US5585475A - Calmodulin-binding peptides and nucleic acids encoding them - Google Patents

Calmodulin-binding peptides and nucleic acids encoding them Download PDF

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US5585475A
US5585475A US08/268,251 US26825194A US5585475A US 5585475 A US5585475 A US 5585475A US 26825194 A US26825194 A US 26825194A US 5585475 A US5585475 A US 5585475A
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seq
peptide
calmodulin
amino acid
sequence
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Gordon A. Jamieson
John R. Dedman
Marcia A. Kaetzel
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Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics Inc
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Chiron Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K7/08—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 12 to 20 amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the fields of peptide chemistry and cellular biology. More specifically, the invention relates to peptides which bind to calmodulin and methods for using such peptides.
  • Calmodulin is a calcium-binding regulatory protein found in all eukaryotic cells, and is highly conserved across species. The protein has four Ca ++ binding sites, and contains about 150 amino acids. Calmodulin is responsible for most known calcium-regulated intracellular signals, and regulates a variety of protein kinases, phosphodiesterases, nicotine amide adenine dinucleotide kinase, adenylate cyclase, and others.
  • calmodulin The involvement of calmodulin in cell division, proliferation, and metabolism makes it an attractive target for researchers investigating treatment of proliferative disorders such as cancer.
  • Pero, EP 305,008 described the use of calmodulin antagonists to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents.
  • Materazzi et al, DE 3,410,848 disclosed the use of calmodulin inhibitors to inhibit metastasis.
  • Cormier, U.S. Pat. No. 4,578,379 disclosed the use of calmodulin-binding compounds to prevent pregnancy.
  • Japanese application JP 1006294 disclosed a number of peptides which specifically inhibit calmodulin, for use in treating heart disease, hypertension, thrombosis, and tumor growth.
  • Calmodulin binds to a wide variety of proteins. It is currently thought to bind to an amphipathic/amphiphilic ⁇ -helical structure. For example, S.M. Roth et al., Biochem (1991) 30:10078-84, used NMR to determine helical structure in a complex formed from calmodulin and smooth muscle myosin light-chain kinase. B. Precheur et al., Eur J Biochem (1991) 196:67-72 reported that the calmodulin-binding domain of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase tends to form an amphipathic helix. J.A.
  • One aspect of the invention is a family of calmodulin-binding peptides which are unusual because they do not follow current predictions that calmodulin-binding peptides should adopt a strict ⁇ -helical conformation. Furthermore, many of the calmodulin-binding peptides contain a Trp residue to which is juxtaposed a Pro residue.
  • Another aspect of the invention is the use of a peptide of the invention to inhibit the activity of calmodulin in a eukaryote.
  • Another aspect of the invention is an antibody modified to contain a calmodulin-binding sequence of the invention.
  • Another aspect of the invention is the use of calmodulin-binding peptides, modified antibodies, peptide fragments, or analogs to treat tumors or infection; control cell growth, division, and meiosis; regulation of cell motility, sperm motility, and smooth muscle motility; regulation of carbohydrate metabolism; regulation of neurotransmission; anti-psychotic activity; anti-inflammatory activity; regulation of secretory processes; and regulation of fluid secretion.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a biologically-active protein modified to contain a calmodulin-binding peptide sequence, particularly a protein modified to contain a calmodulin-binding peptide sequence such that calmodulin obscures the active site of said protein when bound to said calmodulin-binding peptide sequence.
  • calmodulin-binding peptide refers to peptides or proteins having one or more of the sequences selected from the group consisting of:
  • SFKQLVTEVFLQSRH (SEQ ID NO. 1); PWLKIRDSLQLNYLP (SEQ ID NO. 2); GSWLQLLNLMKQMNN (SEQ ID NO. 3); ASWTTVRSHFGSTMQ (SEQ ID NO. 4); QLSWKALVTSVLSPT (SEQ ID NO. 5); LSELWRNYSVRLMSS (SEQ ID NO. 6); AQLNRWKSLSKTMMS (SEQ ID NO. 7); TPSTSKWHQLIKSHR (SEQ ID NO. 8); ISLPQLKWLTHRLKQ (SEQ ID NO. 9); FPLLPYTWMARHHGS (SEQ ID NO. 10); NLTPQYFKKWQDLTK (SEQ ID NO.
  • TSSLRNTLQYWRSLI SEQ ID NO. 12
  • WPSLTEIKTLSHFSV SEQ ID NO. 13
  • WPSISTLSTYTHSLH SEQ ID NO. 14
  • WPSIHHMSHLLYSTY SEQ ID NO. 15
  • WPSVRTILNTDLLHP SEQ ID NO. 16
  • WPSPTRVISTTYFGS SEQ ID NO. 17
  • WPSPHKIMSTLQYLR SEQ ID NO. 18
  • WPTTRELRSLKSFLT SEQ ID NO. 19
  • WPKMTALQSTMKYVT SEQ ID NO. 20
  • WPKSFLMWMPKATQL SEQ ID NO. 21
  • WPRLSTLASMTNKAI SEQ ID NO.
  • WPRVKDLSTYLEGHV SEQ ID NO. 23
  • PWPMLKQLRLLKSSL SEQ ID NO. 24
  • PMNWPTVHAIRSLRK SEQ ID NO. 25
  • HISWPTLAQMSLMNF SEQ ID NO. 26
  • LAHWPPVKTVLRSFT SEQ ID NO. 27
  • VTKWPNLTQLRMLAT SEQ ID NO. 28
  • GSTNRWPTVAKLMST SEQ ID NO. 29
  • modified refers to the insertion or attachment of a calmodulin-binding peptide sequence by chemical or recombinant means.
  • “Chemical means” includes any covalent attachment of the calmodulin-binding peptide to the protein of interest, e.g., using glutaraidehyde or other cross-linking reagents known in the art.
  • “Recombinant means” entails modification of DNA (or other oligonucleotide) encoding the protein of interest to include an oligonucleotide encoding the calmodulin-binding peptide sequence, e.g., by site-specific mutation or other methods known in the art.
  • inhibitor refers to the detectable reduction and/or elimination of a biological activity exhibited by calmodulin in the absence of a calmodulin-binding peptide of the invention.
  • treatment refers to reducing or alleviating symptoms in a subject, preventing symptoms from worsening or progressing, inhibition or elimination of the causative agent, or prevention of the infection or disorder in a subject who is free therefrom.
  • treatment of a cancer patient may be reduction of rumor size, elimination of malignant cells, prevention of metastasis, or the prevention of relapse in a patient who has been cured.
  • Treatment of infection includes destruction of the infecting agent, inhibition of or interference with its growth or maturation, neutralization of its pathological effects, and the like.
  • infection includes infection by bacteria, fungi, and other parasites, such as leishmania and malarial parasites.
  • infectious agents within the scope of this invention include yeasts and fungi such as C. albicans and P. carinii; parasites such as malarial Plasmodia, giardia, nematodes, roundworms and the like.
  • hyperproliferative disorder refers to disorders characterized by an abnormal or pathological proliferation of cells, for example, cancer, psoriasis, hyperplasia and the like.
  • amphiphilic and amphipathic denote an ⁇ -helical peptide structure having charged (hydrophilic) residues along one surface, and uncharged/hydrophobic residues along the opposite surface.
  • active fragment refers to a peptide having only a portion of the one of the sequences identified herein, wherein said portion is sufficient to effect binding to calmodulin at a K d of ⁇ 50 nm under physiological conditions.
  • Active fragments of the peptides of the invention are expected to have at least four consecutive amino acids from any single peptide, preferably from four to eight residues, more preferably up to ten residues. It is currently expected that the minimal active fragment, for most of the peptides disclosed herein, will include the "WP" dipeptide.
  • analog refers to peptides which exhibit calmodulin-binding activity (K d of ⁇ 50 nm under physiological conditions), but differ from the sequences reported herein by conservative substitution of one or two amino acids with other amino acids or amino acid substitutes.
  • Conservative amino acid substitutions are those that preserve the general charge, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, and/or steric bulk of the amino acid substituted, for example Gly ⁇ Ala; Val ⁇ Ile ⁇ Leu; Asp ⁇ Glu; Lys ⁇ Arg; Asn ⁇ Gln; and Phe ⁇ Trp ⁇ Tyr.
  • Analogs should exhibit the same general structure as the native calmodulin-binding peptide, e.g., as predicted by Chou-Fasman rules (P.Y. Chou & G.D. Fasman, Biochem (1974) 13:222-45). "Analog” also includes peptides having one or more peptide mimics ("peptoids"), such as those described in PCT application US91/04282. The presently preferred analog has the sequence WPSLKQLRSLK (SEQ ID NO. 30).
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to compounds and compositions which may be administered to mammals without undue toxicity.
  • exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable salts include mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, suffates, and the like; and the salts of organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonates, benzoates, and the like.
  • esters refers to moieties of the form R 1 --C( ⁇ O)--OR 2 , where either R 1 --C( ⁇ O)--O-- or OR 2 represents a free carboxylic acid group present in the calmodulin-binding peptide, and the other portion represent an esterifying group.
  • Exemplary esterifying groups useful with carboxylic acid groups present in the calmodulin-binding peptide include, without limitation, lower alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, and the like; lower alkenyl such as propenyl, butenyl, and the like; aryl and arylalkyl such as phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, and the like; and other groups, such as acetoxymethyl (CH 3 C( ⁇ O))CH 2 --); and the like.
  • Exemplary esterifying groups useful with hydroxy groups appearing the in the calmodulin-binding peptide include, without limitation, lower acyl such as acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, benzoyl, and the like.
  • anhydride refers to a compound which results from the condensation of two carboxylic acids: R 1 --C( ⁇ O)--O--C( ⁇ O)--R 2 .
  • Anhydrides are formed by condensing carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, and the like, with a free carboxylic acid group present in the calmodulin-binding peptide.
  • one of the carboxylic acids is "activated", typically by conversion to an acyl halide.
  • acetic anhydrides may be prepared by reaction acetyl chloride with the calmodu- lin-binding peptide of the invention. Formation of anhydrides may require protection of labile groups present in the peptide using standard protecting groups.
  • amide refers to moieties of the form R 1 --C( ⁇ O)--NR 3 , where either R 1 --C( ⁇ O)-- represents a free carboxylic acid group present in either the calmodulin-binding peptide or the amidating group, and NR 2 R 3 represent an amine present in the amidating group or calmodulin-binding peptide.
  • exemplary amidating groups useful with carboxylic acid groups present in the calmodulin-binding peptide include, without limitation, lower alkylamine such as methylamine, ethylamine, dimethylamine, butylamine, N-methyl-N-ethylamine, and the like.
  • Exemplary amidating groups useful with amine groups appearing the in the calmodulin-binding peptide include, without limitation, lower acyl such as acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, benzoyl, and the like.
  • oligonucleotide refers to DNA, RNA, and the like, which is capable of encoding a calmodulin-binding peptide of the invention. Oligonucleotides may be either single- or double-stranded.
  • the peptides of the invention were identified by screening a coliphage M13 library (J.J. Devlin et al., Science (1990) 249:404-06) for pIII phage proteins containing an epitope binding to calmodulin immobilized on a solid support.
  • the phages were applied to a calmodulin-Sepharose® column, and eluted with EGTA.
  • the phages isolated by this procedure were then subcloned and sequenced to determine the amino acid sequence of the binding peptide. All but one of the peptides so identified contain tryptophan (W).
  • the peptides also contain proline (P) and/or glycine (G), which are known to inhibit helicity of peptides.
  • the sequence WP occurs at or near the N-terminus.
  • the peptides of the invention comprise the following sequences:
  • SFKQLVTEVFLQSRH (SEQ ID NO. 1); PWLKIRDSLQLNYLP (SEQ ID NO. 2); GSWLQLLNLMKQMNN (SEQ ID NO. 3); ASWTTVRSHFGSTMQ (SEQ ID NO. 4); QLSWKALVTSVLSPT (SEQ ID NO. 5); LSELWRNYSVRLMSS (SEQ ID NO. 6); AQLNRWKSLSKTMMS (SEQ ID NO. 7); TPSTSKWHQLIKSHR (SEQ ID NO. 8); ISLPQLKWLTHRLKQ (SEQ ID NO. 9); FPLLPYTWMARHHGS (SEQ ID NO. 10); NLTPQYFKKWQDLTK (SEQ ID NO.
  • TSSLRNTLQYWRSLI SEQ ID NO. 12
  • WPSLTEIKTLSHFSV SEQ ID NO. 13
  • WPSISTLSTYTHSLH SEQ ID NO. 14
  • WPSIHHMSHLLYSTY SEQ ID NO. 15
  • WPSVRTILNTDLLHP SEQ ID NO. 16
  • WPSPTRVISTTYFGS SEQ ID NO. 17
  • WPSPHKIMSTLQYLR SEQ ID NO. 18
  • WPTTRELRSLKSFLT SEQ ID NO. 19
  • WPKMTALQSTMKYVT SEQ ID NO. 20
  • WPKSFLMWMPKATQL SEQ ID NO. 21
  • WPRLSTLASMTNKAI SEQ ID NO.
  • WPRVKDLSTYLEGHV SEQ ID NO. 23
  • PWPMLKQLRLLKSSL SEQ ID NO. 24
  • PMNWPTVHAIRSLRK SEQ ID NO. 25
  • HISWPTLAQMSLMNF SEQ ID NO. 26
  • LAHWPPVKTVLRSFT SEQ ID NO. 27
  • VTKWPNLTQLRMLAT SEQ ID NO. 28
  • GSTNRWPTVAKLMST SEQ ID NO. 29
  • Preferred calmodulin-binding peptides of the invention contain the WP dipeptide.
  • sequences may be embedded in the sequence of longer peptides or proteins, as long as they are accessible to calmodulin.
  • Proteins or peptides containing the calmodulin-binding sequences may be selected for specificity to particular tissues and/or organisms, e.g., by following the procedure described in the Example below.
  • the peptides of the invention may be prepared by standard peptide synthesis techniques, such as solid-phase synthesis. Alternatively, the sequences of the invention may be incorporated into larger peptides or proteins by recombinant methods. This is most easily accomplished by preparing a DNA cassette which encodes the sequence of interest, and ligating the cassette into DNA encoding the protein to be modified at the appropriate site. The sequence DNA may be synthesized by standard synthetic techniques, or may be excised from the phage pIII gene using the appropriate restriction enzymes.
  • Fragments of the calmodulin-binding peptides identified herein may be prepared by simple solid-phase techniques.
  • the minimum binding sequence may be determined systematically for each calmodulin-binding peptide by standard methods, for example, employing the method described by H.M. Geysen, U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,871. Briefly, one may synthesize a set of overlapping oligopeptides derived from any selected calmodulin-binding peptide (e.g., aa 1 -aa 7 , aa 2 -aa 8 , aa 3 -aa 9 , etc.) bound to a solid phase array of pins, with a unique oligopeptide on each pin.
  • any selected calmodulin-binding peptide e.g., aa 1 -aa 7 , aa 2 -aa 8 , aa 3 -aa 9 , etc.
  • the pins are arranged to match the format of a 96-well microtiter plate, permitting one to assay all pins simultaneously, e.g., for binding to labeled calmodulin. Using this method, one may readily determine the binding affinity for calmodulin for every possible subset of consecutive amino acids presented in any selected calmodulin-binding peptide of the invention.
  • Analogs of the invention are also prepared by standard solid-phase methods, and those methods described in PCT application US91/04282.
  • proteins modified at either the C- or N-terminus by adding a short oligopeptide without adversely affecting the protein's normal biological activity.
  • proteins modified by addition of a calmodulin-binding peptide of the invention should retain their native activities, and additionally bind calmodulin.
  • Such peptide-modified proteins may be purified by affinity chromatography using a column derivatized with calmodulin, such as calmodulin-Sepharose®.
  • the calmodulin-binding sequence may also be inserted near a ligand binding site already present in the native protein, such that binding of calmodulin obscures the ligand binding site.
  • proteins which are additionally regulated or inhibited by calmodulin and Ca 2+ may be prepared.
  • a calmodulin-binding sequence into antibodies (e.g., in the Fc region) in order to direct the calmodulin-inhibitory activity to a particular target tissue.
  • antibody structure is relatively well-characterized.
  • MAbs selective for tumor-associated antigens may thus be endowed with chemotherapeutic activity.
  • MAbs selective for eukaryotic pathogens may be made capable of inhibiting or killing the pathogens.
  • Peptides of the invention are preferably administered topically or by parenteral means, including subcutaneous and intramuscular injection, implantation of sustained release depots, intravenous injection, intranasal administration, and the like.
  • the peptides may be administered as a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more peptides in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • Such compositions may be aqueous solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, suspensions, gels, liposomal suspensions, and the like.
  • Suitable excipients include water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and solutions of ethanol, glucose, sucrose, dextran, mannose, mannitol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), phosphate, acetate, gelatin, collagen, Carbopol®, vegetable oils, and the like.
  • Cream or ointment bases useful in formulation include lanolin, Silvadene® (Marion), Aquaphor® (Duke Laboratories), and the like.
  • Other devices include indwelling catheters and devices such as the Alzet® minipump.
  • Ophthalmic preparations may be formulated using commercially available vehicles such as Sorbi-care® (Allergan), Neodecadron® (Merck, Sharp & Dohme), Lacrilube®, and the like.
  • the peptides/fragments/analogs of the invention may be further modified to improve cellular uptake by estefification.
  • the charged residues may be masked by esterifying carboxylic acid groups with acetoxymethyl in order to facilitate diffusion through the plasma membrane. Once inside the cell, endogenous nonspecific esterases saponify the acetoxymethyl group readily, thus regenerating the native form of the calmodulin-binding peptide.
  • the amount of calmodulin-binding peptide required to treat any particular disorder will of course vary depending upon the nature and severity of the disorder, the age and condition of the subject, and other factors readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the appropriate dosage may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • an amount of calmodulin-binding peptide administered intrauterally may range from about 2 ⁇ g/kg to about 10 mg/kg.
  • An appropriate dose for treatment of tumors will range from about 2 ⁇ g/kg to about 20 mg/kg.
  • peptides of the invention will be useful for control of cell growth, division, and meiosis; regulation of cell motility (such as chemotaxis, endocytosis), sperm motility, and smooth muscle motility (e.g., cardiac muscle, gut muscle); prevention of pregnancy; regulation of carbohydrate metabolism (e.g., regulation of glucose and/or glycogen metabolism); regulation of neurotransmission (e.g., exocytosis at synaptic junctions); anti-psychotic activity; anti-inflammatory activity (e.g., through regulation of the lipoxygen lipase pathway); regulation of secretory processes; and regulation of fluid secretion.
  • cell motility such as chemotaxis, endocytosis
  • sperm motility e.g., smooth muscle motility
  • smooth muscle motility e.g., cardiac muscle, gut muscle
  • prevention of pregnancy e.g., regulation of carbohydrate metabolism (e.g., regulation of glucose and/or glycogen metabolism); regulation of neurotransmission (e.
  • Calmodulin prepared from rat testes
  • CNBr-activated Sepharose® 4B beads following the manufacturer's directions to prepare a 1 mL column, and the column stripped with 6M guanidine.HCl.
  • a 50 ⁇ L aliquot of random peptide bacteriophage library (5 ⁇ 10 10 phage, obtained from James Devlin, Chiron Corporation) was diluted in 1 mL of sterile column buffer (50 mM Tris.HCl, 1 mg/mL BSA, pH 7.5) containing 1 mM CaCl 2 , and the solution applied to the calmodulin-Sepharose® column preequilibrated with column buffer containing 1 mM CaCl 2 .
  • the bacteriophage library is further described in J.J. Devlin et al., Science (1990) 249:404-06, which also describes preparation and screening. See also S.F. Parmley and G.P. Smith, Gene (1988) 73:305.
  • Fractions eluted with EGTA were neutralized by adding CaCl 2 to a final concentration of 1 mM.
  • Fractions eluted with glycine were neutralized by adding 1M Tris base to a final pH of 7.5.
  • the numbers of bacteriophage in fractions were determined by standard microbiological procedures.
  • EGTA-eluted fractions were pooled, and the phage amplified in XL-1 Blue E. coli on solid media (density ⁇ 20,000 phage per 75 cm 2 ).
  • the phage were harvested by adding sterile SM (100 mM NaCl, 7.5 mM MgSO 4 , 50 mM Tris, 0.01% gelatin, pH 7.5), and incubating at 4° C. overnight.
  • SM containing phage was removed from the amplification plates, and residual bacteria removed by centrifugation at 10,000 ⁇ g for 10 min.
  • Glycine-eluted fractions were also pooled, and treated in parallel with the EGTA-eluted fractions, as described above.
  • the sequences of the random DNA inserts were determined by standard DNA sequencing methods.
  • AE-SFKQLVTEVFLQSRH-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 31); AE-PWLKIRDSLQLNYLP-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 32); AE-GSWLQLLNLMKQMNN-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 33); AE-ASWTTVRSHFGSTMQ-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 34); AE-QLSWKALVTSVLSPT-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 35); AE-LSELWRNYSVRLMSS-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 36); AE-AQLNRWKSLSKTMMS-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 37); AE-TPSTSKWHQLIKSHR-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO.
  • AE-PMNWPTVHAIRSLRK-PPPPPP SEQ ID NO. 55
  • AE-HISWPTLAQMSLMNF-PPPPPP SEQ ID NO. 56
  • AE-LAHWPPVKTVLRSFT-PPPPPP SEQ ID NO. 57
  • AE-VTKWPNLTQLRMLAT-PPPPPP SEQ ID NO. 58
  • AE-GSTNRWPTVAKLMST-PPPPPP SEQ ID NO. 59
  • all but one of the sequences contains one or more tryptophan residues. Even more interesting is that all but four of the sequences contain one or more proline or glycine residues. Many have a proline residue (i.e., a "helix breaker") adjacent to the tryptophan. The presence of proline and/or glycine residues in a peptide generally inhibits the formation of an alpha helix. Thus, the peptides of the invention are unusual because they do not follow current predictions that calmodulin-binding peptides should adopt a strict alpha helix conformation.

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Abstract

Peptides capable of binding calmodulin are disclosed. The peptides surprisingly do not exhibit strict α-helical conformations.

Description

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/831,219, filed 6 Feb. 1992, now abandoned.
DESCRIPTION
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to the fields of peptide chemistry and cellular biology. More specifically, the invention relates to peptides which bind to calmodulin and methods for using such peptides.
2. Background of the Invention
Calmodulin is a calcium-binding regulatory protein found in all eukaryotic cells, and is highly conserved across species. The protein has four Ca++ binding sites, and contains about 150 amino acids. Calmodulin is responsible for most known calcium-regulated intracellular signals, and regulates a variety of protein kinases, phosphodiesterases, nicotine amide adenine dinucleotide kinase, adenylate cyclase, and others.
The involvement of calmodulin in cell division, proliferation, and metabolism makes it an attractive target for researchers investigating treatment of proliferative disorders such as cancer. Pero, EP 305,008 described the use of calmodulin antagonists to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents. Materazzi et al, DE 3,410,848 disclosed the use of calmodulin inhibitors to inhibit metastasis. Cormier, U.S. Pat. No. 4,578,379 disclosed the use of calmodulin-binding compounds to prevent pregnancy. Japanese application JP 1006294 disclosed a number of peptides which specifically inhibit calmodulin, for use in treating heart disease, hypertension, thrombosis, and tumor growth.
Calmodulin binds to a wide variety of proteins. It is currently thought to bind to an amphipathic/amphiphilic α-helical structure. For example, S.M. Roth et al., Biochem (1991) 30:10078-84, used NMR to determine helical structure in a complex formed from calmodulin and smooth muscle myosin light-chain kinase. B. Precheur et al., Eur J Biochem (1991) 196:67-72 reported that the calmodulin-binding domain of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase tends to form an amphipathic helix. J.A. Cox et al., J Biol Chem (1985) 260:2527-34 reported the preparation of basic, amphiphilic α-helices which bind calmodulin. M.A. Stevenson et al., Mol Cell Biol (1990) 10:1234-38 reported that the 70 kDa heat shock proteins contains a calmodulin-binding domain with α-helical character. K.T. O'Neil et al., Science (1987) 236:1454-56 reported the determination of helicity in a calmodulin-binding peptide by sequentially replacing each amino acid with tryptophan, and studying the resulting change in fluorescence.
A number of synthetic calmodulin-binding peptides have been designed: W.F. DeGrado et al., J Cell Biochem (1985) 29:83-94; T. Lorca et al., EMBO J (1991) 10:2087-94; R.B. Pearson et al., Peptide Res (1991) 4:147-57; A. Enyedi et al., J Biol Chem (1991) 266:8952-56; K.K.W. Wang et at., J Biol Chem (1991) 266:9078-85.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of the invention is a family of calmodulin-binding peptides which are unusual because they do not follow current predictions that calmodulin-binding peptides should adopt a strict α-helical conformation. Furthermore, many of the calmodulin-binding peptides contain a Trp residue to which is juxtaposed a Pro residue.
Another aspect of the invention is the use of a peptide of the invention to inhibit the activity of calmodulin in a eukaryote.
Another aspect of the invention is an antibody modified to contain a calmodulin-binding sequence of the invention. Another aspect of the invention is the use of calmodulin-binding peptides, modified antibodies, peptide fragments, or analogs to treat tumors or infection; control cell growth, division, and meiosis; regulation of cell motility, sperm motility, and smooth muscle motility; regulation of carbohydrate metabolism; regulation of neurotransmission; anti-psychotic activity; anti-inflammatory activity; regulation of secretory processes; and regulation of fluid secretion.
Another aspect of the invention is a biologically-active protein modified to contain a calmodulin-binding peptide sequence, particularly a protein modified to contain a calmodulin-binding peptide sequence such that calmodulin obscures the active site of said protein when bound to said calmodulin-binding peptide sequence.
MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION A. Definitions
The term "calmodulin-binding peptide" refers to peptides or proteins having one or more of the sequences selected from the group consisting of:
SFKQLVTEVFLQSRH (SEQ ID NO. 1); PWLKIRDSLQLNYLP (SEQ ID NO. 2); GSWLQLLNLMKQMNN (SEQ ID NO. 3); ASWTTVRSHFGSTMQ (SEQ ID NO. 4); QLSWKALVTSVLSPT (SEQ ID NO. 5); LSELWRNYSVRLMSS (SEQ ID NO. 6); AQLNRWKSLSKTMMS (SEQ ID NO. 7); TPSTSKWHQLIKSHR (SEQ ID NO. 8); ISLPQLKWLTHRLKQ (SEQ ID NO. 9); FPLLPYTWMARHHGS (SEQ ID NO. 10); NLTPQYFKKWQDLTK (SEQ ID NO. 11); TSSLRNTLQYWRSLI (SEQ ID NO. 12); WPSLTEIKTLSHFSV (SEQ ID NO. 13); WPSISTLSTYTHSLH (SEQ ID NO. 14); WPSIHHMSHLLYSTY (SEQ ID NO. 15); WPSVRTILNTDLLHP (SEQ ID NO. 16); WPSPTRVISTTYFGS (SEQ ID NO. 17); WPSPHKIMSTLQYLR (SEQ ID NO. 18); WPTTRELRSLKSFLT (SEQ ID NO. 19); WPKMTALQSTMKYVT (SEQ ID NO. 20); WPKSFLMWMPKATQL (SEQ ID NO. 21); WPRLSTLASMTNKAI (SEQ ID NO. 22); WPRVKDLSTYLEGHV (SEQ ID NO. 23); PWPMLKQLRLLKSSL (SEQ ID NO. 24); PMNWPTVHAIRSLRK (SEQ ID NO. 25); HISWPTLAQMSLMNF (SEQ ID NO. 26); LAHWPPVKTVLRSFT (SEQ ID NO. 27); VTKWPNLTQLRMLAT (SEQ ID NO. 28); and GSTNRWPTVAKLMST (SEQ ID NO. 29) (in single letter amino acid code).
The term "modified" as used herein in conjunction with an antibody or other protein refers to the insertion or attachment of a calmodulin-binding peptide sequence by chemical or recombinant means. "Chemical means" includes any covalent attachment of the calmodulin-binding peptide to the protein of interest, e.g., using glutaraidehyde or other cross-linking reagents known in the art. "Recombinant means" entails modification of DNA (or other oligonucleotide) encoding the protein of interest to include an oligonucleotide encoding the calmodulin-binding peptide sequence, e.g., by site-specific mutation or other methods known in the art.
The term "inhibit" as used herein refers to the detectable reduction and/or elimination of a biological activity exhibited by calmodulin in the absence of a calmodulin-binding peptide of the invention.
The term "effective amount" refers to that amount of composition necessary to achieve the indicated effect. The term "treatment" as used herein refers to reducing or alleviating symptoms in a subject, preventing symptoms from worsening or progressing, inhibition or elimination of the causative agent, or prevention of the infection or disorder in a subject who is free therefrom. Thus, for example, treatment of a cancer patient may be reduction of rumor size, elimination of malignant cells, prevention of metastasis, or the prevention of relapse in a patient who has been cured. Treatment of infection includes destruction of the infecting agent, inhibition of or interference with its growth or maturation, neutralization of its pathological effects, and the like.
The term "infection" as used herein includes infection by bacteria, fungi, and other parasites, such as leishmania and malarial parasites. "Infectious agents" within the scope of this invention include yeasts and fungi such as C. albicans and P. carinii; parasites such as malarial Plasmodia, giardia, nematodes, roundworms and the like.
The term "hyperproliferative disorder" refers to disorders characterized by an abnormal or pathological proliferation of cells, for example, cancer, psoriasis, hyperplasia and the like.
The terms "amphiphilic" and "amphipathic" denote an α-helical peptide structure having charged (hydrophilic) residues along one surface, and uncharged/hydrophobic residues along the opposite surface.
The term "active fragment" refers to a peptide having only a portion of the one of the sequences identified herein, wherein said portion is sufficient to effect binding to calmodulin at a Kd of ≦50 nm under physiological conditions. Active fragments of the peptides of the invention are expected to have at least four consecutive amino acids from any single peptide, preferably from four to eight residues, more preferably up to ten residues. It is currently expected that the minimal active fragment, for most of the peptides disclosed herein, will include the "WP" dipeptide.
The term "analog" as used herein refers to peptides which exhibit calmodulin-binding activity (Kd of <50 nm under physiological conditions), but differ from the sequences reported herein by conservative substitution of one or two amino acids with other amino acids or amino acid substitutes. Conservative amino acid substitutions are those that preserve the general charge, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, and/or steric bulk of the amino acid substituted, for example Gly⃡Ala; Val⃡Ile⃡Leu; Asp⃡Glu; Lys⃡Arg; Asn⃡Gln; and Phe⃡Trp⃡Tyr. Analogs should exhibit the same general structure as the native calmodulin-binding peptide, e.g., as predicted by Chou-Fasman rules (P.Y. Chou & G.D. Fasman, Biochem (1974) 13:222-45). "Analog" also includes peptides having one or more peptide mimics ("peptoids"), such as those described in PCT application US91/04282. The presently preferred analog has the sequence WPSLKQLRSLK (SEQ ID NO. 30).
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to compounds and compositions which may be administered to mammals without undue toxicity. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable salts include mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, suffates, and the like; and the salts of organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonates, benzoates, and the like.
The term "ester" refers to moieties of the form R1 --C(═O)--OR2, where either R1 --C(═O)--O-- or OR2 represents a free carboxylic acid group present in the calmodulin-binding peptide, and the other portion represent an esterifying group. Exemplary esterifying groups useful with carboxylic acid groups present in the calmodulin-binding peptide include, without limitation, lower alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, and the like; lower alkenyl such as propenyl, butenyl, and the like; aryl and arylalkyl such as phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, and the like; and other groups, such as acetoxymethyl (CH3 C(═O))CH2 --); and the like. Exemplary esterifying groups useful with hydroxy groups appearing the in the calmodulin-binding peptide include, without limitation, lower acyl such as acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, benzoyl, and the like.
The term "anhydride" refers to a compound which results from the condensation of two carboxylic acids: R1 --C(═O)--O--C(═O)--R2. Anhydrides are formed by condensing carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, and the like, with a free carboxylic acid group present in the calmodulin-binding peptide. In general, one of the carboxylic acids is "activated", typically by conversion to an acyl halide. For example, acetic anhydrides may be prepared by reaction acetyl chloride with the calmodu- lin-binding peptide of the invention. Formation of anhydrides may require protection of labile groups present in the peptide using standard protecting groups.
The term "amide" as used herein refers to moieties of the form R1 --C(═O)--NR3, where either R1 --C(═O)-- represents a free carboxylic acid group present in either the calmodulin-binding peptide or the amidating group, and NR2 R3 represent an amine present in the amidating group or calmodulin-binding peptide. Exemplary amidating groups useful with carboxylic acid groups present in the calmodulin-binding peptide include, without limitation, lower alkylamine such as methylamine, ethylamine, dimethylamine, butylamine, N-methyl-N-ethylamine, and the like. Exemplary amidating groups useful with amine groups appearing the in the calmodulin-binding peptide include, without limitation, lower acyl such as acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, benzoyl, and the like.
The term "oligonucleotide" as used herein refers to DNA, RNA, and the like, which is capable of encoding a calmodulin-binding peptide of the invention. Oligonucleotides may be either single- or double-stranded.
B. General Method
The peptides of the invention were identified by screening a coliphage M13 library (J.J. Devlin et al., Science (1990) 249:404-06) for pIII phage proteins containing an epitope binding to calmodulin immobilized on a solid support. The phages were applied to a calmodulin-Sepharose® column, and eluted with EGTA. The phages isolated by this procedure were then subcloned and sequenced to determine the amino acid sequence of the binding peptide. All but one of the peptides so identified contain tryptophan (W). In 26 of 30 cases, the peptides also contain proline (P) and/or glycine (G), which are known to inhibit helicity of peptides. In 17 of 30 peptides, the sequence WP occurs at or near the N-terminus.
The peptides of the invention comprise the following sequences:
SFKQLVTEVFLQSRH (SEQ ID NO. 1); PWLKIRDSLQLNYLP (SEQ ID NO. 2); GSWLQLLNLMKQMNN (SEQ ID NO. 3); ASWTTVRSHFGSTMQ (SEQ ID NO. 4); QLSWKALVTSVLSPT (SEQ ID NO. 5); LSELWRNYSVRLMSS (SEQ ID NO. 6); AQLNRWKSLSKTMMS (SEQ ID NO. 7); TPSTSKWHQLIKSHR (SEQ ID NO. 8); ISLPQLKWLTHRLKQ (SEQ ID NO. 9); FPLLPYTWMARHHGS (SEQ ID NO. 10); NLTPQYFKKWQDLTK (SEQ ID NO. 11); TSSLRNTLQYWRSLI (SEQ ID NO. 12); WPSLTEIKTLSHFSV (SEQ ID NO. 13); WPSISTLSTYTHSLH (SEQ ID NO. 14); WPSIHHMSHLLYSTY (SEQ ID NO. 15); WPSVRTILNTDLLHP (SEQ ID NO. 16); WPSPTRVISTTYFGS (SEQ ID NO. 17); WPSPHKIMSTLQYLR (SEQ ID NO. 18); WPTTRELRSLKSFLT (SEQ ID NO. 19); WPKMTALQSTMKYVT (SEQ ID NO. 20); WPKSFLMWMPKATQL (SEQ ID NO. 21); WPRLSTLASMTNKAI (SEQ ID NO. 22); WPRVKDLSTYLEGHV (SEQ ID NO. 23); PWPMLKQLRLLKSSL (SEQ ID NO. 24); PMNWPTVHAIRSLRK (SEQ ID NO. 25); HISWPTLAQMSLMNF (SEQ ID NO. 26); LAHWPPVKTVLRSFT (SEQ ID NO. 27); VTKWPNLTQLRMLAT (SEQ ID NO. 28); and GSTNRWPTVAKLMST (SEQ ID NO. 29)
Preferred calmodulin-binding peptides of the invention contain the WP dipeptide.
The sequences may be embedded in the sequence of longer peptides or proteins, as long as they are accessible to calmodulin. Proteins or peptides containing the calmodulin-binding sequences may be selected for specificity to particular tissues and/or organisms, e.g., by following the procedure described in the Example below.
The peptides of the invention may be prepared by standard peptide synthesis techniques, such as solid-phase synthesis. Alternatively, the sequences of the invention may be incorporated into larger peptides or proteins by recombinant methods. This is most easily accomplished by preparing a DNA cassette which encodes the sequence of interest, and ligating the cassette into DNA encoding the protein to be modified at the appropriate site. The sequence DNA may be synthesized by standard synthetic techniques, or may be excised from the phage pIII gene using the appropriate restriction enzymes.
Fragments of the calmodulin-binding peptides identified herein may be prepared by simple solid-phase techniques. The minimum binding sequence may be determined systematically for each calmodulin-binding peptide by standard methods, for example, employing the method described by H.M. Geysen, U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,871. Briefly, one may synthesize a set of overlapping oligopeptides derived from any selected calmodulin-binding peptide (e.g., aa1 -aa7, aa2 -aa8, aa3 -aa9, etc.) bound to a solid phase array of pins, with a unique oligopeptide on each pin. The pins are arranged to match the format of a 96-well microtiter plate, permitting one to assay all pins simultaneously, e.g., for binding to labeled calmodulin. Using this method, one may readily determine the binding affinity for calmodulin for every possible subset of consecutive amino acids presented in any selected calmodulin-binding peptide of the invention.
Analogs of the invention are also prepared by standard solid-phase methods, and those methods described in PCT application US91/04282.
Many proteins may be modified at either the C- or N-terminus by adding a short oligopeptide without adversely affecting the protein's normal biological activity. Thus, proteins modified by addition of a calmodulin-binding peptide of the invention should retain their native activities, and additionally bind calmodulin. Such peptide-modified proteins may be purified by affinity chromatography using a column derivatized with calmodulin, such as calmodulin-Sepharose®. The calmodulin-binding sequence may also be inserted near a ligand binding site already present in the native protein, such that binding of calmodulin obscures the ligand binding site. Thus, one may prepare proteins which are additionally regulated or inhibited by calmodulin and Ca2+.
Additionally, one may insert a calmodulin-binding sequence into antibodies (e.g., in the Fc region) in order to direct the calmodulin-inhibitory activity to a particular target tissue. For example, antibody structure is relatively well-characterized. One may insert or replace a portion of the Fc region of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) with one or more calmodulin-binding sequences by homologous recombination of the antibody gene, or by other standard genetic engineering techniques, in order to provide a MAb having calmodulin-inhibitory activity. MAbs selective for tumor-associated antigens may thus be endowed with chemotherapeutic activity. Similarly, MAbs selective for eukaryotic pathogens may be made capable of inhibiting or killing the pathogens.
Peptides of the invention are preferably administered topically or by parenteral means, including subcutaneous and intramuscular injection, implantation of sustained release depots, intravenous injection, intranasal administration, and the like. Accordingly, the peptides may be administered as a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more peptides in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Such compositions may be aqueous solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, suspensions, gels, liposomal suspensions, and the like. Suitable excipients include water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and solutions of ethanol, glucose, sucrose, dextran, mannose, mannitol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), phosphate, acetate, gelatin, collagen, Carbopol®, vegetable oils, and the like. One may additionally include suitable preservatives, stabilizers, antioxidants, antimicrobials, and buffering agents, for example, BHA, BHT, citric acid, ascorbic acid, tetracycline, and the like. Cream or ointment bases useful in formulation include lanolin, Silvadene® (Marion), Aquaphor® (Duke Laboratories), and the like. Alternatively, one may incorporate or encapsulate peptides of the invention in a suitable polymer matrix or membrane, thus providing a sustained-release delivery device suitable for implantation near the site to be treated locally. Other devices include indwelling catheters and devices such as the Alzet® minipump. Ophthalmic preparations may be formulated using commercially available vehicles such as Sorbi-care® (Allergan), Neodecadron® (Merck, Sharp & Dohme), Lacrilube®, and the like. Further, one may provide the peptides in solid form, especially as a lyophilized powder. Lyophilized formulations typically contain stabilizing and bulking agents, for example human serum albumin, sucrose, mannitol, and the like. A thorough discussion of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients is available in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Pub. Co.). The peptides/fragments/analogs of the invention may be further modified to improve cellular uptake by estefification. The charged residues may be masked by esterifying carboxylic acid groups with acetoxymethyl in order to facilitate diffusion through the plasma membrane. Once inside the cell, endogenous nonspecific esterases saponify the acetoxymethyl group readily, thus regenerating the native form of the calmodulin-binding peptide.
The amount of calmodulin-binding peptide required to treat any particular disorder will of course vary depending upon the nature and severity of the disorder, the age and condition of the subject, and other factors readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. The appropriate dosage may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, for prevention of pregnancy, an amount of calmodulin-binding peptide administered intrauterally may range from about 2 μg/kg to about 10 mg/kg. An appropriate dose for treatment of tumors will range from about 2 μg/kg to about 20 mg/kg.
In general, peptides of the invention will be useful for control of cell growth, division, and meiosis; regulation of cell motility (such as chemotaxis, endocytosis), sperm motility, and smooth muscle motility (e.g., cardiac muscle, gut muscle); prevention of pregnancy; regulation of carbohydrate metabolism (e.g., regulation of glucose and/or glycogen metabolism); regulation of neurotransmission (e.g., exocytosis at synaptic junctions); anti-psychotic activity; anti-inflammatory activity (e.g., through regulation of the lipoxygen lipase pathway); regulation of secretory processes; and regulation of fluid secretion.
C. EXAMPLES
The example presented below is provided as a further guide to the practitioner of ordinary skill in the art, and is not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
Example (Selection of Peptides)
A.) Preparation: Calmodulin (prepared from rat testes) was coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose® 4B beads following the manufacturer's directions to prepare a 1 mL column, and the column stripped with 6M guanidine.HCl. A 50 μL aliquot of random peptide bacteriophage library (5×1010 phage, obtained from James Devlin, Chiron Corporation) was diluted in 1 mL of sterile column buffer (50 mM Tris.HCl, 1 mg/mL BSA, pH 7.5) containing 1 mM CaCl2, and the solution applied to the calmodulin-Sepharose® column preequilibrated with column buffer containing 1 mM CaCl2. The bacteriophage library is further described in J.J. Devlin et al., Science (1990) 249:404-06, which also describes preparation and screening. See also S.F. Parmley and G.P. Smith, Gene (1988) 73:305.
B.) Elution/Selection: The column was then washed with column buffer containing 1 mM CaCl2 (25 mL), then column buffer containing 1 mM CaCh and 1 M NaCl (50 mL), then column buffer containing 1 mM EGTA and 1M NaCl (25 mL), and finally with 0.1M glycine.HCl, pH 2.2, containing 1 mg/mL BSA (25 mL). Fractions were collected for each elution with EGTA or glycine. Following the final elution, the column was again stripped with 6M guanidine.HCl.
Fractions eluted with EGTA were neutralized by adding CaCl2 to a final concentration of 1 mM. Fractions eluted with glycine were neutralized by adding 1M Tris base to a final pH of 7.5. The numbers of bacteriophage in fractions were determined by standard microbiological procedures.
C.) Amplification: EGTA-eluted fractions were pooled, and the phage amplified in XL-1 Blue E. coli on solid media (density ≦20,000 phage per 75 cm2). The phage were harvested by adding sterile SM (100 mM NaCl, 7.5 mM MgSO4, 50 mM Tris, 0.01% gelatin, pH 7.5), and incubating at 4° C. overnight. SM containing phage was removed from the amplification plates, and residual bacteria removed by centrifugation at 10,000×g for 10 min. An aliquot of the resulting enriched, amplified phage (5-10×1010 pfu) was applied to the calmodulin-Sepharose® column, and reselected and eluted as described in part B) above twice more. After the third application to the calmodulin-Sepharose® column, individual bacteriophage clones were selected from the final EGTA eluate, and the sequences of the random DNA inserts (within the pIII protein) were determined by standard DNA sequencing methods.
Glycine-eluted fractions were also pooled, and treated in parallel with the EGTA-eluted fractions, as described above. The sequences of the random DNA inserts were determined by standard DNA sequencing methods.
D.) Results: The sequences obtained are fisted below in single-letter amino acid code. The first two amino acids, alanine-glutamic acid ("AE"), are derived from the bacteriophage pIII protein immediately preceding the random insert. The six proline residues at the C-terminus are inserted to extend the random insert away from the pIII protein to maximize accessibility for binding, and to minimize any secondary structure that might otherwise be imposed on the random insert by the pIII protein.
AE-SFKQLVTEVFLQSRH-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 31); AE-PWLKIRDSLQLNYLP-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 32); AE-GSWLQLLNLMKQMNN-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 33); AE-ASWTTVRSHFGSTMQ-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 34); AE-QLSWKALVTSVLSPT-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 35); AE-LSELWRNYSVRLMSS-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 36); AE-AQLNRWKSLSKTMMS-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 37); AE-TPSTSKWHQLIKSHR-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 38); AE-ISLPQLKWLTHRLKQ-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 39); AE-FPLLPYTWMARHHGS-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 40); AE-NLTPOYFKKWODLTK-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 41); AE-TSSLRNTLQYWRSLI-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 42); AE-WPSLTEIKTLSHFSV-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 43); AE-WPSISTLSTYTHSLH-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 44); AE-WPSIHHMSHLLYSTY-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 45); AE-WPSVRTILNTDLLHP-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 46); AE-WPSPTRVISTTYFGS-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 47); AE-WPSPHKIMSTLQYLR-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 48); AE-WPTTRELRSLKSFLT-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 49); AE-WPKMTALQSTMKYVT-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 50); AE-WPKSFLMWMPKATOL-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 51); AE-WPRLSTLASMTNKAI-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 52); AE-WPRVKDLSTYLEGHV-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 53); AE-PWPMLKQLRLLKSSL-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 54); AE-PMNWPTVHAIRSLRK-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 55); AE-HISWPTLAQMSLMNF-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 56); AE-LAHWPPVKTVLRSFT-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 57); AE-VTKWPNLTQLRMLAT-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 58); and AE-GSTNRWPTVAKLMST-PPPPPP (SEQ ID NO. 59);
It is noteworthy that all but one of the sequences contains one or more tryptophan residues. Even more interesting is that all but four of the sequences contain one or more proline or glycine residues. Many have a proline residue (i.e., a "helix breaker") adjacent to the tryptophan. The presence of proline and/or glycine residues in a peptide generally inhibits the formation of an alpha helix. Thus, the peptides of the invention are unusual because they do not follow current predictions that calmodulin-binding peptides should adopt a strict alpha helix conformation.
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SEQUENCE LISTING                                                          
(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                                  
(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 59                                             
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                          
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(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
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SerPheLysGlnLeuValThrGluValPheLeuGlnSerArgHis                             
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(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
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ProTrpLeuLysIleArgAspSerLeuGlnLeuAsnTyrLeuPro                             
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(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
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GlySerTrpLeuGlnLeuLeuAsnLeuMetLysGlnMetAsnAsn                             
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(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
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AlaSerTrpThrThrValArgSerHisPheGlySerThrMetGln                             
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GlnLeuSerTrpLysAlaLeuValThrSerValLeuSerProThr                             
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LeuSerGluLeuTrpArgAsnTyrSerValArgLeuMetSerSer                             
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(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
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AlaGlnLeuAsnArgTrpLysSerLeuSerLysThrMetMetSer                             
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(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
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ThrProSerThrSerLysTrpHisGlnLeuIleLysSerHisArg                             
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(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
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IleSerLeuProGlnLeuLysTrpLeuThrHisArgLeuLysGln                             
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(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
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PheProLeuLeuProTyrThrTrpMetAlaArgHisHisGlySer                             
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AsnLeuThrProGlnTyrPheLysLysTrpGlnAspLeuThrLys                             
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ThrSerSerLeuArgAsnThrLeuGlnTyrTrpArgSerLeuIle                             
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TrpProSerLeuThrGluIleLysThrLeuSerHisPheSerVal                             
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TrpProSerIleSerThrLeuSerThrTyrThrHisSerLeuHis                             
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TrpProSerIleHisHisMetSerHisLeuLeuTyrSerThrTyr                             
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(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:16:                                  
TrpProSerValArgThrIleLeuAsnThrAspLeuLeuHisPro                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:17:                                  
TrpProSerProThrArgValIleSerThrThrTyrPheGlySer                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:18:                                  
TrpProSerProHisLysIleMetSerThrLeuGlnTyrLeuArg                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:19:                                  
TrpProThrThrArgGluLeuArgSerLeuLysSerPheLeuThr                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:20:                                  
TrpProLysMetThrAlaLeuGlnSerThrMetLysTyrValThr                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:21:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:21:                                  
TrpProLysSerPheLeuMetTrpMetProLysAlaThrGlnLeu                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:22:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:22:                                  
TrpProArgLeuSerThrLeuAlaSerMetThrAsnLysAlaIle                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:23:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:23:                                  
TrpProArgValLysAspLeuSerThrTyrLeuGluGlyHisVal                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:24:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:24:                                  
ProTrpProMetLeuLysGlnLeuArgLeuLeuLysSerSerLeu                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:25:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:25:                                  
ProMetAsnTrpProThrValHisAlaIleArgSerLeuArgLys                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:26:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:26:                                  
HisIleSerTrpProThrLeuAlaGlnMetSerLeuMetAsnPhe                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:27:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:27:                                  
LeuAlaHisTrpProProValLysThrValLeuArgSerPheThr                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:28:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:28:                                  
ValThrLysTrpProAsnLeuThrGlnLeuArgMetLeuAlaThr                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:29:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:29:                                  
GlySerThrAsnArgTrpProThrValAlaLysLeuMetSerThr                             
151015                                                                    
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:30:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 11 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:30:                                  
TrpProSerLeuLysGlnLeuArgSerLeuLys                                         
1510                                                                      
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:31:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:31:                                  
AlaGluSerPheLysGlnLeuValThrGluValPheLeuGlnSerArg                          
151015                                                                    
HisProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:32:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:32:                                  
AlaGluProTrpLeuLysIleArgAspSerLeuGlnLeuAsnTyrLeu                          
151015                                                                    
ProProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:33:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:33:                                  
AlaGluGlySerTrpLeuGlnLeuLeuAsnLeuMetLysGlnMetAsn                          
151015                                                                    
AsnProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:34:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:34:                                  
AlaGluAlaSerTrpThrThrValArgSerHisPheGlySerThrMet                          
151015                                                                    
GlnProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:35:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:35:                                  
AlaGluGlnLeuSerTrpLysAlaLeuValThrSerValLeuSerPro                          
151015                                                                    
ThrProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:36:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:36:                                  
AlaGluLeuSerGluLeuTrpArgAsnTyrSerValArgLeuMetSer                          
151015                                                                    
SerProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:37:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:37:                                  
AlaGluAlaGlnLeuAsnArgTrpLysSerLeuSerLysThrMetMet                          
151015                                                                    
SerProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:38:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:38:                                  
AlaGluThrProSerThrSerLysTrpHisGlnLeuIleLysSerHis                          
151015                                                                    
ArgProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:39:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:39:                                  
AlaGluIleSerLeuProGlnLeuLysTrpLeuThrHisArgLeuLys                          
151015                                                                    
GlnProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:40:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:40:                                  
AlaGluPheProLeuLeuProTyrThrTrpMetAlaArgHisHisGly                          
151015                                                                    
SerProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:41:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:41:                                  
AlaGluAsnLeuThrProGlnTyrPheLysLysTrpGlnAspLeuThr                          
151015                                                                    
LysProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:42:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:42:                                  
AlaGluThrSerSerLeuArgAsnThrLeuGlnTyrTrpArgSerLeu                          
151015                                                                    
IleProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:43:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:43:                                  
AlaGluTrpProSerLeuThrGluIleLysThrLeuSerHisPheSer                          
151015                                                                    
ValProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:44:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:44:                                  
AlaGluTrpProSerIleSerThrLeuSerThrTyrThrHisSerLeu                          
151015                                                                    
HisProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:45:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:45:                                  
AlaGluTrpProSerIleHisHisMetSerHisLeuLeuTyrSerThr                          
151015                                                                    
TyrProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:46:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:46:                                  
AlaGluTrpProSerValArgThrIleLeuAsnThrAspLeuLeuHis                          
151015                                                                    
ProProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:47:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:47:                                  
AlaGluTrpProSerProThrArgValIleSerThrThrTyrPheGly                          
151015                                                                    
SerProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:48:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:48:                                  
AlaGluTrpProSerProHisLysIleMetSerThrLeuGlnTyrLeu                          
151015                                                                    
ArgProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:49:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:49:                                  
AlaGluTrpProThrThrArgGluLeuArgSerLeuLysSerPheLeu                          
151015                                                                    
ThrProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:50:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:50:                                  
AlaGluTrpProLysMetThrAlaLeuGlnSerThrMetLysTyrVal                          
151015                                                                    
ThrProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:51:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:51:                                  
AlaGluTrpProLysSerPheLeuMetTrpMetProLysAlaThrGln                          
151015                                                                    
LeuProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:52:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:52:                                  
AlaGluTrpProArgLeuSerThrLeuAlaSerMetThrAsnLysAla                          
151015                                                                    
IleProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:53:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:53:                                  
AlaGluTrpProArgValLysAspLeuSerThrTyrLeuGluGlyHis                          
151015                                                                    
ValProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:54:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:54:                                  
AlaGluProTrpProMetLeuLysGlnLeuArgLeuLeuLysSerSer                          
151015                                                                    
LeuProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:55:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:55:                                  
AlaGluProMetAsnTrpProThrValHisAlaIleArgSerLeuArg                          
151015                                                                    
LysProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:56:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:56:                                  
AlaGluHisIleSerTrpProThrLeuAlaGlnMetSerLeuMetAsn                          
151015                                                                    
PheProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:57:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:57:                                  
AlaGluLeuAlaHisTrpProProValLysThrValLeuArgSerPhe                          
151015                                                                    
ThrProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:58:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:58:                                  
AlaGluValThrLysTrpProAsnLeuThrGlnLeuArgMetLeuAla                          
151015                                                                    
ThrProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:59:                                         
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                             
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids                                                
(B) TYPE: amino acid                                                      
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                  
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                      
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                               
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:59:                                  
AlaGluGlySerThrAsnArgTrpProThrValAlaLysLeuMetSer                          
151015                                                                    
ThrProProProProProPro                                                     
20                                                                        
__________________________________________________________________________

Claims (6)

What is claimed:
1. A peptide capable of inhibiting calmodulin, said peptide selected from the group consisting of:
(a) an oligopeptide having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29;
(b) an active fragment of the oligopeptide of (a), wherein said active fragment comprises at least eight consecutive residues of said sequence, and wherein said active fragment exhibits KD ≦50 nM for binding to calmodulin under physiological conditions; and
(c) an analog of the oligopeptide of (a) , wherein said analog differs from the oligopeptide of (a) only by the conservative replacement of one or two amino acid residues in said sequence by other amino acid residues, and wherein said analog exhibits KD ≦50 nM for binding to calmodulin under physiological conditions;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, or anhydride thereof.
2. A peptide according to claim 1, wherein said oligopeptide of (a) has the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, or anhydride thereof.
3. A protein capable of inhibiting calmodulin, wherein the sequence of said protein comprises the amino acid sequence of a peptide according to claim 1.
4. A protein according to claim 3, wherein said oligopeptide of (a) has the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29.
5. A compound of the formula:
X.sub.1 --(binding peptide)--X.sub.2 ,
wherein X1 and X2 are independently selected from the group consisting of a peptide of 1-200 amino acids, acyl, and H; and wherein said binding peptide has the amino acid sequence of a peptide according to claim 1;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, or anhydride thereof.
6. An oligonucleotide which encodes the amino acid sequence of a peptide according to claim 1.
US08/268,251 1992-02-06 1994-06-28 Calmodulin-binding peptides and nucleic acids encoding them Expired - Lifetime US5585475A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/268,251 US5585475A (en) 1992-02-06 1994-06-28 Calmodulin-binding peptides and nucleic acids encoding them

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US83121992A 1992-02-06 1992-02-06
US08/268,251 US5585475A (en) 1992-02-06 1994-06-28 Calmodulin-binding peptides and nucleic acids encoding them

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US83121992A Continuation 1992-02-06 1992-02-06

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US5585475A true US5585475A (en) 1996-12-17

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US9164099B2 (en) 2002-09-12 2015-10-20 Life Technologies Corporation Site-specific labeling of affinity tags in fusion proteins

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9164099B2 (en) 2002-09-12 2015-10-20 Life Technologies Corporation Site-specific labeling of affinity tags in fusion proteins
US6805945B1 (en) * 2003-03-19 2004-10-19 Cheng Loong Corporation Waterproof heat-preservative film and manufacture method thereof
US20040224156A1 (en) * 2003-03-19 2004-11-11 Cheng Loong Corporation Waterproof heat-preservative film and manufacture method thereof
US20110105382A1 (en) * 2007-08-22 2011-05-05 Mansoor Husain Calmodulin-binding peptides that reduce cell proliferation in cancer and smooth muscle proliferation diseases
US20150037342A1 (en) * 2012-03-14 2015-02-05 Proda Biotech Llc Method to prevent cancer metastasis and inhibit inflammation by inhibition of p68 interaction with calmodulin
US11214624B2 (en) * 2012-03-14 2022-01-04 Proda Biotech Llc Method to prevent cancer metastasis and inhibit inflammation by inhibition of p68 interaction with calmodulin

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