US4598259A - Stable frequency sawtooth oscillator - Google Patents
Stable frequency sawtooth oscillator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4598259A US4598259A US06/678,330 US67833084A US4598259A US 4598259 A US4598259 A US 4598259A US 67833084 A US67833084 A US 67833084A US 4598259 A US4598259 A US 4598259A
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- voltage
- oscillator
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- capacitor
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- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K4/00—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions
- H03K4/06—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having triangular shape
- H03K4/08—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having triangular shape having sawtooth shape
- H03K4/48—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having triangular shape having sawtooth shape using as active elements semiconductor devices
- H03K4/50—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having triangular shape having sawtooth shape using as active elements semiconductor devices in which a sawtooth voltage is produced across a capacitor
- H03K4/501—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having triangular shape having sawtooth shape using as active elements semiconductor devices in which a sawtooth voltage is produced across a capacitor the starting point of the flyback period being determined by the amplitude of the voltage across the capacitor, e.g. by a comparator
- H03K4/502—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having triangular shape having sawtooth shape using as active elements semiconductor devices in which a sawtooth voltage is produced across a capacitor the starting point of the flyback period being determined by the amplitude of the voltage across the capacitor, e.g. by a comparator the capacitor being charged from a constant-current source
Definitions
- This invention relates to an integrated-circuit relaxation oscillator and more particularly to such an oscillator that is capable of operating stably at one frequency while being powered from a widely varying DC voltage.
- Switching mode power supplies are basically DC to DC converters usually operating at kilohertz frequencies. Although the power efficiency of SMPS is generally much higher than that of the older linear shunt and series regulators, it is more difficult in a SMPS to obtain in the output a low value of ripple voltage.
- a tuned discrete filter is much less expensive and smaller than a broad band ultrasonic filter capable of effecting the same ripple reduction and so it is desirable that the oscillator frequency remain fixed
- SMPS frequency division multiplexing
- oscillator having a sawtooth output voltage
- the rate of rise in the output ramp voltage of the oscillator is required to be kept about proportional to the input voltage.
- the ramp slope of the oscillator output voltage is doubled for a doubling of the input voltage. This has the effect of regulating the SMPS output voltage against changes in SMPS input voltage as is further explained herein.
- the SMPS oscillator may in addition be required to operate at very low input voltages. The lowest voltage at which an oscillator can be made operable is called "head-room" and imposes serious limitations on the circuits that may be used to construct the oscillator, e.g. by limiting the number of V BE drops that the circuit places in series between the supply busses.
- an object of the present invention to provide a relaxation oscillator that has a stable frequency while operating from a widely varying supply voltage, especially for incorporation in an integrated-circuit switching mode power supply chip.
- An oscillator is comprised of differentially-connected first and second NPN transistors for alternate conduction having their emitters tied together and, thence, preferably to a constant current source.
- First and second PNP transistors each have an emitter connected to a base of the first and second NPN transistors, respectively.
- a first and second current source are respectively connected to the emitters of said first and second PNP transistors to keep them in conduction.
- a means is provided for connecting a capacitor to one input of the comparator located at the base of the first PNP transistor. Also provided are a constant source means for charging the capacitor and a means for applying a high reference voltage to the other input of the comparator located at the base of the first PNP transistor when the second PNP transistor is conducting (i.e. when the second NPN transistor is not conducting) and for applying a relatively low voltage at the other comparator input when the first NPN transistor is not conducting (i.e. when the second NPN transistor is conducting). A discharging means is provided for discharging the capacitor when the second NPN transistor is conducting.
- Such oscillators of this invention provide excellent frequency stability when operated over a supply voltage range of from about 4 volts to 7 volts. Above about 7 volts the emitter-base junctions of the differentially-connected NPN transistors tend to break down resulting in eventual beta degradation.
- back voltages across these junctions may be limited by this means to substantially less than 7 volts and permit oscillator operation to much higher voltages, e.g., 25 volts, which is particularly advantageous in certain switching mode power supplies.
- FIG. 1 shows a simplified diagram of an oscillator of the prior art.
- FIG. 2 shows a simplified diagram of an oscillator of this invention.
- FIG. 3 shows a circuit diagram of an oscillator of this invention that is one which is encompassed by the simplified diagram of FIG. 2.
- FIG. 1 The diagram in FIG. 1 of a saw-tooth-voltage generating oscillator of the prior art is considered here to compare and more fully appreciate oscillators of this invention.
- a capacitor 10 is charged by a constant current source 12 that is constant independent of voltage V cc .
- E c appearing at the base of transistor 15 rises to the reference voltage E R at the base of transistor 14
- transistor 15 turns on and transistor 14 turns off.
- the circuit 19 discharges capacitor 10.
- the circuit 21 provides at the base of transistor 14 a lower reference voltage E R .
- the reference voltage E R is at a high DC voltage E RH , and is at a lower DC voltage E RL during the discharge period.
- the discharge period is made much shorter than the charge period and the saw-tooth voltage E C has minimum and maximum voltages E RL and E RH , respectively.
- the feedforward voltage provides the supply voltage V CC and the oscillator capacitor charging time or ramp rate is made directly proportional to the voltage V CC .
- the SMPS circuit further includes a pulse width modulator (not shown) that compares the oscillator ramp voltage to the output voltage of an error amplifier (not shown) which is a function of the load voltage.
- the output of the pulse width modulator turns on an output power transistor for periods when the error amplifier voltage exceeds the oscillator ramp voltage. For example, if the valley and peak voltages of the oscillator output are 1 and 3 volts respectively, and the output of the error amplifier was 2 volts, the duty cycle would be 50%.
- the feed-forward feature provides regulation of the SMPS output voltage against changes in line voltage.
- the reference voltage E RH is caused to vary in proportion to the supply voltage V CC as is the charging current 23.
- the stability of frequency with supply voltage variations is still not good enough when the basic circuit of FIG. 1 is employed because the termination of the capacitor charging period is prolonged when transistor 15 begins to turn on, since transistor 15 draws current from current source 12 at that time and diminishes the charging current to the capacitor 10.
- two PNP transistors 24 and 25 are introduced which do not add to the head room requirement and actually reduce the minimum reference voltage E RL that can be made operable, while at the same time providing more gain to stabilize the oscillator frequency as a function of supply voltage.
- the components repeated in FIG. 2 are given the same numeral designations as in FIG. 1.
- two current sources 28 and 29 are added to supply emitter current for the added PNP transistors 24 and 25.
- Current sources 28 and 29 preferably supply currents of equal value which is proportional to that of current source 17, by means of a standard interdependent current mirrors implementation of current sources 17, 28 and 29 (not illustrated).
- the oscillator of FIG. 2 achieves all of the aforementioned objectives of fixed frequency and still provides a large operating spread (e.g., 2 volts) between the minimum and maximum reference voltages, E RL and E RH , at the lowest power supply voltage (e.g., 4 volts).
- the base emitter junctions of the NPN transistors 14 and 15 tend to break down since BV EBO for integrated NPN transistors is typically 7 volts.
- the oscillator circuit of FIG. 3 overcomes this limitation by the addition of two parallel back to back diodes 32 and 34 that are connected between the bases of the NPN transistors 14 and 15.
- the circuit block 19 of FIG. 2 is in FIG. 3 comprised of the PNP current mirror pair 40 and 41, NPN current mirror pair 44 and 45, and the capacitor shunting transistor 47.
- the collector current in transistor 14 is reflected in transistor 45 to keep the shunting transistor 47 off.
- collector current in transistor 14 goes to zero and transistor 47 turns on and discharges the capacitor 10 to the lower reference voltage E RL .
- the circuit block 21 of FIG. 2 is in FIG. 3 comprised of the supply-voltage-divider resistors 50 and 51, the series connected resistor 53 and transistor 54, resistors 56 and 57, and current mirror pair 59 and 60.
- the collector current flowing from transistor 15 in diode 60 is reflected in the series resistors 56 and 57 holding transistor 54 on and keeping the reference voltage E R at the low value E RL .
- transistors 15 and 54 turn off and the reference voltage E R is established at the high level E RH by the supply voltage V CC and the value of resistors 50 and 51.
- blocks 19 and 21 may be accomplished by other circuits activated only by currents in transistor 14 or only by currents in transistor 15.
Abstract
Description
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/678,330 US4598259A (en) | 1984-12-05 | 1984-12-05 | Stable frequency sawtooth oscillator |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/678,330 US4598259A (en) | 1984-12-05 | 1984-12-05 | Stable frequency sawtooth oscillator |
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US4598259A true US4598259A (en) | 1986-07-01 |
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US06/678,330 Expired - Fee Related US4598259A (en) | 1984-12-05 | 1984-12-05 | Stable frequency sawtooth oscillator |
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5115317A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1992-05-19 | Alps Electric Co., Ltd. | Tuning apparatus for a television receiver including selectively activated amplifier and local oscillator circuits |
US5237222A (en) * | 1990-06-01 | 1993-08-17 | Deutsche Thomson-Brandt Gmbh | Comparator circuit for an integrator |
US5926042A (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 1999-07-20 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Precision clock frequency detector having reduced supply voltage dependence |
US20050104672A1 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2005-05-19 | Pham Giao M. | Method and apparatus to improve frequency stability of an integrated circuit oscillator |
US20090315529A1 (en) * | 2008-06-23 | 2009-12-24 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd | Sawtooth wave generating circuit and switch mode power supply device having the same |
US20100120377A1 (en) * | 2007-05-11 | 2010-05-13 | Nxp B.V. | Dual-mode mixer circuit and method |
US20120129474A1 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2012-05-24 | Sven Mattisson | Modulation Method and Apparatus |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3679989A (en) * | 1970-11-16 | 1972-07-25 | Rca Corp | Clamp circuit for preventing saturation of operational amplifier |
US4415869A (en) * | 1978-11-27 | 1983-11-15 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Sawtooth generator switchable between a free-running state or a synchronizable state |
US4450415A (en) * | 1981-08-27 | 1984-05-22 | Sprague Electric Company | Alterable mode oscillator |
US4471326A (en) * | 1981-04-30 | 1984-09-11 | Rca Corporation | Current supplying circuit as for an oscillator |
-
1984
- 1984-12-05 US US06/678,330 patent/US4598259A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3679989A (en) * | 1970-11-16 | 1972-07-25 | Rca Corp | Clamp circuit for preventing saturation of operational amplifier |
US4415869A (en) * | 1978-11-27 | 1983-11-15 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Sawtooth generator switchable between a free-running state or a synchronizable state |
US4471326A (en) * | 1981-04-30 | 1984-09-11 | Rca Corporation | Current supplying circuit as for an oscillator |
US4450415A (en) * | 1981-08-27 | 1984-05-22 | Sprague Electric Company | Alterable mode oscillator |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5115317A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1992-05-19 | Alps Electric Co., Ltd. | Tuning apparatus for a television receiver including selectively activated amplifier and local oscillator circuits |
US5237222A (en) * | 1990-06-01 | 1993-08-17 | Deutsche Thomson-Brandt Gmbh | Comparator circuit for an integrator |
US5926042A (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 1999-07-20 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Precision clock frequency detector having reduced supply voltage dependence |
US20080042763A1 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2008-02-21 | Power Integrations, Inc. | Method and apparatus to improve frequency stability of an integrated circuit oscillator |
US7034625B2 (en) | 2003-11-19 | 2006-04-25 | Power Integrations, Inc. | Method and apparatus to improve frequency stability of an integrated circuit oscillator |
US7304547B2 (en) | 2003-11-19 | 2007-12-04 | Power Integrations, Inc. | Method and apparatus to improve frequency stability of an integrated circuit oscillator |
US20050104672A1 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2005-05-19 | Pham Giao M. | Method and apparatus to improve frequency stability of an integrated circuit oscillator |
US7492229B2 (en) | 2003-11-19 | 2009-02-17 | Power Integrations, Inc. | Method and apparatus to improve frequency stability of an integrated circuit oscillator |
US20120129474A1 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2012-05-24 | Sven Mattisson | Modulation Method and Apparatus |
US8588712B2 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2013-11-19 | Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ) | Modulation method and apparatus |
US20100120377A1 (en) * | 2007-05-11 | 2010-05-13 | Nxp B.V. | Dual-mode mixer circuit and method |
US8260223B2 (en) * | 2007-05-11 | 2012-09-04 | Nxp B.V. | Dual-mode mixer circuit and method |
US20090315529A1 (en) * | 2008-06-23 | 2009-12-24 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd | Sawtooth wave generating circuit and switch mode power supply device having the same |
US8890586B2 (en) | 2008-06-23 | 2014-11-18 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Sawtooth wave generating circuit and switch mode power supply device having the same |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: SPRAGUE ELECTRIC COMPANY, NORTH ADAMS, MASSACHUSET Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GONTOWSKI, WALTER S. JR.;REEL/FRAME:004519/0590 Effective date: 19841226 Owner name: SPRAGUE ELECTRIC COMPANY, A CORP OF MASSACHUSETTS, Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GONTOWSKI, WALTER S. JR.;REEL/FRAME:004519/0590 Effective date: 19841226 |
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