US4904063A - Liquid crystal lenses having a Fresnel lens - Google Patents
Liquid crystal lenses having a Fresnel lens Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4904063A US4904063A US07/199,535 US19953588A US4904063A US 4904063 A US4904063 A US 4904063A US 19953588 A US19953588 A US 19953588A US 4904063 A US4904063 A US 4904063A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- lens
- liquid crystal
- fresnel
- component members
- fresnel lens
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/133371—Cells with varying thickness of the liquid crystal layer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133526—Lenses, e.g. microlenses or Fresnel lenses
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/294—Variable focal length devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/28—Function characteristic focussing or defocussing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a variable focal length lens employing a liquid crystal, and more particularly, to such a lens which improves the response and recovery characteristic to adjustment of a focal length thereof.
- a technique for making a lens variable in its focal length utilizing the double refraction of a liquid crystal has been known from, for example, Japanese Laid Open Patent Publication Sho 52/1977 - 32348, Japanese Patent Publication Sho 61/1986 - 45812, and U.S.A. Pats. No. 4,190,330 and No. 4,037,929.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 An example of such a conventional lens employing a liquid crystal (hereinafter referred to as a liquid crystal lens), as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, is constructed by including a spherical concave lens 21 and a plate glass 22 as structural members thereof on which transparent conductive layers 23 and 24 are respectively provided and confining a liquid crystal 26 in a hollow space formed by joining these members together through an insulator spacer 25 to form a liquid crystal lens 20.
- An a.c. voltage from an a.c. power source 27 is adjustably applied across the layers 23 and 24 through a variable resistor 29. Even when the a.c. voltage is not applied, an orientation treatment is performed to the liquid crystal 26 so as to arrange the liquid crystal molecules in a specific direction.
- the liquid crystals in FIGS. 4 and 5 have an homogeneous orientation.
- a focal length of the lens is f
- a refractive index is n
- radii of curvature of both sides of the lens are r l and r 2 respectively
- the focal length of the lens is given as follows: ##EQU1## It is noted from the equation that a focal length of the lens can be changed by changing its refractive index n.
- a thickness of the lens can be reduced.
- a lens has a structure of a Fresnel lens that has a surface consisting of a concentric series of simple lens sections, it is possible to reduce the effective thickness of a liquid crystal layer to the extent of the sum of the depth of grooves in the Fresnel lens and a thickness of the spacer for preventing an electrical short circuit between electrodes.
- the lens thus constructed can be reduced in thickness so that its thickness is less than that of the liquid crystal lens 20 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
- the diameter of the lens can be made large while the response and recovery time are reduced.
- Fresnel lenses with the same focal length.
- the following are three typical examples of Fresnel lenses having a number of annular ring-shaped Fresnel grooves exhibiting a sawtooth wave in section which is formed by a portion 7a (see FIG. 7A) parallel to the center axis of the lens which is part of a cylindrical surface and a curved portion 7b (see FIG. 7A).
- a first example, as shown in FIG. 7A, is a Fresnel lens with Fresnel groove crests leveled where the grooves are formed such that their crests 7c are leveled (i.e., the crests 7c all lie in a common plane), their curved surfaces 7b increase in inclination toward the lens periphery and their troughs 7d increase in depth toward the lens periphery.
- a second example, as shown in FIG. 7B, is a Fresnel lens with Fresnel groove troughs leveled where the grooves are formed such that their troughs 7d are leveled, their curved surfaces 7b increase in inclination toward the lens periphery and their crests 7c increase in height toward the lens periphery.
- a third example, as shown in FIG. 7C, is a Fresnel lens with Fresnel groove crests and troughs leveled where their crests 7c and the troughs 7c are leveled, their curved surfaces 7b increase in inclination toward the lens periphery and their groove pitches decrease unequally toward the lens periphery.
- the response and recovery time of the lens is a big problem. Since the response and recovery time depends upon a thickness of a liquid crystal layer, a Fresnel lens is required to reduce a thickness of a liquid crystal layer.
- the Fresnel lens with the groove troughs leveled is maximum in thickness at its central area of the liquid crystal layer, so that it has the largest response and recovery time at the central area of the liquid crystal layer which is most important as a lens.
- a liquid crystal cell employing a Fresnel lens with the groove troughs leveled requires an amount of crystal liquid more than the one in a spherical lens, resulting in an expensive liquid crystal lens.
- a liquid crystal cell can be reduced in thickness when a Fresnel lens with the groove crests leveled is employed in a liquid crystal cell for forming a liquid crystal lens. Consequently, it is possible to reduce the response and recovery time of the liquid crystal lens when a voltage is applied thereto, which has a variable focal length and a rapid response characteristic. Further, an amount of liquid crystal to be charged in the cell is reduced and thus an inexpensive liquid crystal lens can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged sectional view of one embodiment of a liquid crystal lens according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of another embodiment of a liquid crystal lens according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of a conventional liquid crystal lens employing a Fresnel lens whose surface is formed of grooves of the trough leveled type;
- FIGS. 4 and 5 are longitudinal and transverse sectional views of a conventional liquid crystal employing a spherical lens respectively;
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a liquid crystal lens combined with a polarizing plate.
- FIGS. 7A to 7C are sectional views illustrating a variety of examples of Fresnel grooves for forming a Fresnel lens surface.
- a liquid crystal lens 1 comprises a Fresnel lens 2a whose surface is formed of the crest leveled grooves 2ao and a plate glass 3.
- a liquid crystal cell is formed by joining the Fresnel lens 2a and the plate glass 3 through an insulator spacer 4.
- Transparent conductive layers 5 and 6 are respectively formed on the inner sides of the Fresnel lens 2a and the plate glass 3, which sides form the liquid crystal cell therebetween.
- the cell is charged with a liquid crystal 7 of the nematic type to form the liquid crystal lens 1.
- An a.c. voltage from an a.c. power source 8 is applied through a variable resistor 9 to the transparent layers 5 and 6 as is in FIG. 4.
- Liquid crystal molecules within the cell are subjected to an orientation treatment so as to be arranged in a specific direction to have a homogeneous orientation.
- the liquid crystal lens 1 with such a structure whose liquid crystal layer is greatly reduced in thickness compared with a conventional liquid crystal lens 1a shown in FIG. 3, is combined with a polarizing plate (not shown) and a voltage from the a.c. power source 8 is applied to the liquid crystal within the cell through the variable resistor 9, the liquid crystal molecules rotate to be arranged in the direction of the longitudinal axis thereof and can be rapidly adjusted to a desired focal length because of the reduced thickness of the liquid crystal layer.
- the liquid crystal lens 7 since the recovery time is reduced, when the voltage is removed from the liquid crystal lens 1, it is rapidly restored to its initial focal length.
- the liquid crystal lens 7 has the advantage of its focal length being rapidly adjustable.
- the central area of a lens is generally important for use and it is desirous to improve the response and recovery characteristic at the central area. Since a liquid crystal lens which is formed of a Fresnel lens with the groove crests leveled has a comparatively reduced thickness of the liquid crystal layer at the central area of the lens, the present invention provides a liquid crystal lens of the structure where a characteristic at the central area is effectively improved.
- While the description with reference to FIG. 1 is to form the liquid crystal cell comprising the plate glass 3 and the crest leveled Fresnel lens 2a, it may be possible to form a liquid crystal cell by employing a Fresnel lens i place of the plate glass 3 in such a manner that these Fresnel lenses are in opposing relationship with each other.
- a liquid crystal lens 1A comprises a Fresnel lens 2c whose surface is formed of Fresnel grooves 2co whose crests and troughs are leveled (uniform depth) by changing pitches and a plate glass 3.
- Other structures of FIG. 2 are the same as the first embodiment.
- the response time Tr is in direct proportion to d 2 .
- FIG. 1 shows a liquid crystal cell employing a Fresnel lens of the crests leveled type
- FIG. 3 shows a conventional liquid crystal lens employing a Fresnel lens 2b of the troughs leveled type whose surface is formed of Fresnel grooves 2bo with their troughs leveled. Noting thicknesses especially at the central areas of the liquid crystal layer in the liquid crystal lenses 1, 1a, they give d V >d M .
- the liquid crystal cells are formed by interposing a spacer of 10 ⁇ m between the Fresnel lens with a grooved surface having a radius of 30 mm and a pitch of 50 ⁇ m and the glass plate, both cells give d V ⁇ 50 ⁇ m (approximately 40 ⁇ m + 10 ⁇ m) and d M ⁇ 10 ⁇ m (approximately 0 ⁇ m + 10 ⁇ m).
- the liquid crystal lens 1 with the Fresnel lens of the crest leveled type can be reduced to nearly one fifth in thickness at the central area of the liquid crystal layer as compared with the conventional one.
- the response characteristic at the central area of a liquid crystal cell formed by the crest leveled Fresnel lens 2a can be improved by twenty five times that of a liquid crystal cell formed by the trough leveled Fresnel lens 2b on calculation.
- the liquid crystal lens according to the present invention unlike a liquid crystal cell in a parallel plane form, the liquid crystal layer varies in thickness due to the unevenness of the Fresnel lens surface according to measuring positions.
- the Fresnel lens with a uniform pitch is employed, the improvement in the response characteristic at the peripheral edge of the liquid crystal cell is insignificant compared with the central area. It is noted, however, that these can be improved by employing the Fresnel lens 2c as shown in FIG. 7C in which the pitch is reduced as approaching the peripheral edge of the liquid crystal cell.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Tr∞d.sup.2 (2)
Claims (8)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP61-047510 | 1986-03-05 | ||
JP61047510A JP2666907B2 (en) | 1986-03-05 | 1986-03-05 | Liquid crystal lens |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US07017275 Continuation | 1987-02-20 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US4904063A true US4904063A (en) | 1990-02-27 |
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ID=12777105
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US07/199,535 Expired - Fee Related US4904063A (en) | 1986-03-05 | 1988-05-27 | Liquid crystal lenses having a Fresnel lens |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US4904063A (en) |
JP (1) | JP2666907B2 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2187567B (en) |
Cited By (101)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US5069813A (en) * | 1990-12-10 | 1991-12-03 | Bell Communications Research, Inc. | Electrically controlled polarization-independent liquid crystal fresnel lens |
US5097352A (en) * | 1988-09-28 | 1992-03-17 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Optical system including liquid crystal devices |
US5124836A (en) * | 1989-12-25 | 1992-06-23 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Real image mode finder optical system |
US5150234A (en) * | 1988-08-08 | 1992-09-22 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Imaging apparatus having electrooptic devices comprising a variable focal length lens |
US5191479A (en) * | 1991-03-28 | 1993-03-02 | Nipox Kabushiki Kaisha | Fresnel lens |
US5198912A (en) * | 1990-01-12 | 1993-03-30 | Polaroid Corporation | Volume phase hologram with liquid crystal in microvoids between fringes |
US5483254A (en) * | 1993-12-28 | 1996-01-09 | Dimensional Displays Inc. | 3D video display devices |
US5493427A (en) * | 1993-05-25 | 1996-02-20 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Three-dimensional display unit with a variable lens |
US5528402A (en) * | 1994-02-07 | 1996-06-18 | Parker; William P. | Addressable electrohologram employing electro-optic layer and patterned conductor between two electrodes |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2666907B2 (en) | 1997-10-22 |
GB8704323D0 (en) | 1987-04-01 |
JPS62204227A (en) | 1987-09-08 |
GB2187567B (en) | 1990-01-31 |
GB2187567A (en) | 1987-09-09 |
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