US4697158A - Reduced height waveguide circulator - Google Patents
Reduced height waveguide circulator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4697158A US4697158A US06/852,146 US85214686A US4697158A US 4697158 A US4697158 A US 4697158A US 85214686 A US85214686 A US 85214686A US 4697158 A US4697158 A US 4697158A
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- Prior art keywords
- waveguide
- circulator
- height
- input
- ferrite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/32—Non-reciprocal transmission devices
- H01P1/38—Circulators
- H01P1/383—Junction circulators, e.g. Y-circulators
- H01P1/39—Hollow waveguide circulators
Definitions
- This invention is generally related to microwave waveguide circulator devices having ferrite circulator elements which are capable of coupling microwave energy to/from a pair of adjacent input/output ports while isolating a third input/output port.
- FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2 Prior art constructions such as those described in these exemplary documents are depicted at FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2.
- such devices typically include a rather massive quarter-wavelength dielectric transformer structure at the end of each ferrite element leg.
- Such dielectric transformers are typically used to match the lower impedance of the ferrite toroid structure to that of the waveguide.
- the return loss or isolation (match) is further improved by empirically locating a matching "trim" element such as a capacitive button or an inductive button in the area of the transformer waveguide interface (as is also depicted in FIGS. 1A-2).
- RF losses can be introduced in at least three different ways.
- the mere presence of the dielectric transformer material itself inherently introduces dielectric losses.
- the dielectric causes a concentration of RF currents in the metal waveguide surfaces disposed directly above and below the dielectric transformer element thus increasing associated RF dissipation losses.
- Such dielectric transformers also are typically installed with the use of adhesives which introduce still further RF losses into the composite structure.
- the effective useable bandwidth of a circulator device is ofter restricted by spurious resonance responses which may cause unacceptable increases in insertion losses and/or degradation of required isolation characteristics.
- spurious resonances are, at least in part, influenced by the presence and geometry of such transformer structures.
- transformer structures necessarily take up additional space which inherently increases the minimum separation distance that can be obtained in multi-junction assemblies when the input/output ports of multiple circulators are intercoupled so as to provide a more complex microwave switching arrangement.
- the match can be "trimmed” so as to be modified slightly in frequency and bandwidth by additional relatively small dielectric impedance-matching "trimming" elements placed directly on the legs of the Y-shaped ferrite toroid. Still further “trimmed” improvement in impedance matching may be obtained by the usual conventional empirically located additional matching capacitive/inductive "buttons" located in the vicinity of the waveguide transition area.
- the new waveguide circulator utilizes a conductive waveguide structure having a central cavity and at least one input/output port of reduced height compared to the height of the central cavity.
- a ferrite circulator element of lesser dimensions than those of the cavity is then disposed centrally within the cavity so as to define a gap G between the inner edge of a reduced height input/output port and an extremity of the ferrite element, the gap G being dimensioned to achieve approximate impedance match between the element and waveguide structure.
- the new arrangement provides a somewhat simplified physical structure which may be constructed at lower costs and with greater repeatability due to the elimination of dielectric transformers.
- the intrinsic isolation or return loss actually may be improved by properly sizing the gap G between the end of the toroid leg and the waveguide output.
- Still further improved impedance matching (and therefore improved isolation and return loss characteristics) may be obtained for both full and reduced height designs by locating dielectric "trimming" elements along the legs of the toroid.
- RF losses are reduced due to the elimination of the dielectric transformer structure and adhesives associated with it.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrammatic plan and side views respectively of a typical prior art waveguide circulator structure employing dielectric transformers;
- FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic plan view of a multi-junction assembly of such prior art waveguide circulators employing dielectric transformers;
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a reduced-height waveguide circulator switch constructed in accordance with this invention
- FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3;
- FIG. 5 is a plan view of a portion of the assembly depicted in FIG. 3 but with the top thereof removed;
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional depiction of the device shown in FIG. 3 taken along lines 6--6 of FIG. 5;
- FIGS. 7A and 7B are a diagrammatic plan and side view of an exemplary embodiment of this invention adapted for use with full-height waveguide systems;
- FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic plan view of a multi-junction assembly of circulator structures in accordance with this invention showing the more compact possible arrangement thereof;
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the RF isolation obtained between various pairs of input/output ports for the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3 employing only the intrinsic impedance matching obtained by properly dimensioned gap G;
- FIG. 10 is a graph similar to that of FIG. 9 but showing the further improved isolation achieved by the addition of impedance-match trimming elements such as small dielectric chips mounted on each toroid leg and small conductive "buttons" disposed in the transition region in accordance with conventional empirical design practices.
- impedance-match trimming elements such as small dielectric chips mounted on each toroid leg and small conductive "buttons" disposed in the transition region in accordance with conventional empirical design practices.
- typical prior art waveguide circulators include a ferrite toroid structure of Y-shaped cross-section centrally disposed within a Y-shaped full-height waveguide junction 14.
- Dielectric transformers 16 typically one or more quarter-wave length sections of full-height are typically employed at the end of each extremity of toroid 12 so as to match the lower impedance of the ferrite toroid to the relatively higher impedance of the surrounding waveguide structure and, in particular, to the input/output ports of the full-height waveguide 14.
- apertures 18 will be provided in each lef of the toroid 12 so that magnetizing windings of one or more turns of electrical wire may be passed through the aperatures 18 and through a wall of the waveguide to suitable electric drive circuits as is well known in the art.
- dielectric transformers 16 there are many disadvantages associated with the presence of dielectric transformers 16.
- One such disadvantage is that when multi-junction assemblies are created (as in FIG. 2), the minimum separation between two interconnected circulator devices (i.e., the minimum dimension of matching section 20) is limited by the need to include dielectric transformers 16.
- a reduced height waveguide circulator switch 30 in accordance with this invention is generally depicted at FIGS. 3-6. It includes three equi-angularly spaced input/output ports A, B, C of reduced-height waveguide (e.g., of a height dimension h3). At the center of such input/output ports, is a cavity 32 of increased height hl (e.g., "full-height" waveguide dimension). In the exemplary embodiment, this cavity has sides which form sections of an equilateral triangle and which are also defined by the inner edges of the reduced input/output ports A, B, C.
- a Y-shaped (in cross-section) conventional ferrite circulator element 34 includes three equi-angularly spaced legs 36, 38 and 40 having respective apertures through which magnetizing windings such as wire 42 may be wound and passed through a suitable aperture in the waveguide to external connectors 44, 46. Conventional magnetizing currents may be passed through wire 42 and to switch the ferrite toroids defined by legs 36, 38 and 40 so as to cause "circulation" in either a clockwise or a counterclockwise sense.
- RF energy input to one port e.g., port A
- the clockwise (or counterclockwise) adjacent port e.g., port C
- RF inputs to ports C or B are respectively coupled to ports B or A while being isolated from ports A or C, respectively. If magnetizing current is passed in the opposite sense, then the "circulation" sense is likewise reversed.
- the Y-shaped ferrite element 34 has a height h2, less than the full-height of the waveguide juncture and centrally disposed therewithin by dielectric spacers 48, 50 located at the top and bottom of the ferrite element 34.
- the dimensions of the ferrite element 34 and the full-height waveguide dimension h1 may be conventionally determined in accordance with usual practice so as to achieve latching circulator junction operations at the RF frequency of interest.
- the radial dimension R1 of the cavity 32 must be more than the radial dimension R2 of each leg of the ferrite element by a predetermined gap dimension G. It has been discovered that this gap G may be chosen so as to effect an impedance matching function between the legs of the ferrite element 34 and the desired transmission line (e.g., the reduced height waveguide input/output ports A, B, C).
- any RF circulator device is extremely complicated and probably not accurately understood even yet in all details, it is thought that the legs of the Y-shaped toroid may themselves tend to (at least in part) provide quarter-wave transformer functions typically associated with the waveguide circulator junctions.
- the circulator function itself is, of course, determined by the ferrite structure 34 with its dielectric spacers 48, 50 in accordance with conventional design and theory.
- the gap G somehow acts to effect an intrinsic approximate impedance match to the reduced-height input/output ports.
- the gap G may not need to be used on all three legs of the toroid 34.
- one or more legs of the toroid may have conventional full-height waveguides with the conventional dielectric quarter-wave transformer as their input/output ports. This modified form of construction might be used, for example, where the reduced-height waveguide input/output port is only required at one port of the circulator device.
- gap G was empirically determined (using practices similar to those employed for determining the proper dimensions/locations of empirical impedance match trimming buttons 22), it also may be possible to derive a complex theoretical calculation. In any event, once determined for one frequency, the dimensions can be simply frequency scaled to other frequency bands (as may the other dimensions of the circulator).
- relatively small impedance match "trimming" dielectric elements 52 may be directly associated with each leg of the ferrite toroid 34 so as to even further enhance the impedance match. These relatively small dielectric trim elements 52 may be used, as are the conventional matching buttons 22, to empirically modify the frequency response of the device and may be equally well used on conventional full-height design circulators.
- the "on leg matching" feature is considered optional, some noticeable improvement in isolation may be achieved by use of these additional elements.
- the element 53 (of which 6 were used per toroid) were about 0.156 inch wide and 0.062 inch in height (the same height or thickness as dielectric spacers 48, 50) and ran the full width of the toroid leg symmetrically placed on the top and bottom of the legs of the toroid as best depicted in FIG. 5.
- One suitable material for element 53 is Emerson's and Cumming's low K with a dielectric constant of about 1.7.
- ceramic elements may be placed on the ends of the legs as shown as Item 52 of FIG. 4.
- a typical size for element 52 is 0.25 inch wide by 0.25 inch long and 0.050 inch thick.
- One suitable material is Trans Tech's DS6. The exact size, material and placement of 52 and 53 is determined empirically.
- FIGS. 3-6 Other typical dimensions for an exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 3-6 (designed for the frequency band of 9.3 to 10.05 GHz) are as follows:
- FIG. 9 The swept frequency response for the exemplary embodiment using its intrinsic approximate impedance matching obtained only by gap G (without auxiliary impedance match trimming devices) is depicted in FIG. 9.
- three curves show the isolation achieved respectively between ports A-B, B-C, and A-C, over a range of frequencies in the X-band.
- one of the curves is slightly below 20 db isolation
- FIG. 9 demonstrates that a commercially acceptable 20 db minimum is possible over a frequency band of 9.3 to 10.05 GHz.
- FIG. 10 is a similar swept frequency response but now using empirical impedance match "trimming" elements 52 and 22 in the waveguide input/output ports. As can be seen in FIG. 10, the isolation between ports is now considerably better than 25 db for all three port combinations over the entire 9.3 to 10.05 GHz band.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (21)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/852,146 US4697158A (en) | 1986-04-15 | 1986-04-15 | Reduced height waveguide circulator |
US07/103,782 US4801902A (en) | 1986-04-15 | 1987-09-28 | Waveguide circulator with I/O port impedance matching produced by ferrite-port gap dimensioning |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/852,146 US4697158A (en) | 1986-04-15 | 1986-04-15 | Reduced height waveguide circulator |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US07/103,782 Continuation-In-Part US4801902A (en) | 1986-04-15 | 1987-09-28 | Waveguide circulator with I/O port impedance matching produced by ferrite-port gap dimensioning |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US4697158A true US4697158A (en) | 1987-09-29 |
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US06/852,146 Expired - Lifetime US4697158A (en) | 1986-04-15 | 1986-04-15 | Reduced height waveguide circulator |
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US (1) | US4697158A (en) |
Cited By (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4801902A (en) * | 1986-04-15 | 1989-01-31 | Electromagnetic Sciences, Inc. | Waveguide circulator with I/O port impedance matching produced by ferrite-port gap dimensioning |
EP1187250A2 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2002-03-13 | Muegge Electronic GmbH | Microwave device |
WO2002067361A1 (en) * | 2001-02-21 | 2002-08-29 | Saab Ab | Microwave circulator |
WO2003041213A2 (en) * | 2001-11-07 | 2003-05-15 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Multi-junction waveguide circulator without internal transitions |
US20040217823A1 (en) * | 2003-04-29 | 2004-11-04 | Reza Tayrani | Compact broadband balun |
US20050179504A1 (en) * | 2002-11-07 | 2005-08-18 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Transformer-free waveguide circulator |
US20060232353A1 (en) * | 2005-04-14 | 2006-10-19 | Kroeing Adam M | Latching ferrite waveguide circulator without E-plane air gaps |
EP1730808A1 (en) * | 2004-03-18 | 2006-12-13 | EMS Technologies, Inc. | Transformer-free waveguide circulator |
US20070139131A1 (en) * | 2005-12-20 | 2007-06-21 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Ferrite waveguide circulator with thermally-conductive dielectric attachments |
US7561003B2 (en) | 2007-10-31 | 2009-07-14 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Multi-junction waveguide circulator with overlapping quarter-wave transformers |
US20100066460A1 (en) * | 2008-09-18 | 2010-03-18 | Mahfoud Hocine | Waveguide circulator |
US20100127804A1 (en) * | 2008-11-26 | 2010-05-27 | Nick Vouloumanos | multi-component waveguide assembly |
EP2698866A1 (en) * | 2012-08-17 | 2014-02-19 | Honeywell International Inc. | Waveguide circulator with tapered impedance matching component |
US8786378B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2014-07-22 | Honeywell International Inc. | Reconfigurable switching element for operation as a circulator or power divider |
US20140285278A1 (en) * | 2013-03-19 | 2014-09-25 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ferrite circulator with asymmetric dielectric spacers |
US8878623B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2014-11-04 | Honeywell International Inc. | Switching ferrite circulator with an electronically selectable operating frequency band |
EP2808939A1 (en) * | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | Combined-branched-ferrite element with interconnected resonant sections for use in a multi-junction waveguide circulator |
US8947173B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2015-02-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ferrite circulator with asymmetric features |
EP2838154A1 (en) * | 2013-08-06 | 2015-02-18 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ferrite circulator with reduced-height transformers |
EP2897215A1 (en) * | 2014-01-21 | 2015-07-22 | Honeywell International Inc. | Waveguide circulator having stepped floor/ceiling and quarter-wave dielectric transformer |
US9270000B2 (en) | 2013-03-21 | 2016-02-23 | Honeywell International Inc. | Waveguide circulator with improved transition to other transmission line media |
EP3035436A1 (en) * | 2014-12-18 | 2016-06-22 | Honeywell International Inc. | Multi-junction waveguide circulators with shared discontinuous transformers |
US9520633B2 (en) | 2014-03-24 | 2016-12-13 | Apollo Microwaves Ltd. | Waveguide circulator configuration and method of using same |
WO2023060875A1 (en) * | 2021-10-15 | 2023-04-20 | 散裂中子源科学中心 | High-power y-junction waveguide circulator |
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US3188582A (en) * | 1964-01-10 | 1965-06-08 | Raytheon Co | Rectangular waveguide microwave amplitude modulator with a planar resistive attenuator extending along ferromagnetic rod |
US3341789A (en) * | 1965-04-19 | 1967-09-12 | Bendix Corp | Latching ferrite circulator having the ferrite symmetrically located with respect toeach rf signal carrying arm |
US3534276A (en) * | 1965-05-17 | 1970-10-13 | Andre Jean Charles Berteaud | High frequency power limiter utilizing a ferromagnetic thin layer |
US4058780A (en) * | 1976-08-02 | 1977-11-15 | Microwave Development Labs., Inc. | Waveguide circulator |
-
1986
- 1986-04-15 US US06/852,146 patent/US4697158A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3188582A (en) * | 1964-01-10 | 1965-06-08 | Raytheon Co | Rectangular waveguide microwave amplitude modulator with a planar resistive attenuator extending along ferromagnetic rod |
US3341789A (en) * | 1965-04-19 | 1967-09-12 | Bendix Corp | Latching ferrite circulator having the ferrite symmetrically located with respect toeach rf signal carrying arm |
US3534276A (en) * | 1965-05-17 | 1970-10-13 | Andre Jean Charles Berteaud | High frequency power limiter utilizing a ferromagnetic thin layer |
US4058780A (en) * | 1976-08-02 | 1977-11-15 | Microwave Development Labs., Inc. | Waveguide circulator |
Cited By (50)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4801902A (en) * | 1986-04-15 | 1989-01-31 | Electromagnetic Sciences, Inc. | Waveguide circulator with I/O port impedance matching produced by ferrite-port gap dimensioning |
EP1187250A2 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2002-03-13 | Muegge Electronic GmbH | Microwave device |
EP1187250A3 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2002-03-27 | Muegge Electronic GmbH | Microwave device |
WO2002067361A1 (en) * | 2001-02-21 | 2002-08-29 | Saab Ab | Microwave circulator |
US7049900B2 (en) * | 2001-11-07 | 2006-05-23 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Multi-junction waveguide circulator using a single control wire for multiple ferrite elements |
US20030107447A1 (en) * | 2001-11-07 | 2003-06-12 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Multi-junction waveguide circulator without internal transitions |
WO2003041213A3 (en) * | 2001-11-07 | 2003-09-04 | Ems Technologies Inc | Multi-junction waveguide circulator without internal transitions |
WO2003041213A2 (en) * | 2001-11-07 | 2003-05-15 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Multi-junction waveguide circulator without internal transitions |
US20050030117A1 (en) * | 2001-11-07 | 2005-02-10 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Multi-junction waveguide circulator without internal transitions |
US6885257B2 (en) | 2001-11-07 | 2005-04-26 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Multi-junction waveguide circulator without internal transitions |
US7242263B2 (en) | 2002-11-07 | 2007-07-10 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Transformer-free waveguide circulator |
US20050179504A1 (en) * | 2002-11-07 | 2005-08-18 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Transformer-free waveguide circulator |
US6891446B2 (en) * | 2003-04-29 | 2005-05-10 | Raytheon Company | Compact broadband balun |
US20040217823A1 (en) * | 2003-04-29 | 2004-11-04 | Reza Tayrani | Compact broadband balun |
EP1730808A4 (en) * | 2004-03-18 | 2008-09-03 | Ems Technologies Inc | Transformer-free waveguide circulator |
EP1730808A1 (en) * | 2004-03-18 | 2006-12-13 | EMS Technologies, Inc. | Transformer-free waveguide circulator |
WO2006113381A1 (en) * | 2005-04-14 | 2006-10-26 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Latching ferrite waveguide circulator without e-plane air gaps |
US7280004B2 (en) | 2005-04-14 | 2007-10-09 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Latching ferrite waveguide circulator without E-plane air gaps |
US20060232353A1 (en) * | 2005-04-14 | 2006-10-19 | Kroeing Adam M | Latching ferrite waveguide circulator without E-plane air gaps |
US20070139131A1 (en) * | 2005-12-20 | 2007-06-21 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Ferrite waveguide circulator with thermally-conductive dielectric attachments |
EP1997184A2 (en) * | 2005-12-20 | 2008-12-03 | EMS Technologies, Inc. | Ferrite waveguide circulator with thermally-conductive dielectric attachments |
EP1997184A4 (en) * | 2005-12-20 | 2009-09-09 | Ems Technologies Inc | Ferrite waveguide circulator with thermally-conductive dielectric attachments |
US7683731B2 (en) | 2005-12-20 | 2010-03-23 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Ferrite waveguide circulator with thermally-conductive dielectric attachments |
US7561003B2 (en) | 2007-10-31 | 2009-07-14 | Ems Technologies, Inc. | Multi-junction waveguide circulator with overlapping quarter-wave transformers |
US20100066460A1 (en) * | 2008-09-18 | 2010-03-18 | Mahfoud Hocine | Waveguide circulator |
US7746189B2 (en) | 2008-09-18 | 2010-06-29 | Apollo Microwaves, Ltd. | Waveguide circulator |
US8324990B2 (en) | 2008-11-26 | 2012-12-04 | Apollo Microwaves, Ltd. | Multi-component waveguide assembly |
US20100127804A1 (en) * | 2008-11-26 | 2010-05-27 | Nick Vouloumanos | multi-component waveguide assembly |
US8947173B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2015-02-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ferrite circulator with asymmetric features |
EP2698866A1 (en) * | 2012-08-17 | 2014-02-19 | Honeywell International Inc. | Waveguide circulator with tapered impedance matching component |
US8786378B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2014-07-22 | Honeywell International Inc. | Reconfigurable switching element for operation as a circulator or power divider |
US8878623B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2014-11-04 | Honeywell International Inc. | Switching ferrite circulator with an electronically selectable operating frequency band |
US8902012B2 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2014-12-02 | Honeywell International Inc. | Waveguide circulator with tapered impedance matching component |
US9000859B2 (en) * | 2013-03-19 | 2015-04-07 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ferrite circulator with asymmetric dielectric spacers |
US20140285278A1 (en) * | 2013-03-19 | 2014-09-25 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ferrite circulator with asymmetric dielectric spacers |
US9531050B2 (en) | 2013-03-19 | 2016-12-27 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ferrite circulator with asymmetric dielectric spacers |
US9184480B2 (en) | 2013-03-19 | 2015-11-10 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ferrite circulator with asymmetric dielectric spacers |
US9270000B2 (en) | 2013-03-21 | 2016-02-23 | Honeywell International Inc. | Waveguide circulator with improved transition to other transmission line media |
US9559400B2 (en) | 2013-03-21 | 2017-01-31 | Honeywell International Inc. | Waveguide circulator with improved transition to other transmission line media |
US8957741B2 (en) | 2013-05-31 | 2015-02-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Combined-branched-ferrite element with interconnected resonant sections for use in a multi-junction waveguide circulator |
EP2808939A1 (en) * | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | Combined-branched-ferrite element with interconnected resonant sections for use in a multi-junction waveguide circulator |
US9287602B2 (en) | 2013-08-06 | 2016-03-15 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ferrite circulator with reduced-height transformers |
EP2838154A1 (en) * | 2013-08-06 | 2015-02-18 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ferrite circulator with reduced-height transformers |
US9570791B2 (en) | 2013-08-06 | 2017-02-14 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ferrite circulator with reduced-height transformers |
US9263783B2 (en) | 2014-01-21 | 2016-02-16 | Honeywell International Inc. | Waveguide circulator having stepped floor/ceiling and quarter-wave dielectric transformer |
EP2897215A1 (en) * | 2014-01-21 | 2015-07-22 | Honeywell International Inc. | Waveguide circulator having stepped floor/ceiling and quarter-wave dielectric transformer |
US9520633B2 (en) | 2014-03-24 | 2016-12-13 | Apollo Microwaves Ltd. | Waveguide circulator configuration and method of using same |
EP3035436A1 (en) * | 2014-12-18 | 2016-06-22 | Honeywell International Inc. | Multi-junction waveguide circulators with shared discontinuous transformers |
US9397379B2 (en) | 2014-12-18 | 2016-07-19 | Honeywell International Inc. | Multi-junction waveguide circulators with shared discontinuous transformers |
WO2023060875A1 (en) * | 2021-10-15 | 2023-04-20 | 散裂中子源科学中心 | High-power y-junction waveguide circulator |
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