US6181646B1 - Geophysical exploration system using seismic vibrator source which provides a composite sweep - Google Patents
Geophysical exploration system using seismic vibrator source which provides a composite sweep Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US6181646B1 US6181646B1 US09/331,472 US33147299A US6181646B1 US 6181646 B1 US6181646 B1 US 6181646B1 US 33147299 A US33147299 A US 33147299A US 6181646 B1 US6181646 B1 US 6181646B1
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- Prior art keywords
- sweep
- signal
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/003—Seismic data acquisition in general, e.g. survey design
- G01V1/005—Seismic data acquisition in general, e.g. survey design with exploration systems emitting special signals, e.g. frequency swept signals, pulse sequences or slip sweep arrangements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a geophysical exploration system having a seismic source which provides a composite sweep over a multi-octave frequency band.
- a composite sweep as provided in accordance with the invention, is a FM sweep of sinusoidal or continuous wave (CW) signals which sweep over different portions of the frequency band during the same interval of time.
- the system provided by the invention may be used in marine environments or on land and is capable of producing acoustic transmissions of sufficient power into an earthen strata to detail the geophysical properties of the strata to a desired depth, usually for seeking evidence of petroleum reservoirs.
- Acoustic transmissions for geophysical exploration are generally provided by an FM sweep of frequencies over a frequency band extending from a low frequency and covering a bandwidth of typically 3 to 6 octaves.
- the sweep may have a duration of the order of 10 seconds (e.g. from 5 to 20 seconds) and is usually repeated as the platform which moves over the land or the boat deploying the acoustic transmitting system progresses along a survey line.
- Acoustic reflections from the earthen strata are received by a hydrophone in the case of marine environments or a geophone in the case of land surveys. An array of such hydrophones or geophones may be used.
- the signal is recorded and analyzed as by means of correlation processing and seismograms depicting the earthen strata are generated.
- the low frequencies in the transmission are important for deep penetration of the acoustic waves in the earth, while the high frequencies are important for resolution of the interfaces between strata having different signal propagation characteristics.
- Seismic vibrator sources have been proposed which use different sources for different portions of the bandwidth. See Mifsud, U.S. Pat. No. 4,295,213 issued Oct. 13, 1981 and Ward, U.S. Pat. No. 4,823,326 issued Apr. 18, 1989. It has also been proposed to transmit different portions of the frequency band successively in successive time increments. See Mayne, U.S. Pat. No. 4,004,267 issued Jan. 18. 1977. It has also been proposed, in order to reduce the sweep time from the time required for discrete sweep signals which have been transmitted successively, to transmit those signals at the same time as a combined signal.
- each spectral portion has been processed separately and not as a composite signal extending over the entire frequency band.
- the invention provides a vibrator source having a composite sweep that enables the minimization of source size and radiator stroke for a given sweep frequency range and acoustic source level requirement.
- the spectral energy density is made essentially constant by utilizing different amplitudes for the lower and higher frequency sweeps which sweep at different rates (rate of change of frequency) over the same time interval to provide the composite sweep.
- the amplitude of the sweep which covers the lower, (approximately the first octave) of the bandwidth is reduced with respect to the amplitude of the sweep extending above the first octave, in proportion to the square root of the ratio of the sweep rate of the higher frequency sweep to the sweep rate of the lower frequency sweep.
- the lower frequency sweep amplitude is reduced by the square root of the bandwidth of the upper frequency sweep to the ratio of the bandwidth of the lower frequency sweep.
- the sweeps which cover the lower and upper frequency portions of the band can change frequency in the same direction, say upwardly or downwardly or one sweep can change in frequency upwardly while the other changes downwardly.
- a composite sweep signal is generated and transmitted by the seismic vibrator.
- the spectral energy density transmitted by the vibrator is proportional to the square of the acoustic pressure per unit frequency (P 2 /Hz )
- different sweep rates require different acoustic pressure levels to achieve the same spectral level of interest.
- the sweep component from 5 to 10 Hz must have a an acoustic level reduced by the square root of the ratio of the second sweep bandwidth to the first sweep bandwidth or the square root of 190/5 (or 16 dB) relative to the amplitude of the sweep component extending from 10 to 200 Hz.
- a single linear sweep from 5 to 200 Hz would therefore require a spectral amplitude approximately 16 dB higher in the 5 to 10 Hz band than the composite sweep case.
- the 16 dB reduction achieved by the above exemplary composite sweep format enables the 5 to 10 Hz sweep to require an amplitude less than the amplitude required at the 10 Hz end of the 10 to 200 Hz sweep. Accordingly, the composite sweep enables a significant reduction in the maximum stroke required by the vibrator source, thereby significantly reducing its size, weight and input power demands, while maintaining a constant spectral level at the low end of the desired frequency spectrum.
- the composite sweeps are not limited to two components nor do any of the components have to extend over a certain frequency range (such as an octave).
- the invention provides a composite set of sweeps which provide a spectral energy level of interest while enabling source size displacement amplitudes and power supply, (for example, pump and flow requirements) to be minimized.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a geophysical exploration system having a broadband acoustic signal projector or vibrator driven by a composite signal and a receiving channel which processes the composite signal upon reflection from earth and strata to produce seismograms, all in accordance with the-present invention.
- FIG. 2 includes a plot of the spectral level of the composite sweep in the water surrounding the radiator of the vibrator source and which are projected from that radiator in terms of micro Pascals per Hertz (uPa/Hz ), and an autocorrelation function which is obtained by correlation processing of the composite signal.
- uPa/Hz micro Pascals per Hertz
- FIG. 3 is a plot of relative radiator displacements for three components of a composite sweep where the low band sweep extends from 5 to 14 Hz and the high band sweep from 14 to 200 Hz.
- the plot shows the relative radiator displacement due to the low band sweep component, the high band sweep component and the composite sweep. (Displacements are relative to that required for a 10 Hz tone at the same sound pressure level.)
- the figure illustrates the initial 1 second portion of the composite sweep that extends for 16 seconds and shows the relative radiator displacement for a given sound pressure level, which is proportional to the radiator acceleration.
- the low band sound pressure level is the square root of ((14-5)/(200-14)) or approximately 22% of the high band sound pressure level.
- the radiator displacement at 5 Hz would be 784% of the displacement at 14 Hz for the same sound pressure level.
- the composite sweep allows the low frequency displacement to be reduced by 0.22*7.84 or the 5 Hz displacement is 1.72 times the 14 Hz displacement. When the two sweeps are then summed, the relative peak composite displacement is approximately 1.
- FIG. 4 is a plot of the flow in gallons per minute over the full 16 second interval of the sweeps shown in FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 5 is a curve showing the flow with respect to time for a single 16-second LFM sweep which extends over the same band as the sweeps illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, that is from 5 to 200 Hz.
- FIG. 5 shows by comparison with FIG. 4 that the peak flow for a single sweep from 5 to 200 Hz in 16 seconds is more than 150% of the peak flow required for a composite sweep providing the same spectral energy which is generated and used in a geophysical exploration system in accordance with the invention.
- the figures illustrate that a single sweep source would have to be physically larger and heavier in order to handle the flow and the larger strokes which are required to provide the same spectral energy.
- FIGS. 6A & B respectively illustrate curves similar to FIGS. 3 & 4 showing the results when the sweep direction of the high band sweep is reversed.
- the composite sweep is for a 5 to 14 Hz sweep and a 200 to 14 Hz sweep.
- the peak flow and displacements for this sweep are even better than for the previous composite sweep.
- the high band amplitude is so low that the composite and low band displacements are nearly identical and overplot each other.
- a low band sweep generator 10 and a high band sweep generator 20 which produce the high and low band sweeps, the amplitudes of which are related as the square root of the ratio of the low band sweep bandwidth to the high band sweep bandwidth or the sweep rate of the high band sweep to the sweep rate of the low band sweep.
- Both sweeps are sinusoidal sweeps and may sweep, for example, in the same upward direction as shown in FIG. 3 or in opposite directions as shown in FIG. 6 .
- Both sweeps are started at the same time by a start sweep signal from a source 12 .
- the sweeps when started continue for a like interval, say 16 seconds as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 6. Typical sweep intervals from 5 to 20 seconds may be used.
- the sweep signals are summed in a summing circuit 14 .
- the output of the summing circuit is both the replica signal which extends from the low to the high end of the band (f a to f b ) and a drive signal for an acoustic source 30 .
- This source may typically be a hydraulic source having a servo valve 32 , the output of which is modulated by the f a to f b composite sweep to produce variations of flow from a pump 34 through a drive cavity 36 of a vibrator 38 .
- This is a hydraulic vibrator having a radiator plate or piston 40 which, in the case of a marine source, is maintained underwater or, in the case of a land source, is in contact with the surface of the earth.
- the transmissions are projected through the water into the earth or directly into the earth and are picked up by a receiver 42 of the processing channel 50 of the geophysical exploration system.
- the receiver may be a hydrophone or geophone array with suitable amplification.
- a correlation processor 44 correlates the received signal which is reflected from the earth and strata with the replica signal to produce an output which is recorded preferably to provide a seismogram of the earth and strata being surveyed.
- the processing occurs with the entire composite signal over the interval thereof so as to obtain the benefits of the composite signal simply and directly.
- the source may be compensated for nonlinearities by feedback and other techniques known in the art.
- an improved geophysical exploration system which incorporates an improved system for producing and transmitting acoustic seismic signals and which utilizes a composite CW sweep of frequencies extending over a plurality of octaves, the system enabling significant reduction in the peak power and flow demand and size of the equipment associated with the seismic source.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/331,472 US6181646B1 (en) | 1997-01-07 | 1997-10-22 | Geophysical exploration system using seismic vibrator source which provides a composite sweep |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US3456597P | 1997-01-07 | 1997-01-07 | |
US09/331,472 US6181646B1 (en) | 1997-01-07 | 1997-10-22 | Geophysical exploration system using seismic vibrator source which provides a composite sweep |
PCT/US1997/019248 WO1998053344A1 (en) | 1997-01-07 | 1997-10-27 | Geophysical exploration system using seismic vibrator source which provides a composite sweep |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US6181646B1 true US6181646B1 (en) | 2001-01-30 |
Family
ID=21877214
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/331,472 Expired - Lifetime US6181646B1 (en) | 1997-01-07 | 1997-10-22 | Geophysical exploration system using seismic vibrator source which provides a composite sweep |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6181646B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP0968443B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1192250C (en) |
AU (1) | AU727401B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR9714644A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2277120C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69739881D1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0968443T3 (en) |
EA (1) | EA001274B1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO332598B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998053344A1 (en) |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6418079B1 (en) * | 1999-09-10 | 2002-07-09 | Westerngeco, L.L.C. | Method of reducing harmonic interference while using overlapping source point seismic recording techniques |
US6678617B2 (en) * | 2001-06-13 | 2004-01-13 | Nonlinear Seismic Imaging, Inc. | Mapping subsurface open fractures using elastically nonlinear interaction of two surface-generated waves |
US20050024990A1 (en) * | 2001-12-22 | 2005-02-03 | Andreas Laake | Method of seismic surveying and a seismic surveying arrangement |
GB2416033A (en) * | 2004-07-10 | 2006-01-11 | Westerngeco Ltd | Vibratory seismic source with drive signal having overlapping high and low frequency sweeps |
US20070195644A1 (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2007-08-23 | Timothy Marples | Methods and Systems for Efficient Compaction Sweep |
US20080008040A1 (en) * | 2006-07-05 | 2008-01-10 | Martin Laycock | Seismic acquisition system |
GB2451630A (en) * | 2007-08-04 | 2009-02-11 | Westerngeco Seismic Holdings | Composite sweeps of high and low frequency part |
US20100008187A1 (en) * | 2002-04-06 | 2010-01-14 | Benjamin Peter Jeffryes | Method of seismic surveying |
US20120039150A1 (en) * | 2010-08-11 | 2012-02-16 | Conocophillips Company | Unique seismic source encoding |
US20130100766A1 (en) * | 2011-10-19 | 2013-04-25 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Method and device for determining a driving signal for vibroseis marine sources |
US20130201799A1 (en) * | 2012-02-02 | 2013-08-08 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Sweep design for seismic sources |
US20130208567A1 (en) * | 2012-02-15 | 2013-08-15 | Benjamin P. Jeffryes | Phase modulation and noise minimization for simultaneous vibroseis acquisition |
US8565041B2 (en) | 2011-10-19 | 2013-10-22 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Acquisition scheme for vibroseis marine sources |
US8619497B1 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2013-12-31 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Device and method for continuous data acquisition |
US8724428B1 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2014-05-13 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Process for separating data recorded during a continuous data acquisition seismic survey |
US8830794B2 (en) | 2011-10-19 | 2014-09-09 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Source for marine seismic acquisition and method |
US20150138915A1 (en) * | 2013-11-18 | 2015-05-21 | Nonlinear Seismic Imaging, Inc. | Direct reservoir signature using the drag wave |
US20160202379A1 (en) * | 2013-09-12 | 2016-07-14 | Cgg Services Sa | Methods and systems for seismic imaging using coded directivity |
Families Citing this family (4)
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EP2546680B1 (en) * | 2011-07-13 | 2014-06-04 | Sercel | Method and device for automatically detecting marine animals |
CN103323876B (en) * | 2012-03-22 | 2015-08-19 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | A kind of method determining the best low frequency sweep signal of vibroseis |
CN109782335B (en) * | 2017-11-10 | 2020-12-22 | 中石化石油工程技术服务有限公司 | Low-distortion broadband scanning signal design method |
EP3749831B1 (en) * | 2018-02-07 | 2023-12-27 | Hydroacoustics Inc. | Oil recovery tool and system |
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US4004267A (en) | 1972-11-28 | 1977-01-18 | Geosource Inc. | Discrete frequency seismic exploration using non uniform frequency spectra |
US4295213A (en) | 1979-10-09 | 1981-10-13 | Exxon Production Research Company | Composite seismic signal |
US4339810A (en) | 1980-05-13 | 1982-07-13 | Nichols James F | Method of compensating seismic data for effects of frequency dependent attenuation |
US4458339A (en) | 1980-10-06 | 1984-07-03 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Seismic prospecting using a continuous shooting and continuous recording system |
US4823326A (en) | 1986-07-21 | 1989-04-18 | The Standard Oil Company | Seismic data acquisition technique having superposed signals |
Family Cites Families (2)
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US3671932A (en) * | 1970-05-04 | 1972-06-20 | Western Geophysical Co | Two-sweep signal transmission and reception in seismic exploration |
US4885726A (en) * | 1988-10-31 | 1989-12-05 | Conoco Inc. | Compound hydraulic seismic source vibrator |
-
1997
- 1997-10-22 US US09/331,472 patent/US6181646B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-27 EP EP97911034A patent/EP0968443B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-27 BR BR9714644-7A patent/BR9714644A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-10-27 WO PCT/US1997/019248 patent/WO1998053344A1/en active Application Filing
- 1997-10-27 EA EA199900629A patent/EA001274B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-10-27 DE DE69739881T patent/DE69739881D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-10-27 CA CA002277120A patent/CA2277120C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-10-27 AU AU48270/97A patent/AU727401B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-10-27 DK DK97911034.3T patent/DK0968443T3/en active
- 1997-10-27 CN CNB971812845A patent/CN1192250C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-07-01 NO NO19993277A patent/NO332598B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
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US4004267A (en) | 1972-11-28 | 1977-01-18 | Geosource Inc. | Discrete frequency seismic exploration using non uniform frequency spectra |
US4295213A (en) | 1979-10-09 | 1981-10-13 | Exxon Production Research Company | Composite seismic signal |
US4339810A (en) | 1980-05-13 | 1982-07-13 | Nichols James F | Method of compensating seismic data for effects of frequency dependent attenuation |
US4458339A (en) | 1980-10-06 | 1984-07-03 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Seismic prospecting using a continuous shooting and continuous recording system |
US4823326A (en) | 1986-07-21 | 1989-04-18 | The Standard Oil Company | Seismic data acquisition technique having superposed signals |
Cited By (41)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6418079B1 (en) * | 1999-09-10 | 2002-07-09 | Westerngeco, L.L.C. | Method of reducing harmonic interference while using overlapping source point seismic recording techniques |
US6678617B2 (en) * | 2001-06-13 | 2004-01-13 | Nonlinear Seismic Imaging, Inc. | Mapping subsurface open fractures using elastically nonlinear interaction of two surface-generated waves |
US20050024990A1 (en) * | 2001-12-22 | 2005-02-03 | Andreas Laake | Method of seismic surveying and a seismic surveying arrangement |
US8537637B2 (en) * | 2001-12-22 | 2013-09-17 | Westerngeco L.L.C. | Method of seismic surveying and a seismic surveying arrangement |
US20100008187A1 (en) * | 2002-04-06 | 2010-01-14 | Benjamin Peter Jeffryes | Method of seismic surveying |
GB2416033B (en) * | 2004-07-10 | 2006-11-01 | Westerngeco Ltd | Seismic vibratory acquisition method and apparatus |
US7330401B2 (en) | 2004-07-10 | 2008-02-12 | Westerngeco L.L.C. | Seismic vibratory acquisition method and apparatus |
US20060018192A1 (en) * | 2004-07-10 | 2006-01-26 | Jeffryes Benjamin P | Seismic vibratory acquisition method and apparatus |
FR2872922A1 (en) * | 2004-07-10 | 2006-01-13 | Schlumberger Services Petrol | SEISMIC VRIBRATORY ACQUISITION METHOD AND APPARATUS |
GB2416033A (en) * | 2004-07-10 | 2006-01-11 | Westerngeco Ltd | Vibratory seismic source with drive signal having overlapping high and low frequency sweeps |
US20070195644A1 (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2007-08-23 | Timothy Marples | Methods and Systems for Efficient Compaction Sweep |
US20110090759A1 (en) * | 2006-07-05 | 2011-04-21 | Martin Laycock | Seismic Acquisition System |
US20080008040A1 (en) * | 2006-07-05 | 2008-01-10 | Martin Laycock | Seismic acquisition system |
US8797827B2 (en) | 2006-07-05 | 2014-08-05 | Westerngeco L.L.C. | Seismic acquisition system |
US7885143B2 (en) * | 2006-07-05 | 2011-02-08 | Westerngeco L.L.C. | Seismic acquisition system |
GB2451630A (en) * | 2007-08-04 | 2009-02-11 | Westerngeco Seismic Holdings | Composite sweeps of high and low frequency part |
US8797826B2 (en) | 2007-08-04 | 2014-08-05 | Westerngeco L.L.C. | Seismic vibratory acquisition method and apparatus |
US9013962B2 (en) | 2007-08-04 | 2015-04-21 | Westerngeco L.L.C. | Seismic vibratory acquisition method and apparatus |
GB2451630B (en) * | 2007-08-04 | 2009-12-09 | Westerngeco Seismic Holdings | Composite sweeps of high and low frequency part |
US20100199772A1 (en) * | 2007-08-04 | 2010-08-12 | Westerngeco | Seismic vibratory acquisition method and apparatus |
US20120039150A1 (en) * | 2010-08-11 | 2012-02-16 | Conocophillips Company | Unique seismic source encoding |
US8830794B2 (en) | 2011-10-19 | 2014-09-09 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Source for marine seismic acquisition and method |
US8565041B2 (en) | 2011-10-19 | 2013-10-22 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Acquisition scheme for vibroseis marine sources |
US10520616B2 (en) | 2011-10-19 | 2019-12-31 | Cgg Services Sas | Source for marine seismic acquisition and method |
US8837259B2 (en) | 2011-10-19 | 2014-09-16 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Source for marine seismic acquisition and method |
US20130100766A1 (en) * | 2011-10-19 | 2013-04-25 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Method and device for determining a driving signal for vibroseis marine sources |
US9618641B2 (en) | 2011-10-19 | 2017-04-11 | Cgg Services Sas | Method and device for determining a driving signal for vibroseis marine sources |
US9562981B2 (en) | 2011-10-19 | 2017-02-07 | Cgg Services Sas | Source for marine seismic acquisition and method |
US20130201799A1 (en) * | 2012-02-02 | 2013-08-08 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Sweep design for seismic sources |
US9322941B2 (en) * | 2012-02-02 | 2016-04-26 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Sweep design for seismic sources |
US9348041B2 (en) * | 2012-02-15 | 2016-05-24 | Westerngeco L.L.C. | Phase modulation and noise minimization for simultaneous vibroseis acquisition |
US20130208567A1 (en) * | 2012-02-15 | 2013-08-15 | Benjamin P. Jeffryes | Phase modulation and noise minimization for simultaneous vibroseis acquisition |
RU2573125C1 (en) * | 2012-02-15 | 2016-01-20 | Джеко Текнолоджи Б.В. | Phase modulation and noise minimisation for simultaneous vibroseis acquisition |
US8619497B1 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2013-12-31 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Device and method for continuous data acquisition |
US9690003B2 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2017-06-27 | Cgg Services Sas | Process for separating data recorded during a continuous data acquisition seismic survey |
US9759827B2 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2017-09-12 | Cgg Services Sas | Device and method for continuous data acquisition |
US8724428B1 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2014-05-13 | Cggveritas Services Sa | Process for separating data recorded during a continuous data acquisition seismic survey |
US20160202379A1 (en) * | 2013-09-12 | 2016-07-14 | Cgg Services Sa | Methods and systems for seismic imaging using coded directivity |
US9874650B2 (en) * | 2013-09-12 | 2018-01-23 | Cgg Services Sas | Methods and systems for seismic imaging using coded directivity |
US9234971B2 (en) * | 2013-11-18 | 2016-01-12 | Nonlinear Seismic Imaging, Inc. | Direct reservoir signature using the drag wave |
US20150138915A1 (en) * | 2013-11-18 | 2015-05-21 | Nonlinear Seismic Imaging, Inc. | Direct reservoir signature using the drag wave |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EA001274B1 (en) | 2000-12-25 |
AU4827097A (en) | 1998-12-11 |
NO332598B1 (en) | 2012-11-12 |
CA2277120C (en) | 2001-10-16 |
NO993277D0 (en) | 1999-07-01 |
AU727401B2 (en) | 2000-12-14 |
CA2277120A1 (en) | 1998-11-26 |
EA199900629A1 (en) | 2000-02-28 |
WO1998053344A1 (en) | 1998-11-26 |
DE69739881D1 (en) | 2010-07-01 |
EP0968443B1 (en) | 2010-05-19 |
EP0968443A4 (en) | 2008-05-07 |
CN1244260A (en) | 2000-02-09 |
NO993277L (en) | 1999-08-26 |
EP0968443A1 (en) | 2000-01-05 |
CN1192250C (en) | 2005-03-09 |
DK0968443T3 (en) | 2010-08-16 |
BR9714644A (en) | 2000-10-03 |
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