US469719A - Tellurian - Google Patents

Description

(No Model.) 3 Sheets-Sheet 2.

S. M. REAVIS.

TELLURIAN.

Patented Mar. 1', 1892.

UNITED v STATES PATENT OFFICE.

SAMUEL M. REAvIs, oF EEANKEOET, INDIANA.

TELLURIAN.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 469,719, dated March 1, 1892. Apuiimion inea July so, 1890. semi No. 360,429. (No man.)

Clare the following to be a full, clear, and exact description of the' invention, such as will enable others skilled yin the art to which it appertains to make and use the saine.-

My invention relates to improvements in tellu'rians.

The object of my invention is to produce a telluriau which will be simple and inexpensiveof construction, be durable, and which will be adapted to illustrate the greatest possible number of phenomena for the simplicity of its design.

Figure 1 is a plan View of a part of the de- Fig. 2 is a sectional viewof the instru- Fig. 3 isa vice. Inent'along plane h2 h2 of Fig. 3.

plan view of-the essential portions of the apparatus Fig.l 4 is a plan view of the base of the instrument on which diagrams and illustrations of times of eventsV and motions of the earth are shown.

The same'letters and numbers refer to the lsame parts in differentfigures.

the construction and arrangement of con? nected and co-operating parts which are secured together and have no relative motion such parts are shown in Fig. with-common sectionin'g.

B is a base 'or support for theapparatus and has a nat top surface, on which illustrations and diagrams are shown.

C Dis a column supporting the apparatus, and its axis passes through the sun S. The sun is supported on the top` of the Wire 34, which is secured in the end F of the column C D. The earth is supported and carried by the lever L, which is pivoted on the end F of the column C D, and moves ina horizontal plane about the vertical axis U3 v3 in the direction of the arrows r r, Figs. 3 and 4, which thus carries the earth around the sun in adirection from west to east.

The device is constructed to operate automatically and regularly, so that it Will not require manipulation when used in lectures. A coiled spring 27, Figs. 2 and 3, is secured at one end to the top F of the -column C D,

the leverL and is capable of turning the lever L about the pivot F in the direction of the arrows r r. `Any suitable means may be `employed for regulating the speed of rotation of the lever L under the force of the spring 27, as a pawl-and-ratch'et device.

1 is a stationary spur-wheel on the column C, and 2 a pinion engaging the wheel 1 and supportedon and turning with the bearingpin Z, which is supported by a second lever N, pivoted tothe column D by a boss Y, and which turns with the lever L by suitable connections.

31 represents a balance-wheelv for controlling the speed of rotation about the column' C D caused by the spring 27. Any other suitable speed-regulator may be connected to ythe bearing-pin IZ for regulating the action i and the other end is secured by the pin 2S to 55 of the spring 27 and the speed of the lever L.

The earth E is supported and carried by the crank-arm Q, which is secured to the upper end of the shaft WV, that is held and turns in the boss O on the end of the lever L.v The axis of vrotation o a of the earth is inclined to the vertical line'o o through the shaft W, so y that the equatorialplane of rotation e e may be inclined twenty-three and one-half degrees to the plane of the earths orbit h h, as shown inFig. 2. The earth E is supported and turns on a sleeve V, shown made integral with or attached to the arm Q A collar connected to the earth E, turns upon and about the lower end of the sleeveV and has a bevelpinion 14, which engages the spur-wheel 1-3 on the shaft X, that is held and turns in the boss R on the end of the arm Q. The earth is rotated about its axis ct a When-the arm Q turns about the axis o v by the wheels 11 12 13. The spur-wheel 11 is connected to the boss O on the Vlever L and is stationary. When the arm Q turns about the axis no in the direction of the arrow r2, Fig. 3, the wheels l12 and 13 turn in the direction of the arrow r3 and thus cause the bevel-pinion 14.y and the earth E to rotate in the direction of the arrows r4, Fig. 3, or .from west to east. The arm Q is rotated by means of the bevelwheels 3 4 5 6 and the shafts 17 and W'. The shaft 17 is supported under the lever L by means of the lugs 29, and the shaft Wis supported in the boss O on the end of the lever L. The bevel 3 is stationary, so that when IOO bearing in thelug 30, cast to theunder side` per end V26 of the sleeve V ismade square,

it the bevel 4: is caused to rotate, whence the bevels 5 and G rotate and cause the arm Q to turn in the direction of the arrow r2, Fig. The apparatus so far described is designed to cause the earth to change its ecliptic inclination during the `annular rotation of the earth around the sun. lf the relative positions shown are those of the 1st of July, then on the ist of January the arm Q would project in the opposite direction relative to L, or toward -the sun, and the earths axis would then be inclined at the top away from the sun. When the bodies S and E come into the positions shown again, it will be the 1st of July again, and the earth will have made an annual revolution. Consequently the operating mechanism must be proportioned so that the proper relative velocities will be given to the earth and nioon in their motions about the sun.

means ,of the mechanism Q 7 8 9 10 1821 22 24 1 5 16. T he bevel 7 is secured to the hub P and is stationary. The bevels 8 and 9 are secured on the ends of `a `shaft carried in a of the arm Q. The bevel 9 drives the bevel 10 on the lower` end of the-shaft 18. The upand the'spur-wheel 15 is th us secured thereon in `a stationary manner.

' 21is a lever pivoted b y the pin 19 to the upper end ,of the shaft 18, so that its outer end4 may have yavertical movement.

16r is a pinion having a bearing 22 in the end 0f the lever 21.

2 3 is a nut, which secures the pinion 16 to the lever 21,and the wire 24, which supports and carries the moon, is secured in its top.

The end of the shaft 18 plays freely in a slot 2O in the lever 21. A washer 25 is placed between the top surface of the wheel 15 and the under surface of the lever 21, and its upper surface is inclined at an angle of ved-egrees, as `indicated by the dotted line m, which is parallel with the line c m through the centers of the earth and moon and which shows `the inclination of the moons orbit to the plane through the centers of the earth and sun, or to the earths orbit; The washer -25 may be adj usted to show the precessvion of the moons orbit. Since the washer 25 is made wedgeshaped, by turning it about the stem 18 it will raise or lower the lever 2l and hence vary the precession of the moon, Of course the washer is stationary, and as the relative positions of the earth and moon are constant a change in the position of the washer will throw the moon up or down. When the arm Q is rotated about the axis o fu, the stationary bevel 7 causes the bevels 8 9 10 to rotate and thus the shaft 18, which causes the -lever 21 to rotate about the axis/02122. Since the wheel 15 is stationary, the motion of the lever 21 causes the pin 1G to rotate and hence the moon to revolve around the earth.

The apparatus described is so arranged that the moon revolves about the earth from west toeast. Since when the moon revolves about the earth it always presents the same side to the earth, it will make one rotation on its axis, although rigidly connected to the support 2l, so that the instrument shows the rotation of both the earth and the moon. The sun is placed at S centrally over the pivot F, about which the lever L and the earth rotate. small sphere may represent the sun, or any suitable light may be located at that point.

'lhis instru ment is capable of showing the variation of the earths motion or velocity in its orbit during an annular revolution. A regular speed of the lever L and the axis fu ru about the axis o3 v3 is producedby the spring 27 and suitable regulating means, as the balancewheel/l. Since the earth makes one revolution around the` sun in one year, the shaft W rotates once in `one year, since the pinions 3 and 6 are equal, and also the pin-` i i ions 4 and 5, and causes the pin 32, attached vto the bevel 6, to Vdescribe a circle in a year. Since the lever N is pivoted to the column D independently of the lever L, these two levers are free to be moved independently about the axis@3 v3.1 When the pin 32 is in the posiend of the lever N forward, or contrary to the direction of the arrow r2, Fig. 3.

The motion of -thelever N, is the correct motion of the earthabout the sunl with reference to rapidity and regularityjthrough' space. Pin 32 plays around and is the same distance from the center of the bevel 6 (or axis v n) as the center of the earth. The earth must come nearer to and go farther from the sun. In the position shown pin' 32 is farthest from the.

sun. Then the'centerof the earth, beingover pin 32 is farthest from the s un.` A movement of ninety degrees from the position shown of bevel 6 will result in an increasing retardation of the lever N until -the lever N is behind thelever L the distance of the pin 32 from the center of the bevel G. During the following ninety degrees the lever N will be brought backward, gaining until at the point` IIO indicating January 1, when the levers N l and L are together. During the following ninety degrees the lever N is brought forward. During the final ninety degrees the lever N is retarded until it and the lever L are coincident, as at first, or in the position of July 1. The counter effect of the lever N is that of pulling backward during the time that the pin 32 is within the circle described by the center of the bevel 6 about the axis D, and from October to March, inclusive, and that of pushing backward while pin is without the circle described by the` center of bevel G about the'axis D, and from April to September, inclusive, but always serving as a retardation, and the intensity varying with the movement caused by the position, as it is over pin pin 32 moving under the impulse of the spring 27. This will allow pin 32 to move to' and fro with reference to the sun and also travel with the lever N, and the earth will be kept in true Remember, I could regulate the lever L; but the center of the earth would not always be over the center of that lever, so I apply a second lever and regulate it, and by so doing the earth will movewith the lever and receive regularity. Such action would be effective and observable, since the yearly motion would take place within a short space of time when operating the instrument tol illustrate the relative motions and positions ofv the sun, earth, and

moon.

Fig. 4 shows the base of the instrument made with a lat top surface andan elliptical margin of the same shape as the orbit of the earth. The axes coincide with the lines h2 h? and h3 h3, and the sun S is shown in the focusnear January 1.

C is the hole in the center of thev base, in which the stud'C, Fig. 2, is secured.

The sun is'shown in the focus in Fig. 4 in order to'showits relative position to 'the column C, as shown in Fig. 2.` Since the el'- lipse of the earths orbit approximates closely to a circle, the base can be madecircular, as

in Fig.' 3, and answer the purpose equally well.

The wheel 1 on the column C may be made as large asthe disk B, Fig.3, and serve both as a wheel and the parthaving the diagrams and illustrations shown in Fig. 4.

In Ithe design of a base shown in Fig. 4 the margin' is marked off into three hundred and sixty-five and one-fourth days. y XVthin the margin are two ellipses concentric with each other and with the margin, and they are divided circumferentially into spaces. Lines drawn radially inward from the margin separate the said spaces from eachother, and the radial lines niark the positions of the first day of each month,andtheinterveningspacebetween two such adjacent lines shows the intervening month. The name of the month is placed in the space between the two adjacent radial lines and the inner ellipse, and the namesof the days .are placed in the space between the margin and the adjacent ellipse andjust inside of the marginal row of day-marks. each month and the tlgure l are placed by the radial line separating months and drawn from the marginal markindicating the first day ofthe particular month. The names of other important days are also written in the marginal space at the marks denoting those days. Radial liuesare drawn from the inner ellipse inward, forming twelve central spaces, in which the names or signs of the zodiac are placed.

The arrangement shown in Fig. 4 furnishes the longest line for the divisions denoting days and convenience of referring any day of The name of any month to that month and to the whole .year and places the signs of the zodiac in a path of the earth in its orbit. Starting with January 1, the earth would pass over the margin of the chart. By following the daymarks around all of the days off-January will be passed and February 1 reached.v In that manner all days of the year may be passed over and the corresponding particular features and phases observed. Each month has its par'- ticular. number of days, and the month of February is shown with one-fourth of a day over three hundred and sixty-tive, which illustrates how in four years a complete additional day is added to the twenty-eight days of February. The days limiting the different periods of the zodiac are marked in the day marginal space, and radial lines are drawn from these marks inward, separating the contiguous spaces v whichv represent the periods during which those signs are associated with particular portions ofthe year. An index I, Fig. 4, may be attached to the under side of the end 35 of the lever L and be bentdownward over the wheel 1 and have its point pass over and near the day-marks on the margin of the base B. The index is shown in Fig. 4 pointing to the first day of July, which is the time of aphelion. Perihelion occurs January 1, and is marked on the margin of the base.

In using the instrument the spring 27 would cause the lever L and supported parts to ror tate regularly around the pivot F in the direction of the arrow v and the pointer I would indicate the relative positions of the sun and earth in space during such motion and also the time of month and year, the chart'and index being referred to in observing positions in space at certain times and the moving earth and moon being referred to in observing the motions of those bodies, since the pointer is at Julyl when the earth is in the position of January 1.

The essential features of this invention embodied in this instrument consist in a stationary central support supporting framing carrying the earth and moon and pivoted to the said support, stationary toothed wheels, and turning toothed wheels engaging the latter and mounted on proper shafts.

The drawings are made to a scale in which four inches equal one foot, and the proportions are intended to be practicable for construction and use. The mechanism must be designed with dimensions and speeds which will cause correct relative inotionsof the earth about the IOO IIO

sun and the moon about the earth. If the bevels 3 and G have the same number of teeth and the bevels 4; and 5 have the same number, then the arm Q will rotate about the axis v v in the same time that the lever L rotates about the axis o3 c3.

In order to have the earth rotate once every twenty-four hours and make three hundred and sixty-five revolutions in one year, two hundred and ninety-two teeth would be made on wheel l1, twelve on pinion 12, one hundred and fifty on wheel 13, and ten'on the bevelpinion 14. In order to have uniformity of action between the shaft W and the lever L, the

wheel l would have two hundred and ninetytwo teeth also. of the earth is nine inches, that of the moon two and one-half inches, and the distance of the center of the sun from the center of the earth is twenty inches, and that of the moon from the earth nine and one-half inches.

The following phases and eventsare shown on lthe chart in Fig. 4: January 1, earth in perihelion; February, sun slowest, time later than clock-time; March 21,` spring equinox; April 15, sun and clockcoincide; June 14, sun and clock coincide; June 21 sun twentythree and one-half degrees north of the equator; July l, sun in aphelion; September 22, autumnal equinox; November 1,sun fastest; December 21, sun twenty-three and one-half degrees south of the equator; December `.24, sun and clock coincide. Y v

Y All phenomena .due to the relative motions and positions of the sun, earth, and moon can be shown by means of the instrument in the hands ,of a lecturer.

1. In a tellurian, the combination of a stationary support, a frame-lever pivoted to turn horizontally about its bearings, an integral boss at the .extremity of the lever, having a vertical axis, a vertical shaft turning in the lever-bossand having an integral horizontally-projecting arm at its upper end, with its boss resting and supported on the end of the frameflever boss, whereby it supports the connected shaft, a bevel-wheel on the end of `the vertical shaft below the boss, a stationary bevel on the frame-lever support and concent-ric with its axis, and a horizontal shaft having a bevel-wheel on each end and snpported by the frame-lever, one bevel on the horizontal shaft engaging the stationary bevel on the stationary support and the other bevel engaging and driving the bevel on the vertical shaft at the end of the frame-lever, and the rotation of the frame-lever about its pivot causing the described gearing to operate, substantially as set forth.

2. In a tellurian, the combination of a stationary support, aframe-lever pivoted to turn horizontally about its bearing, an integral boss at the extremity of the lever, having a vertical axis, a vertical shaft turning in the lever-boss and having an integral horizontally-projecting arm at its upper end, a toothed In the figures the diameter'- wheel at its lower end, a stationary toothed wheel secured directly to the frame-lever boss, a vertical shaft turning in a boss at the end ofthe projecting arm, a pinion on the lower end of the latter shaft, engaging the stationary wheel on the frame-lever, a wheel `on the upper end of the same shaft, a pinion engaging the latter toothed wheel and connected to and arranged to rotate the earth-sphere, a horizont-al shaft supported and carried by the frame-lever, having a toothed wheel at each end, and a stationary toothed wheel connected concentricall y to the frame-lever support and engaging and driving the said mechanism intervening between it and thek earth-sphere, substantially asset forth.

3. In a tellurian, the combination of a stationary support, aframe-lever pivoted to turn horizontally about its bearing, a boss at the extrem ity of the lever, a vertical shaft turning in the lever-boss, an arm secured to the top of the said shaft and projecting horizontally and having a boss at its outer end, a second vertical shaft held Aand turning in the end boss of the projecting arm, a toothed wheel on each end of the second shaft,a stationary toothed wheel secured concentric With and to the frame-lever bossand engaging the lower wheel on the second verticalV shaft, a support for the earth-sphere, connected to the projecting arm of the first vertical shaft, 4a toothed Wheel connected to the earth-sphere and en gaging the upper toothed wheelon the second verticalshaft, a horizontal shaft carried by the frame-lever and having a toothed wheel at each end, and a stationary toothed wheel connected ooncentrically to the frame-leve. support and engaging and driving the said mechanism intervening betweenit and the earth-support, substantially as set forth.

4. In a tellurian, the combination of a stationary support, a frame-lever pivoted to turn wheel at the other end engaging the toothed Wheel on the vertical shaft, and a motor device connected to and arranged to automatically operate the frame-lever and connected apparatus, substantially as set forth.

5. In a tellurian, the vcombination of a stationary support, a frame-lever pivoted to turn horizontally about itsbearing and having a boss at its extremity, a vertical shaft turning in the boss and having connected thereto the earth-sphere support and also a toothed wheel, a stationary toothed Wheel connected ooncentrically to the frame-lever support, a horizontal shaft .carried by the frame-lever and having one toothed wheel at one end engaging the stationary toothed wheel and a IOO toothed Wheel at the other end engaging the toothed wheel on the vertical shaft, and a springconnected to the frame-lever support and to the frame-lever and arranged to automatically operate the frame-lever and connected apparatus, substantially as set forth.

6. In a tellurian, the combination of a stationary support, a frame-lever pivoted to turn horizontally about its bearing and having a boss at its extremity,a vertical shaft turning in the boss and having connected thereto the earth-sphere support and also atoothed Wheel, a .stationary toothed Wheel connected concentrically to the frame-lever support, a horizontal shaft carried by the frame-lever and having one toothed Wheel at one end engaging the stationary toothed Wheel and a toothed Wheel at the other end engaging the toothed wheel on the vertical shaft, a motor device connected to and arranged to automatically operate the frame-lever and connected apparatus, and a speed-regulating device constructed to operate as a dead -Weight, connected to the frame-lever, and adapted to control the motion ot' the lever, substantially as set forth.

'7. In a tellurian, the combination of a station aryl support, a frame-leverpivoted to turn horizontally aboutits bearing and having a boss at its extremity, a vertical shaft turning in the boss and having connected thereto the earth-sphere support and also a toothed Wheel, a stationary toothed Wheel connected concentrically to the frame-lever support, a horizontal shaft carried by the frame-lever and having a toothed Wheel at one end engaging the stationary toothed Wheel and a toothed Wheel at the other end engaging the toothed Wheel on the vertical shaft, a motor device connected to and arranged to automatically operate the frame-lever and connected apparatus, and a speed-regulating device consisting of a lever pivoted to the frame-lever support, a pin on the toothed Wheel of the vertical shaft at the end of the frame-lever, Working in a slot in the extremity ot' the second pivoted lever, a stationary toothed wheel secured concentrically to the frame-lever support, and a pinion carried by the second lever and engaging the stationary Wheel and having connected thereto a balance-Wheel', substantially as set forth.

8. In a tellurian, the combination of a stationary support, a frame-lever pivoted to turn horizontally about its bearing and having a boss at its extremity, a vertical shaft turning in the boss and having connected thereto the earth-sphere support and also a toothed Wheel, a stationary toothed wheel connected concentrically to the frame-lever support, a horizontal shaft carried by the frame-lever and having a toothed Wheel at loneend engaging the station-ary toothed Wheel and a toothed Wheel at the other end engaging the toothed wheel on the vertical shaft, a stationary toothed Wheel at the top of the boss on the end of the frame-lever, a horizontalshaft carried by the earth-spheres support and having a toothed Wheel at each end, an upright shaftsupported by and having bearings in the earth-sphere s support and extending through the center of the earth-sphere and having a toothed Wheel at its upper end, and means supported above the earth-sphere by the latters support, capable of supportingand movingthe moon, and the Stationary toothed Wheel on the frame-lever boss, driving the horizontal shaft, the upright shaft, and the moon-moving apparatus by means of their toothed Wheels when the earthsphere support is rotated, substantially as set forth.

9. In a tellurian, the combination of a stationary support, a frame-lever pivoted to turn horizontally about its bearing and having a boss at its extremity, avertical shaft turning in the boss and having connected thereto the earth-sphere support and also a toothed Wheel, a stationary toothed Wheel connected concentrically to the frame-lever support, a horizontalV shaft carried by the frame-lever and having a toothed Wheel at one end engaging the stationary toothed Wheel and a toothed Wheel at the other end engaging the toothed Wheel on the vertical shaft, a stationary toothed wheel at the top of the boss on the end of the frame-lever, a horizontal shaft carried by the earth-spheres support and having a toothed Wheel at each end, an upright shaft supported by and having bearings in the earth-spheres support and extending through the center of the earth-sphere, a stationary toothed Wheel secured to the top of the earth-spheres support, a lever pivoted to the upper end of the said upright shaft, and a pinion at'the extremity of the said lever for supporting and moving the moon, and the stationary toothed Wheel on the frame-lever boss, driving the horizontal shaft, the upright shaft, and the moon-moving apparatus by means of their toothed Wheels when the earth-spheres support is rotated, substantially asset forth.

' l0. In a tellurian, the combination of an earth-sphere supporting'aiid moving apparatus, an earth-sphere supported and moved thereby, an upright moon-apparatus-moving shaft extending through the earth-sphere, a stationary toothed Wheel supported above the earth-sphere, a lever pivoted to the upper end of the upright shaft, a pinion at the extremity of the said lever for supporting and moving the moon, and means constructed in connection with the said pivoted lever for ca using an inclination of the moons orbit during the revolution of the moon about the earthsphere, substantially as set forth. l,

In testimony whereof I noW affix my signature in presence of two Witnesses.

- SAMUEL M. REAVIS.

Vitnesses:

OWEN E. BRUMBAUGH, JAMES T. HooKMAN.

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