US6219134B1 - Rolling runout compensation for wheel alignment - Google Patents
Rolling runout compensation for wheel alignment Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US6219134B1 US6219134B1 US09/262,524 US26252499A US6219134B1 US 6219134 B1 US6219134 B1 US 6219134B1 US 26252499 A US26252499 A US 26252499A US 6219134 B1 US6219134 B1 US 6219134B1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- steer
- toe
- vehicle
- ahead angle
- range
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000011022 operating instruction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005055 memory storage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/26—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes
- G01B11/275—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes for testing wheel alignment
- G01B11/2755—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring angles or tapers; for testing the alignment of axes for testing wheel alignment using photoelectric detection means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B2210/00—Aspects not specifically covered by any group under G01B, e.g. of wheel alignment, caliper-like sensors
- G01B2210/10—Wheel alignment
- G01B2210/14—One or more cameras or other optical devices capable of acquiring a two-dimensional image
- G01B2210/143—One or more cameras on each side of a vehicle in the main embodiment
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B2210/00—Aspects not specifically covered by any group under G01B, e.g. of wheel alignment, caliper-like sensors
- G01B2210/10—Wheel alignment
- G01B2210/20—Vehicle in a state of translatory motion
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B2210/00—Aspects not specifically covered by any group under G01B, e.g. of wheel alignment, caliper-like sensors
- G01B2210/10—Wheel alignment
- G01B2210/26—Algorithms, instructions, databases, computerized methods and graphical user interfaces employed by a user in conjunction with the wheel aligner
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B2210/00—Aspects not specifically covered by any group under G01B, e.g. of wheel alignment, caliper-like sensors
- G01B2210/10—Wheel alignment
- G01B2210/28—Beam projector and related sensors, camera, inclinometer or other active sensing or projecting device
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B2210/00—Aspects not specifically covered by any group under G01B, e.g. of wheel alignment, caliper-like sensors
- G01B2210/10—Wheel alignment
- G01B2210/30—Reference markings, reflector, scale or other passive device
Definitions
- the present invention relates to vehicle wheel alignment, and more particularly to compensation schemes for vehicle wheel alignment systems which measure the locations and orientations of the vehicle wheels in a three dimensional coordinate system.
- SAE Publication 850219 titled “Steering Geometry and Caster Measurement”, by January, derives and discusses the procedures and methods by which toe and camber alignment transducers are used to determine the caster and steering axis inclination (SAI) of a vehicle.
- SAE Publication 850219 titled “Steering Geometry and Caster Measurement”, by January, derives and discusses the procedures and methods by which toe and camber alignment transducers are used to determine the caster and steering axis inclination (SAI) of a vehicle.
- SAE Publication 850219 titled “Steering Geometry and Caster Measurement”, by January, derives and discusses the procedures and methods by which toe and camber alignment transducers are used to determine the caster and steering axis inclination (SAI) of a vehicle.
- SAE Publication 850219 titled “Steering Geometry and Caster Measurement”, by January, derives and discusses the procedures and methods by which toe and camber alignment transducers
- Equipment of this general type and using the apparatus and methods enumerated above has been used world-wide for many years. Such equipment is capable of determining the camber, caster, and pointing or “toe” alignment angles of the wheels relative to one or more appropriate reference axes, and is sufficient to allow proper adjustment of the alignment so as to reduce tire wear and provide for safe handling. It is believed, however, that such equipment could be improved.
- German Patent DE 29 48 573 A1 assigned to Siemens A G, describes the use of cameras to determine the locations and orientations of the wheels of a vehicle. On each side of the vehicle, a single camera is moved to multiple positions to view the vehicle wheels. Alternatively, a single fixed camera is used at each side in conjunction with movable mirrors, or multiple cameras are used. The system examines the images thus viewed of the wheels of the vehicle to determine the locations and orientations of the wheels, from which the wheel alignment parameters are determined.
- Prior art compensation makes one large (and sometimes incorrect) assumption—that changes in measurements from one wheel orientation/position to another wheel orientation/position are due to runout and not to changes in alignment. But when a vehicle is rolled from one position to another, lateral forces on the tires can change both camber and toe. Moreover, movement of the steering wheel can change the steer ahead angle. (Even though the vehicle steering wheel is usually leveled and locked, that does not guarantee that the steer ahead angle will not change). In both instances (changes in camber and/or toe, and changes in steer ahead angle) prior art systems interpret these changes as runout which produces an erroneous compensation, and which can result in erroneous alignment measurements.
- a first compensation measurement is taken at a first (forward) position of the vehicle, the vehicle is rolled rearwardly and a second compensation measurement is taken at a second position. Finally, the vehicle is rolled back to the original position and a third compensation measurement is taken. If the measurements are not acceptable, this prior art system gives a warning of wheel wobble, but provides no on-screen information to the user as to the possible (or probable) cause of the wobble. With the prior art system, the user must continue to repeat the procedure until the measurements are accepted, or the user can bypass the compensation altogether. These solutions, however, result in less than desirable accuracy in the subsequent alignment of the vehicle. The prior art can be improved.
- a second object is the provision of such a system which is particularly useful with video alignment systems.
- a third object is the provision of such a system which provides feedback to the user which allows the user to correct causes of inaccurate compensation.
- a fourth object is the provision of a system which identifies to the user the probable cause of any inaccuracy in the compensation of the sensor elements.
- a system for measuring vehicle alignment angles has a plurality of sensor elements (which can be active sensors or passive sensor elements such as visual targets) for mounting to wheels of a vehicle to be aligned.
- the system uses the sensor elements to measure various angles such as steer ahead angle and toe, and the system also has a display for displaying information to a user and a memory for storing operating instructions for the system.
- Operating instructions are stored in the memory for determining from compensation measurements taken at a minimum of first and second longitudinally displaced positions whether the toe parameter of the two front wheels falls outside a predetermined toe range, and whether the steer ahead angle of the vehicle falls within a predetermined range.
- the operating instructions stored in the memory further include instructions responsive to the toe parameter falling outside the toe range to control the system to display to the user information indicative of the need to adjust the toe parameter before taking additional compensation measurements.
- the operating instructions stored in the memory further include instructions responsive to the toe parameter not falling outside the toe range and to the steer ahead angle falling outside the predetermined range to control the system to display to the user information indicative of the need to adjust steer ahead angle (i.e., turn the steering wheel) before taking additional compensation measurements.
- a system for measuring vehicle alignment angles has a plurality of sensor elements for mounting to wheels of a vehicle to be aligned.
- the system uses the sensor elements to measure various angles such as steer ahead angle and toe.
- the system also has a display for displaying information to a user and a memory for storing operating instructions for the system.
- Operating instructions are stored in the memory for determining from compensation measurements taken at a minimum of first and second longitudinally displaced positions whether the toe parameter of the two front wheels falls outside a predetermined toe range, and whether the steer ahead angle of the vehicle falls within a predetermined range.
- the operating instructions stored in the memory further including instructions responsive to the toe parameter falling outside the toe range to control the system to display to the user information indicative of the need to adjust the toe parameter before taking additional compensation measurements.
- a system for measuring vehicle alignment angles has a plurality of sensor elements for mounting to wheels of a vehicle to be aligned.
- the system uses the sensor elements to measure various angles such as steer ahead angle and toe.
- the system also has a display for displaying information to a user and a memory for storing operating instructions for the system.
- Operating instructions are stored in the memory for determining from compensation measurements taken at a minimum of first and second longitudinally displaced positions whether the toe parameter of the two front wheels falls outside a predetermined toe range, and whether the steer ahead angle of the vehicle falls within a predetermined range.
- the operating instructions stored in the memory further including instructions responsive to the toe parameter not falling outside the toe range and to the steer ahead angle falling outside the predetermined range to control the system to display to the user information indicative of the need to adjust steer ahead angle before taking additional compensation measurements.
- a method of compensating sensor elements in a vehicle alignment apparatus includes the steps of taking compensation measurements with the vehicle in a first position, taking compensation measurements with the vehicle in a second position, the second position being longitudinally displaced from the first position, and determining from the compensation measurements taken at the first and second positions whether the toe parameter of the two front wheels falls outside a predetermined toe range, and whether the steer ahead angle of the vehicle falls within a predetermined range. If the toe parameter falls outside the toe range, the apparatus is controlled to display to the user information indicative of the need to adjust the toe parameter before taking additional compensation measurements. If the toe parameter falls within the predetermined toe range and the steer ahead angle falls outside the predetermined range, the apparatus is controlled to display to the user information indicative of the need to adjust steer ahead angle before taking additional compensation measurements.
- a compensation method for vehicle alignment system sensor elements includes the steps of taking compensation measurements at a first position of a vehicle, moving the vehicle longitudinally and taking compensation measurements at a second position of the vehicle, estimating from the measurements taken at a minimum of the first and second positions whether compensation is acceptable, and identifying to the user a probable cause of inaccuracy in the compensation procedure in those instances where compensation cannot be accurately calculated.
- FIG. 1 a simplified diagram of a wheel alignment system of the present invention
- FIGS. 1 a - 1 c are side elevations illustrating the relative positions of the vehicle wheels at various steps in the compensation process
- FIGS. 2 and 2 a are representations of screens used to guide the user in compensating the sensor elements of the system when the toe parameter falls outside a predetermined toe range;
- FIG. 3 is a representation of a screen used to guide the user in compensating the sensor elements of the system when steer ahead falls outside a range.
- the present invention be embodied in a computer controlled vehicle wheel alignment system, as is usual and customary in the art.
- Most modern wheel alignment systems are built using an off-the-shelf IBM compatible personal computer (PC) which is connected to the requisite alignment sensor elements through the built-in serial ports of the PC or through custom designed hardware. Often this computer is disposed at a separate console, and performs all the requisite computations.
- PC personal computer
- the present invention could be implemented in that manner, it is preferred that it be implemented as discussed below.
- the invention is described herein in connection with a video alignment, it will be appreciated that it is equally applicable to aligners using more conventional sensor elements.
- the sensor elements of the present invention consist of optical targets mounted to the vehicle wheels and one or more cameras or other image sensing devices which are made to view the optical targets of the various co-assigned patents discussed above, the full disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, disclose how alignment angles are determined using such apparatus.
- the term camera is used herein to refer to any such image sensing device.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the basic components of the system of the present invention which determines the coordinates and orientations of the vehicle wheels 11 , 13 , 15 , 17 , and the axes about which they roll.
- Each wheel has associated therewith one or more optical targets 11 A, 13 A, 15 A, and 17 A.
- the images of the targets are obtained in one or more cameras 21 .
- the optical paths between the targets and the corresponding cameras are illustrated by dashed lines in FIG. 1 .
- the signals from the camera(s) are supplied to a computer 31 where the images are processed to determine the various alignment angles.
- computer 31 is shown as physically separated from the cameras, the computer could be disposed in the same housing as one or more of the cameras.
- Computer 31 is under control of various instructions stored in the computer memory 32 , which can take the form of disk memory storage, RAM, ROM, and all the various forms thereof.
- the process of calculating the alignment angles may be done in many ways, such as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,488,472, and 5,675,515 and 5,724,128, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- the vehicle may be rolled along a path (indicated by runners 33 ) which may or may not be part of a lift mechanism (not shown).
- Runners 33 may have various plates or subsections, as known in the art, for various purposes not particularly relevant to the present invention.
- the vehicle is positioned in a first position along the path disposed rearwardly from that position shown in FIG. 1 a to that shown in FIG. 1 b. At that position, compensation measurements are taken. The vehicle is then moved longitudinally forwardly to the position shown in FIG. 1 c and a second set of compensation measurements are taken. From a minimum of these two sets of measurements, various alignment angles are calculated as described in the aforementioned U.S. patents incorporated herein by reference. Specifically, the total toe on the front axle (the total toe of wheels 11 and 13 ) is calculated, as is the steer ahead angle, under control of the operating instructions for the computer.
- the steer ahead angle or steer ahead is determined by comparing the toe of the front wheels to the thrust line of the vehicle.
- the present invention is described in connection with total toe, it should be understood that other toe parameters could be used as well, given the well-known relationship of total toe to the individual toe measurements for the individual wheels. For example, it is known that examining total toe is the equivalent of looking at the individual toe of each of the front wheels. It should also be understood that although the invention is described in connection with checking total toe of the front axle, the invention could also be applied to the checking of the rear axle toe.
- the computer 31 computes the toe parameter and the steer ahead angle of the front wheels. If the toe parameter falls outside a predetermined toe range, such as one degree, the operating instructions for the computer causes the display 34 to display a screen such as that shown in FIG. 2 .
- This screen includes a bar graph type representation of the toe parameter for the front wheels (labeled 41 ) and a warning 43 that states
- the bar graph in any case illustrates not only the value of total toe, but also the direction (positive or negative) in which total toe of the front wheels falls outside the toe range (in this example the range is set at one degree, but other ranges could be used).
- the bar graph displays the change to the user in substantially real time, so that the user can readily determine whether the change is being made in the correct direction, and when the total toe falls within the toe range.
- the operating instructions cause the display of the fact that the steer ahead (steer ahead angle) of the front wheels falls outside the desired range (in this example, 1.5 degrees), as shown at 47 .
- the fact that the total toe falls outside the desired “toe” range supersedes the fact that the steer ahead is out of range, so that the user is told to correct total toe, rather than steer ahead, when both fall outside desired ranges.
- the sensor elements are not compensated because the total toe and/or steer ahead fall outside the ranges. Additional compensation measurements are taken, after correction of total toe and/or steer ahead, unless the user selects “Ignore Warning” (labeled 51 ) from the screen.
- the operating instructions cause the screen shown in FIG. 3 to be displayed.
- This screen provides information to the user concerning the probable cause of the inaccuracy in the compensation (in this case steer ahead outside the range) in both bar graph and written form.
- the bar graph of FIG. 3, labeled 55 shows the user both the magnitude and the direction of the needed correction.
- the user can watch the screen of FIG. 3 update itself in substantially real time until the steer ahead falls within the range.
- the written warning on FIG. 3 reads
- Warning The vehicle is not steered ahead. Rolling compensation may not be accurate. Using the steer ahead bar graph, steer the vehicle to straight ahead and then press ‘Restart Procedure’ Or Press ‘Use Jacking Compensation.’
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Abstract
Description
Claims (25)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/262,524 US6219134B1 (en) | 1999-03-04 | 1999-03-04 | Rolling runout compensation for wheel alignment |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/262,524 US6219134B1 (en) | 1999-03-04 | 1999-03-04 | Rolling runout compensation for wheel alignment |
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US6219134B1 true US6219134B1 (en) | 2001-04-17 |
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US09/262,524 Expired - Lifetime US6219134B1 (en) | 1999-03-04 | 1999-03-04 | Rolling runout compensation for wheel alignment |
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Cited By (28)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6427346B1 (en) * | 2000-06-01 | 2002-08-06 | Hunter Engineering Company | Method and apparatus for calibration of no-compensation and universal wheel adapters utilized in vehicle wheel alignment procedures |
US20020178594A1 (en) * | 2000-04-21 | 2002-12-05 | Akira Hirano | Method for measuring side run-out of wheel |
US6490800B1 (en) * | 1998-04-30 | 2002-12-10 | Optab Optronikinnovation Ab | Procedure for measuring the wheel angle on steerable vehicles |
US6498959B1 (en) * | 2000-01-19 | 2002-12-24 | Hunter Engineering Company | Apparatus and method for controlling a mechanism for positioning video cameras for use in measuring vehicle wheel alignment |
US6604292B1 (en) * | 1999-03-02 | 2003-08-12 | Spx Corporation | Vehicle positioning |
US20040039544A1 (en) * | 1998-07-24 | 2004-02-26 | Merrill M. Stanley | Vehicle wheel alignment by rotating vision sensor |
US20040128844A1 (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2004-07-08 | Robb Michael J. | Gradient calculating camera board |
US6766229B2 (en) * | 2000-09-02 | 2004-07-20 | Beissbarth Gmbh | Method and apparatus for measuring the running gears on a motor vehicle |
EP1477766A1 (en) * | 2003-05-15 | 2004-11-17 | Fabio Boni | Device for measuring the differences in track between the front wheels and the rear wheels of vehicles |
US20060080015A1 (en) * | 2004-10-07 | 2006-04-13 | Hunter Engineering Company | Apparatus and method for measuring and compensating steering-angle sensitive alignment measurements |
US7040029B1 (en) * | 2004-12-01 | 2006-05-09 | Hunter Engineering Company | Method for detection of vehicle movement during wheel alignment measurement |
US20080170222A1 (en) * | 2007-01-16 | 2008-07-17 | Strege Timothy A | Methods and systems for determining vehicle wheel alignment |
US20090056152A1 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2009-03-05 | Snap-On Incorporated | Vehicle wheel alignment system and methodology |
WO2010025723A1 (en) * | 2008-09-02 | 2010-03-11 | Dürr Assembly Products GmbH | Device and method for determining and setting the chassis geometry of a vehicle |
US20110040443A1 (en) * | 2009-08-17 | 2011-02-17 | Hunter Engineering Company | Method and Apparatus For Rapid Wheel Toe Angle Measurement and Adjustment |
US7974806B1 (en) | 2008-09-09 | 2011-07-05 | Hunter Engineering Company | Method for rolling compensation with wheel-mounted sensors |
US8457925B1 (en) * | 2009-05-19 | 2013-06-04 | Hunter Engineering Company | Method and apparatus for automation of vehicle wheel alignment measurements |
US20130307967A1 (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2013-11-21 | Snap-On Incorporated | Short rolling runout compensation for vehicle wheel alignment |
WO2014062877A1 (en) * | 2012-10-18 | 2014-04-24 | Hunter Engineering Company | Method for evaluating component calibration in machine vision vehicle wheel alignment system |
US20140278226A1 (en) * | 2013-03-12 | 2014-09-18 | Hunter Engineering Company | Method for Characterization of Vehicle Support Surfaces |
US20140310967A1 (en) * | 2012-10-26 | 2014-10-23 | Vladimir Vladimirovich Nagornov | Method and system for determining vehicle wheel alignment based on the application of systems using gyroscopic sensors and/or MEMS angular rate sensors (MEMS gyroscopes) |
US20150020583A1 (en) * | 2013-07-17 | 2015-01-22 | Hunter Engineering Company | Method For Measuring Trailer Axle Alignment |
ITBO20130697A1 (en) * | 2013-12-19 | 2015-06-20 | Corghi Spa | APPARATUS AND DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT METHOD OF A VEHICLE STRUCTURE |
US9739589B2 (en) | 2015-04-27 | 2017-08-22 | Juan Carlos SANTISTEBAN | Vehicle wheel alignment device |
US10328760B2 (en) | 2015-02-06 | 2019-06-25 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Vehicle suspension and method for controlling same |
US10365095B2 (en) | 2015-01-07 | 2019-07-30 | Snap-On Incorporated | Rolling virtual wheel spindle calibration |
US10444010B2 (en) | 2015-03-19 | 2019-10-15 | Hunter Engineering Company | Method for detecting support surface variations during wheel alignment rolling compensation procedure |
US20220412730A1 (en) * | 2019-07-12 | 2022-12-29 | Space S.R.L. | Wheel alignment determination and adjustment |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6490800B1 (en) * | 1998-04-30 | 2002-12-10 | Optab Optronikinnovation Ab | Procedure for measuring the wheel angle on steerable vehicles |
US20040039544A1 (en) * | 1998-07-24 | 2004-02-26 | Merrill M. Stanley | Vehicle wheel alignment by rotating vision sensor |
US7065462B2 (en) * | 1998-07-24 | 2006-06-20 | Merilab, Inc. | Vehicle wheel alignment by rotating vision sensor |
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US6766229B2 (en) * | 2000-09-02 | 2004-07-20 | Beissbarth Gmbh | Method and apparatus for measuring the running gears on a motor vehicle |
US20040128844A1 (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2004-07-08 | Robb Michael J. | Gradient calculating camera board |
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US6871409B2 (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2005-03-29 | Snap-On Incorporated | Gradient calculating camera board |
EP1477766A1 (en) * | 2003-05-15 | 2004-11-17 | Fabio Boni | Device for measuring the differences in track between the front wheels and the rear wheels of vehicles |
US7328124B2 (en) * | 2004-10-07 | 2008-02-05 | Hunter Engineering Company | Apparatus and method for measuring and compensating steering-angle sensitive alignment measurements |
US20060080015A1 (en) * | 2004-10-07 | 2006-04-13 | Hunter Engineering Company | Apparatus and method for measuring and compensating steering-angle sensitive alignment measurements |
US20060112573A1 (en) * | 2004-12-01 | 2006-06-01 | Scott Hillman | Method for detection of vehicle movement during wheel alignment measurement |
US7040029B1 (en) * | 2004-12-01 | 2006-05-09 | Hunter Engineering Company | Method for detection of vehicle movement during wheel alignment measurement |
US20090056152A1 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2009-03-05 | Snap-On Incorporated | Vehicle wheel alignment system and methodology |
US9587934B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2017-03-07 | Snap-On Incorporated | Vehicle wheel alignment system and methodology |
US7703213B2 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2010-04-27 | Snap-On Incorporated | Vehicle wheel alignment system and methodology |
US20100177304A1 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2010-07-15 | Snap-On Incorporated | Vehicle wheel alignment system and methodology |
US8539684B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2013-09-24 | Snap-On Incorporated | Vehicle wheel alignment system and methodology |
US7937844B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 | 2011-05-10 | Snap-On Incorporated | Vehicle wheel alignment system and methodology |
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