT) as initiator, a synthetic initiator, 23B, synthesized from the 5′ region of the SPS#61 clone, is used. This results in the obtaining of cDNA which contains only the regions upstream of the 5′ region of the SPS#61. The library is screened using the EcoRI fragment of SPS#61 labelled with 32P as a probe, and 16 plates are positive with hybridization. The clones with the longest insertions, SPS#77 and SPS#90, are chosen for a more thorough analysis. The study of the DNA sequence of SPS#77 and SPS#90 shows that the overlapping region (of a size greater than 100 bp) with SPS#61 is identical, and that both extend further upstream in region 5′. (FIG. 6).
The PCR carried out using a single strand cDNA (obtained by reverse transcriptase reaction on the mRNA using an oligo (dT) to bring about the necessary bicatenary initiation for reverse transcriptase) as a matrix and initiators chosen from the SPS#90 and SPS#3 sequences, confirm that SPS#90 and SPS#3 come from the transcription of the same mRNA. The fragment resulting from this PCR reaction is 750 bp in length, compatible with the size expected from study of the DNA sequence. This fragment of 750 bp is sub-cloned in a vector derived from Bluescript in the form of a SALI/HinIII fragment. Four of the resultant sub-clones were partially sequenced and the sequence obtained is identical to the sequence of the previously determined DNA.
D) Assembly of the Sequence Coding for the SPS
The two strands of #90, #61, and #3 are sequenced by the method of Sanger and al. (PNAS (1977)74; 5463-5467). The reading phase of the SPS determined by knowledge of the peptide sequences, shows that the first methionine codons are placed in positions 112 bp and 250 bp. FIG. 7. The codon in position 112 bp corresponds to a eukaryotic consensus sequence for commencement of translation (Kozak, Cell (1986) 44: 283-292) and is placed 54 bp downstream of a TAG stop codon (58 bp). A translational stop is found in the SPS#3 clone, in position 1603 bp. However, another cDNA clone, obtained during the initial screening of the cDNA library (see Example 2), called SPS#18, does not have a stop codon in position 1603. Due to this fact the 1603 bp region of SPS#18 is used to bring about the final construction of complete length (see below).
The complete sequence coding for the SPS can be prepared by combining the 529 bp fragment BamHI/HindIII of the SPS#90, the 705 bp fragment HindIII of the SPS#61, the 686 bp fragment HindIII of the SPS#18, and the 1476 bp fragment HindIII/EcoRI of the SPS#3.
The five peptide sequences derived from SPS 30 kD- and SPS 90 kD- (see Stage A) are found in the protein sequence deduced from study of the open reading phase of the cDNA. (FIG. 7).
EXAMPLE 2
Detection of SPS Polypeptides by Specific Antisera
Samples of purified protein preparations obtained by the method described previously are subjected to electrophoresis in SDS acrylamide gel. The proteins of the acrylamide gel are fixed and revealed by staining. The bands corresponding to the 90 kD and 30 kD polypeptides are excised, ground up and injected into rabbits. Western analysis (as described by Oberfelder, Focus (1989) 11 (1): 1-5) shows that the antibodies isolated from the serum of the rabbit injected with the SPS 30 peptide recognize the bands corresponding to the SPS 30 and SPS 120 peptides in the SDS acrylamide gel. The antibodies isolated from the serum of the rabbit injected with the SPS 90 peptide recognize the bands corresponding to the SPS 90 and SPS 120 polypeptides. ( FIG. 8).
Immunological Localization of SPS in the Maize Plant
The total proteins are extracted from leaves of a 30-day old maize plant, picked at 11 o'clock in the morning, and they are taken to boiling point in an SDS buffer. The protein extracts are deposited on SDS acrylamide gels, in two stages. One gel is stained with Coomassie Blue, while the other is subjected to Western analysis, using a mixture of anti SPS30 and anti SPS90 antisera as a probe. (FIG. 9). The most dense bands appearing on the gel stained with Coomassie Blue are identified as being phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCASE), an enzyme involved in photosynthesis. The Western blot reveals the presence of the SPS. The appearance profile of SPS proteins is very similar to the appearance profile of PEPcase proteins; not present in the roots, and not present in leaf section closest to the stem, nor in the very young leaves. This profile corresponds to the expression of proteins associated with photosynthesis, and is the expected graphical representation for the SPS.
EXAMPLE 3
Construction of Expression Vectors
Construction of a Reading System of Complete Length SPS
An SPS#90 clone (FIG. 6), is digested with HindIII and linked to the 705 bp HindIII fragment of the SPS#61 clone to create a plasmid containing the terminal 5′ region of the coding part for the SPS. The resultant plasmid is digested with BamHI and partially digested with HindIII, resulting in a 1340 bp fragment of BamHI/HindIII containing the terminal 5′ region of the SPS. The terminal 3′ region of the coding part for the SPS is obtained by replacing the 686 bp HindIII fragment (positions 1340-2036) of the SPS#3 clone with the 646 bp HindIII fragment of the SPS#18 (to remove the stop codon). All of the terminal 3′ region is then recovered by EcoRI digestion and partial HindIII digestion, resulting in a 1172 bp HindIII/EcoRI fragment. This HindIII/EcoRI fragment, carrying the terminal 3′ region, is linked to the BamHI/EcoRI fragment carrying the terminal 5′ region in a vector derived from pUC digested by BamHi/EcoRI, to create a carrying all of the region coding for the SPS, that being 3406 bp.
Construction of the Small Sub-Unit Promoter Cassette of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase of Tobacco [*2]
The region coding for the SPS can be cloned in a convenient manner in the form of a BamHI/EcoRI fragment (106 pb-3506 bp) in a small sub-unit promoter cassette of tobacco (SSU).
An SSU promoter cassette, for the expression of the SPS, can be prepared as follows. The SSU promoter region comes from the PCGN627 (described below) in the form of an Asp718/SalI fragment, and linked to a plasmid pCGN1431 digested by Asp718/SalI (described below), resulting in a cassette containing the SSU promoter and the tml 3′ region separated by a DNA fragment carrying the restriction sites.
After ligation of the DNA fragment coding for the SPS in the SSU/tml3′ promoter cassette, the SSU/SPS/tml3′ region can be linked in a binary vector and integrated in a plant genome by transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. [*3] pCGN627
The 3.4 kb EcoRI fragment of the TSSU3-8 (O'Neal et al., Nucleic Acids Res (1987) 15; 8661-8677), containing the promoter region of the small sub-unit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, is cloned in the EcoRI site of the M13mp18 (Yanisch-Perron et al., Gene (1985) 53: 103-119) to produce a M13 8B clone. The single strand DNA of this M13 8B phage is used as a matrix to prolong the initiation of oligonucleotide “Probe 1” whose structure is defined in O'Neal's article (O'Neal et al., Nucleic Acids Research (1987) 15; 8661-8677) by using the Klenow fragment of the DNA polymerase I. The products of this reaction with polymerase are treated with mung bean nuclease (Mung Bean Nuclease) and then digested with HindIII to produce a 1450 bp fragment containing the SSU promoter region. This fragment is cloned in pUC18 digested by HindIII-SmaI (Yanisch-Perron et al., Gene (1985) 53: 103-119) to produce pCGN625.
pCGN625 is digested by the restriction enzyme HindIII, the terminal regions are filled with the Klenow fragment of the DNA polymerase I and the plasmid thus obtained is redigested with the restriction enzyme EcoRI. The filled EcoRI/HindIII fragment containing the SSU promoter region is linked by ligation to the plasmid pUC18 digested by SmaI/EcoRI to produce pCGN627.
pCGN1431 contains the double promoter CAMV 35S and the tml 3′ region with a multiple cloning site between them. This promoter/terminator cassette is contained in a vector derived from pUC which contains a chloramphenicol resistance gene instead of the ampicillin resistance gene. The cassette is flanked with multiple restriction sites for easy use.
A) Construction of pCGN986
pCGN986 contains the 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV35) and a tml-3′ region of the T-DNA with multiple restriction sites between them. The plasmid pCGN986 is derived from another cassette, pCGN206, containing the promoter of CaMV35S and a different 3′ region, the VI terminal 3′ region of the CaMV region. The promoter of CaMV35S is cloned in the form of an AluI fragment (7144-7734 bp) (Gardner et al., Nucl. Acids Res. (1981) 9: 2871-2888) in a HincII site of M13mp7 (Messing et al., Nucl. Acids Res (1981) 9: 309-321) to create C614. The digestion by the restriction enzyme EcoRI of C614 produces the EcoRI fragment containing the 35S promoter which is cloned in a restriction site of pUC8 (Vieira and Messing, Gene (1982) 19: 259-268) to produce pCGN147.
pCGN148a containing a promoter region, a label allowing a selection (Kanamycin with 2 ATG'S), and a 3′ region, is prepared by digestion of the plasmid pCGN528 with BglII and insertion of the promoter fragment BamHi-BglII of the pCGN147. This fragment is cloned in the BglII site of the pCGN528 seeing to it that the the BglII site is close to the Kanamycin gene of the pCGN528.
The shuttle vector used for this construction of pCGN528 is achieved as follows: pCGN535 is obtained by digestion of a plasmid containing Tn5, (which carries a Kanamycin resistance gene) (Jorgensen et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. (1979) 177: 65), with HindIII-BamHI and by insertion of the HindIII-BamHI fragment containing the Kanamycin resistance gene in the HindIII-BamHI sites of the pACYC184 tetracylcin resistance gene (Chang and Cohen, J. Bacteriol. (1978) 134: 1141-1156). pCGN526 is obtained by inserting the BamHI 19 fragment of pTiA6 (Thomashow et al., Cell (1980) 19: 729-739) modified with XhoI adapters at the level of the SmaI site, in the BamHI site of pCGN525. pCGN528 is obtained by removing the small Xho fragment followed by a new ligation.
The plasmid pCGN149a is obtained by cloning the BamHI fragment of the pMB9KanXXI carrying the Kanamycin resistance gene in the BamHI site of the pCGN148a. pMB9KanXXI is a vector derived from the pUC4K plasmid (Vieira and Messing, Gene (1982) 19: 259-268) which has no XhoI restriction site but which contains the Kanamycin resistance gene of Tn903 allowing an efficient selection in Agrobacterium. [*4]
pCGN149a is digested with HindIII and BamHI and linked with pUC8 (Vieira and Messing, supra) digested with HindIII and BamHI to produce pCGN169. This eliminates the Kanamycin label of Tn903. pCGN565 and pCGN169 are both digested with HindIII and PstI and religated to form pCGN203, a plasmid containing the CaMV 35S promoter and a part of the terminal 5′ region of the Kanamycin Tn5 gene (up to site PstI) (Jorgensen et al., Mol.Gen. Genet. (1979) 177: 65). A 3′ regulatory region is added to the pCGN203 from the pCGN204 plasmid (a EcoRI fragment of CaMV (408-6105 bp) containing the VI terminal 3′ region cloned in pUC18 (Gardner et al., Nucl.Acids Res. (1981) 9: 2871-2888) by digestion with HindIII and PstI and ligation. The resultant cassette, pCGN206, is the base plasmid for the construction of the pCGN986.
The tml 3′ sequences of pTiA6 T-DNA are sub-cloned from the BamHI19 fragment of the T-DNA (Thomashow et al., Cell (1980) 19: 729-739) in the form of a BamHI-EcoRI fragment (nucleotides 9062 to 12823, following the numbering of Barker (Barker et al., Plant Mo. Biol. (1983) 2: 335-350). This sequence is combined with the pACYC184 replication origin (EcoRI-HindII fragment) (Chang and Cohen, J.Bacteriol. (1978) 134: 1141-1156) and a marker of gentamycin resistance of the pLB41 plasmid, (BamHI-HindII fragment) (D. Figurski) to produce pCGN417.
The single SmaI site of pCGN417 (nucleotide 11207 of the BamHI19 fragment) is changed into an SacI site by using adapters and the BamHI-SacI fragment is sub-cloned in pCGN565 to give pCGN971. The BamHI site of pCGN971 is changed into an EcoRI site by using adapters to produce pCGN971E. The EcoRI-SacI fragment of the pCGN971E plasmid, containing the tml 3′ regulatory region, is joined to the pCGN206 plasmid after digestion by EcoRI and SacI to give pCGN975. The small part of the Tn5 Kanamycin resistance gene is removed from the terminal 3′ region of the CaMV 35S promoter by digestion with SalI and BglII, by making the ends free and adding SalI adapters. The final expression cassette pCGN986 contains the CaMV 35s promoter followed by two SalI sites, an XbaI, BamHI, SmaI, KpnI site and the tml 3′ region (nucleotides 11207-9023 of the T-DNA).
B) Construction of pCGN164
The AluI fragment of the CaMV (7144-7735 bp) (Gardner et al., Nucl. Acids Res. (1981) 9: 2871-2888) is obtained by digestion with AluI and cloning in the HincII site of M13mp7 (Vieira and Messing, Gene (1982) 19: 259-268) to create C614. Digestion of C614 by the restriction enzyme EcoRI produces the EcoRI fragment containing the 35S promoter. This fragment is cloned in the EcoRI site of pUC8 (Vieira and Messing, supra) to produce pCGN146. In order to decrease slightly the promoter region, the BglII site (7670 bp) is treated with BglII and Bal31and subsequently a BglII adapter is attached to the DNA treated by Bal31 to produce pCGN147. pCGN147 is digested with EcoRI/HphI and the resultant EcoRI-HphI fragment containing the 35S promoter is transferred into an M13mp8 vector digested by EcoRI and SmaI (Vieira and Messing, supra) to create pCGN164.
C) Construction of pCGN638
The digestion of CaMV10 (Gardner, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. (1981) 9: 2871-2888) with BglII produces a BglII fragment containing a 35S promoter region (6493-7670 bp) which is linked to the BamHI site of pUC19 (Norrander et al., Gene (1983) 26: 101-106) to create pCGN638.
D) Construction of pCGN2113
pCGN164 is digested with EcoRV and BamHI to free the EcoRV-BamHI fragment containing a part of the 35S promoter (7340-7433 bp). The pCGN638 plasmid is digested with HindIII and EcoRV to free a HindIII-EcoRV fragment containing a different part of the 35S promoter (6493-7340 bp). These two fragments are linked in pCGN986 previously digested with HindIII and BamHI to remove the HindIII-BamHI fragment of the 35S promoter; this ligation produces pCGN639, which contains the skeleton of the plasmid and the tml-3′ region of the pCGN986 and the two fragments of the 35S promoter of pCGN164 and pCGN638. pCGN638 is digested with EcoRV and DdeI to free a fragment of the 35S promoter (7070-7340 bp). The fragment is treated with the Klenow fragment of the DNA polymerase I to create free terminal regions and is linked to the EcoRV site of pCGN639 to produce pCGN2113 which has the fragment in a good orientation. The pCGN2113 plasmid was deposited at the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) on Mar. 22, 1989, Accession Number 40587.
E) Construction of pCGN1761
pCGN2113 is digested by the EcoRI restriction enzyme and the plasmid is linked in the presence of a synthetic adapter containing an XbaI site and a BamHI site (the adapter contained the cohesive EcoRI terminii of each side, but the adjacent bases are such that an EcoRI site is not reconstructed at this site) to produce pCGN2113M. pCGN2113M is digested completely by SacI and then subjected to a partial digestion by BamHI. This DNA is then treated with the T4 DNA polymerase to create free terminii and an EcoRI adapter is linked in the plasmid to the free terminii. After transformation a clone carrying a plasmid having an EcoRI site between the promoter and the intact tml-3′ region is chosen and designated pCGN1761.
F) Construction of pCGN1431
The SalI-EcoRI fragment of pCGN2113, which contains the complete promoter/multiple restriction site—tml 3′ cassette is recovered by SalI-EcoRI digestion and cloned in the plasmid pCGN565 digested by SalI-EcoRI to create pCGN2120. The pCGN565 plasmid is a cloning vector based on a pUC8-Cm vector carrying the chloramphenicol resistance gene (K. Buckley, Ph.D.Thesis, UC San Diego 1985), but containing the multi-restriction site of pUC18 (Yanisch-Perron et al., Gene (1985) 53: 103-119). pCGN2120 is digested totally with PstI and then linked again. A clone having eliminated only the PstI-PstI fragment of 858 bp.(9207-10065, Barker et al., 1983 supra) of the tml 3′ region is called pCGN1431.
FIG. 3: peptide sequences derived from of the SPS protein. All the peptides are oriented N−>C terminal.
FIG. 4: structure of the oligonucleotides used for the CD3 and CD4 PCR reactions in connection with the peptides (anti-direction sequences are presented in bold). The arrows indicate the direction towards which the oligonucleotides will initiate the catalysis reaction by polymerase.
FIG. 5A: electrophoresis using agarose gel of the CD3 and CD4 PCR reactions. Dimensions are given in kb.
FIG. 5B: shows an autoradiograph of the Southern blot of the CD3 and CD4 reactions read using the 4K5 oligonucleotide probe.
FIG. 6: restriction map of the CDNA coding for the SPS. The upper part represents the restriction map of the total DNA fragment coding for the SPS. The lower parts represent the structure of the different clones having been allowed by combination to achieve this restriction map. The initiation and termination translation codons are indicated.
FIG. 7: sequence of the cDNA coding for the SPS. The sequences of the SPS 90, PSP 61 and SPS 3 clones are fused at the points indicated on FIG. 4. The three reading phases have been translated. Only the open reading phase corresponding to the SPS is indicated under the nucleotide sequence. All the peptide sequences obtained during the purification and sequencing of the SPS (peptides of FIG. 3) are indicated in the sequence.
FIG. 8: characterization by the Western technique of the anti-SPS 90 and anti-SPS 30 rabbit sera. pAS**=non-immune serum, rabbit SPS 30; AS**=immunized serum, SPS 30; pAS=non-immune serum, rabbit SPS 90; AS*=anti SPS 90 immunized serum. Molecular weight markers to the left, S=SPS 120 kd polypeptide; S*=SPS 90 kd polypeptide; S**=SPS 30 kd polypeptide.
FIG. 9A: gel of total proteins isolated from a 30-day old maize plant, stained with Coomassie Blue. M=size marker; R=roots; 1-8=number of leaves counting from the base of the plant. Leaf 5 was cut into 5 segments starting from the end of the leaf (5a) up to the end of the sheath (5e). PEP=phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
FIG. 9B: shows the results of a Western analysis using a mixture of anti-SPS 30 and anti-SPS 90 sera directed against the total proteins isolated from a 30-day old maize plant. The signal corresponding to the SPS appears at the 120-140 kd level.
37 4 Amino Acid Single Unknown Peptide 1 Thr Trp Ile Lys 1 7 Amino Acid Single Unknown Peptide 2 Tyr Val Val Glu Leu Ala Arg 1 5 11 Amino Acid Single Unknown Peptide 3 Ser Met Pro Pro Ile Trp Ala Glu Val Met Arg 1 5 10 14 Amino acid Single Unknown Peptide 4 Leu Arg Pro Asp Gln Asp Tyr Leu Met His Ile Ser His Arg 1 5 10 7 Amino acid Single Unknown Peptide 5 Trp Ser His Asp Gly Ala Arg 1 5 12 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 6 ACG TGG ATC AAG 12 Thr Trp Ile Lys 1 21 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 7 TAT GTG GTC GAA CTT GCA AGA 21 Tyr Val Val Glu Leu Ala Arg 1 5 33 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 8 TCA ATG CCC CCA ATT TGG GCC GAA GTG ATG CGG 33 Ser Met Pro Pro Ile Trp Ala Glu Val Met Arg 1 5 10 42 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 9 CTG CGC CCA GAT CAG GAC TAT CTG ATG CAC ATC ACG CAC CGC 42 Leu Arg Pro Asp Gln Asp Tyr Leu Met His Ile Ser His Arg 1 5 10 21 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 10 TGG TCC CAT GAC GGC GCG AGG 21 Trp Ser His Asp Gly Ala Arg 1 5 1068 Amino acid Single Unknown Peptide 11 Met Ala Gly Asn Glu Trp Ile Asn Gly Tyr Leu Glu Ala Ile Leu 1 5 10 15 Asp Ser His Thr Ser Ser Arg Gly Ala Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly 20 25 30 Gly Asp Pro Arg Ser Pro Thr Lys Ala Ala Ser Pro Arg Gly Ala 35 40 45 His Met Asn Phe Asn Pro Ser His Tyr Phe Val Glu Glu Val Val 50 55 60 Lys Gly Val Asp Glu Ser Asp Leu His Arg Thr Trp Ile Lys Val 65 70 75 Val Ala Thr Arg Asn Ala Arg Glu Arg Ser Thr Arg Leu Glu Asn 80 85 90 Met Cys Trp Arg Ile Trp His Leu Ala Arg Lys Lys Lys Gln Leu 95 100 105 Glu Leu Glu Gly Ile Gln Arg Ile Ser Ala Arg Arg Lys Glu Gln 110 115 120 Glu Gln Val Arg Arg Glu Ala Thr Glu Asp Leu Ala Glu Asp Leu 125 130 135 Ser Glu Gly Glu Lys Gly Asp Thr Ile Gly Glu Leu Ala Pro Val 140 145 150 Glu Thr Thr Lys Lys Lys Phe Gln Arg Asn Phe Ser Asp Leu Thr 155 160 165 Val Trp Ser Asp Asp Asn Lys Glu Lys Lys Leu Tyr Ile Val Leu 170 175 180 Ile Ser Val His Gly Leu Val Arg Gly Glu Asn Met Glu Leu Gly 185 190 195 Arg Asp Ser Asp Thr Gly Gly Gln Val Lys Tyr Val Val Glu Leu 200 205 210 Ala Arg Ala Met Ser Met Met Pro Gly Val Tyr Arg Val Asp Leu 215 220 225 Phe Thr Arg Gln Val Ser Ser Pro Asp Val Asp Trp Ser Tyr Gly 230 235 240 Glu Pro Thr Glu Met Leu Cys Ala Gly Ser Asn Asp Gly Glu Gly 245 250 255 Met Gly Glu Ser Gly Gly Ala Tyr Ile Val Arg Ile Pro Cys Gly 260 265 270 Pro Arg Asp Lys Tyr Leu Lys Lys Glu Ala Leu Trp Pro Tyr Leu 275 280 285 Gln Glu Phe Val Asp Gly Ala Leu Ala His Ile Leu Asn Met Ser 290 295 300 Lys Ala Leu Gly Glu Gln Val Gly Asn Gly Arg Pro Val Leu Pro 305 310 315 Tyr Val Ile His Gly His Tyr Ala Asp Ala Gly Asp Val Ala Ala 320 325 330 Leu Leu Ser Gly Ala Leu Asn Val Pro Met Val Leu Thr Gly His 335 340 345 Ser Leu Gly Arg Asn Lys Leu Glu Gln Leu Leu Lys Gln Gly Arg 350 355 360 Met Ser Lys Glu Glu Ile Asp Ser Thr Tyr Lys Ile Met Arg Arg 365 370 375 Ile Glu Gly Glu Glu Leu Ala Leu Asp Ala Ser Glu Leu Val Ile 380 385 390 Thr Ser Thr Arg Gln Glu Ile Asp Glu Gln Trp Gly Leu Tyr Asp 395 400 405 Gly Phe Asp Val Lys Leu Glu Lys Val Leu Arg Ala Arg Ala Arg 410 415 420 Arg Gly Val Ser Cys His Gly Arg Tyr Met Pro Arg Met Val Val 425 430 435 Ile Pro Pro Gly Met Asp Phe Ser Asn Val Val Val His Glu Asp 440 445 450 Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Asp Val Lys Asp Asp Ile Val Gly Leu Glu 455 460 465 Gly Ala Ser Pro Lys Ser Met Pro Pro Ile Trp Ala Glu Val Met 470 475 480 Arg Phe Leu Thr Asn Pro His Lys Pro Met Ile Leu Ala Leu Ser 485 490 495 Arg Pro Asp Pro Lys Lys Asn Ile Thr Thr Leu Val Lys Ala Phe 500 505 510 Gly Glu Cys Arg Pro Leu Arg Glu Leu Ala Asn Leu Thr Leu Ile 515 520 525 Met Gly Asn Arg Asp Asp Ile Asp Asp Met Ser Ala Gly Asn Ala 530 535 540 Ser Val Leu Thr Thr Val Leu Lys Leu Ile Asp Lys Tyr Asp Leu 545 550 555 Tyr Gly Ser Val Ala Phe Pro Lys His His Asn Gln Ala Asp Val 560 565 570 Pro Glu Ile Tyr Arg Leu Ala Ala Lys Met Lys Gly Val Phe Ile 575 580 585 Asn Pro Ala Leu Val Glu Pro Phe Gly Leu Thr Leu Ile Glu Ala 590 595 600 Ala Ala His Gly Leu Pro Ile Val Ala Thr Lys Asn Gly Gly Pro 605 610 615 Val Asp Ile Thr Asn Ala Leu Asn Asn Gly Leu Leu Val Asp Pro 620 625 630 His Asp Gln Asn Ala Ile Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Lys Leu Val Ala 635 640 645 Asp Lys Asn Leu Trp Gln Glu Cys Arg Arg Asn Gly Leu Arg Asn 650 655 660 Ile His Leu Tyr Ser Trp Pro Glu His Cys Arg Thr Tyr Leu Thr 665 670 675 Arg Val Ala Gly Cys Arg Leu Arg Asn Pro Arg Trp Leu Lys Asp 680 685 690 Thr Pro Ala Asp Ala Gly Ala Asp Glu Glu Glu Phe Leu Glu Asp 695 700 705 Ser Met Asp Ala Gln Asp Leu Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Ile Asp Gly 710 715 720 Glu Lys Ser Ser Leu Asn Thr Asn Asp Pro Leu Trp Phe Asp Pro 725 730 735 Gln Asp Gln Val Gln Lys Ile Met Asn Asn Ile Lys Gln Ser Ser 740 745 750 Ala Leu Pro Pro Ser Met Ser Ser Val Ala Ala Glu Gly Thr Gly 755 760 765 Ser Thr Met Asn Lys Tyr Pro Leu Leu Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg Leu 770 775 780 Phe Val Ile Ala Val Asp Cys Tyr Gln Asp Asp Gly Arg Ala Ser 785 790 795 Lys Lys Met Leu Gln Val Ile Gln Glu Val Phe Arg Ala Val Arg 800 805 810 Ser Asp Ser Gln Met Phe Lys Ile Ser Gly Phe Thr Leu Ser Thr 815 820 825 Ala Met Pro Leu Ser Glu Thr Leu Gln Leu Leu Gln Leu Gly Lys 830 835 840 Ile Pro Ala Thr Asp Phe Asp Ala Leu Ile Cys Gly Ser Gly Ser 845 850 855 Glu Val Tyr Tyr Pro Gly Thr Ala Asn Cys Met Asp Ala Glu Gly 860 865 870 Lys Leu Arg Pro Asp Gln Asp Tyr Leu Met His Ile Ser His Arg 875 880 885 Trp Ser His Asp Gly Ala Arg Gln Thr Ile Ala Lys Leu Met Gly 890 895 900 Ala Gln Asp Gly Ser Gly Asp Ala Val Glu Gln Asp Val Ala Ser 905 910 915 Ser Asn Ala His Cys Val Ala Phe Leu Ile Lys Asp Pro Gln Lys 920 925 930 Val Lys Thr Val Asp Glu Met Arg Glu Arg Leu Arg Met Arg Gly 935 940 945 Leu Arg Cys His Ile Met Tyr Cys Arg Asn Ser Thr Arg Leu Gln 950 955 960 Val Val Pro Leu Leu Ala Ser Arg Ser Gln Ala Leu Arg Tyr Leu 965 970 975 Ser Val Arg Trp Gly Val Ser Val Gly Asn Met Tyr Leu Ile Thr 980 985 990 Gly Glu His Gly Asp Thr Asp Leu Glu Glu Met Leu Ser Gly Leu 995 1000 1005 His Lys Thr Val Ile Val Arg Gly Val Thr Glu Lys Gly Ser Glu 1010 1015 1020 Ala Leu Val Arg Ser Pro Gly Ser Tyr Lys Arg Asp Asp Val Val 1025 1030 1035 Pro Ser Glu Thr Pro Leu Ala Ala Tyr Thr Thr Gly Glu Leu Lys 1040 1045 1050 Ala Asp Glu Ile Met Arg Ala Leu Lys Gln Val Ser Lys Thr Ser 1055 1060 1065 Ser Gly Met 3509 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 12 GAATTCCGGC GTGGGCGCTG GGCTAGTGCT CCCGCAGCGA GCGATCTGAG 50 AGAACGGTAG AGTTCCGGCC GGGCGCGCGG GAGAGGAGGA GGGTCGGGCG 100 GGGAGGATCC G 111 ATG GCC GGG AAC GAG TGG ATC AAT GGG TAC CTG GAG GCG ATC CTC 156 Met Ala Gly Asn Glu Trp Ile Asn Gly Tyr Leu Glu Ala Ile Leu 1 5 10 15 GAC AGC CAC ACC TCG TCG CGG GGT GCC GGC GGC GGC GGC GGC GGG 201 Asp Ser His Thr Ser Ser Arg Gly Ala Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly 20 25 30 GGG GAC CCC AGG TCG CCG ACG AAG GCG GCG AGC CCC CGC GGC GCG 246 Gly Asp Pro Arg Ser Pro Thr Lys Ala Ala Ser Pro Arg Gly Ala 35 40 45 CAC ATG AAC TTC AAC CCC TCG CAC TAC TTC GTC GAG GAG GTG GTC 291 His Met Asn Phe Asn Pro Ser His Tyr Phe Val Glu Glu Val Val 50 55 60 AAG GGC GTC GAC GAG AGC GAC CTC CAC CGG ACG TGG ATC AAG GTC 336 Lys Gly Val Asp Glu Ser Asp Leu His Arg Thr Trp Ile Lys Val 65 70 75 GTC GCC ACC CGC AAC GCC CGC GAG CGC AGC ACC AGG CTC GAG AAC 381 Val Ala Thr Arg Asn Ala Arg Glu Arg Ser Thr Arg Leu Glu Asn 80 85 90 ATG TGC TGG CGG ATC TGG CAC CTC GCG CGC AAG AAG AAG CAG CTG 426 Met Cys Trp Arg Ile Trp His Leu Ala Arg Lys Lys Lys Gln Leu 95 100 105 GAG CTG GAG GGC ATC CAG AGA ATC TCG GCA AGA AGG AAG GAA CAG 471 Glu Leu Glu Gly Ile Gln Arg Ile Ser Ala Arg Arg Lys Glu Gln 110 115 120 GAG CAG GTG CGT CGT GAG GCG ACG GAG GAC CTG GCC GAG GAT CTG 516 Glu Gln Val Arg Arg Glu Ala Thr Glu Asp Leu Ala Glu Asp Leu 125 130 135 TCA GAA GGC GAG AAG GGA GAC ACC ATC GGA GAG CTT GCG CCG GTT 561 Ser Glu Gly Glu Lys Gly Asp Thr Ile Gly Glu Leu Ala Pro Val 140 145 150 GAG ACG ACC AAG AAG AAG TTC CAG AGG AAC TTC TCT GAC CTT ACC 606 Glu Thr Thr Lys Lys Lys Phe Gln Arg Asn Phe Ser Asp Leu Thr 155 160 165 GTC TGG TCT GAC GAC AAT AAG GAG AAG AAG CTT TAC ATT GTG CTC 651 Val Trp Ser Asp Asp Asn Lys Glu Lys Lys Leu Tyr Ile Val Leu 170 175 180 ATC AGC GTG CAT GGT CTT GTT CGT GGA GAA AAC ATG GAA CTA GGT 696 Ile Ser Val His Gly Leu Val Arg Gly Glu Asn Met Glu Leu Gly 185 190 195 CGT GAT TCT GAT ACA GGT GGC CAG GTG AAA TAT GTG GTC GAA CTT 741 Arg Asp Ser Asp Thr Gly Gly Gln Val Lys Tyr Val Val Glu Leu 200 205 210 GCA AGA GCG ATG TCA ATG ATG CCT GGA GTG TAC AGG GTG GAC CTC 786 Ala Arg Ala Met Ser Met Met Pro Gly Val Tyr Arg Val Asp Leu 215 220 225 TTC ACT CGT CAA GTG TCA TCT CCT GAC GTG GAC TGG AGC TAC GGT 831 Phe Thr Arg Gln Val Ser Ser Pro Asp Val Asp Trp Ser Tyr Gly 230 235 240 GAG CCA ACC GAG ATG TTA TGC GCC GGT TCC AAT GAT GGA GAG GGG 876 Glu Pro Thr Glu Met Leu Cys Ala Gly Ser Asn Asp Gly Glu Gly 245 250 255 ATG GGT GAG AGT GGC GGA GCC TAC ATT GTG CGC ATA CCG TGT GGG 921 Met Gly Glu Ser Gly Gly Ala Tyr Ile Val Arg Ile Pro Cys Gly 260 265 270 CCG CGG GAT AAA TAC CTC AAG AAG GAA GCG TTG TGG CCT TAC CTC 966 Pro Arg Asp Lys Tyr Leu Lys Lys Glu Ala Leu Trp Pro Tyr Leu 275 280 285 CAA GAG TTT GTC GAT GGA GCC CTT GCG CAT ATC CTG AAC ATG TCC 1011 Gln Glu Phe Val Asp Gly Ala Leu Ala His Ile Leu Asn Met Ser 290 295 300 AAG GCT CTG GGA GAG CAG GTT GGA ATT GGG AGG CCA GTA CTG CCT 1056 Lys Ala Leu Gly Glu Gln Val Gly Asn Gly Arg Pro Val Leu Pro 305 310 315 TAC GTG ATA CAT GGG CAC TAT GCC GAT GCT GGA GAT GTT GCT GCT 1101 Tyr Val Ile His Gly His Tyr Ala Asp Ala Gly Asp Val Ala Ala 320 325 330 CTC CTT TCT GGT GCG CTG AAT GTG CCA ATG GTG CTC ACT GGC CAC 1146 Leu Leu Ser Gly Ala Leu Asn Val Pro Met Val Leu Thr Gly His 335 340 345 TCA CTT GGG AGG AAC AAG CTG GAA CAA CTG CTG AAG CAA GGG CGC 1191 Ser Leu Gly Arg Asn Lys Leu Glu Gln Leu Leu Lys Gln Gly Arg 350 355 360 ATG TCC AAG GAG GAG ATC GAT TCG ACA TAC AAG ATC ATG AGG CGT 1236 Met Ser Lys Glu Glu Ile Asp Ser Thr Tyr Lys Ile Met Arg Arg 365 370 375 ATC GAG GGT GAG GAG CTG GCC CTG GAT GCG TCA GAG CTT GTA ATC 1281 Ile Glu Gly Glu Glu Leu Ala Leu Asp Ala Ser Glu Leu Val Ile 380 385 390 ACG AGC ACA AGG CAG GAG ATT GAT GAG CAG TGG GGA TTG TAC GAT 1326 Thr Ser Thr Arg Gln Glu Ile Asp Glu Gln Trp Gly Leu Tyr Asp 395 400 405 GGA TTT GAT GTC AAG CTT GAG AAA GTG CTG AGG GCA CGG GCG AGG 1371 Gly Phe Asp Val Lys Leu Glu Lys Val Leu Arg Ala Arg Ala Arg 410 415 420 CGC GGG GTT AGC TGC CAT GGT CGT TAC ATG CCT AGG ATG GTG GTG 1416 Arg Gly Val Ser Cys His Gly Arg Tyr Met Pro Arg Met Val Val 425 430 435 ATT CCT CCG GGA ATG GAT TTC AGC AAT GTT GTA GTT CAT GAA GAC 1461 Ile Pro Pro Gly Met Asp Phe Ser Asn Val Val Val His Glu Asp 440 445 450 ATT GAT GGG GAT GGT GAC GTC AAA GAT GAT ATC GTT GGT TTG GAG 1506 Ile Asp Gly Asp Gly Asp Val Lys Asp Asp Ile Val Gly Leu Glu 455 460 465 GGT GCC TCA CCC AAG TCA ATG CCC CCA ATT TGG GCC GAA GTG ATG 1551 Gly Ala Ser Pro Lys Ser Met Pro Pro Ile Trp Ala Glu Val Met 470 475 480 CGG TTC CTG ACC AAC CCT CAC AAG CCG ATG ATC CTG GCG TTA TCA 1596 Arg Phe Leu Thr Asn Pro His Lys Pro Met Ile Leu Ala Leu Ser 485 490 495 AGA CCA GAC CCG AAG AAG AAC ATC ACT ACC CTC GTC AAA GCG TTT 1641 Arg Pro Asp Pro Lys Lys Asn Ile Thr Thr Leu Val Lys Ala Phe 500 505 510 GGA GAG TGT CGT CCA CTC AGG GAA CTT GCA AAC CTT ACT CTG ATC 1686 Gly Glu Cys Arg Pro Leu Arg Glu Leu Ala Asn Leu Thr Leu Ile 515 520 525 ATG GGT AAC AGA GAT GAC ATC GAC GAC ATG TCT GCT GGC AAT GCC 1731 Met Gly Asn Arg Asp Asp Ile Asp Asp Met Ser Ala Gly Asn Ala 530 535 540 AGT GTC CTC ACC ACA GTT CTG AAG CTG ATT GAC AAG TAT GAT CTG 1776 Ser Val Leu Thr Thr Val Leu Lys Leu Ile Asp Lys Tyr Asp Leu 545 550 555 TAC GGA AGC GTG GCG TTC CCT AAG CAT CAC AAT CAG GCT GAC GTC 1821 Tyr Gly Ser Val Ala Phe Pro Lys His His Asn Gln Ala Asp Val 560 565 570 CCG GAG ATC TAT CGC CTC GCG GCC AAA ATG AAG GGC GTC TTC ATC 1866 Pro Glu Ile Tyr Arg Leu Ala Ala Lys Met Lys Gly Val Phe Ile 575 580 585 AAC CCT GCT CTC GTT GAG CCG TTT GGT CTC ACC CTG ATC GAG GCT 1911 Asn Pro Ala Leu Val Glu Pro Phe Gly Leu Thr Leu Ile Glu Ala 590 595 600 GCG GCA CAC GGA CTC CCG ATA GTC GCT ACC AAG AAT GGT GGT CCG 1956 Ala Ala His Gly Leu Pro Ile Val Ala Thr Lys Asn Gly Gly Pro 605 610 615 GAC ATT ACA AAT GCA TTA AAC AAC GGA CTG CTC GTT GAC CCA CAC 2001 Val Asp Ile Thr Asn Ala Leu Asn Asn Gly Leu Leu Val Asp Pro 620 625 630 GTC GAC CAG AAC GCC ATC GCT GAT GCA CTG CTG AAG CTT GTG GCA 2046 His Asp Gln Asn Ala Ile Ala Asp Ala Leu Leu Lys Leu Val Ala 635 640 645 GAC AAG AAC CTG TGG CAG GAA TGC CGG AGA AAC GGG CTG CGC AAC 2091 Asp Lys Asn Leu Trp Gln Glu Cys Arg Arg Asn Gly Leu Arg Asn 650 655 660 ATC CAC CTC TAC TCA TGG CCG GAG CAC TGC CGC ACT TAC CTC ACC 2136 Ile His Leu Tyr Ser Trp Pro Glu His Cys Arg Thr Tyr Leu Thr 665 670 675 AGG GTG GCC GGG TGC CGG TTA AGG AAC CCG AGG TGG CTG AAG GAC 2181 Arg Val Ala Gly Cys Arg Leu Arg Asn Pro Arg Trp Leu Lys Asp 680 685 690 ACA CCA GCA GAT GCC GGA GCC GAT GAG GAG GAG TTC CTG GAG GAT 2226 Thr Pro Ala Asp Ala Gly Ala Asp Glu Glu Glu Phe Leu Glu Asp 695 700 705 TCC ATG GAC GCT CAG GAC CTG TCA CTC CGT CTG TCC ATC GAC GGT 2271 Ser Met Asp Ala Gln Asp Leu Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Ile Asp Gly 710 715 720 GAG AAG AGC TCG CTG AAC ACT AAC GAT CCA CTG TGG TTC GAC CCC 2316 Glu Lys Ser Ser Leu Asn Thr Asn Asp Pro Leu Trp Phe Asp Pro 725 730 735 CAG GAT CAA GTG CAG AAG ATC ATG AAC AAC ATC AAG CAG TCG TCA 2361 Gln Asp Gln Val Gln Lys Ile Met Asn Asn Ile Lys Gln Ser Ser 740 745 750 GCG CTT CCT CCG TCC ATG TCC TCA GTC GCA GCC GAG GGC ACA GGC 2406 Ala Leu Pro Pro Ser Met Ser Ser Val Ala Ala Glu Gly Thr Gly 755 760 765 AGC ACC ATG AAC AAA TAC CCA CTC CTG CGC CGG CGC CGG CGC TTG 2451 Ser Thr Met Asn Lys Tyr Pro Leu Leu Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg Leu 770 775 780 TTC GTC ATA GCT GTG GAC TGC TAC CAG GAC GAT GGC CGT GCT ASC 2496 Phe Val Ile Ala Val Asp Cys Tyr Gln Asp Asp Gly Arg Ala Ser 785 790 795 AAG AAG ATG CTG CAG GTG ATC CAG GAA GTT TTC AGA GCA GTC CGA 2541 Lys Lys Met Leu Gln Val Ile Gln Glu Val Phe Arg Ala Val Arg 800 805 810 GAC TCC CAG ATG TTC AAG ATC TCA GGG TTC ACG CTG TCG ACT GCC 2586 Ser Asp Ser Gln Met Phe Lys Ile Ser Gly Phe Thr Leu Ser Thr 815 820 825 TCG ATG CCG TTG TCC GAG ACA CTC CAG CTT CTG CAG CTC GGC AAG 2631 Ala Met Pro Leu Ser Glu Thr Leu Gln Leu Leu Gln Leu Gly Lys 830 835 840 ATC CCA GCG ACC GAC TTC GAC GCC CTC ATC TGT GGC AGC GGC AGC 2676 Ile Pro Ala Thr Asp Phe Asp Ala Leu Ile Cys Gly Ser Gly Ser 845 850 855 GAG GTG TAC TAT CCT GGC ACG GCG AAC TGC ATG GAC GCT GAA GGA 2721 Glu Val Tyr Tyr Pro Gly Thr Ala Asn Cys Met Asp Ala Glu Gly 860 865 870 AAG CTG CGC CCA GAT CAG GAC TAT CTG ATG CAC ATC AGC CAC CGC 2766 Lys Leu Arg Pro Asp Gln Asp Tyr Leu Met His Ile Ser His Arg 875 880 885 TGG TCC CAT GAC GGC GCG AGG CAG ACC ATA GCG AAG CTC ATG GGC 2811 Trp Ser His Asp Gly Ala Arg Gln Thr Ile Ala Lys Leu Met Gly 890 895 900 GCT CAG GAC GGT TCA GGC GAC GCT GTC GAG CAG GAC GTG GCG TCC 2856 Ala Gln Asp Gly Ser Gly Asp Ala Val Glu Gln Asp Val Ala Ser 905 910 915 AGT AAT GCA CAC TGT GTC GCG TTC CTC ATC AAA GAC CCC CAA AAG 2901 Ser Asn Ala His Cys Val Ala Phe Leu Ile Lys Asp Pro Gln Lys 920 925 930 GTG AAA ACG GTC GAT GAG ATG AGG GAG CGG CTG AGG ATG CGT GGT 2946 Val Lys Thr Val Asp Glu Met Arg Glu Arg Leu Arg Met Arg Gly 935 940 945 CTC CGC TGC CAC ATC ATG TAC TGC AGG AAC TCG ACA AGG CTT CAG 2991 Leu Arg Cys His Ile Met Tyr Cys Arg Asn Ser Thr Arg Leu Gln 950 955 960 GTT GTC CCT CTG CTA GCA TCA AGG TCA CAG GCA CTC AGG TAT CTT 3036 Val Val Pro Leu Leu Ala Ser Arg Ser Gln Ala Leu Arg Tyr Leu 965 970 975 TCC GTG CGC TGG GGC GTA TCT GTG GGG AAC ATG TAT CTG ATC ACC 3081 Ser Val Arg Trp Gly Val Ser Val Gly Asn Met Tyr Leu Ile Thr 980 985 990 GGG GAA CAT GGC GAC ACC GAT CTA GAG GAG ATG CTA TCC GGG CTA 3126 Gly Glu His Gly Asp Thr Asp Leu Glu Glu Met Leu Ser Gly Leu 995 1000 1005 CAC ACC GTG ATC GTC CGT GGC GTC ACC GAG AAG GGT TCG GAA GCA 3171 His Lys Thr Val Ile Val Arg Gly Val Thr Glu Lys Gly Ser Glu 1010 1015 1020 CTG AAG GTG AGG AGC CCA GGA AGC TAC AAG AGG GAC GAT GTC GTC 3216 Ala Leu Val Arg Ser Pro Gly Ser Tyr Lys Arg Asp Asp Val Val 1025 1030 1035 CCG TCT GAG ACC CCC TTG GCT GCG TAC ACG ACT GGT GAG CTG AAG 3261 Pro Ser Glu Thr Pro Leu Ala Ala Tyr Thr Thr Gly Glu Leu Lys 1040 1045 1050 GCC GAC GAG ATC ATG CGG GCT CTG AAG CAA GTC TCC AAG ACT TCC 3306 Ala Asp Glu Ile Met Arg Ala Leu Lys Gln Val Ser Lys Thr Ser 1055 1060 1065 AGC GGC ATG 3315 Ser Gly Met TGAATTTGAT GCTTCTTTTA CATTTTGTCC TTTTCTTCAC TGCTATATAA 3365 AATAAGTTGT GAACAGTACC GCGGGTGTGT ATATATATAT TGCAGTGACA 3415 AATAAAACAG GACACTGCTA ACTATACTGG TGAATATACG ACTGTCAAGA 3465 TTGTATGCTA AGTACTCCAT TTCTCAATGT ATCAATCGGA ATTC 3509 33 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 13 TCA ATG CCA CCA ATA TGG GCA GAA GTA ATG CGA 33 Ser Met Pro Pro Ile Trp Ala Glu Val Met Arg 1 5 10 33 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 14 AGC ATG CCC CCC ATC TGG GCC GAG GTC ATG AGC 33 Ser Met Pro Pro Ile Trp Ala Glu Val Met Arg 1 5 10 33 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 15 TCG ATG CCG CCG ATT TGG GCG GAA GTG ATG CGG 33 Ser Met Pro Pro Ile Trp Ala Glu Val Met Arg 1 5 10 33 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 16 TCT ATG CCT CCT ATA TGG GCT GAA GTT ATG CGT 33 Ser Met Pro Pro Ile Trp Ala Glu Val Met Arg 1 5 10 42 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 17 TTA AGA CCA GAC CAA GAC TAC TTA ATG CAC ATA AGA CAC AGA 42 Leu Arg Pro Asp Gln Asp Tyr Leu Met His Ile Ser His Arg 1 5 10 42 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 18 CTG CGC CCC GAT CAG GAT TAT CTG ATG CAT ATC TCC CAT CGC 42 Leu Arg Pro Asp Gln Asp Tyr Leu Met His Ile Ser His Arg 1 5 10 42 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 19 TTC AGG CCG GAC CAA GAC TAC TTG ATG CAC ATT AGG CAC AGG 42 Leu Arg Pro Asp Gln Asp Tyr Leu Met His Ile Ser His Arg 1 5 10 42 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 20 TTT AGT CCT GAC CAA GAC TAC TTT ATG CAC ATA AGT CAC AGT 42 Leu Arg Pro Asp Gln Asp Tyr Leu Met His Ile Ser His Arg 1 5 10 20 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA The N in positions 6, 9 and 18 indicates inosine 21 ATGCCNCCNA TATGGGCNGA 20 20 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 22 ATGCCCCCCA TCTGGGCCGA 20 20 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA The N in positions 6, 9 and 18 indicates inosine 23 ATGCCNCCNA TTTGGGCNGA 20 20 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA The N in position 15 indicates inosine 24 CTAGTCCTAA TAGANTACGT 20 20 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA The N in position 15 indicates inosine 25 CTGGTTCTGA TGGANTACGT 20 20 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA The N in positions 6, 9 and 18 indicates inosine 26 TACGGNGGNT AAACCCGNCT 20 20 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 27 TACGGCGGCT AGACCCGCCT 20 20 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA The N in positions 6 and 9 indicates inosine 28 TACGGNGGNT ATACCCGCCT 20 20 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA The N in position 15 indicates inosine 29 GACCAAGACT ACCTNATGCA 20 20 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 30 GATCAGGATT ATCTCATGCA 20 17 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA The N in positions 6 and 12 indicates inosine 31 ACCCGNCTCC ANTACGC 17 17 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA The N in position 6 indicates inosine 32 ACCCGNCCTC ACTACTC 17 17 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 33 TACGTATAAT CAGTAGC 17 17 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 34 TACGTGTAGT CGGTGTC 17 17 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 35 TACGTATATT CAGTAGC 17 14 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA The N in positions 3, 6 and 9 indicates inosine 36 AANGCNGGNC TAGT 14 14 Nucleic acid Unknown Unknown cDNA 37 GACTCCGGCC TGGT 14

Claims (4)

What is claimed is:
1. A hybridoma cell line selected from the group consisting of SPA2-2-3, SPB3-2-19 SPA2-2-22, SPB5-2-10, SPA2-2-25, SPB5-4-2, SPB13-1-7 and SPB13-2-2.
2. A monoclonal antibody directed specifically against proteins comprising Sequence ID No: 11 or a saccharose phosphate synthetase encoded by Sequence ID No: 12.
3. A monoclonal antibody according claim 2 inhibiting the saccharose phosphate synthetase activity.
4. A hybridoma cell line prepared by a process comprising the steps of extracting maize plants by grinding, centrifuging and filtration, enriching the extract in protein by precipitation with polyethylene glycol, recovering the precipitate by centrifugation, dissolving the precipitate in a buffer solution, immunizing an animal with the resulting antigen solution, recovering splenocytes from the immunized animal, fusing the splenocytes with myeloma cells and recovering monoclonal hybridomas of claim 1.
US08/429,053 1990-07-20 1995-04-26 Sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS), a preparation method and cDNA therefor, and use of the cDNA for modifying SPS expression in plant cells Active 2026-08-31 US6783986B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

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US08/429,053 US6783986B1 (en) 1990-07-20 1995-04-26 Sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS), a preparation method and cDNA therefor, and use of the cDNA for modifying SPS expression in plant cells

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FR90402084 1990-07-20
EP90402084A EP0466995B1 (en) 1990-07-20 1990-07-20 Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), its process for preparation, its cDNA, and utilization of cDNA to modify the expression of SPS in the plant cells
US84233792A 1992-07-22 1992-07-22
US08/376,764 US5714365A (en) 1990-07-20 1995-01-23 Sucrose phosphate synthetase isolated from maize
US08/429,053 US6783986B1 (en) 1990-07-20 1995-04-26 Sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS), a preparation method and cDNA therefor, and use of the cDNA for modifying SPS expression in plant cells

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Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Kalt-Torres, W. et al, Physiol. Plant (1987) 70:653-658. *
Walker and Huber, Plant Physiol (1989) 89:518-524.* *

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