US6618180B2 - Electrochromic mirror with high corrosion resistant film - Google Patents

Electrochromic mirror with high corrosion resistant film Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US6618180B2
US6618180B2 US09/736,829 US73682900A US6618180B2 US 6618180 B2 US6618180 B2 US 6618180B2 US 73682900 A US73682900 A US 73682900A US 6618180 B2 US6618180 B2 US 6618180B2
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
film
corrosion resistant
cathode
anode
metal material
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US09/736,829
Other versions
US20010010590A1 (en
Inventor
Takuo Mochizuka
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Murakami Corp
Original Assignee
Murakami Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Murakami Corp filed Critical Murakami Corp
Assigned to MURAKAMI CORPORATION reassignment MURAKAMI CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MOCHIZUKA, TAKUO
Publication of US20010010590A1 publication Critical patent/US20010010590A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US6618180B2 publication Critical patent/US6618180B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/153—Constructional details
    • G02F1/157—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. reflectors or illuminating devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/153—Constructional details
    • G02F1/1533—Constructional details structural features not otherwise provided for

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an electrochromic (hereinafter referred to as “EC”) mirror using an EC device which is used for a dimming mirror, a dimming window, and so on, and more particularly, to a reflecting film structure of a solid type EC mirror in which an electrolyte is made of solid.
  • EC electrochromic
  • An EC device is used for an automobile dimming mirror or dimming window by utilizing its capability of varying optical transmittance.
  • a prior art solid type EC mirror known in the art is one having a structure as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • a transparent electrode film 4 On one surface (i.e., rear surface as viewed from the side on which light is incident) of a transparent glass substrate 2 are laminated a transparent electrode film 4 , an EC device 11 consisting of three layers of an anode compound film 6 , a solid electrolyte film 8 and a cathode compound film 10 , and an Al reflecting electrode film 12 .
  • a part of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 constitutes a wiring 12 a which extends along an end surface of the EC device 11 , and is electrically connected to a cathode side electrode section 18 provided on the glass substrate 2 through a portion of the transparent electrode film 4 .
  • the transparent electrode film 4 is separated in upper and lower portions by a slit 15 which is formed in the vicinity of the lower end portion of the EC device 11 by means of, e.g., laser beam cutting. Short-circuiting between an anode side electrode section 17 and the cathode side electrode section 18 through the transparent electrode film 4 is prevented by this slit 15 .
  • the slit 15 may theoretically be formed at a location immediately above the lower end of the EC device 11 but, in actuality, the slit 15 is formed at a location which is about 1 mm above the lower end of the EC device 11 , having regard to a positioning error in forming the slit 15 . Since the slit 15 is seen as a line with a human eye, it is necessary as a product to conceal this slit 15 with a mirror holder. For this reason, the region of about 1 mm from the lower end of the EC device 11 is excluded from the scope of the reflecting mirror as a slit required width 2 c .
  • an insulation width 2 d of about 0.5 mm from the upper end of the EC device 11 is provided for preventing forming of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 in contact with the transparent electrode film 4 , having regard to a positioning error in forming the Al reflecting electrode film 12 .
  • the portion of the insulation width 2 d has no function of a reflecting mirror because the Al reflecting electrode film 12 is not formed in this portion.
  • the surface of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 is sealed with a sealing resin 14 which protects the Al reflecting electrode film 12 from outside moisture or soil and thereby prevents corrosion of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 with moisture.
  • a sealing glass 16 On the surface of the sealing resin 14 is mounted a sealing glass 16 for enhancing stability against variations in outside temperature and humidity.
  • a disadvantage which is caused by corrosion of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 is that a reflection image becomes inaccurate.
  • Another disadvantage is that aluminum becomes an insulating material (Al 2 O 3 ) by corrosion.
  • the sealing resin 14 For preventing corrosion of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 , it is necessary to form the sealing resin to a sufficient thickness (e.g., about 3 mm) thereby to prevent permeating of moisture accurately.
  • the EC device 11 and the Al reflecting electrode film 12 For forming the sealing resin 14 to a sufficient thickness, the EC device 11 and the Al reflecting electrode film 12 must be formed with their outer peripheries being offset sufficiently inwardly (about 3 mm) from the outer peripheral surface of the glass substrate 2 for providing, as the thickness of the sealing resin 14 , an offset width 2 b of about 3 mm in which the EC device 11 and the Al reflecting electrode film 12 are not formed.
  • the outer peripheral portion of the glass substrate 2 of a range including the offset width 2 b for providing the sealing resin, the slit required width 2 c and insulation width 2 d cannot be used as a reflecting surface and a remaining range 2 a of an effective field of view is rather narrow. Further, this arrangement requires a mirror holder 3 for concealing the portion excluding the range 2 a of the effective field of view has a large width and appears awkward.
  • an object of the present invention to provide a solid type EC mirror having an enlarged range of effective field of view by improving resistivity to corrosion of a reflecting electrode film such as an Al reflecting electrode film.
  • an electrochromic mirror comprising a transparent substrate, a first conductive film, an anode or cathode compound film, a solid electrolyte film, a cathode or anode compound film, and a second conductive film, these films being successively laminated on one surface of the transparent substrate, and said second conductive film consisting of a laminate formed by laminating, from the side of the cathode or anode compound film, at least two layers of a high reflecting metal material film and a high corrosion resistant metal film.
  • the high corrosion resistant metal film is formed on the surface of the high reflecting metal material film, moisture contained in the outside air is interrupted by the high corrosion resistant metal film and the high reflective metal material film can thereby be protected from corrosion.
  • the corrosion resistance of the high reflecting metal material film is thereby improved and, as a result, good visibility can be maintained and decrease in the coloring and discoloring function of the EC device can be prevented.
  • the high corrosion resistant metal film can be formed in a thinner shape than the prior art sealing resin while securing the function of protecting the reflecting film and, therefore, the offset width can be reduced and the range of effective field of view can thereby be enlarged.
  • the high reflecting metal material film may be made of a semitransparent film. According to this aspect of the invention, reflection by the high reflecting metal material film and the high corrosion resistant reflecting metal film can be obtained and, therefore, a higher reflectance than in the case where only the high corrosion resistant metal film is used can be obtained. Further, since the amount of the high reflecting metal material film used can be reduced, the cost of material can be reduced even when an expensive high reflecting metal material is used.
  • the high reflecting metal material film may be made of a film which does not transmit light.
  • the high corrosion resistant metal film may extend to the transparent substrate or to the vicinity of the transparent substrate along end surfaces of the high reflecting metal material film, the cathode or anode compound film, the solid electrolyte film and the anode or cathode compound film so that the extended portion may be used as a wiring.
  • the laminate of the high reflecting metal material film and the high corrosion resistant metal film may extend to the transparent substrate or to the vicinity of the transparent substrate along end surfaces of the cathode or anode compound film, the solid electrolyte film and the anode or cathode compound film so that the extended portion may be used as a wiring.
  • the electrochromic mirror of the invention may further comprise a sealing resin layer made, for example, of a resin film, epoxy resin or coating provided on the surface of the high corrosion resistant metal film and a sealing substrate made, for example, of glass, plastic or metal provided on the surface of the sealing resin layer.
  • a sealing resin layer made, for example, of a resin film, epoxy resin or coating provided on the surface of the high corrosion resistant metal film
  • a sealing substrate made, for example, of glass, plastic or metal provided on the surface of the sealing resin layer.
  • the high reflecting metal material film may contain Sn, Ag, Al or Rh as a principal ingredient.
  • the high corrosion resistant metal film may contain Cr or Ni as a principal ingredient.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing schematically an embodiment of the EC mirror of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing schematically a prior art EC mirror
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing schematically another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional view showing schematically still another embodiment of the invention.
  • an ITO transparent electrode film 24 which constitutes a first conductive film.
  • an anode compound film 26 made, e.g., of Ir—Sn
  • a solid electrolyte film 28 made, e.g., of Ta 2 O 5
  • a cathode compound film 30 made, e.g., of WO 3 which three layers constitute an EC device 31 .
  • the high reflecting metal material film 32 in this embodiment is formed in thickness which enables the film 32 to constitute a light transmitting film.
  • a part of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 constitutes a wiring 33 a which extends along the end surface of the EC device 31 and is electrically connected to a cathode side electrode section 50 which is formed in the form of a clip and is mounted on one end portion (e.g., the lower end portion) of the glass substrate 22 .
  • the surface of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 and the entire outer peripheral surface of the laminate of the films 24 , 31 , 32 and 33 are sealed with a sealing resin 34 made, e.g., of a resin film, epoxy resin or coating.
  • a sealing glass 36 On the surface of the sealing resin 34 is mounted a sealing glass 36 which is provided for enhancing stability against change in temperature and humidity of the outside air.
  • the ITO transparent electrode film 24 is electrically connected to an anode side electrode section 48 which is formed in the form of a clip and is mounted on the other end portion (e.g., the upper end portion) of the glass substrate 22 .
  • the ITO transparent electrode film 24 is separated in upper and lower portions by a slit 37 which is formed at a location which is distant by about 1 mm from one end (the lower end in the illustrated embodiment) of the EC device 31 . Short-circuiting between the anode side electrode section 48 and the cathode side electrode section 50 is prevented by this slit 37 .
  • a slit required width 22 c between the end surface of the EC device 31 and the position of forming of the slit 37 is excluded from the range of the reflecting mirror.
  • the high reflective metal material film 32 is formed in the same manufacturing process as the EC device 31 (i.e., by using the same mask). For this reason, the high reflecting metal material film 32 is not formed with an insulation width so that there is possibility that the film 32 is formed partly in contact with the ITO transparent electrode film 24 . Since, however, the high reflecting metal material film 32 in this embodiment is formed so thinly that it constitutes a semitransparent film and, therefore, even if the film 32 is partly in contact with the ITO transparent electrode film 24 , contact resistance is so great that short-circuiting state will not result.
  • the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 is provided with an insulation width 22 d of about 0.5 mm from one end (the upper end in the illustrated embodiment) of the EC device 31 .
  • the high reflecting metal material film 32 and the high corrosion metal film 33 as a whole secure reflectance required for an automobile mirror. Since the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 is not formed in the portion of the insulation width 22 d , sufficient reflectance cannot be obtained in this portion.
  • a switch 42 e.g., analog switch
  • a power source 40 e.g., a battery of an automobile
  • potential of negative polarity is provided to the cathode side electrode section 50 through a wiring 46 .
  • the switch 42 is connected to the contact a
  • the EC mirror becomes a dimming state (colored state) by reason of oxidation-reduction reaction of the EC device 31 . Since the slit 37 is formed in a part of the ITO transparent electrode film 24 , short-circuiting between the anode side electrode section 48 and the cathode side electrode section 50 through the ITO transparent electrode film 24 is prevented.
  • the anode side electrode section 48 Upon connecting the switch 42 to a contact b, the anode side electrode section 48 is short-circuited with the cathode side electrode section 50 and the EC mirror is instantly discolored.
  • a resistor 52 is connected between the anode side electrode section 48 and the cathode side electrode section 50 in parallel to the switch 42 . If a trouble occurs in a drive circuit for the EC device 31 when it is in the colored state, the switch 42 is turned to an open state but the anode side electrode section 48 and the cathode side electrode section 50 are gradually brought to zero potential equilibrium through the resistor 52 to discolor the EC device 31 .
  • the automobile dimming mirror Since the automobile dimming mirror is used in an environment exposed to the outside air, an environment resistance test (temperature: 85° C., humidity: 80%, left for 720 hours etc.) is conducted and it is required that corrosion does not occur in the reflecting metal film.
  • the surface of the high reflecting metal material film 32 made of metal such as Al which is vulnerable to corrosion is covered with the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 made, e.g., of Cr and, therefore, moisture which may permeate from the outer peripheral surface (surface exposed to the outside air) of the sealing resin 34 is interrupted by the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 and does not reach the high reflecting metal material film 32 and corrosion of the high reflecting metal material film 32 thereby is prevented.
  • the corrosion prevention effect to the high reflecting metal material film 32 is enhanced by the provision of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 , thickness of the sealing resin 34 , i.e., the offset width 22 b of the EC device 31 can be reduced (to e.g., 2 mm or below). Accordingly, the range in which the EC device 31 cannot be formed can be reduced to about 2 mm from the outer peripheral surface of the glass substrate 22 and, therefore, a broad range 22 a of the effective field of view which is left after excluding the offset width 22 b , the slit required width 22 c and the insulation width 22 d from the glass substrate 22 can be provided.
  • the portion excluding the range 22 a of the effective field of view of the glass substrate 22 has no function of a reflecting mirror and a mirror holder 23 is provided for preventing an erroneous view. Since the wiring 33 a is made of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 , the wiring 33 a does not become an insulating material by corrosion but causes current necessary for coloring and discoloring the EC device 31 to flow whereby occurrence of irregularity in coloring of the EC mirror and reduction in the coloring and discoloring speeds can be prevented.
  • FIG. 3 Another embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 3 .
  • an ITO transparent electrode film 24 which constitutes a first conductive film.
  • an EC device 31 which consists of three layers of an anode compound film 26 , a solid electrolyte film 28 and a cathode compound film 30 .
  • a high reflecting metal material film 32 made, e.g., of Al and a high corrosion resistant metal film 33 made, e.g., of Cr.
  • the high reflecting metal material film 32 is formed in thickness which constitute a semitransparent thin film.
  • an insulation width 22 d is provided commonly for the two films 32 and 33 .
  • a part of the laminate of the high reflecting metal material film 32 and the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 constitutes a wiring 38 which extends along the end surface of the EC device 31 and is electrically connected to a cathode side electrode section 50 which is mounted on one end portion (e.g., the lower end portion) of the glass substrate 22 .
  • the surface of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 and the entire outer peripheral surface of the laminate of the films 24 , 31 , 32 and 33 are sealed with a sealing resin 34 made, e.g., of a resin film, epoxy resin or coating.
  • a sealing resin 34 made, e.g., of a resin film, epoxy resin or coating.
  • On the surface of the sealing resin 34 is mounted a sealing glass 36 for enhancing stability against change in temperature and humidity of the outside air.
  • the ITO transparent electrode film 24 is electrically connected to an anode side electrode section 48 which is mounted on the other end portion (e.g., the upper end portion) of the glass substrate 22 . Since the power source and wiring connected thereto are the same as those in the embodiment of FIG. 1, illustration and explanation of this portion will be omitted.
  • FIG. 4 Another embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • an ITO transparent electrode film 24 On one side of a glass substrate 22 is provided an ITO transparent electrode film 24 .
  • an EC device 31 On the surface of the ITO transparent electrode film 24 is provided an EC device 31 which consists of three layers of an anode compound film 26 , a solid electrolyte film 28 and a cathode compound film 30 .
  • On the surface of the EC device 31 is laminated, as a second conductive film 29 , a high reflecting metal material film 32 made, e.g., of Al and a high corrosion resistant metal film 33 made, e.g., of Cr.
  • a part of the high reflecting metal material film 32 and the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 constitutes a wiring 33 a which extends along the end surface of the EC device 31 and is electrically connected to a cathode side electrode section 50 mounted on one end portion (e.g., the lower end portion) of the glass substrate 22 .
  • the ITO electrode film 24 is electrically connected to an anode side electrode section 48 mounted on the other end portion (e.g., the upper end portion) of the glass substrate 22 .
  • the power source and wiring connected thereto are the same as those in the embodiment of FIG. 1 .
  • the sealing resin 34 and the sealing glass 36 are not provided.
  • the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 only may be able to perform a sufficient corrosion prevention effect against corrosion of the high reflecting metal material film 32 by the outside air. In such case, the process of forming the sealing resin 34 and the sealing glass 36 can be omitted and the cost of material thereby can be saved.
  • an exterior or interior rear-view mirror having a structure in which the surface of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 and the entire outer peripheral surface of the films 24 , 31 , 32 and 33 in the structure of FIG. 4 are covered and sealed with a sealing resin ( 34 in FIGS. 1 and 2) made, e.g., of a resin film, epoxy resin or coating while the sealing glass 36 is not provided.
  • a sealing resin 34 in FIGS. 1 and 2 made, e.g., of a resin film, epoxy resin or coating while the sealing glass 36 is not provided.
  • the positions of the anode compound film 26 and the cathode compound film 30 may be exchanged.
  • the high reflecting metal material film is made of a very thin film to form a semitransparent film. Alternatively, this film may be formed in the form of small islands (spots) to form a semitransparent film. Further, the high reflecting metal material film is not limited to a semitransparent film but it may be formed to a film which does not transmit light.
  • the EC mirror of FIG. 4 is used to form an automobile dimming mirror.
  • the glass substrate 22 was formed in the size of an automobile rear-view mirror (about 100 by 200 mm).
  • the ITO transparent electrode film 24 was formed on the glass substrate 22 .
  • the anode compound film 26 made of Ir—Sn
  • the solid electrolyte film 28 made of Ta 2 O 5
  • the cathode compound film 30 made of WO 3
  • the high reflecting metal material film 32 made of Al.
  • the film thicknesses of these films were 50 nm, 500 nm, 500 nm and 30 nm respectively.
  • the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 made of Cr.
  • the film thickness of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 was about 100 nm.
  • the power source and wiring were made in the same manner as described in the embodiment of FIG. 1 .
  • this EC dimming mirror In a state where no voltage is applied, this EC dimming mirror exhibited reflectance of 50%.
  • the switch 42 was connected to the contact a and voltage of 1.3V was applied, reflectance changed to 8%.
  • the switch was connected to the contact b, the two electrodes were short-circuited and reflectance was restored to 50% whereby it was confirmed that this EC mirror had excellent characteristics as an EC dimming mirror.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)

Abstract

A solid type EC mirror with improved corrosion resistance of its reflecting metal film is provided. On one surface (i.e., rear surface as viewed from the side on which light is incident) of a glass substrate are successively laminated an ITO transparent electrode film and an EC device consisting of three layers of an anode compound film, a solid electrolyte film and a cathode compound film. On the surface thereof are further successively laminated a high reflecting metal material film and a high corrosion resistant metal film. Since the high reflecting metal material film is covered with the high corrosion resistant metal film, a corrosion prevention effect against corrosion by moisture permeating from outside is enhanced and an offset width of the EC mirror can be reduced and a range of effective field of view can be enlarged.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an electrochromic (hereinafter referred to as “EC”) mirror using an EC device which is used for a dimming mirror, a dimming window, and so on, and more particularly, to a reflecting film structure of a solid type EC mirror in which an electrolyte is made of solid.
An EC device is used for an automobile dimming mirror or dimming window by utilizing its capability of varying optical transmittance. As a prior art solid type EC mirror, known in the art is one having a structure as shown in FIG. 2. On one surface (i.e., rear surface as viewed from the side on which light is incident) of a transparent glass substrate 2 are laminated a transparent electrode film 4, an EC device 11 consisting of three layers of an anode compound film 6, a solid electrolyte film 8 and a cathode compound film 10, and an Al reflecting electrode film 12. A part of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 constitutes a wiring 12 a which extends along an end surface of the EC device 11, and is electrically connected to a cathode side electrode section 18 provided on the glass substrate 2 through a portion of the transparent electrode film 4. The transparent electrode film 4 is separated in upper and lower portions by a slit 15 which is formed in the vicinity of the lower end portion of the EC device 11 by means of, e.g., laser beam cutting. Short-circuiting between an anode side electrode section 17 and the cathode side electrode section 18 through the transparent electrode film 4 is prevented by this slit 15. The slit 15 may theoretically be formed at a location immediately above the lower end of the EC device 11 but, in actuality, the slit 15 is formed at a location which is about 1 mm above the lower end of the EC device 11, having regard to a positioning error in forming the slit 15. Since the slit 15 is seen as a line with a human eye, it is necessary as a product to conceal this slit 15 with a mirror holder. For this reason, the region of about 1 mm from the lower end of the EC device 11 is excluded from the scope of the reflecting mirror as a slit required width 2 c. On the other hand, in the upper end portion of the Al reflecting electrode film 12, an insulation width 2 d of about 0.5 mm from the upper end of the EC device 11 is provided for preventing forming of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 in contact with the transparent electrode film 4, having regard to a positioning error in forming the Al reflecting electrode film 12. The portion of the insulation width 2 d has no function of a reflecting mirror because the Al reflecting electrode film 12 is not formed in this portion. The surface of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 is sealed with a sealing resin 14 which protects the Al reflecting electrode film 12 from outside moisture or soil and thereby prevents corrosion of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 with moisture. On the surface of the sealing resin 14 is mounted a sealing glass 16 for enhancing stability against variations in outside temperature and humidity.
In the structure of the EC mirror shown in FIG. 2, moisture contained in the air tends to permeate into mirror structure through the outer periphery (i.e., surface exposed to the air) of the sealing resin 14 by reason of variations in temperature and humidity. The moisture which has permeated from the sealing resin 14 corrodes the surface of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 which is in contact with the sealing resin 14 and the wiring 12 a which is a part of the Al reflecting electrode film 12.
A disadvantage which is caused by corrosion of the Al reflecting electrode film 12 is that a reflection image becomes inaccurate. Another disadvantage is that aluminum becomes an insulating material (Al2O3) by corrosion. By changing of the wiring 12 a to an insulating material, electric current which is necessary for coloring and discoloring the EC device 11 can not flow sufficiently and uniformly to the Al reflecting electrode film 12 whereby there occur irregularity in coloring of the EC device and decrease in the coloring and discoloring speeds.
For preventing corrosion of the Al reflecting electrode film 12, it is necessary to form the sealing resin to a sufficient thickness (e.g., about 3 mm) thereby to prevent permeating of moisture accurately. For forming the sealing resin 14 to a sufficient thickness, the EC device 11 and the Al reflecting electrode film 12 must be formed with their outer peripheries being offset sufficiently inwardly (about 3 mm) from the outer peripheral surface of the glass substrate 2 for providing, as the thickness of the sealing resin 14, an offset width 2 b of about 3 mm in which the EC device 11 and the Al reflecting electrode film 12 are not formed. For this reason, the outer peripheral portion of the glass substrate 2 of a range including the offset width 2 b for providing the sealing resin, the slit required width 2 c and insulation width 2 d cannot be used as a reflecting surface and a remaining range 2 a of an effective field of view is rather narrow. Further, this arrangement requires a mirror holder 3 for concealing the portion excluding the range 2 a of the effective field of view has a large width and appears awkward.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a solid type EC mirror having an enlarged range of effective field of view by improving resistivity to corrosion of a reflecting electrode film such as an Al reflecting electrode film.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
For achieving the above described object of the invention, there is provided an electrochromic mirror comprising a transparent substrate, a first conductive film, an anode or cathode compound film, a solid electrolyte film, a cathode or anode compound film, and a second conductive film, these films being successively laminated on one surface of the transparent substrate, and said second conductive film consisting of a laminate formed by laminating, from the side of the cathode or anode compound film, at least two layers of a high reflecting metal material film and a high corrosion resistant metal film.
According to the present invention, since the high corrosion resistant metal film is formed on the surface of the high reflecting metal material film, moisture contained in the outside air is interrupted by the high corrosion resistant metal film and the high reflective metal material film can thereby be protected from corrosion. The corrosion resistance of the high reflecting metal material film is thereby improved and, as a result, good visibility can be maintained and decrease in the coloring and discoloring function of the EC device can be prevented. Besides, the high corrosion resistant metal film can be formed in a thinner shape than the prior art sealing resin while securing the function of protecting the reflecting film and, therefore, the offset width can be reduced and the range of effective field of view can thereby be enlarged.
The high reflecting metal material film may be made of a semitransparent film. According to this aspect of the invention, reflection by the high reflecting metal material film and the high corrosion resistant reflecting metal film can be obtained and, therefore, a higher reflectance than in the case where only the high corrosion resistant metal film is used can be obtained. Further, since the amount of the high reflecting metal material film used can be reduced, the cost of material can be reduced even when an expensive high reflecting metal material is used.
The high reflecting metal material film may be made of a film which does not transmit light.
In one aspect of the invention, the high corrosion resistant metal film may extend to the transparent substrate or to the vicinity of the transparent substrate along end surfaces of the high reflecting metal material film, the cathode or anode compound film, the solid electrolyte film and the anode or cathode compound film so that the extended portion may be used as a wiring.
In one aspect of the invention, the laminate of the high reflecting metal material film and the high corrosion resistant metal film may extend to the transparent substrate or to the vicinity of the transparent substrate along end surfaces of the cathode or anode compound film, the solid electrolyte film and the anode or cathode compound film so that the extended portion may be used as a wiring.
In both cases, since the wiring made of the high corrosion resistant metal film is hardly corroded, sufficient current necessary for coloring or discoloring the EC device can be caused to flow whereby irregularity in coloring of the EC mirror and reduction in the coloring and discoloring speeds can be prevented.
The electrochromic mirror of the invention may further comprise a sealing resin layer made, for example, of a resin film, epoxy resin or coating provided on the surface of the high corrosion resistant metal film and a sealing substrate made, for example, of glass, plastic or metal provided on the surface of the sealing resin layer. By this arrangement, a high degree of resistance to environmental changes such as abrupt change in temperature and humidity of the outside air and corrosion resistance to moisture can be provided. Since, in this case, corrosion resistance is provided by the high corrosion resistant metal, the sealing resin layer can be made thinner than the prior art one whereby the offset width can be reduced and the range of effective field of view can be enlarged.
In one aspect of the invention, the high reflecting metal material film may contain Sn, Ag, Al or Rh as a principal ingredient.
In still another aspect of the invention, the high corrosion resistant metal film may contain Cr or Ni as a principal ingredient.
Description of preferred embodiments of the invention will be made below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the accompanying drawings,
FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing schematically an embodiment of the EC mirror of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing schematically a prior art EC mirror;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing schematically another embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 4 is a sectional view showing schematically still another embodiment of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the embodiment of FIG. 1, on one surface (i.e., rear surface as viewed from the side on which light is incident) of a colorless, transparent glass substrate 22 is formed, by vapor deposition, sputtering or other method, an ITO transparent electrode film 24 which constitutes a first conductive film. On the surface of the ITO transparent electrode film 24 are successively laminated, by vapor deposition, sputtering or other method, three layers of an anode compound film 26 made, e.g., of Ir—Sn, a solid electrolyte film 28 made, e.g., of Ta2O5 and a cathode compound film 30 made, e.g., of WO3 which three layers constitute an EC device 31. On the surface of the EC device 31 are successively laminated, by vapor deposition, sputtering or other method, a high reflecting metal material film 32 made, e.g., of Al and a high corrosion resistant metal film 33 made, e.g., of Cr. These films 32 and 33 constitute a second conductive film 29. The high reflecting metal material film 32 in this embodiment is formed in thickness which enables the film 32 to constitute a light transmitting film. A part of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 constitutes a wiring 33 a which extends along the end surface of the EC device 31 and is electrically connected to a cathode side electrode section 50 which is formed in the form of a clip and is mounted on one end portion (e.g., the lower end portion) of the glass substrate 22. The surface of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 and the entire outer peripheral surface of the laminate of the films 24, 31, 32 and 33 are sealed with a sealing resin 34 made, e.g., of a resin film, epoxy resin or coating. On the surface of the sealing resin 34 is mounted a sealing glass 36 which is provided for enhancing stability against change in temperature and humidity of the outside air. The ITO transparent electrode film 24 is electrically connected to an anode side electrode section 48 which is formed in the form of a clip and is mounted on the other end portion (e.g., the upper end portion) of the glass substrate 22.
The ITO transparent electrode film 24 is separated in upper and lower portions by a slit 37 which is formed at a location which is distant by about 1 mm from one end (the lower end in the illustrated embodiment) of the EC device 31. Short-circuiting between the anode side electrode section 48 and the cathode side electrode section 50 is prevented by this slit 37. A slit required width 22 c between the end surface of the EC device 31 and the position of forming of the slit 37 is excluded from the range of the reflecting mirror.
Having regard to simplicity in the manufacturing process, the high reflective metal material film 32 is formed in the same manufacturing process as the EC device 31 (i.e., by using the same mask). For this reason, the high reflecting metal material film 32 is not formed with an insulation width so that there is possibility that the film 32 is formed partly in contact with the ITO transparent electrode film 24. Since, however, the high reflecting metal material film 32 in this embodiment is formed so thinly that it constitutes a semitransparent film and, therefore, even if the film 32 is partly in contact with the ITO transparent electrode film 24, contact resistance is so great that short-circuiting state will not result. In contrast, the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 is provided with an insulation width 22 d of about 0.5 mm from one end (the upper end in the illustrated embodiment) of the EC device 31. In this mirror, a part of incident light is reflected on the surface of the high reflecting metal material film 32 and light which is transmitted through the high reflecting metal material film 32 is reflected on the high corrosion resistant metal film 33. Thus, the high reflecting metal material film 32 and the high corrosion metal film 33 as a whole secure reflectance required for an automobile mirror. Since the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 is not formed in the portion of the insulation width 22 d, sufficient reflectance cannot be obtained in this portion.
When a switch 42 (e.g., analog switch) is not connected to a contact a, potential of positive polarity is provided from a power source 40 (e.g., a battery of an automobile) to the anode side electrode section 48 through a wiring 44 and potential of negative polarity is provided to the cathode side electrode section 50 through a wiring 46. In a case where the switch 42 is connected to the contact a, the EC mirror becomes a dimming state (colored state) by reason of oxidation-reduction reaction of the EC device 31. Since the slit 37 is formed in a part of the ITO transparent electrode film 24, short-circuiting between the anode side electrode section 48 and the cathode side electrode section 50 through the ITO transparent electrode film 24 is prevented.
Upon connecting the switch 42 to a contact b, the anode side electrode section 48 is short-circuited with the cathode side electrode section 50 and the EC mirror is instantly discolored.
A resistor 52 is connected between the anode side electrode section 48 and the cathode side electrode section 50 in parallel to the switch 42. If a trouble occurs in a drive circuit for the EC device 31 when it is in the colored state, the switch 42 is turned to an open state but the anode side electrode section 48 and the cathode side electrode section 50 are gradually brought to zero potential equilibrium through the resistor 52 to discolor the EC device 31.
Since the automobile dimming mirror is used in an environment exposed to the outside air, an environment resistance test (temperature: 85° C., humidity: 80%, left for 720 hours etc.) is conducted and it is required that corrosion does not occur in the reflecting metal film. In the EC mirror shown in FIG. 1, the surface of the high reflecting metal material film 32 made of metal such as Al which is vulnerable to corrosion is covered with the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 made, e.g., of Cr and, therefore, moisture which may permeate from the outer peripheral surface (surface exposed to the outside air) of the sealing resin 34 is interrupted by the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 and does not reach the high reflecting metal material film 32 and corrosion of the high reflecting metal material film 32 thereby is prevented.
Since the corrosion prevention effect to the high reflecting metal material film 32 is enhanced by the provision of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33, thickness of the sealing resin 34, i.e., the offset width 22 b of the EC device 31 can be reduced (to e.g., 2 mm or below). Accordingly, the range in which the EC device 31 cannot be formed can be reduced to about 2 mm from the outer peripheral surface of the glass substrate 22 and, therefore, a broad range 22 a of the effective field of view which is left after excluding the offset width 22 b, the slit required width 22 c and the insulation width 22 d from the glass substrate 22 can be provided. The portion excluding the range 22 a of the effective field of view of the glass substrate 22 has no function of a reflecting mirror and a mirror holder 23 is provided for preventing an erroneous view. Since the wiring 33 a is made of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33, the wiring 33 a does not become an insulating material by corrosion but causes current necessary for coloring and discoloring the EC device 31 to flow whereby occurrence of irregularity in coloring of the EC mirror and reduction in the coloring and discoloring speeds can be prevented.
Another embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 3. In FIG. 3, in the same manner as in the embodiment of FIG. 1, on one side of a glass substrate 22 is provided an ITO transparent electrode film 24 which constitutes a first conductive film. On the surface of the ITO transparent electrode film 24 is provided an EC device 31 which consists of three layers of an anode compound film 26, a solid electrolyte film 28 and a cathode compound film 30. On the surface of the EC device 31 is laminated, as a second conductive film 29, a high reflecting metal material film 32 made, e.g., of Al and a high corrosion resistant metal film 33 made, e.g., of Cr. The high reflecting metal material film 32 is formed in thickness which constitute a semitransparent thin film. For forming the high reflecting metal material film 32 and the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 in the same manufacturing process, an insulation width 22 d is provided commonly for the two films 32 and 33. A part of the laminate of the high reflecting metal material film 32 and the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 constitutes a wiring 38 which extends along the end surface of the EC device 31 and is electrically connected to a cathode side electrode section 50 which is mounted on one end portion (e.g., the lower end portion) of the glass substrate 22. The surface of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 and the entire outer peripheral surface of the laminate of the films 24, 31, 32 and 33 are sealed with a sealing resin 34 made, e.g., of a resin film, epoxy resin or coating. On the surface of the sealing resin 34 is mounted a sealing glass 36 for enhancing stability against change in temperature and humidity of the outside air. The ITO transparent electrode film 24 is electrically connected to an anode side electrode section 48 which is mounted on the other end portion (e.g., the upper end portion) of the glass substrate 22. Since the power source and wiring connected thereto are the same as those in the embodiment of FIG. 1, illustration and explanation of this portion will be omitted.
Another embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 4. In the same manner as in the embodiment of FIG. 1, on one side of a glass substrate 22 is provided an ITO transparent electrode film 24. On the surface of the ITO transparent electrode film 24 is provided an EC device 31 which consists of three layers of an anode compound film 26, a solid electrolyte film 28 and a cathode compound film 30. On the surface of the EC device 31 is laminated, as a second conductive film 29, a high reflecting metal material film 32 made, e.g., of Al and a high corrosion resistant metal film 33 made, e.g., of Cr. A part of the high reflecting metal material film 32 and the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 constitutes a wiring 33 a which extends along the end surface of the EC device 31 and is electrically connected to a cathode side electrode section 50 mounted on one end portion (e.g., the lower end portion) of the glass substrate 22. The ITO electrode film 24 is electrically connected to an anode side electrode section 48 mounted on the other end portion (e.g., the upper end portion) of the glass substrate 22. The power source and wiring connected thereto are the same as those in the embodiment of FIG. 1.
According to the embodiment of FIG. 4, as is different from the structure of FIGS. 1 and 2, the sealing resin 34 and the sealing glass 36 are not provided. In a case where the EC mirror is used in a location where an environmental change is relatively small, the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 only may be able to perform a sufficient corrosion prevention effect against corrosion of the high reflecting metal material film 32 by the outside air. In such case, the process of forming the sealing resin 34 and the sealing glass 36 can be omitted and the cost of material thereby can be saved.
It is also possible to realize an exterior or interior rear-view mirror having a structure in which the surface of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 and the entire outer peripheral surface of the films 24, 31, 32 and 33 in the structure of FIG. 4 are covered and sealed with a sealing resin (34 in FIGS. 1 and 2) made, e.g., of a resin film, epoxy resin or coating while the sealing glass 36 is not provided.
In the above described embodiments, the positions of the anode compound film 26 and the cathode compound film 30 may be exchanged. In the above described embodiments, the high reflecting metal material film is made of a very thin film to form a semitransparent film. Alternatively, this film may be formed in the form of small islands (spots) to form a semitransparent film. Further, the high reflecting metal material film is not limited to a semitransparent film but it may be formed to a film which does not transmit light.
EXAMPLE
An example of the invention will be described below. In this example, the EC mirror of FIG. 4 is used to form an automobile dimming mirror.
The glass substrate 22 was formed in the size of an automobile rear-view mirror (about 100 by 200 mm). The ITO transparent electrode film 24 was formed on the glass substrate 22. On the surface of the ITO transparent electrode film 24 were successively laminated, by ion plating using a high frequency electric field in a vacuum, the anode compound film 26 made of Ir—Sn, the solid electrolyte film 28 made of Ta2O5, the cathode compound film 30 made of WO3 and the high reflecting metal material film 32 made of Al. The film thicknesses of these films were 50 nm, 500 nm, 500 nm and 30 nm respectively. On the surface of the high reflecting metal material film 32 was formed, by vapor deposition, the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 made of Cr. The film thickness of the high corrosion resistant metal film 33 was about 100 nm. The power source and wiring were made in the same manner as described in the embodiment of FIG. 1.
In a state where no voltage is applied, this EC dimming mirror exhibited reflectance of 50%. When the switch 42 was connected to the contact a and voltage of 1.3V was applied, reflectance changed to 8%. When the switch was connected to the contact b, the two electrodes were short-circuited and reflectance was restored to 50% whereby it was confirmed that this EC mirror had excellent characteristics as an EC dimming mirror.

Claims (3)

What is claimed is:
1. An electrochromic mirror comprising:
a transparent substrate;
a first conductive film;
an anode or cathode compound film;
a solid electrolyte film;
a cathode or anode compound film; and
a second conductive film,
these films being successively laminated on one surface of the transparent substrate,
said second conductive film consisting of a laminate formed by laminating, from the side of the cathode or anode compound film, at least two layers of a high reflecting metal material film and a high corrosion resistant metal film; and wherein
the high reflecting metal material film is made of different material from the high corrosion resistant metal film; wherein the high corrosion resistant metal film extends to the transparent substrate or to the vicinity of the transparent substrate along end surface of the high reflecting metal material film, the cathode or anode compound film, the solid electrolyte film and the anode or compound film.
2. An electrochromic mirror comprising:
a transparent substrate;
a first conductive film;
an anode or cathode compound film;
a solid electrolyte film;
a cathode or anode compound film; and
a second conductive film,
these films being successively laminated on one surface of the transparent substrate,
said second conductive film consisting of a laminate formed by laminating, from the side of the cathode or anode compound film, at least two layers of a high reflecting metal material film and a high corrosion resistant metal film; and wherein
the high reflecting metal material film is made of different material from the high corrosion resistant metal film; wherein the laminate of the high reflecting metal film and the high corrosion resistant metal film extends to the transparent substrate or to the vicinity of the transparent substrate along end surface of the cathode or anode compound film, the solid electrolyte film and the anode or cathode compound film.
3. An electrochromic mirror comprising:
a transparent substrate;
a first conductive film;
an anode or cathode compound film;
a solid electrolyte film;
a cathode or anode compound film; and
a second conductive film,
these films being successively laminated on one surface of the transparent substrate,
said second conductive film consisting of a laminate formed by laminating, from the side of the cathode or anode compound film, at least two layers of a high reflecting metal material film and a high corrosion resistant metal film; and wherein
the high reflecting metal film has a higher reflectance than that of the high corrosion resistant metal film, and
the high corrosion resistant metal film interrupts moisture contained in the outside air and the high reflective metal material film can thereby be protected from corrosion and the corrosion resistance of the high reflecting metal material film is thereby improved.
US09/736,829 2000-01-27 2000-12-14 Electrochromic mirror with high corrosion resistant film Expired - Fee Related US6618180B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP18511/2000 2000-01-27
JP2000-018511 2000-01-27
JP2000018511A JP3924103B2 (en) 2000-01-27 2000-01-27 Electrochromic mirror

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20010010590A1 US20010010590A1 (en) 2001-08-02
US6618180B2 true US6618180B2 (en) 2003-09-09

Family

ID=18545353

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/736,829 Expired - Fee Related US6618180B2 (en) 2000-01-27 2000-12-14 Electrochromic mirror with high corrosion resistant film

Country Status (2)

Country Link
US (1) US6618180B2 (en)
JP (1) JP3924103B2 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9387648B2 (en) 2008-05-30 2016-07-12 Corning Incorporated Glass laminated articles and layered articles

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5864419A (en) * 1988-02-12 1999-01-26 Donnelly Corporation Near-infrared reflecting, ultraviolet protected, safety protected, electrochromic vehicular glazing
US6074066A (en) * 1998-04-02 2000-06-13 Magna Reflex Holding Gmbh Electrochromic layer system in particular for motorcar mirrors
US6356376B1 (en) * 1997-04-02 2002-03-12 Gentex Corporation Electrochromic rearview mirror incorporating a third surface metal reflector and a display/signal light

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5864419A (en) * 1988-02-12 1999-01-26 Donnelly Corporation Near-infrared reflecting, ultraviolet protected, safety protected, electrochromic vehicular glazing
US6356376B1 (en) * 1997-04-02 2002-03-12 Gentex Corporation Electrochromic rearview mirror incorporating a third surface metal reflector and a display/signal light
US6074066A (en) * 1998-04-02 2000-06-13 Magna Reflex Holding Gmbh Electrochromic layer system in particular for motorcar mirrors

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9387648B2 (en) 2008-05-30 2016-07-12 Corning Incorporated Glass laminated articles and layered articles
US9782949B2 (en) 2008-05-30 2017-10-10 Corning Incorporated Glass laminated articles and layered articles

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2001209077A (en) 2001-08-03
US20010010590A1 (en) 2001-08-02
JP3924103B2 (en) 2007-06-06

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US9315155B2 (en) Method of forming an exterior mirror reflector sub-assembly with auxiliary reflector portion
US4721364A (en) Dazzle-free mirror with photocell in a non-dazzle-free portion
US7586666B2 (en) Interior rearview mirror system for a vehicle
US7894119B2 (en) Glass type electrochemical/electrically controllable device with variable optical and/or energetic characteristic
JP3565346B2 (en) All-solid-state electrochromic device
CA2644218C (en) Improved thin-film coatings, electro-optic elements and assemblies incorporating these elements
EP0728618A2 (en) Dimmable rearview mirror for motor vehicles
US4852979A (en) Encapsulated electrochromic mirror and method of making same
JP3061543B2 (en) Outdoor mirror with EC element
US20100246017A1 (en) Vehicular rearview mirror elements and assemblies incorporating these elements
US7327509B2 (en) Electrochromic mirror
RU2008123821A (en) ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEM ON A PLASTIC SUBSTRATE
US6618180B2 (en) Electrochromic mirror with high corrosion resistant film
US20220340080A1 (en) Vehicle rear-view mirror assembly
JPH0682840A (en) Antidazzle mirror
CN213545009U (en) Electrochromic rearview mirror lens element for preventing reverse connection of lines and assembly thereof
CN219236905U (en) Anti-dazzle rearview mirror assembly with fatigue monitoring function
CN220653562U (en) Active heating window applied to laser radar device
US20240217215A1 (en) Composite pane with functional film and busbar
CN214540318U (en) High-reflectivity electrochromic anti-dazzling rearview mirror
CN116600429A (en) Active heating window applied to laser radar device
JPH11271814A (en) Solution phase electrochromic element
CN116047825A (en) IR anti-reflection DMS electrochromic rearview mirror lens group
JP2023145174A (en) Sheet with conductor, laminated plate, and sensor system
CN117389085A (en) Electrochromic anti-dazzle mirror and manufacturing method thereof

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: MURAKAMI CORPORATION, JAPAN

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOCHIZUKA, TAKUO;REEL/FRAME:011374/0913

Effective date: 20001020

FEPP Fee payment procedure

Free format text: PAYOR NUMBER ASSIGNED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: ASPN); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY

REMI Maintenance fee reminder mailed
LAPS Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
STCH Information on status: patent discontinuation

Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362

FP Lapsed due to failure to pay maintenance fee

Effective date: 20070909