US5698208A - Use of borax toxicants to control tephritidae fruit flies - Google Patents
Use of borax toxicants to control tephritidae fruit flies Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5698208A US5698208A US08/530,035 US53003595A US5698208A US 5698208 A US5698208 A US 5698208A US 53003595 A US53003595 A US 53003595A US 5698208 A US5698208 A US 5698208A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- day
- borax
- toxicant
- fruit flies
- bait
- Prior art date
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- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 103
- 241000255588 Tephritidae Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 231100000167 toxic agent Toxicity 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 108010009736 Protein Hydrolysates Proteins 0.000 claims description 7
- UQGFMSUEHSUPRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 UQGFMSUEHSUPRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 liquefier Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- NVIFVTYDZMXWGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium metaborate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]B=O NVIFVTYDZMXWGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OTRAYOBSWCVTIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N OB(O)O.OB(O)O.OB(O)O.OB(O)O.OB(O)O.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N Chemical compound OB(O)O.OB(O)O.OB(O)O.OB(O)O.OB(O)O.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N OTRAYOBSWCVTIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- FZQSLXQPHPOTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N [K+].[K+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 Chemical compound [K+].[K+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 FZQSLXQPHPOTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- AUTNMGCKBXKHNV-UHFFFAOYSA-P diazanium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 AUTNMGCKBXKHNV-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 claims description 5
- YNPKJCSIKJCODK-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium boric acid hydrogen borate decahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].OB(O)O.OB(O)O.OB(O)O.OB([O-])[O-] YNPKJCSIKJCODK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RDMZIKMKSGCBKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium;(9,11-dioxido-5-oxoboranyloxy-2,4,6,8,10,12,13-heptaoxa-1,3,5,7,9,11-hexaborabicyclo[5.5.1]tridecan-3-yl)oxy-oxoborane;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].O1B(OB=O)OB(OB=O)OB2OB([O-])OB([O-])OB1O2 RDMZIKMKSGCBKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RSCACTKJFSTWPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane;pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 RSCACTKJFSTWPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- PYUBPZNJWXUSID-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentadecapotassium;pentaborate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]B([O-])[O-].[O-]B([O-])[O-].[O-]B([O-])[O-].[O-]B([O-])[O-].[O-]B([O-])[O-] PYUBPZNJWXUSID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 26
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 241001674044 Blattodea Species 0.000 description 10
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- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 5
- 229910004748 Na2 B4 O7 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
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- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
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- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- ZYEMGPIYFIJGTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-methyleugenol Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(CC=C)C=C1OC ZYEMGPIYFIJGTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 2
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- SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorpyrifos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=NC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(SP(=S)(OC)OC)C(=O)OCC JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 229960000453 malathion Drugs 0.000 description 2
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- BUYMVQAILCEWRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N naled Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC(Br)C(Cl)(Cl)Br BUYMVQAILCEWRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium borate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ Benzene hexachloride Chemical compound ClC1C(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C1Cl JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WCOXQTXVACYMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-bis(12-hydroxyoctadecanoyloxy)propyl 12-hydroxyoctadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCC(O)CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)CCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)CCCCCC WCOXQTXVACYMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001136523 Anastrepha Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001136525 Anastrepha ludens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000256837 Apidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000255580 Ceratitis <genus> Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013912 Ceratonia siliqua Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000008886 Ceratonia siliqua Species 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004606 Fillers/Extenders Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019733 Fish meal Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000256602 Isoptera Species 0.000 description 1
- WWNNZCOKKKDOPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylnicotinate Chemical compound C[N+]1=CC=CC(C([O-])=O)=C1 WWNNZCOKKKDOPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
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- DFBKLUNHFCTMDC-PICURKEMSA-N dieldrin Chemical compound C([C@H]1[C@H]2[C@@]3(Cl)C(Cl)=C([C@]([C@H]22)(Cl)C3(Cl)Cl)Cl)[C@H]2[C@@H]2[C@H]1O2 DFBKLUNHFCTMDC-PICURKEMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950006824 dieldrin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NGPMUTDCEIKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dieldrin Natural products CC1=C(Cl)C2(Cl)C3C4CC(C5OC45)C3C1(Cl)C2(Cl)Cl NGPMUTDCEIKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-GNIYUCBRSA-N gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane Chemical compound Cl[C@H]1[C@H](Cl)[C@@H](Cl)[C@@H](Cl)[C@H](Cl)[C@H]1Cl JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-GNIYUCBRSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229940116837 methyleugenol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PRHTXAOWJQTLBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyleugenol Natural products COC1=CC=C(C(C)=C)C=C1OC PRHTXAOWJQTLBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/002—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits
- A01N25/006—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits insecticidal
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
- A01N59/14—Boron; Compounds thereof
Definitions
- the present invention relates to compositions and methods utilizing borax toxicants, such as borax, to control fruit fly populations of the Tephritidae family.
- Boric acid is known as a killing agent in roach, fruit fly and ant-killing compositions.
- Australian patent 22,579 (Fenwicke, 1935) teaches the use of boric acid as a "germicidal antiseptic" in combination with castor oil and turpentine as "cleaning agents" to be applied to sheep for killing maggots.
- Japanese patents J5-8052-205 (Nakamoto, 1981 ), J6-1030-506-A (Watkayama, 1984) and J6-1078-705-A (Amachir, 1984) teach the use of boric acid as the killing agent in various complex compositions for killing roaches (Nakamoto and Amachir) and white ants (Wakayama).
- French patent 2,491,296 shows a 50/50 by weight composition of boric acid or one of its salts plus sweetened condensed milk which was placed, without spreading, in a ship's hold to control cockroaches.
- Japanese document JA-72-23198-R (Sankyo Co. Ltd. 47-23198) shows a toxic roach bait comprising insecticidal compositions, e.g. dieldrin, BHC (Lindane), DDT, Sumithic, and boric acid mixed With more than 4 weight percent glycerol in carriers, such as cereal, fish meal, rice bran, starch paste, sugar, realrose, fatty acids, faulty acid esters and fatty alcohols.
- Japanese patent J5-4017-120 shows a cockroach bait of 1.5-10 weight percent boric acid, 10-50 weight percent starch and an extract of fish or animal bones prepared by boiling the bones in water for not over 2 hours.
- boric acid has been used previously, the art teaches that it must be kept dry, as wet boric acid will not work; Wellness Letter, University of Calif. at Berkeley, September 1991, page 7. Thus, use of boric acid with aqueous liquefiers, such as water, is not expected to be effective.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,205,066 discloses a bait composition for anthropophilic flies which utilizes boric acid, for example, as the insecticidal material in such bait compositions.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,746 (Maglio) is concerned with a granular pesticide composition which relies upon borax as a source of borate ions to effect gelation of polyvinyl alcohol.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,188 (Page) relates to natural insecticides employing borax and carob to control cockroaches.
- Mullens, B. A. et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 85(1):137-143 (1992) is concerned with the effects of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (polybor) on the survival, behavior and egg viability of adult Muscoid flies (Diptera: Muscidae), i.e., house flies.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,369,176 (Ott, 1983) teaches a sugar, bacteria and carrier material (such as ground corncobs, sawdust or sand) for use as an insect attractant.
- the sugar is degraded by the bacteria, causing fermentation by-products which are the attractant.
- the attractant is combined with an insecticide to kill insects. The insects ingest the insecticide along with the composition.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4627,981 (Shimano et al., 1986) discloses the use of various alcohols dissolved in an organic solvent and impregnated on a carrier (such as cardboard or cloth) for use in attracting and killing insects in pellet form.
- the present invention overcomes and alleviates certain of the above-mentioned drawbacks and shortcomings of the prior art and is directed to novel methods and compositions for attracting and either killing or controlling reproduction of fruit flies of the family Tephritidae.
- borax or borate compounds in effective amounts will not only attract fruit flies, but will either kill fruit flies or cause female fruit flies to stop producing eggs for at least about seven days, depending upon the amount formulated into the bait or lure and ingested by the fruit flies.
- the preferred toxicant contemplated by the present invention is borax (sodium borate decahydrate-10 mol Na 2 B 4 O 7 ⁇ 10H 2 O or sodium borate pentahydrate-5 mol Na 2 B 4 O 7 ⁇ 5H 2 O)
- other suitable borate compounds may be utilized in effective amounts as substitutes for borax or may be utilized in effective amounts in combination with borax or one another.
- borax-type compounds envisioned by the present invention include anhydrous borax Na 2 B 4 O 7 , ammonium tetraborate (NH 4 ) 2 B 4 O 7 ⁇ 4H 2 O, ammonium pentaborate (NH 4 ) 2 B 10 O 16 ⁇ 8H 2 O, potassium pentaborate K 2 B 10 O 16 ⁇ 8H 2 O, potassium tetraborate K 2 B 4 O 7 ⁇ 4H 2 O, sodium metaborate (8 mol) Na 2 B 2 O 4 ⁇ 8H 2 O, sodium metaborate (4 mol) Na 2 B 2 O 4 ⁇ 4H 2 O, disodium tetraborate decahydrate Na 2 B 4 O 7 ⁇ 10H 2 O, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate Na 2 B 4 O 7 ⁇ 5H 2 O and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate Na 2 B 8 O 13 ⁇ 4H 2 O.
- borax toxicant(s) is used herein broadly
- the borax toxicants may be utilized alone or in combination with baits, insecticides, other toxicants, agars, liquefiers, sweeteners, carriers and the like.
- the borax toxicants may be utilized in the anhydrous and hydrous forms; however, when the anhydrous forms are selected, it should be appreciated by those versed in this art that such compounds are typically more expensive and will generally convert to a hydrated form in water or moisture environments. It should also be appreciated by those versed in this art that mixtures of borax toxicants may be utilized, as long as the borax toxicant available in such mixtures achieves the proper molarity to ensure that the objectives of the present invention are not defeated.
- an effective molarity for a borax toxicant is believed to be in the range of between about 0.02M and about 0.12M or higher.
- the amount of a borax toxicant that is believed that should be ingested by a fruit fly is between about 5 micromoles and about 10 micromoles during about a 24 hour period of time.
- the borax toxicant concentrate may be adjusted, so that the amount ingested by a female fruit fly is believe to be between about 2.5 micromoles and about 5.0 micromoles during about a 24 hour period of time.
- the fruit flies of the Tephritidae family include the Caribbean fruit flies, the Mediterranean fruit flies, the Mexican fruit flies, the Oriental fruit flies and any other fruit flies which may be controlled by the methods and compositions of the present invention.
- the methods and compositions are believed to be safe and effective and, therefore, can be used on any surface or at any location, such as paper, cardboard, concrete, plastic, metal, glass, plants, in kitchens of homes and restaurants, trees, utility poles, fences, signs, etc.
- the compositions of the present invention can be easily applied directly to areas of infestation and will remain active for extended periods of time. Therefore, the borax toxicants of the present invention may be used in residential preparations, commercial crop production, eradication programs and suppression programs for Tephritid fruit fly control.
- the compositions include a mixture of a borax toxicant in an effective amount and, for example, protein hydrolysate bait or any synthetic bait to generate a bait or lure in the form of a patty, heavy cream, pellet, gel, foam, paste, liquid or spray.
- a borax toxicant in an effective amount and, for example, protein hydrolysate bait or any synthetic bait to generate a bait or lure in the form of a patty, heavy cream, pellet, gel, foam, paste, liquid or spray.
- An example of a patty in accordance with the present invention includes borax in an amount of between about 0.01M and about 0.1M or more, agar, yeast hydrolysate, sugar and water.
- the bait or lure may be in the free form or, alternatively, in a form, such as granules or tablets, agglomerated with or without the aid of a binder, Moreover, the bait or lure can be fixed or impregnated on a support or absorbed therein, and this support may include, for instance, agar, paper, cardboard, plastic such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate, glass, pumice, crushed marble, silica or silica minerals.
- bait or lure may then be placed in selected locations such that the fruit flies are likely to encounter and ingest the borax toxicant to assure the desired effect, but preferably out of the way of normal human or animal traffic.
- novel methods and compositions of the present invention provide a simple, yet unique solution to controlling fruit fly populations by providing an attractant and a food arrestant for fruit flies. More particularly, it has been surprisingly discovered that the methods and compositions of the present invention uniquely attract the fruit flies and cause the fruit flies to stay and engorge, so that the objectives of the present invention are accomplished, i.e., controlling the population of fruit flies by either killing the fruit flies or preventing the female fruit flies from producing eggs for at least about a seven day period.
- One objective of the present invention is in wide-area suppression and eradication programs.
- hard pesticides such as malathion
- a protein hydrolysate bait such as Miller's Nu-Lure®.
- the protein hydrolysates are usually corn-based.
- one of the borates detailed above, and especially borax may be substituted in one of the concentrations previously described. This substitution results in a pH change from about 5.0 to 8.5. A precipitate will form. This is filtered to prevent clogging the spray nozzles of either ground or air application equipment.
- the protein hydrolysate may be used full-strength or diluted to about 10% with water before the borate compound is added.
- the final proteinaceous bait spray may be used over wide inhabited areas, as the borates described above are exempt from tolerances for fire ant control (Fed. Reg. 58(124):34972 (Jun. 30, 1993)).
- a second innovative method for use in accordance with this invention is to formulate the borax toxicant with an extender or gel, such as Min-U-Gel®, Thixcin E®, Myverol® and CAB-O-SIL®. These are commercially available. In this case, the precipitate is believed not to be important as gels are sprayed in a solid stream to adhere to tree trunks, telephones poles, buildings and so forth.
- the gels are formulated with synthetic bait and/or natural proteinaceous baits. This method of application reduces worker and public inconvenience of aerial spraying of large areas. For the homeowner, either the gel formulation or the liquid formulation may be applied to individual host trees for Tephritid fly control.
- a borax toxicant of the present invention should be applied once per week for at least six weeks (7 days per week).
- a weekly application schedule for six weeks (7 days per week) is also believed to be necessary. These schedules are based on a life-span of about 40 days for Tephritidae fruit flies in the field and egg production suppression of at least 7 days. In a limited geographical area, these schedules are believed to be capable of suppressing fly populations below economic levels. With wide geographical use, it is also believed that Tephritidae fruit flies will be eradicated.
- compositions of the present invention may be applied by any suitable means, such as by pressurized applications, hydraulic oil squirt cans and aerial sprays.
- weather conditions should be taken into account. For instance, treatment or retreatment should not be considered if weather reports indicate a 50% or greater chance of precipitation within 48 hours.
- the more telling effects of use of the present invention are suppression of egg production which breaks the life cycle of the Tephritidae fruit flies, the lack of environmental effects of the treatment, and worker safety.
- the present invention is adaptable to integrated pest management programs, and it is believed that the components and methods of the present invention do not attract honeybees.
- Agar is made as indicated below. Some difficulty, however, is encountered with about 0.25N and saturated agars. The agar makes a thick scum layer which rises to the top, but the agar is heated and stirred repeatedly until this layer seems to melt and be dispersed. Upon pouring these 2 agars, there appears to be some precipitation of either the agar or borax or both, but none can be seen upon gelling, unless the precipitate rises to the top with the foam. Each cage is set up with food and one cage is supplied with a "water only" agar patty and an agar patty with borax (control had 2 "water only” agar patties). Each cage contained 50 ⁇ and 50 ⁇ .
- the agars, as prepared below, are used in the following five (5) Mortality and Egg Production Studies
- this formulation 4 is made following the steps to make formulation 1, except without heating.
- This formulation 4 may be applied like formulations 1 and 2, i.e., simply mix and spray.
- each formulation should be maintained, i.e., the surface of a spot application is thick enough to hold indentations, to avoid splashback, runoff and possible ineffective treatments on new porous surfaces.
- Min-U-Gel® Floridin Co.
- formulations e.g., formulations 3-5
- formulations 3-5 may be squirted on tree trunks, fences, utility poles, signs, etc. in areas thereon which are out of reach of children at a rate of about 0.1 oz to about 0.2 oz (about 3 to about 5 ml) per station.
- the amount of bait formulation actually applied will depend upon the objectives to be accomplished and the size of the area to be covered, Moreover, the area of full coverage spray should extend a minimum of about 1.5 miles beyond known fruit fly infestation. It, of course, may be expanded to about 2.5 miles from any kind if the infestation is heavy. Weather conditions may also dictate change in spray schedules. After an estimated two off generations of negative trapping, spray operations may be discontinued.
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Abstract
Methods and compositions, which rely upon borax toxicants, to control Tephritidae fruit fly populations below economic thresholds are disclosed. More particularly, methods and compositions which utilize borax toxicants are disclosed which cause the Tephritidae fruit flies to die prematurely or which interfere with the female Tephritidae fruit flies to produce eggs for a period of about seven days. A preferred borax toxicant is borax wherein an effective amount in the compositions to accomplish the above is between at least about 0.01M and about 0.12M or more. A lethal amount of borax that should be consumed by the fruit flies in about a 24 hour period is believed to be between at least about 5 mM and about 10 mM or more, whereas the amount of borax that should be consumed by the female fruit flies within about a 24 hour period to prevent the female fruit flies from producing eggs for about seven days or longer is believed to be at least about 2.5 mM and 5 mM or more.
Description
The present invention relates to compositions and methods utilizing borax toxicants, such as borax, to control fruit fly populations of the Tephritidae family.
Roaches, ants, termites, house flies and fruit files are common pests that have plagued mankind for ages. House flies are serious nuisance pests to the poultry and livestock industries, whereas fruit flies are a serious problem to, for example, citrus fruit, and have continued to plague agricultural industry for decades. Extensive efforts have been made heretofore to exterminate these difficult and sometimes disease-bearing and/or fruit infecting insects.
Boric acid is known as a killing agent in roach, fruit fly and ant-killing compositions. For example, Australian patent 22,579 (Fenwicke, 1935) teaches the use of boric acid as a "germicidal antiseptic" in combination with castor oil and turpentine as "cleaning agents" to be applied to sheep for killing maggots. Japanese patents J5-8052-205 (Nakamoto, 1981 ), J6-1030-506-A (Watkayama, 1984) and J6-1078-705-A (Amachir, 1984) teach the use of boric acid as the killing agent in various complex compositions for killing roaches (Nakamoto and Amachir) and white ants (Wakayama). All three Japanese patents are dried and used in a pellet, tablet or ball form. Enkerlin, W. et al.: Use of a Mixture of Boric Acid, Borax, Hydrolyzed Protein, and Water to Control Anastrepha Fruit Flies, Fruit Flies: Biology and Management, ed. Alua, P. and Liedo, P., Springer-Verlag, N.Y., Inc., pp. 353-358 (1993) discusses the use of a toxic bait consisting of boric acid, hydrolyzed protein (PIB.7) and water to kill, for instance adult Anastrepha Ludens (Loew) and adult Ceratitis capitaia (Wied).
French patent 2,491,296 (Lagache, 1982) shows a 50/50 by weight composition of boric acid or one of its salts plus sweetened condensed milk which was placed, without spreading, in a ship's hold to control cockroaches. Japanese document JA-72-23198-R (Sankyo Co. Ltd. 47-23198) shows a toxic roach bait comprising insecticidal compositions, e.g. dieldrin, BHC (Lindane), DDT, Sumithic, and boric acid mixed With more than 4 weight percent glycerol in carriers, such as cereal, fish meal, rice bran, starch paste, sugar, realrose, fatty acids, faulty acid esters and fatty alcohols. Japanese patent J5-4017-120 (Sakamoto) shows a cockroach bait of 1.5-10 weight percent boric acid, 10-50 weight percent starch and an extract of fish or animal bones prepared by boiling the bones in water for not over 2 hours.
While boric acid has been used previously, the art teaches that it must be kept dry, as wet boric acid will not work; Wellness Letter, University of Calif. at Berkeley, September 1991, page 7. Thus, use of boric acid with aqueous liquefiers, such as water, is not expected to be effective.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,205,066 (Hennant et al.) discloses a bait composition for anthropophilic flies which utilizes boric acid, for example, as the insecticidal material in such bait compositions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,746 (Maglio) is concerned with a granular pesticide composition which relies upon borax as a source of borate ions to effect gelation of polyvinyl alcohol.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,188 (Page) relates to natural insecticides employing borax and carob to control cockroaches.
Grace, J. K. et al.: J. Econ. Entomol, 84(6):1753-1757 (1991 ) is concerned with the response of certain subterranean termites to borate dust and soil treatments.
Enkerlin, W. et al.: Use of a Mixture of Boric Acid, Borax, Hydrolyzed Protein, and Water to Control Anastrepha Fruit Flies, Fruit Flies: Biology and Management, ed. Aluja, P. and Liedo, P., Springer-Verlag, N.Y., Inc., pp. 353-358 (1993) suggest that borate compounds may be used as insecticides against fruit flies and that a mixture of boric acid, borax, hydrolyzed protein and water may be used to control Anastrepha fruit flies.
Hogsette, J. A. et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 85(4): 1209-1212 (1992) compare toxicity of aqueous solutions of boric acid and polybor (disodium octaborate tetrahydrate) to house flies (Diptera: Muscidae).
Mullens, B. A. et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 85(1):137-143 (1992) is concerned with the effects of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (polybor) on the survival, behavior and egg viability of adult Muscoid flies (Diptera: Muscidae), i.e., house flies.
Lopez, F. D. et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 61(1):316-317 (1968) disclose the use of pelletized lures formulated with borax and either PIB.7 (protein insect bait) or ENT-44, 014-X (enzyme hydrolyzed cottonseed protein) to trap and catch Mexican fruit flies.
Lopez, F. D. et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 60(1):137-140 (1967) suggest that sodium borate inhibits decomposition of two protein hydrolysates attractive to the Mexican fruit fly.
Ken, A. J. et al.: Insect Pests Leaflets, Noll.-Fruit Flies, Gov't Printer, Dept. of Agriculture, N.S.W. Australia (1930) disclose the use of lures containing borax to trap Mediterranean and Queensland fruit flies.
Newman, L. J. et al.: Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata); Baiting and Trapping Experiments, leaflet No. 244, Gov't Printer, Dept. of Agriculture, Western Australia disclose the use of arsenate of soda as a rapid killer of certain fruit flies and that trapping or luring methods utilizing arsenate of soda appear to be somewhat more effective than baiting methods.
The prior art also shows the high degree of specificity of attractants in different insecticide compositions. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,460 (Broadbent, 1977), teaches a composition of brown sugar, a binder material (paraffin or wax), dry dog food, maltose ad Dursban (a commercially available insecticide) in pellet form. Roaches are attracted to the dog food, maltose and sugar mixture. The pellets are coated with paraffin or wax to protect them from disintegrating upon exposure to environmental factors. The Dursban is ingested by the roaches, along with the attractant. Japanese patent J53091-140 (Kao Soap KK) teaches the use of pure concentrated sesame oil, preferably mixed with an extract of cockroaches faeces as an attractant for cockroaches.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,332,792 (Kohn et al., 1982) teaches a process for preparing a pyrolyzate solution of corn syrup and N-methylnicotinic acid for attracting insects, particularly roaches.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,369,176 (Ott, 1983) teaches a sugar, bacteria and carrier material (such as ground corncobs, sawdust or sand) for use as an insect attractant. The sugar is degraded by the bacteria, causing fermentation by-products which are the attractant. The attractant is combined with an insecticide to kill insects. The insects ingest the insecticide along with the composition.
U.S. Pat. No. 4627,981 (Shimano et al., 1986) discloses the use of various alcohols dissolved in an organic solvent and impregnated on a carrier (such as cardboard or cloth) for use in attracting and killing insects in pellet form.
Notwithstanding the above, there is still a need in the art for improved toxicants that are effective against fruit flies of the family Tephritidae and that are specific and powerful attractants, that have features for direct and easy application, and that are not environmental pollutants or potential carcinogens.
In brief, the present invention overcomes and alleviates certain of the above-mentioned drawbacks and shortcomings of the prior art and is directed to novel methods and compositions for attracting and either killing or controlling reproduction of fruit flies of the family Tephritidae.
Generally speaking, the present invention is premised upon the realization that borax or borate compounds in effective amounts will not only attract fruit flies, but will either kill fruit flies or cause female fruit flies to stop producing eggs for at least about seven days, depending upon the amount formulated into the bait or lure and ingested by the fruit flies. While the preferred toxicant contemplated by the present invention is borax (sodium borate decahydrate-10 mol Na2 B4 O7 ·10H2 O or sodium borate pentahydrate-5 mol Na2 B4 O7 ·5H2 O), other suitable borate compounds may be utilized in effective amounts as substitutes for borax or may be utilized in effective amounts in combination with borax or one another. Exemplary of borax-type compounds envisioned by the present invention include anhydrous borax Na2 B4 O7, ammonium tetraborate (NH4)2 B4 O7 ·4H2 O, ammonium pentaborate (NH4)2 B10 O16 ·8H2 O, potassium pentaborate K2 B10 O16 ·8H2 O, potassium tetraborate K2 B4 O7 ·4H2 O, sodium metaborate (8 mol) Na2 B2 O4 ·8H2 O, sodium metaborate (4 mol) Na2 B2 O4 ·4H2 O, disodium tetraborate decahydrate Na2 B4 O7 ·10H2 O, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate Na2 B4 O7 ·5H2 O and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate Na2 B8 O13 ·4H2 O. Thus, the term "borax toxicant(s)" is used herein broadly and includes collectively and/or individually such borax and any other suitable borax type compounds.
Also in accordance with the present invention, the borax toxicants may be utilized alone or in combination with baits, insecticides, other toxicants, agars, liquefiers, sweeteners, carriers and the like. Moreover, the borax toxicants may be utilized in the anhydrous and hydrous forms; however, when the anhydrous forms are selected, it should be appreciated by those versed in this art that such compounds are typically more expensive and will generally convert to a hydrated form in water or moisture environments. It should also be appreciated by those versed in this art that mixtures of borax toxicants may be utilized, as long as the borax toxicant available in such mixtures achieves the proper molarity to ensure that the objectives of the present invention are not defeated.
In accordance with the present invention, an effective molarity for a borax toxicant is believed to be in the range of between about 0.02M and about 0.12M or higher. When the end result to be accomplished is to kill fruit flies of the Tephritidae family, the amount of a borax toxicant that is believed that should be ingested by a fruit fly is between about 5 micromoles and about 10 micromoles during about a 24 hour period of time. However, if the objective is to prevent or stop the female fruit flies from laying eggs for about seven days or more, the borax toxicant concentrate may be adjusted, so that the amount ingested by a female fruit fly is believe to be between about 2.5 micromoles and about 5.0 micromoles during about a 24 hour period of time. It should be appreciated by those of skill in this art that the fruit flies of the Tephritidae family, as contemplated by the present invention, include the Caribbean fruit flies, the Mediterranean fruit flies, the Mexican fruit flies, the Oriental fruit flies and any other fruit flies which may be controlled by the methods and compositions of the present invention.
In accordance with the present invention, the methods and compositions are believed to be safe and effective and, therefore, can be used on any surface or at any location, such as paper, cardboard, concrete, plastic, metal, glass, plants, in kitchens of homes and restaurants, trees, utility poles, fences, signs, etc. In addition, the compositions of the present invention can be easily applied directly to areas of infestation and will remain active for extended periods of time. Therefore, the borax toxicants of the present invention may be used in residential preparations, commercial crop production, eradication programs and suppression programs for Tephritid fruit fly control.
In accordance with the present invention, the compositions include a mixture of a borax toxicant in an effective amount and, for example, protein hydrolysate bait or any synthetic bait to generate a bait or lure in the form of a patty, heavy cream, pellet, gel, foam, paste, liquid or spray. An example of a patty in accordance with the present invention includes borax in an amount of between about 0.01M and about 0.1M or more, agar, yeast hydrolysate, sugar and water. Notwithstanding, the bait or lure may be in the free form or, alternatively, in a form, such as granules or tablets, agglomerated with or without the aid of a binder, Moreover, the bait or lure can be fixed or impregnated on a support or absorbed therein, and this support may include, for instance, agar, paper, cardboard, plastic such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate, glass, pumice, crushed marble, silica or silica minerals. Optionally, other toxicants, such as Malathion, Dibrom® and Naled®, attractants, such as Male Lure 11® and methyl eugenol, sweeteners, carriers and/or liquefiers may be used as indicated hereinbefore. The bait or lure may then be placed in selected locations such that the fruit flies are likely to encounter and ingest the borax toxicant to assure the desired effect, but preferably out of the way of normal human or animal traffic.
It should therefore now be understood by those versed in this art that the novel methods and compositions of the present invention provide a simple, yet unique solution to controlling fruit fly populations by providing an attractant and a food arrestant for fruit flies. More particularly, it has been surprisingly discovered that the methods and compositions of the present invention uniquely attract the fruit flies and cause the fruit flies to stay and engorge, so that the objectives of the present invention are accomplished, i.e., controlling the population of fruit flies by either killing the fruit flies or preventing the female fruit flies from producing eggs for at least about a seven day period.
The above features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood with reference to the detailed description and examples set out hereinafter. It will also be understood that the methods and compositions of this invention are exemplary only and are not to be regarded as limitations of this invention.
By way of illustrating and providing a more complete appreciation of the present invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof, the following detailed description is provided covering the novel methods and compositions which utilize borax toxicants to eradicate or control fruit flies. Moreover, the following detailed description illustrates the invention by way of example, not by way of limitation of the principles of the invention. This detailed description should therefore enable one skilled in the art to make and use the inventions and describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives and uses of the invention, including what is presently believed to be the best mode of carrying out the invention.
One objective of the present invention is in wide-area suppression and eradication programs. Currently, hard pesticides, such as malathion, are formulated with a protein hydrolysate bait, such as Miller's Nu-Lure®. The protein hydrolysates are usually corn-based. Instead of the hard pesticide, one of the borates detailed above, and especially borax, may be substituted in one of the concentrations previously described. This substitution results in a pH change from about 5.0 to 8.5. A precipitate will form. This is filtered to prevent clogging the spray nozzles of either ground or air application equipment. The protein hydrolysate may be used full-strength or diluted to about 10% with water before the borate compound is added. The final proteinaceous bait spray may be used over wide inhabited areas, as the borates described above are exempt from tolerances for fire ant control (Fed. Reg. 58(124):34972 (Jun. 30, 1993)).
A second innovative method for use in accordance with this invention is to formulate the borax toxicant with an extender or gel, such as Min-U-Gel®, Thixcin E®, Myverol® and CAB-O-SIL®. These are commercially available. In this case, the precipitate is believed not to be important as gels are sprayed in a solid stream to adhere to tree trunks, telephones poles, buildings and so forth. The gels are formulated with synthetic bait and/or natural proteinaceous baits. This method of application reduces worker and public inconvenience of aerial spraying of large areas. For the homeowner, either the gel formulation or the liquid formulation may be applied to individual host trees for Tephritid fly control.
For lethal concentrations to reduce a Tephritidae fly population below economic threshold at a targeted area, a borax toxicant of the present invention should be applied once per week for at least six weeks (7 days per week). For lower concentrations which suppress egg production, a weekly application schedule for six weeks (7 days per week) is also believed to be necessary. These schedules are based on a life-span of about 40 days for Tephritidae fruit flies in the field and egg production suppression of at least 7 days. In a limited geographical area, these schedules are believed to be capable of suppressing fly populations below economic levels. With wide geographical use, it is also believed that Tephritidae fruit flies will be eradicated.
It, of course, should be understood by those versed in this art that the compositions of the present invention may be applied by any suitable means, such as by pressurized applications, hydraulic oil squirt cans and aerial sprays. Moreover, it should be appreciated by those skilled in this art that, whenever the compositions of the present invention are to be applied, weather conditions should be taken into account. For instance, treatment or retreatment should not be considered if weather reports indicate a 50% or greater chance of precipitation within 48 hours.
Overall, the more telling effects of use of the present invention are suppression of egg production which breaks the life cycle of the Tephritidae fruit flies, the lack of environmental effects of the treatment, and worker safety. Moreover, the present invention is adaptable to integrated pest management programs, and it is believed that the components and methods of the present invention do not attract honeybees.
The present invention will now be further illustrated, without limitation, with reference to the following examples.
Agar is made as indicated below. Some difficulty, however, is encountered with about 0.25N and saturated agars. The agar makes a thick scum layer which rises to the top, but the agar is heated and stirred repeatedly until this layer seems to melt and be dispersed. Upon pouring these 2 agars, there appears to be some precipitation of either the agar or borax or both, but none can be seen upon gelling, unless the precipitate rises to the top with the foam. Each cage is set up with food and one cage is supplied with a "water only" agar patty and an agar patty with borax (control had 2 "water only" agar patties). Each cage contained 50 ♀ and 50 ♂.
The about 0.25N and saturated agars did not gel due to extreme pH. These two borax concentrations are not included and duplicate cages for control, about 0.01N and about 0.05N borax, are set up to run instead. Cages are set by about 4:45 pm on the first day, and the results are recorded in Table I below.
______________________________________
Borax* Toxicity Experiment with Borax Agar
Molarity of
Amount of Amount of
Amount of
Borax Borax Water Agar
______________________________________
0.005M 0.572 gm 300 ml 3 gm
0.025M 2.861 gm 300 ml 3 gm
0.12M 14.303 gm 300 ml 3 gm
saturated 115.0 gm 500 ml 3 gm
0.0 0.0 300 ml 3 gm
______________________________________
*Borax (sodium tetraborate) Na.sub.2 B.sub.4 O.10H.sub.2 O F.W. 381.37.
About 1 g dissolves in about 16 ml water (0.164M_.
TABLE I
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1. Results of three day experiment.*
72 Hr.
Day 3
No.
Cage Borax Con-
Dead Dead of
Day Time # centration (N)
♀
♂
Age Eggs
______________________________________
Day 1 10:30 A 0.0-control
0 0 9 days
2553
Day 1 10:30 B 0.02N 0 0 9 days
1072
Day 1 10:39 C 0.10N 2 13 9 days
18
Day 1 10:30 D 0.0-control
0 0 9 days
1064
Day 1 10:40 E 0.02N 1 3 9 days
2165
Day 1 10:45 F 0.10N 5 21 9 days
113
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*Presumptive starting numbers, 50♂, 50♀in each cage
The agars, as prepared below, are used in the following five (5) Mortality and Egg Production Studies
Measure about 30 ml of the agar described below into a graduated cylinder and pour into the bottom of a petri dish. This agar should be made daily. Weigh the agar patty on a sheet of glassine paper and leave this paper on the patty so it can be weighed later. Agar is placed on cages for about 24 hrs. then removed and weighed. Regular food is then placed on cages for the duration of the experiment.
______________________________________
Borax (Sodium Tetraborate) Solutions for Toxicity Study LC.sub.50
Normality Molarity
(borax) Weight Volume pH % Wt/Vol
(borax)
______________________________________
0.02N 0.954 g 500 ml 9.19 0.1908% 0.005
0.10N 4.768 g 500 ml 9.26 0.9536% 0.0250
0.20N 9.535 g 500 ml 9.22 1.9% 0.05
0.40N 19.070 g 500 ml 9.32 3.8140% 0.10
0.04N 1.908 g 500 ml 9.04 0.3816% 0.01
0.14N 6.678 g 500 ml 9.17 1.3356% 0.035
______________________________________
about 0.05 g Agar combine ingredients and heat until
about 2.0 g Yeast the agar is melted (about 1 min.)
Hydrolysate
about 55 ml distilled Water
about 10.0 g Sugar after the above is heated properly, add
the sugar and stir until dissolved
do not heat
______________________________________
1.a. Mortality and Egg Production Study #1
Begin-
ning Cage Conc. of B(N)
Time Agar Dead Dead
Age # Borax(M) put on Cage
24 hr ♂
♀
______________________________________
10d 1 0.0N-control
3:50 pm Day 1 0 1
10d 2 0.02N (0.005M)
3:55 pm Day 1 1 1
10d 3 0.02N (0.25M)
4:00 pm Day 1 1 0
10d 4 0.20N (0.05M)
4:05 pm Day 1 21 5
10d 5 0.40N (0.10M)
4:10 pm Day 1 24 10
11d 6 0.0N-control
11:11 am
Day 1 1 0
11d 7 0.02N 11:17 am
Day 1 0 0
11d 8 0.10N 11:25 am
Day 1 0 0
11d 9 0.20N 11:34 am
Day 1 8 1
11d 10 0.40N 11:38 am
Day 1 19 2
12d 11 0.0N-control
9:35 am Day 1 0 0
12d 12 0.02N 9:38 am Day 1 1 0
12d 13 0.10N 9:41 am Day 1 0 0
12d 14 0.20N 9:45 am Day 1 3 0
12d 15 0.40N 10:30 am
Day 1 12 4
2d 1a 0.0N-control
8:30 am Day 1 0 0
2d 2a 0.02N 8:35 am Day 1 0 0
2d 3a 0.10N 8:40 am Day 1 0 0
2d 4a 0.20N 8:45 am Day 1 0 1
2d 5a 0.40N 8:50 am Day 1 0 0
3d 6a 0.0N-control
10:45 am
Day 1 0 0
3d 7a 0.02N 10:47 am
Day 1 0 0
3d 8a 0.10N 10:49 am
Day 1 0 0
3d 9a 0.02N 10:51 am
Day 1 0 0
3d 10a 0.40N 10:53 am
Day 1 4 1
______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
1.b. Mortality and Egg Production Study #1
Cage
Total No.
Dead
Dead
No. of Dead
Dead
Total No.
# of Eggs
48 hr
♂
♀
Eggs
72 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
__________________________________________________________________________
1 844 Day 2
0 0 615 Day 3
0 0 541
2 787 Day 2
0 0 472 Day 3
0 2 98
3 0 Day 2
13 0 1 Day 3
6 0 13
4 3 Day 2
4 17 2 Day 3
0 2 0
5 1 Day 2
1 15 4 Day 3
6 982 Day 2
3 1 76 Day 3
1 0 844
7 986 Day 2
0 0 903 Day 3
0 1 465
8 542 Day 2
7 0 20 Day 3
4 1 41
9 7 Day 2
16 3 4 Day 3
1 1 0
10 24 Day 2
6 13 0 Day 3
0 1 1
11 491 Day 2
1 1 965 Day 3
0 2 686
12 1330 Day 2
0 0 902 Day 3
0 0 668
13 287 Day 2
9 0 41 Day 3
5 2 95
14 121 Day 2
12 6 0 Day 3
10 8 20
15 1078 Day 2*
13 12 0 Day 3
1 4 0
*9:45 am only 6 total flies alive in cage 15 on Day 2
1a 0 Day 2
0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 0
2a 0 Day 2
0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 0
3a 0 Day 2
0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 0
4a 0 Day 2
4 0 0 Day 3
5 0 0
5a 0 Day 2
19 5 0 Day 3
6 7 0
6a 0 Day 2
1 0 0 Day 3
0 0 0
7a 0 Day 2
0 0 1 Day 3
0 0 0
8a 0 Day 2
0 0 1 Day 3
2 0*
0
9a 0 Day 2
5 1 0 Day 3
6 3 0
10a 10 Day 2
15 11 1 Day 3
5 6 0
__________________________________________________________________________
*one escape, sex not noted
__________________________________________________________________________
1.c. Mortality and Egg Production Study #1
Begn.
Cage
Concentration
Dead
Dead
Total No.
Dead
Dead
Total No.
Age
# of Borax
96 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
120 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
__________________________________________________________________________
10d
1 0.0N-control
Day 4
0 0 632 Day 5
0 0 882
10d
2 0.02N Day 4
1 1 206 Day 5
0 1 512
10d
3 0.10N Day 4
1 3 32 Day 5
0 9 31
10d
4 0.20N Day 4
0 1 0 Day 5
-- --
10d
5 0.40N Day 4
-- Day 5
-- --
11d
6 0.0N-control
Day 4
0 0 754 Day 5
0 1 1336
11d
7 0.02N Day 4
0 0 759 Day 5
4 0 699
11d
8 0.10N Day 4
4 0 90 Day 5
0 0 41
11d
9 0.20N Day 4
0 7 0 Day 5
0 1 32
11d
10 0.40N Day 4
0 3 0 Day 5
0 3 3
11d
11 0.0N-control
Day 4
2 0 1126 Day 5
1 1 436
12d
12 0.02N Day 4
1 1 1495 Day 5
1 1 573
12d
13 0.10N Day 4
3 1 209 Day 5
1 3 42
12d
14**
0.20N Day 4
0 6 6 Day 5
1 3 0
12d
15**
0.40N Day 4
0 2 11 Day 5
0 0 0
**Cage #14 destroyed on Day 5. Only 1 2 was left alive.
2d
1a control
Day 4
0 0 0 Day 5
0 0 0
2d
2a 0.02N Day 4
0 0 0 Day 5
0 0 0
2d
3a 0.10N Day 4
0 0 0 Day 5
0 0 0
2d
4a 0.20N Day 4
1 1 0 Day 5
2 2 0
2d
5a 0.40N Day 4
2 6 0 Day 5
1 6 0
3d
6a control
Day 4
0 0 135 Day 5
0 0 555
3d
7a 0.02N Day 4
0 0 32 Day 5
0 0 506
3d
8a 0.10N Day 4
3 0 0 Day 5
1 0 0
3d
9a 0.20N Day 4
8 3 0 Day 5
5 8 0
3d
10a 0.40N Day 4
1 6 0 Day 5
-- 1 0
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
1.d. Mortality and Egg Production Study #1
Begn.
Cage
Boron Dead Dead Dead
Dead
Total #
Final Live
Age
# (N) 144 hr
♂
♀
Eggs
168 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Count
__________________________________________________________________________
10d
1 0.0 control
Day 6
2 0 943
Day 7
0 0 1283
10d
2 0.02 Day 6
1 0 847
Day 7
0 1 582
10d
3 0.10 Day 6
0 3 22 Day 7
0 1 0
10d
4 terminated
Day 6
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
10d
5 terminated
Day 6
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
11d
6 0.0 control
Day 6
0 1 956
Day 7
0 0 988
11d
7 0.02 Day 6
0 1 815
Day 7
1 0 516
11d
8 0.10 Day 6
0 0 81 Day 7
1 0 201
11d
9 0.20 Day 6
0 2 57 Day 7
0 2 5
11d
10 0.40 Day 6
0 0 0 Day 7
0 3 0*
12d
11 0.0 control
Day 6
0 0 1214
Day 7
0 1 989*
♂19/♀20
12d
12 0.02 Day 6
0 0 777
Day 7
0 0 678*
♂22/♀23
12d
13 0.10 Day 6
0 3 18 Day 7
0 0 --*
♂12/♀16
12d
14 0.20 Day 6
term'd Day 5
-- -- -- -- -- --
12d
15 0.40 Day 6
term'd Day 5
-- -- -- -- -- --
2d
1a Day 6
0 0 1505
Day 7
0 0 955 ♂25/♀25
2d
2a Day 6
0 0 75 Day 7
0 0 774 ♂25/♀25
2d
3a Day 6
1 0 16 Day 7
0 0 119 ♂24/♀25
2d
4a Day 6
0 2 0 Day 7
3 0 30 ♂11/♀18
2d
5a Day 6
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
3d
6a Day 6
2 0 642
Day 7
0 0 1001
♂22/♀25
3d
7a Day 6
0 1 668
Day 7
0 0 -- ♂26/♀24
3d
8a Day 6
1 2 20 Day 7
0 0 202 ♂18/♀24
3d
9a Day 6
3 2 0 Day 7
-- 4 0 ♂0/♀2
3d
10a Day 6
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
__________________________________________________________________________
*cages 10, 11, 12, 13 terminated as of the end of day 7
__________________________________________________________________________
1.e. Mortality and Egg Production Study #1
Live
Live
Final
Final
Total No.
Cage #
Conc. Borax
Dead ♂
Dead ♀
Total ♂
Total ♀
of Eggs
__________________________________________________________________________
216 hr
1 control
Day 9
0 0 24 21 710*
2 0.02N Day 9
0 0 20 21 562*
3 0.10N Day 9
-- 1 1 0*
4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
192 hr
6 control
Day 8
0 0 19 20 494**
7 0.02N Day 8
0 0 21 22 --**
8 0.10N Day 8
2 0 7 22 279**
9 0.20N Day 8
0 0 0 7 0**
10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
__________________________________________________________________________
*Terminated Day 9
**Terminated Day 8
__________________________________________________________________________
2.a. Mortality and Egg Production Study #2
Time 24 hr Total
Beginning Concen.
Agar Put Wt. Total No.
Age Cage #
Borax
on Cage
24 hr
♂
♀
Paper Agar
of Eggs
__________________________________________________________________________
4d 11 control
9:16 am
Day 1
0 0 16.5 g
2
4d 12 0.01N
9:18 am
Day 1
0 1 17.7 g
2
4d 13 0.05N
9:20 am
Day 1
0 0 19.8 g
11
4d 14 0.10N
9:22 am
Day 1
1 0 21.7 g
3
4d 15 0.20N
9:26 am
Day 1
7 3 21.0 g
7
5d 16 control
11:05 am
Day 1
0 0 21.9 g
35
5d 17 0.01N
11:11 am
Day 1
0 0 21.7 g
77
5d 18 0.05N
11:13 am
Day 1
0 0 22.7 g
23
5d 19 0.10N
11:15 am
Day 1
0 0 22.1 g
40
5d 20 0.20N
11:17 am
Day 1
3 0 21.5 g
21
6d 21 control
10:00 am
Day 1
0 0 15.6 g
2008
6d 22 0.01N
10:02 am
Day 1
0 0 15.7 g
770
6d 23 0.05N
10:04 am
Day 1
0 0 18.7 g
630
6d 24 0.10N
10:10 am
Day 1
2 0 19.1 g
263
6d 25 0.20N
10:45 am
Day 1
10
0 20.7 g
150
7d 26 control
10:24 am
Day 1
0 0 19.13 g
697
7d 27 0.02N
10:26 am
Day 1
1 0 19.83 g
820
7d 28 0.10N
10:28 am
Day 1
0 0 18.78 g
433
7d 29 0.20N
10:30 am
Day 1
7 1 18.97 g
477
7d 30 0.20N
10:32 am
Day 1
13
4 19.90 g
0
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2.b. Mortality and Egg Production Study #2
Dead
Dead
Total No. Dead
Dead
Total No.
Cage #
48 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
72 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
__________________________________________________________________________
11 Day 2
0 0 0 Day 3
1 0 29
12 Day 2
0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 13
13 Day 2
0 0 0 Day 3
2 0 0
14 Day 2
10 4 0 Day 3
8 3 0
15 Day 2
14 12 0 Day 3
2 9 0
16 Day 2
0 0 813 Day 3
0 0 719
17 Day 2
0 0 1010 Day 3
0 0 827
18 Day 2
0 0 252 Day 3
0 0 7
19 Day 2
7 1 5 Day 3
7 0 3
20 Day 2
16 8 0 Day 3
3 6 0
21 Day 2
0 0 1099 Day 3
0 0 1185
22 Day 2
0 0 963 Day 3
0 0 847
23 Day 2
2 0 91 Day 3
4 0 3
24 Day 2
17 1 113 Day 3
2 5 9
25 Day 2
12 5 45 Day 3
3 7 25
26 Day 2
0 0 876 Day 3
0 1 1528
27 Day 2
0 0 702 Day 3
1 1 1442
28 Day 2
2 0 103 Day 3
9 0 9
29 Day 2
14 6 55 Day 3
4 9 4
30 Day 2
11 14 0 Day 3
-- 4 9
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2.c. Mortality and Egg Production Study #2
Beginning
Concen. Dead
Dead
Total No.
Dead
Dead
Total No. of
Age Cage #
Borax
96 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
120 hr
♂
♀
Eggs
__________________________________________________________________________
4d 11 control
Day 4
0 0 606 Day 5
0 0 1437
4d 12 0.01N
Day 4
0 0 229 Day 5
1 0 490
4d 13 0.05N
Day 4
4 0 2 Day 5
3 0 8
4d 14 0.10N
Day 4
5 6 0 Day 5
0 7 0
4d 15 0.20N
Day 4
1 0 2 Day 5 2 0
5d 16 control
Day 4
0 0 803 Day 5
0 1 993
5d 17 0.01N
Day 4
0 1 1143 Day 5
1 0 1236
5d 18 0.05N
Day 4
3 1 49 Day 5
1 0 128
5d 19 0.10N
Day 4
3 7 9 Day 5
5 1 5
5d 20 0.20N
Day 4
3 6 0 Day 5
-- 3 7
6d 21 control
Day 4
0 0 1289 Day 5
0 0 2538
6d 22 0.01N
Day 4
0 0 587 Day 5
0 0 1587
6d 23 0.5N
Day 4
6 0 6 Day 5
1 0 10
6d 24 0.10N
Day 4
2 4 10 Day 5
1 2 4
6d 25 0.20N
Day 4
0 4 32 Day 5
-- 4 3
7d 26 control
Day 4
0 0 1573 Day 5
0 0 1054
7d 27 0.01N
Day 4
0 1 1130 Day 5
0 0 1103
7d 28 0.05N
Day 4
3 1 0 Day 5
4 6 4
7d 29 0.10N
Day 4
0 4 1 Day 5
-- 2 6
7d 30 0.40N
Day 4
-- 3 5 Day 5
-- -- --
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2.d. Mortality and Egg Production Study #2
Final
Final
Dead
Dead
Total No.
Dead
Dead
Total No.
Live
Live
Cage #
144 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
168 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
♂
♀
__________________________________________________________________________
11 Day 6
0 0 1992 Day 7
0 0 2044 24 25
12 Day 6
0 0 998 Day 7
0 1 1546 24 23
13 Day 6
2 1 0 Day 7
1 0 18 12 24
14 Day 6
1 5 0 Day 7
-- -- -- -- --
15 Day 6
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
16 Day 6
0 0 1556 Day 7
0 0 735 25 24
17 Day 6
0 1 1374 Day 7
0 0 1007 24 23
18 Day 6
1 2 310 Day 7
0 0 376 21 22
19 Day 6
1 7 1 Day 7
1 5 2 0 4
20 Day 6
0 1 0 Day 7
-- 1 0 0 0
21 Day 6
0 0 2506 Day 7
0 0 1964 25 25
22 Day 6
0 0 2502 Day 7
0 0 1610 25 24
23 Day 6
0 0 34 Day 7
-- 0 99 7 23
24 Day 6
0 2 13 Day 7
-- 1 7 0 11
25 Day 6
-- 4 0 Day 7
-- 2 0 0 0
26 Day 6
0 0 Day 7
0 0 956 25 24
27 Day 6
0 0 Day 7
0 0 912 23 23
28 Day 6
0 0 Day 7
1 2 0 6 16
29 Day 6
-- 3 Day 7
-- -- -- -- --
30 Day 6
-- -- -- Day 7
-- -- -- -- --
__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
3.a. Mortality and Egg Production Study #3
Eggs
Start Age Concen. Dead Dead Total No.
Per
in Days
Cage # Borax 24 hr ♂
♀
of Eggs
♀
______________________________________
4d 1 control Day 1 0 0 66 3
4d 2 0.02N Day 1 0 0 8 0
4d 3 0.05N Day 1 0 0 1 0
4d 4 0.07N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 5 0.10N Day 1 0 2 0 0
4d 11 control Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 12 0.02N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 13 0.05N Day 1 0 0 5 0
4d 14 0.07N Day 1 1 0 0 0
4d 15 0.10N Day 1 2 1 0 0
4d 1a control Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 2a 0.02N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 3a 0.05N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 4a 0.07N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 5a 0.10N Day 1 0 0 D 0
4d 11a control Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 12a 0.02N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 13a 0.05N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 14a 0.07N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 15a 0.10N Day 1 0 0 0 0
______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3.b. Mortality and Egg Production Study #3
Dead
Dead
Total No.
Eggs Dead
Dead
Total No.
Eggs
Cage #
48 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
72 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
__________________________________________________________________________
1 Day 2
0 0 677 27 Day 3
0 0 822 33
2 Day 2
0 1 188 7 Day 3
0*
0 134 5
3 Day 2
1 0 52 2 Day 3
3 0 1 0
4 Day 2
0 0 15 1 Day 3
11 1 2 0
5 Day 2
10 3 2 0 Day 3
11 9 0 0
11 Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 3 0
12 Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 3 0
13 Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
2 0 0 0
14 Day 2
2 0*
0 0 Day 3
2 1 0 0
15 Day 2
2 2 0 0 Day 3
9 1 0 0
1a Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 5 0
2a Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 0 0
3a Day 2
1 0 0 0 Day 3
1 0 0 0
4a Day 2
1 0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 0 0
5a Day 2
4 2 0 0 Day 3
14 5 0 0
11a Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 95 4
12a Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 0 0
13a Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
0 0 0 0
14a Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
1 0 0 0
15a Day 2
0 1 0 0 Day 3
3 2 0 0
__________________________________________________________________________
*1 escapee
__________________________________________________________________________
3.c. Mortality and Egg Production Study #3
Total
Eggs Total
Eggs
Cage Dead
Dead
No. of
Per Dead
Dead
No. of
Per
# 96 hr
♂
♀
Eggs
♀
120 hr
♂
♀
Eggs
♀
__________________________________________________________________________
1 Day 4
1 0 669 27 Day 5
0 0 827 33
2 Day 4
1 1 235 9 Day 5
1 0 522 22
3 Day 4
3 1 0 0 Day 5
4 0 0 0
4 Day 4
5 3 0 0 Day 5
8 5 0 0
5 Day 4
3 9 0 0 Day 5
-- 2 0 0
11 Day 4
0 0 511 20 Day 5
1 0 1070
43
12 Day 4
0 0 0 0 Day 5
0 0 43 2
13 Day 4
1 0 0 0 Day 5
3 0 0 0
14 Day 4
8 1 0 0 Day 5
6 3 0 0
15 Day 4
7 8 0 0 Day 5
3 8 0 0
1a Day 4
0 0 338 14 Day 5
0 0 682 27
2a Day 4
0 0 15 1 Day 5
0 0 97 4
3a Day 4
1 1 0 0 Day 5
4 1 0 0
4a Day 4
7 3 0 0 Day 5
8 4 0 0
5a Day 4
4 4 0 0 Day 5
1 6 0 0
11a Day 4
0 0 527 21 Day 5
0 0 1082
43
12a Day 4
0 0 0 0 Day 5
0 0 0 0
13a Day 4
1 1 0 0 Day 5
1 0 0 0
14a Day 4
7 0 0 0 Day 5
11 3 0 0
15a Day 4
7 3 0 0 Day 5
6 10 0 0
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3.d. Mortality and Egg Production Study #3
Total
Total
Eggs No. Eggs
Dead
Dead
No. of
Per Dead
Dead
of Per
Live
Live
Begn.
Cage #
144 hr
♂
♀
Eggs
♀
168 hr
♂
♀
Eggs
♀
♂
♀
Total
__________________________________________________________________________
1 Day 6
0 2 802 32 Day 7
0 1 827 36 24 22 25♂/25♀
2 Day 6
0 0 1092
46 Day 7
0 0 940 39 21 24 24♂@/26♀
3 Day 6
0 1 0 0 Day 7
4 1 0 0 10 22 25♂/25♀
4 Day 6
1 1 0 0 Day 7
-- 2 0 0 -- 13 25♂/25♀
5 Day 6
-- 0 0 0 Day 7
-- 0 0 0 -- 1 24♂/26♀
11 Day 6
0 0 1990
80 Day 7
0 0 msg msg
25 25 26♂/25♀
data
data
12 Day 6
0 1 214 9 Day 7
0 1 msg msg
25 23 25♂/25♀
data
data
13 Day 6
0 1 0 0 Day 7
0 0 0 0 19 25 25♂/26♀
14 Day 6
1 4 0 0 Day 7
2 7 0 0 3 7 25♂@/24♀
15 Day 6
1 3 0 0 Day 7
-- 1 0 0 -- 1 24♂/25♀
1a Day 6
0 0 835 33 Day 7
0 0 164 66 24 25 24♂/25♀
2a Day 6
0 0 590 23 Day 7
0 0 1373
53 29 26 29♂/26♀
3a Day 6
2 1 0 0 Day 7
0 1 0 0 16 21 25♂/25♀
4a Day 6
4 6 0 0 Day 7
1 1 0 0 4 11 25♂/25♀
5a Day 6
1 8 0 0 Day 7
-- 1 0 0 0 0 24♂/26♀
11a Day 6
0 0 1125
45 0 0 968 39 25 25 25♂/25♀
12a Day 6
0 0 64 3 Day 7
0 0 214 10 26 25 26♂/25♀
13a Day 6
3 0 0 0 Day 7
0 0 4 0 20 23 25♂/24♀
14a Day 6
1 4 0 0 Day 7
1 5 0 0 4 13 25♂/25♀
15a Day 6
7 1 0 0 Day 7
--*
1 0 0 0 7 23♂/25♀
__________________________________________________________________________
*all males dead Day 6
@1 escapee
______________________________________
4.a. Mortality and Egg Production Study #4
Start Total Eggs
Age in Concen. Dead Dead No. of
Per
Days Cage # Borax 24 hr ♂
♀
Eggs ♀
______________________________________
10d 6 control Day 1 1 0 1002 40
10d 7 0.02N Day 1 0 0 590 24
10d 8 0.05N Day l 1 0 549 22
10d 9 0.07N Day 1 3 0 555 23
10d 10 0.10N Day l 4 1 345 14
10d 16 control Day 1 0 0 1187 46
10d 17 0.02N Day l 0 0 1139 48
10d 18 0.05N Day l 3 0 538 22
10d 19 0.07N Day l 7 0 597 24
10d 20 0.10N Day l 13 1 542 23
10d 6a control Day 1 0 1 1100 44
10d 7a 0.02N Day l 0 0 758 30
10d 8a 0.05N Day l 4 1 1412 54
10d 9a 0.07N Day 1 2 2 901 38
10d 10a 0.10N Day l 7 0 756 30
10d 16a control Day 1 0 0 1334 53
10d 17a 0.02N Day l 0 0 895 36
10d 18a 0.05N Day l 1 0 1169 47
10d 19a 0.07N Day l 5 0 618 25
10d 20a 0.10N Day l 8 1 1053 44
______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4.b. Mortality and Egg Production Study #4
Dead
Dead
Total No.
Eggs Dead
Dead
Total No.
Eggs
Cage #
48 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
72 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
__________________________________________________________________________
6 Day 2
0 0 843 34 Day 3
0 2 813 33
7 Day 2
1 1 591 24 Day 3
1 1 43 2
8 Day 2
6 1 76 3 Day 3
2 0 69 3
9 Day 2
11 0 105 4 Day 3
3 4 11 1
10 Day 2
9 1 90 4 Day 3
7 2 20 1
16 Day 2
0 0 751 29 Day 3
0 0 1253 48
17 Day 2
0 0 111 5 Day 3
0 0 10 0
18 Day 2
5 0 122 5 Day 3
0 1 18 1
19 Day 2
9 0 92 4 Day 3
6 3 23 1
20 Day 2
11 4 24 1 Day 3
1 1 2 0
6a Day 2
0 0 492 21 Day 3
0 0 959 40
7a Day 2
0 0 66 3 Day 3
1 0 60 2
8a Day 2
8 0 96 4 Day 3
3 0 63 3
9a Day 2
11 0 44 2 Day 3
3 0 68 3
10a Day 2
15 6 50 2 Day 3
3 1 20 1
16a Day 2
0 0 850 34 Day 3
0 0 838 34
17a Day 2
0 0 175 7 Day 3
0 0 69 3
18a Day 2
6 0 61 2 Day 3
1 0 15 1
19a Day 2
16 0 53 2 Day 3
3* 0 39 2
20a Day 2
17 7 52 2 Day 3
0 6 41 3
__________________________________________________________________________
*one escapee
__________________________________________________________________________
4.c. Mortality and Egg Production Study #4
Dead
Dead
Total No.
Eggs Dead
Dead
Total No.
Eggs
Cage #
96 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
120 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
__________________________________________________________________________
6 Day 4
1 0 840 37 Day 5
1 0 863 38
7 Day 4
0 0 12 1 Day 5
1 0 52 3
8 Day 4
5 2 12 1 Day 5
2 4 7 0
9 Day 4
4 2 4 0 Day 5
1 0 0 0
10 Day 4
2 0 28 1 Day 5
2 6 6 0
16 Day 4
0 0 1023 39 Day 5
2 0 1349 52
17 Day 4
2 2 12 1 Day 5
1 0 0 0
18 Day 4
8 0 2 0 Day 5
4 0 0 0
19 Day 4
3 2 5 0 Day 5
-- 5 0 0
20 Day 4
-- 6 7 0 Day 5
-- 4 0 0
6a Day 4
1 0 860 36 Day 5
0 1 685 29
7a Day 4
1 0 8 0 Day 5
1 0 50 2
8a Day 4
3 0 9 0 Day 5
4 0 0 0
9a Day 4
2 0 0 0 Day 5
3 1 0 0
10a Day 4
-- 4 0 0 Day 5
-- 3 0 0
16a Day 4
0 0 676 27 Day 5
0 0 613 25
17a Day 4
2 0 17 1 Day 5
2 1 36 1
18a Day 4
2 1 0 0 Day 5
1 0 5 0
19a Day 4
0 3 0 0 Day 5
0 1 3 0
20a Day 4
1 0 0 0 Day 5
-- 4 0 0
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4.d. Mortality and Egg Production Study #4
Dead
Dead
Total #
Eggs Dead
Dead
Total No.
Eggs Live
Live
Cage #
144 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
168 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
♂
♀
__________________________________________________________________________
6 Day 6
0 0 564 25 Day 7
1 0 1057 46 21 23 25♂/25.female
.
7 Day 6
0 0 141 6 Day 7
0 0 368 16 22 23 25♂/25.female
.
8 Day 6
5 0 8 0 Day 7
0 1 7 0 4 17 25♂/25.female
.
9 Day 6
1 2 0 0 Day 7
1 6 0 0 1 10 25♂/24.female
.
10 Day 6
-- 3 0 0 Day 7
-- 4 1 0 -- 7 24♂/24.female
.
16 Day 6
0 0 1125
43 Day 7
0 0 771 30 22 26 24♂/26.female
.
17 Day 6
1 1 0 0 Day 7
2 0 0 0 18 21 24♂/24.female
.
18 Day 6
0 2 0 0 Day 7
0 0 0 0 5 21 25♂/24.female
.
19 Day 6
-- 6 6 0 Day 7
all ♂
2 0 0 0 7 25♂/25.female
.
dead
20 Day 6
-- 2 0 0 Day 7
all ♂
3 0 0 0 3 25♂/24.female
.
dead
6a Day 6
0 0 327 14 Day 7
1 1 219 10 23 22 25♂/25.female
.
7a Day 6
4 0 55 2 Day 7
0 0 141 6 18 25 25♂/25.female
.
8a Day 6
3 1 0 0 Day 7
3 1 0 0 5 23 33♂/26.female
.
9a Day 6
3 1 0 0 Day 7
1 0 0 0 0 20 25♂/24.female
.
10a
Day 6
-- 8 0 0 Day 7
all ♂
3 0 0 0 0 25♂/25.female
.
dead
16a
Day 6
0 1 missing
-- Day 7
0 1 450 19 25 23 25♂/25.female
.
data
17a
Day 6
1 1 missing
-- Day 7
0 0 155 7 20 23 25♂/25.female
.
data
18a
Day 6
0 0 missing
-- Day 7
0 2 49 2 14 22 25♂/25.female
.
data
19a
Day 6
1 3 0 0 Day 7
-- 3 0 0 0 15 26♂*/25.femal
e.
20a
Day 6
all ♂
3 0 0 Day 7
-- 1 0 0 0 2 26♂/24.female
.
dead
__________________________________________________________________________
*1 escapee
______________________________________
5.a. Mortality and Egg Production Study #5
Start Total
Age in
Cage Concen. Dead Dead No. of
Eggs
Days # Borax 24 hr ♂
♀
Eggs Per ♀
______________________________________
4d 21 control Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 22 0.02N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 23 0.05N Day 1 0 1 0 0
4d 24 0.07N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 25 0.10N Day 1 1 0 0 0
10d 26 control Day 1 0 0 380 16
10d 27 0.02N Day 1 1 0 162 7
10d 28 0.05N Day 1 1 0 231 9
10d 29 0.07N Day 1 3 0 164 7
10d 30 0.10N Day 1 9 0 211 9
4d 1 control Day 1 1 0 0 0
4d 2 0.02N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 3 0.05N Day 1 0 0 0 0
4d 4 0.07N Day 1 1 0 0 0
4d 5 0.10N Day 1 2 0 0 0
10d 6 control Day 1 0 0 1769 74
10d 7 0.02N Day 1 0 0 0 0
10d 8 0.05N Day 1 4 0 8 0
10d 9 0.07N Day 1 5 0 341 14
10d 10 0.20N Day 1 16 1 0 0
______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5.b. Mortality and Egg Production Study #5
Dead
Dead
Total No.
Eggs Dead Dead
Total No.
Eggs
Cage #
48 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
72 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
__________________________________________________________________________
21 Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
0 1 64 3
22 Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
0 1 0 0
23 Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
3 0 0 0
24 Day 2
3 0 0 0 Day 3
7 1 0 0
25 Day 2
12 2 0 0 Day 3
10 5 0 0
26 Day 2
0 0 691 29 Day 3
1 1 460 19
27 Day 2
0 0 450 18 Day 3
1 0 127 5
28 Day 2
6 0 169 7 Day 3
5 1 9 0
29 Day 2
8 0 93 4 Day 3
8 2 36 2
30 Day 2
9 4 91 4 Day 3
3 2 39 2
1 Day 2
1 1 0 0 Day 3
1 0 236 10
2 Day 2
0 0 0 0 Day 3
2 0 0 0
3 Day 2
2 0 0 0 Day 3
8 0 0 0
4 Day 2
2 0 0 0 Day 3
5 2 0 0
5 Day 2
11 3 0 0 Day 3
11 5 0 0
6 Day 2
0 0 371 16 Day 3
0 0 563 24
7 Day 2
8 0 42 2 Day 3
5 0 120 5
8 Day 2
16 2 21 1 Day 3
3 1 12 1
9 Day 2
13 2 101 4 Day 3
2 1 46 2
10 Day 2
9 15 12 1 Day 3
all ♂ dead
4 0 0
Day 2
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5.c. Mortality and Egg Production Study #5
Dead
Dead
Total No.
Eggs Dead Dead
Total No.
Eggs
Cage #
96 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
120 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
__________________________________________________________________________
21 Day 4
0 0 270 11 Day 5
0 0 420 18
22 Day 4
0 0 0 0 Day 5
0 0 0 0
23 Day 4
6 2 0 0 Day 5
6 1 0 0
24 Day 4
6 4 0 0 Day 5
5 6 0 0
25 Day 4
2 8 0 0 Day 5
-- 5 0 0
26 Day 4
0 0 698 30 Day 5
1 0 1158 50
27 Day 4
0 0 107 4 Day 5
0 0 252 10
28 Day 4
5 0 0 0 Day 5
3 0 0 0
29 Day 4
5 0 9 0 Day 5
0 4 0 0
30 Day 4
2 1 10 1 Day 5
2 4 0 0
1 Day 4
0 0 394 16 Day 5
0 0 missing
missing
data data
2 Day 4
2 0 0 0 Day 5
0 0 8 0
3 Day 4
8 7 0 0 Day 5
7 10 12 1
4 Day 4
13 7 0 0 Day 5
3 6 2 0
5 Day 4
2 9 0 0 Day 5
all ♂ dead
1 0 0
Day 4
6 Day 4
1 1 442 18 Day 5
0 0 617 27
7 Day 4
6 0 43 2 Day 5
4 1 8 0
8 Day 4
2 10 35 2 Day 5
-- 3 19 2
9 Day 4
4 5 23 1 Day 5
1 6 0 0
10 Day 4
-- 3 0 0 Day 5
-- 2 0 0
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5.d. Mortality and Egg Production Study #5
Dead Dead
Total #
Eggs/ Dead
Dead
Total #
Eggs Live
Live
Total
Total
Cage #
144 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
♀
168 hr
♂
♀
of Eggs
Per ♀
♂
♀
♂
♀
__________________________________________________________________________
21 Day 6
0 0 1017 42 Day 7
0 0 601 25 25 24 25 25
22 Day 6
1 0 4 0 Day 7
0 0 30 1 24 24 25 25
23 Day 6
7 3 0 0 Day 7
0 4 0 0 2 14 24 25
24 Day 6
4 7 0 0 Day 7
-- 3 0 0 0 4 25 25
25 Day 6
-- 4 0 0 Day 7
-- --* -- -- 0 0 25 24
26 Day 6
0 0 780 34 Day 7
0 2 1427 62 23 21 25 24
27 Day 6
0 0 318 13 Day 7
0 0 1069 43 23 25 25 25
28 Day 6
0 0 0 0 Day 7
2 1 0 0 2 23 24 25
29 Day 6
1 4 0 0 Day 7
0 1 0 0 0 13 25 24
30 Day 6
--@ 0 0 0 Day 7
-- 3 0 0 0 10 25 24
1 Day 6
0 0 702 29 Day 7
1 0 651 27 21 24 25 25
2 Day 6
2 0 31 1 Day 7
0 0 115 5 18 24 24 24
3 Day 6
-- 3 0 0 Day 7
-- 2 0 0 0 3 25 25
4 Day 6
0 2 0 0 Day 7
1 2 0 0 0 8 25 27
5 Day 6
-- 2 0 0 Day 7
-- 3 0 0 0 1 26 24
6 Day 6
1 0 576 25 Day 7
1 0 1097 48 23 23 26 24
7 Day 6
0 2 0 0 Day 7
1 3 0 0 1 20 25 26
8 Day 6
-- 7 0 0 Day 7
-- 3 0 0 0 1 25 25
9 Day 6
-- 6 0 0 Day 7
-- 4 0 0 0 0 25 24
10 Day 6
-- -- -- -- Day 7
-- -- 0 -- 0 0 25 25
__________________________________________________________________________
*5 female left alive (1)
@all ♂ dead -- Day 6
Examples of various formulations that may be utilized in accordance with the present invention include:
1.) 6% borax, 1% agar and 94% water, wherein the agar and water are combined, i.e., the 94% water and 1% agar, and brought to a boil. The mixture is removed from the heat and the borax is added. This results in a gelatinous mixture which will not dry completely and which is believed will adhere to trees, buildings, etc. to which it is applied. It may be applied by spraying via a pressurized application or an hydraulic oil squirt can to utility poles, trees, fences, etc.
2.) 6% borax, 1% agar and 93% proteinaceous bait (10% (Miller's Nu-Lure®), wherein the proteinaceous bait is formulated with 90 parts water and 10 parts proteinaceous concentrated bait. This formulation 2 is made as formulation 1 above and may be applied similarly; however, this formulation 2 is believed to be a better attractant than formulation 1;
3.) 1% borax, 76% proteinaceous bait (Miller's Nu-Lure®) and 23% Min-U-Gel® (Floridin Co.), wherein this formulation 3 is made following the steps to make formulation 1, except without heating. This formulation 3 may be applied like formulations 1 and 2, i.e., simply mix and spray.
4.) 6% borax, 70% proteinaceous bait (Miller's Nu-Lure®) and 23% Min-U-Gel® (Floridin Co.), wherein this formulation 4 is made following the steps to make formulation 1, except without heating. This formulation 4 may be applied like formulations 1 and 2, i.e., simply mix and spray.
5.) 1% borax and 99% Min-U-Gel®(Floridin Co.) or 6% borax and 94% Min-U-Gel® (Floridin Co.), wherein these formulations are made following the steps to make formulation 1, except without heating. These two formulations may be applied like formulations 1 and 2, i.e., simply mix and spray.
The proper viscosity of each formulation should be maintained, i.e., the surface of a spot application is thick enough to hold indentations, to avoid splashback, runoff and possible ineffective treatments on new porous surfaces. Generally, 23% of Min-U-Gel® (Floridin Co.) is believed to be sufficient to maintain appropriate viscosity, however, additional or lesser amounts may be necessary to achieve desired results.
To treat infested area via spot treatment: apply one or more of the above formulations, e.g., formulations 3-5, with a pressurized application or a hydraulic oil squirt can to, e.g., utility poles, trees, fences, signs, etc. At least about 600 evenly distributed bait spots per squire mile, or approximately 60 to 80 bait spots per city block. Apply treatment once per week for at least about six weeks. The area of coverage will extend about nine square miles around each fly find.
As opposed to spot treatment, the above formulations, e.g., formulations 3-5, may be squirted on tree trunks, fences, utility poles, signs, etc. in areas thereon which are out of reach of children at a rate of about 0.1 oz to about 0.2 oz (about 3 to about 5 ml) per station.
With respect to aerial treatment or retreatment of the above formulations, such as formulations 1 and 2 above, it should not be considered if weather reports indicate a 50% or greater chance of precipitation within 48 hours. Applications of full coverage of the bait sprays, such as formulations 1 and 2 above, should be scheduled approximately once per week for at least six weeks. It is believed that the bait formulations of the present invention, such as bait formulations 1 and 2 identified above in this Example, are effective as full coverage aerial bait sprays when applied in amounts on the order of between about 5 oz and about 128 oz or more per acre per full coverage application. It should, of course, be understood that the amount of bait formulation actually applied will depend upon the objectives to be accomplished and the size of the area to be covered, Moreover, the area of full coverage spray should extend a minimum of about 1.5 miles beyond known fruit fly infestation. It, of course, may be expanded to about 2.5 miles from any kind if the infestation is heavy. Weather conditions may also dictate change in spray schedules. After an estimated two off generations of negative trapping, spray operations may be discontinued.
The present invention may, of course, be carried out in other specific ways than those herein set forth without departing from the spirit and essential characteristics of the invention. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive and all changes coming within the spirit and scope of the appended claims are intended to be embraced herein.
Claims (30)
1. A method of treating fruit flies of the Tephritidae family so that the fruit flies die prematurely, said method comprising:
feeding to the fruit flies an effective fruit fly controlling amount of a borax toxicant to cause the fruit flies to die prematurely, so that following ingestion of the borax toxicant by the fruit flies, the fruit flies will die prematurely due to the ingestion of the borax toxicant.
2. A method of claim 1, the borax toxicant being borax.
3. A method of claim 2, said feeding comprises feeding the fruit flies between about 5 mM and about 10 mM of borax within about a 24 hour period.
4. A method of claim 2 wherein the effective amount is in the range of between about 0.01M and about 0.12M.
5. A method of claim 1, the borax toxicant being selected from the group consisting of borax, anhydrous borax, ammonium tetraborate, ammonium pentaborate, potassium pentaborate, potassium tetraborate, sodium metaborate, disodium tetraborate decahydrate, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate.
6. A method of claim 1 wherein the borax toxicant is included in a bait.
7. A method of interfering with reproduction by female fruit flies of the Tephriditae family so that the female fruit flies will stop producing eggs for about 7 days or longer, said method comprising:
feeding to the female fruit flies an effective fruit fly controlling amount of a borax toxicant to interfere with the reproduction by the female fruit flies, so that following ingestion of the borax toxicant by the female fruit flies, the female fruit flies will stop producing eggs for a period of about 7 days or more due to the ingestion of the borax toxicant.
8. A method of claim 7, the borax toxicant being borax.
9. A method of claim 8, said feeding comprises feeding the fruit flies between about 2.5 mM and about 5 mM of borax within about a 24 hour period.
10. A method of claim 8 wherein the effective amount is in the range of between about 0.01M and about 0.12M.
11. A method of claim 7, the borax toxicant being selected from the group consisting of borax, anhydrous borax, ammonium tetraborate, ammonium pentaborate, potassium pentaborate, potassium tetraborate, sodium metaborate, disodium tetraborate decahydrate, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate.
12. A method of claim 7, wherein the borax toxicant is included in a bait.
13. A method of reducing the population of fruit flies of the Tephritidae family at a targeted area, said method comprising:
applying to the targeted area an effective fruit fly controlling amount of a borax toxicant for ingestion by the fruit flies at the targeted area, so that following ingestion of the borax toxicant by the fruit flies, the population is reduced at the targeted area due to of the ingestion of the borax toxicant.
14. A method of claim 13, the borax toxicant being borax.
15. A method of claim 14 wherein the ingestion by the fruit flies is between about 2.5 mM and about 10 mM of borax within about a 24 hour period.
16. A method of claim 15, said application of the borax toxicant at the targeted area being done at least about once per week for at least about six weeks.
17. A method of claim 14 wherein the ingestion by the fruit flies is between about 5 mM and about 10 mM of borax within about a 24 hour period.
18. A method of claim 17, said application of the borax toxicant at the targeted area being done at least about once per week for at least about six weeks.
19. A method of claim 14 wherein the effective amount is in the range of between about 0.01M and about 0.12M.
20. A method of claim 13, the borax toxicant being selected from the group consisting of borax, anhydrous borax, ammonium tetraborate, ammonium pentaborate, potassium pentaborate, potassium tetraborate, sodium metaborate, disodium tetraborate decahydrate, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate.
21. A method of claim 13, wherein the borax toxicant is included in a bait.
22. A bait or lure for reducing the number of fruit flies of the Tephritidae family, said bait or lure consisting essentially of a borax toxicant, said borax toxicant being present in said bait or lure in an effective fruit fly controlling amount so that following ingestion of said borax toxicant in said bait or lure by the fruit flies, the number of fruit flies is reduced due to the consumption of said borax toxicant by the fruit flies.
23. A bait or lure of claim 22, said bait or lure being in a form selected from the group consisting of a patty, cream, pellet, gel, foam, paste, liquid and spray.
24. A bait or lure of claim 22, said bait or lure further including a bait selected from the group consisting of a protein hydrolysate bait and a synthetic.
25. A bait or lure of claim 22, said bait or lure further including other ingredients selected from the group consisting of agar, insecticide, liquefier, sweetener and carrier.
26. A bait or lure of claim 22, said borax toxicant being borax.
27. A bait or lure of claim 26 wherein the consumption by the fruit flies is between about 2.5 mM and about 10 mM of borax within about a 24 hour period.
28. A bait or lure of claim 26 wherein the effective amount is in the range of between about 0.01M and about 0.12M.
29. A bait or lure of claim 26, said bait or lure further including agar, yeast hydrolysate, sugar and water.
30. A bait or lure of claim 22, the borax toxicant being selected from the group consisting of borax, anhydrous borax, ammonium tetraborate, ammonium pentaborate, potassium pentaborate, potassium tetraborate, sodium metaborate, disodium tetraborate decahydrate, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/530,035 US5698208A (en) | 1995-09-19 | 1995-09-19 | Use of borax toxicants to control tephritidae fruit flies |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/530,035 US5698208A (en) | 1995-09-19 | 1995-09-19 | Use of borax toxicants to control tephritidae fruit flies |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US5698208A true US5698208A (en) | 1997-12-16 |
Family
ID=24112190
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/530,035 Expired - Fee Related US5698208A (en) | 1995-09-19 | 1995-09-19 | Use of borax toxicants to control tephritidae fruit flies |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5698208A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6546667B1 (en) | 2000-09-07 | 2003-04-15 | Bayside Holdings, Inc. | Fly trap and a bait therefor |
| US20030170341A1 (en) * | 2002-03-07 | 2003-09-11 | Gerald Goodman | Arthropodicidal bait composition |
| US6645949B1 (en) | 2000-12-01 | 2003-11-11 | University Of Florida | Toxicity of boron compounds to certain arthropods |
| US20040208953A1 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2004-10-21 | Heath Robert R. | Baiting system for suppressing populations of insects such as mediterranean and carribean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) |
| US20090252284A1 (en) * | 2008-04-03 | 2009-10-08 | National Taiwan University | Multi-checkpoint type clustered animal counting device |
| US20110236449A1 (en) * | 2010-03-23 | 2011-09-29 | David Lynn Cameron | Caramel-coated insecticide |
| US9642351B1 (en) * | 2016-09-13 | 2017-05-09 | Kenneth Reese | Cockroach bait station |
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| US4840800A (en) * | 1987-11-16 | 1989-06-20 | Harris Robert L | Soybean fiber in insect rearing media |
| US4873084A (en) * | 1978-07-24 | 1989-10-10 | Sallay Stephen I | Insecticidal composition |
| US4877607A (en) * | 1988-09-22 | 1989-10-31 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Attractants for Dacus latifrons, the Malaysian fruit fly |
| US5243781A (en) * | 1992-02-27 | 1993-09-14 | Carter Danny B | Fly trap and a bait therefore |
| US5516520A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1996-05-14 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Controlled-release pesticides and methods for preparation and use thereof |
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| US4873084A (en) * | 1978-07-24 | 1989-10-10 | Sallay Stephen I | Insecticidal composition |
| US4840800A (en) * | 1987-11-16 | 1989-06-20 | Harris Robert L | Soybean fiber in insect rearing media |
| US4877607A (en) * | 1988-09-22 | 1989-10-31 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Attractants for Dacus latifrons, the Malaysian fruit fly |
| US5243781A (en) * | 1992-02-27 | 1993-09-14 | Carter Danny B | Fly trap and a bait therefore |
| US5516520A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1996-05-14 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Controlled-release pesticides and methods for preparation and use thereof |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6546667B1 (en) | 2000-09-07 | 2003-04-15 | Bayside Holdings, Inc. | Fly trap and a bait therefor |
| US6722080B2 (en) | 2000-09-07 | 2004-04-20 | Bayside Holdings, Inc. | Fly trap and a bait therefor |
| US6645949B1 (en) | 2000-12-01 | 2003-11-11 | University Of Florida | Toxicity of boron compounds to certain arthropods |
| US20030170341A1 (en) * | 2002-03-07 | 2003-09-11 | Gerald Goodman | Arthropodicidal bait composition |
| US20040208953A1 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2004-10-21 | Heath Robert R. | Baiting system for suppressing populations of insects such as mediterranean and carribean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) |
| US20090252284A1 (en) * | 2008-04-03 | 2009-10-08 | National Taiwan University | Multi-checkpoint type clustered animal counting device |
| US8365995B2 (en) * | 2008-04-03 | 2013-02-05 | National Taiwan University | Multi-checkpoint type clustered fruit fly counting device |
| US20110236449A1 (en) * | 2010-03-23 | 2011-09-29 | David Lynn Cameron | Caramel-coated insecticide |
| US8506977B2 (en) * | 2010-03-23 | 2013-08-13 | David Lynn Cameron | Caramel-coated insecticide |
| US9642351B1 (en) * | 2016-09-13 | 2017-05-09 | Kenneth Reese | Cockroach bait station |
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