US4575574A - Ethylene polymer useful as a lubricating oil viscosity modifier - Google Patents
Ethylene polymer useful as a lubricating oil viscosity modifier Download PDFInfo
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- US4575574A US4575574A US06/682,286 US68228684A US4575574A US 4575574 A US4575574 A US 4575574A US 68228684 A US68228684 A US 68228684A US 4575574 A US4575574 A US 4575574A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
- C10M143/14—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation containing non-conjugated diene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers
- C08F210/18—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers with non-conjugated dienes, e.g. EPT rubbers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
- C10M143/02—Polyethene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/022—Ethene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/08—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing non-conjugated dienes
Definitions
- V.I. The viscosity index
- a lubricating oil e.g., automobile lubricating oil
- the desired V.I. characteristic is generally achieved by adding oil soluble polymers to oil. For many years the preferred polymer additive was polyisobutylene.
- lubricating oils are used in a wide range of applications, the market requires a variety of grades of such polymers having differing degrees of "thickening effect" so as to permit the formulation of lubricating oils having different viscosities and "shear stability" indicies.
- Such polymer grades may be prepared by direct synthesis, the molecular weight grades being determined by the polymerization process, or the different molecular weight grades can be produced by degradation of an ethylene-propylene copolymer so as to produce lower molecular weight fractions.
- the catalyst used for polymerization is a Ziegler type catalyst. Both double bonds of the 2,5-norbornadiene are polymerizable by the Ziegler catalyst. The other diene, 1-4 hexadiene, however, has only one Ziegler catalyst polymerizable double bond. Hence, the polymers include a minor amount of unsaturation.
- Unsaturation in a polymeric viscosity index improving oil additive is generally undesirable since the unsaturated moiety introduces a site through which chemical reactions can occur under the conditions of use of the lubricating oil. Such reactions are undesirable since they cause changes in the viscosity of the lubricating oil.
- branched saturated ethylene tri or tetra polymers have desirable properties as viscosity modifiers.
- substantially saturated, long chain, branched ter-and tetrapolymers of ethylene can be prepared using a non-conjugated diene polymer by selecting as the polymerization initiator a catalyst system which is both a coordination catalyst and a cationic polymerization catalyst.
- the preferred coordination catalysts are Ziegler catalysts known to be useful in the preparation of ethylene-propylene-non-conjugated diene terpolymers.
- the cationic polymerization catalysts are either conventional cationic polymerization catalysts or are catalysts species which, in conjunction with the coordination catalyst, initiate cationic polymerization.
- the preferred monomers are ethylene propylene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene.
- the preferred catalyst system is VCl 4 or VOCl 3 , in combination with Al 2 Cl 3 Et 3 .
- This invention relates to a polymer comprising the reaction product of ethylene, an alpha-olefin and a non-conjugated diene which has utility as a viscosity modifier. More particularly it relates to saturated ter-and tetra polymers of ethylene, an alpha olefin and at least one non-conjugated diene wherein the diene has a first double bond polymerizable in the presence of a coordination catalyst and a second double bond which is cationically polymerizable.
- alpha-olefins suitable for use in the practice of this invention are linear and branched C 3 -C 18 alpha-olefins.
- the preferred alpha-olefins are C 3 -C 8 linear alpha-olefins.
- the most preferred alpha-olefin is propylene.
- alpha-olefins are propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, dodecene, 2-methyl butene-3, 2-methyl pentene-4, 2-methyl hexene-5, 2-ethyl hexene-5 etc.
- the dienes suitable for use in the practice of this invention are non-conjugated dienes having one double bond which is coordination catalyst polymerizable and one double bond which is cationically polymerizable.
- Illustrative non-limiting examples of such non-conjugated dienes are 2-methyl hexadiene-1,5; 2-methyl heptadiene-1,6; 5-methylene-2-norbornene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, 2-methyl norbornadiene, 5-isopropenyl-2-norbornene, 5-methallyl-2-norbornene, 5(2'-methyl-1-propene)-2-norbornene, 5-methyl vinyl-2-norbornene, 3-methallyl cyclopentene, and 3(2'-methyl-1-propenyl) cyclopentene and dicyclopentadiene.
- a fourth monomer which is a cationically polymerizable monoolefin such as iosbutene may be included in the polymerization medium. All of the monomers must be hydrocarbons.
- Suitable solvents for the polymerization reaction are hydrocarbon or chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents which are solvents for both the polymer and monomer.
- Illustrative examples of such solvents are hexane, methyl cyclohexane, cyclohexane, pentane, isopentane, heptane, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, benzene, and so forth.
- the catalyst system of this invention comprise (1) a coordination catalyst and (2) a catalyst which is a cationic polymerization initiator or (3) a compound which in conjunction with (1) or (2) generates a cationic catalyst.
- a coordination catalyst and (2) a catalyst which is a cationic polymerization initiator or (3) a compound which in conjunction with (1) or (2) generates a cationic catalyst.
- Illustrative examples of the coordination catalyst of this invention are those catalysts known generally as Ziegler catalysts.
- cationic initiator means a catalyst which at least to some degree, initiates cationic polymerization. It may be necessary to improve the catalyst efficiency by using a cationic promoter with the cationic initiator.
- the cationic initiator is optionally utilized in conjunction with a cationic promoter which is for example a tertiary alkyl halide, a benzyl chloride or a benzyl bromide.
- a cationic promoter which is for example a tertiary alkyl halide, a benzyl chloride or a benzyl bromide.
- Illustrative examples of the tertiary alkyl halide are tertiary butyl chloride, 2-ethyl-2-chloro propane, 2-methyl-2-chlorohexane, and so forth.
- the catalyst system of this invention comprises a coordination catalyst in conjunction with a catalyst which initiates cationic polymerization which comprises either a cationic initiator or a cationic initiator plus a promoter. While it will be readily recognized that the cationic promoters of this invention, alone, are never cationic polymerization catalysts by themselves when used in conjunction with particular cocatalysts of the Zeigler catalyst they can initiate cationic polymerization.
- cationic polymerization catalyst means (1) a catalyst which of itself initiates cationic polymerization, e.g., cationic initiator (2) a cationic initiator which in conjunction with a cationic promoter exhibits improved catalytic activity, and initiates cationic polymerization or (3) a cationic promoter which in conjunction with the cocatalyst of a Ziegler catalyst initiates cationic polymerization.
- a cationic promoter is not required, but may be used to improve cationic activity.
- the cocatalyst of the Ziegler catalyst is an alkyl aluminum halide, as defined, e.g. Et 3 Al 2 Cl 3
- the cationic promoter alone in conjunction with the appropriate Ziegler catalyst is a suitable catalyst system to initiate both polymerization reactions.
- the ratio of co-catalyst to catalyst is defined in terms of the mole ratio Al/M wherein M is V or Ti.
- Al/M is about 2 to about 25, preferably about 3 to about 15, more preferably about 4 to about 7, e.g., 5.
- the molar ratio of cationic initiator to Ziegler catalyst is about 0.1 to about 20, preferably about 0.5 to about 15, more preferably about 1 to about 10, most preferably about 2 to about 8, e.g., 3.
- the amount of cationic promoter is based on the amount of cocatalyst or cationic initiator used and hence, is defined by the ratio P/Al wherein P represents the cationic promoter P/Al can be about 0.1 to about 10, preferably about 0.3 to about 5, more preferably about 0.5 to about 2, e.g., 1.
- Table I presents non-limiting, illustrative examples of the catalyst system of this invention.
- T.E. Thickening Efficiency
- SSI shear stability index
- a solution of polymerization is carried out in a continuous flow stirred reactor in the manner shown in Table II, Run A.
- the polymer formed had a sufficiently low molecular weight, and thus thickening efficiency, so that it had a shear stability index ("SSI") of 18% as compared to 30% for conventional ethylene propylene copolymers having a thickening efficiency (“T.E.”) of about 2.8.
- the bulk viscosity of the polymer was measured at a stress of about 10 4 dynes/cm 2 . Measurements were performed at 100° C. using procedures as described in W. Graessley, G. Ver Strate, Rubber Chem & Tech, 53 842 (1980) incorporated herein by reference.
- a strip of polymer (1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1.2 cm) is clamped at one end and allowed to extend under gravitational stress.
- the bulk viscosity of the polymer was found to be a typical value for an ethylene-propylene-5-ethylidene-2-norbornene terpolymer of the same molecular weight, i.e. 4 ⁇ 10 5 poise Table III. This bulk viscosity is too low to permit satisfactory processing in a commercial elastomer plant.
- Such polymers exhibit such severe cold flow problems that the polymer rapidly agglomerates as a single solid mass and is not readily removed from the recovery vessels.
- Example III The polymerization reaction of Example I was repeated in substantially the same manner using the conditions set forth in Run B of Table II. Although the polymer found had substantially the same Mooney Viscosity and thickening efficiency as the polymer of Run A, its bulk low strain rate viscosity was higher than the high molecular weight control (Table III).
- Example II The polymerization reaction of Example I was repeated using the conditions of Run C (Table II). Again an oil soluble polymer of substantially lower T.E. is produced with improved SSI as compared to the high molecular weight control (see Sample D of Table III below). Yet the bulk viscosity is nearly as high as the high molecular weight control.
- EtAlCl 2 was used as the cationic initiator whereas HCl was used in Example II. If desired a promoter of this invention can be used with the EtAlCl 2 .
- An analysis for unsaturation detected 0.2 weight percent ethylidene norbornene. The polymer is substantially saturated.
- Run B (Example II) and Run C (Example III) are compared to Run A (Example I) a low molecular weight polymer as a control, and a high molecular weight commercially available ethylene-propylene polymer as an additional control.
- the results are shown in Table III.
- the low M.W. control (Run A) has a good SSI value (18%), it has a low bulk viscosity (4 ⁇ 10 5 poise). As a result it can not be readily handled because of severe agglomeration problems.
- the polymer of Run B is substantially identical to the branched control polymer (Run A) except that its bulk viscosity is 1.3 ⁇ 10 6 , and therefore, can be readily handled. It forms a crumb which remains as discrete particles for a time sufficient to empty the recovery vessel and complete polymer finishing and packaging. While the polymer of Run C has a slightly higher SSI (23%) it is still acceptable.
- the shear stability index is determined by measuring the initial viscosity of the polymer, subjecting it to sonic shear and then again measuring the viscosity.
- the percent change in viscosity is the SSI.
- the thickening efficiency (T.E.) of the polymers of Runs A, B and C are all within acceptable limits.
- the polymers were tested for T.E. measurements by dissolving them in a solvent extracted neutral mineral lubricating oil having a viscosity of 150 SUS at 37.8° C.
- Example II The experiment of Example II is rerun in the same manner except that isobutene is fed to the reactor at the same rate as 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene.
- the polymer has a bulk viscosity in excess of 10 7 poise at a strain rate of ca 10 -3 sec at 100° C. There is less than 1.5 ⁇ 10 -3 moles unsaturation/100 g polymer.
- the Ziegler catalyst can be introduced at the reactor inlet and the cationic initiator can be introduced downstream after polymerization has commenced.
- the term "substantially saturated” means that the polymer has less than 5.0 ⁇ 10 -3 moles of olefinic unsaturation/100 g.polymer. Preferably the unsaturation level is less than 10 -3 moles/100 g of polymer.
- the polymer prepared by the method of this invention are oil soluble polymers which are useful as viscosity modifiers. They may be used with any class of lubricating fluids in which they are soluble, either alone, or in conjunction with other oil additives.
- lubricating fluid as used in the specification and claims means naphthenic, aromatic or paraffinic petroleum oil fractions which are generally suitable for use as lubricating fluids as well as synthetic lubricating oils such as polyesters, polyalphaolefins of C 5 -C 20 alphaolefins and C 10 trimers.
- the polymer of this invention are generally utilized in the lubricating fluid at about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of the overall composition, preferably about 0.8 to about 1.5% by weight.
- the polymers of this invention have a bulk viscosity which is at least 3 times that of a linear ethylenepropylene polymer of the same intrinsic viscosity and ethylene content.
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Abstract
An ethylene ter- or tetrapolymer useful as a viscosity modifier and a process for preparing the polymer. The polymer comprises ethylene, an alpha-olefin, a non-conjugated diene and, optionally, a cationically polymerizable monoolefin. The polymerization catalyst comprises a Ziegler catalyst in conjunction with a cationic polymerization catalyst.
Description
It is well known that refined petroleum oils generally exhibit substantial changes in viscosity with temperature. The viscosity index ("V.I.") is a measure of the slope of the temperature-viscosity curve. It is preferred that a lubricating oil, e.g., automobile lubricating oil, exhibit a "flat" V.I. curve. The desired V.I. characteristic is generally achieved by adding oil soluble polymers to oil. For many years the preferred polymer additive was polyisobutylene.
Recently, specialty ethylene-propylene copolymers have been developed and are now widely used as V.I. improvers. Since lubricating oils are used in a wide range of applications, the market requires a variety of grades of such polymers having differing degrees of "thickening effect" so as to permit the formulation of lubricating oils having different viscosities and "shear stability" indicies. Such polymer grades may be prepared by direct synthesis, the molecular weight grades being determined by the polymerization process, or the different molecular weight grades can be produced by degradation of an ethylene-propylene copolymer so as to produce lower molecular weight fractions.
The patent literature is replete with many publications dealing with ethylene ter-and tetrapolymers containing one or more types of dienes introduced for a variety of reasons including a means for introducing unsaturation, thereby providing a means for crosslinking the polymer.
In the case of viscosity index improvers, crosslinking is neither a necessary nor desirable characteristic of the polymer. Illustrative of patents dealing with unsaturated ethylene ter-and tetrapolymers is U.S. Pat. No. 3,790,480. Polymers of ethylene, C3 -C18 higher alpha olefins and two classes of dienes are taught, the dienes having double bonds of the same or different polymerizability. In one class of dienes represented by 1,4-hexadiene, only one of the double bonds is readily polymerizable by the catalyst used. In another class of which 2,5-norbornadiene is representative, both double bonds are polymerizable utilizing the polymerization process of the patent. It is taught that the preferred viscosity indexes improvers are ethylene tetrapolymers wherein both classes of double bonds are used.
Presumably, superior properties are achieved because use of a diene with two active double bonds results in long chain branching with a concomitant increase in bulk viscosity of the polymer without any significant increase in intrinsic viscosity or thickening efficiency. Increased bulk viscosity facilitates the manufacture and storage of the polymer. The catalyst used for polymerization is a Ziegler type catalyst. Both double bonds of the 2,5-norbornadiene are polymerizable by the Ziegler catalyst. The other diene, 1-4 hexadiene, however, has only one Ziegler catalyst polymerizable double bond. Hence, the polymers include a minor amount of unsaturation.
Unsaturation in a polymeric viscosity index improving oil additive is generally undesirable since the unsaturated moiety introduces a site through which chemical reactions can occur under the conditions of use of the lubricating oil. Such reactions are undesirable since they cause changes in the viscosity of the lubricating oil. On the other hand, branched saturated ethylene tri or tetra polymers have desirable properties as viscosity modifiers.
It has surprisingly been found that substantially saturated, long chain, branched ter-and tetrapolymers of ethylene can be prepared using a non-conjugated diene polymer by selecting as the polymerization initiator a catalyst system which is both a coordination catalyst and a cationic polymerization catalyst. The preferred coordination catalysts are Ziegler catalysts known to be useful in the preparation of ethylene-propylene-non-conjugated diene terpolymers. The cationic polymerization catalysts are either conventional cationic polymerization catalysts or are catalysts species which, in conjunction with the coordination catalyst, initiate cationic polymerization.
The preferred monomers are ethylene propylene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene. The preferred catalyst system is VCl4 or VOCl3, in combination with Al2 Cl3 Et3.
This invention relates to a polymer comprising the reaction product of ethylene, an alpha-olefin and a non-conjugated diene which has utility as a viscosity modifier. More particularly it relates to saturated ter-and tetra polymers of ethylene, an alpha olefin and at least one non-conjugated diene wherein the diene has a first double bond polymerizable in the presence of a coordination catalyst and a second double bond which is cationically polymerizable.
Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that a polymer of the ethylene, alpha-olefin and non-conjugated diene is formed wherein the coordination catalyst polymerizable diene is incorporated into the backbone with subsequent coupling of these chains involving the cationically polymerizable double bond. This coupling produces a long chain branch in the polymer molecule. Of course, it is probable that some degree of simultaneous reaction of both double bonds occurs. However, since only small quantities of non-conjugated diene is used, as compared to ethylene and other alpha olefins, the mass effect mitigates in favor of its incorporation into the backbone first. In any event, the resultant polymer is a predominately saturated, long chain, branched oil soluble polymer of high bulk viscosity and low intrinsic viscosity.
The alpha-olefins suitable for use in the practice of this invention are linear and branched C3 -C18 alpha-olefins. The preferred alpha-olefins are C3 -C8 linear alpha-olefins. The most preferred alpha-olefin is propylene.
Illustrative non-limiting examples of such alpha-olefins are propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, dodecene, 2-methyl butene-3, 2-methyl pentene-4, 2-methyl hexene-5, 2-ethyl hexene-5 etc.
The dienes suitable for use in the practice of this invention are non-conjugated dienes having one double bond which is coordination catalyst polymerizable and one double bond which is cationically polymerizable. Illustrative non-limiting examples of such non-conjugated dienes are 2-methyl hexadiene-1,5; 2-methyl heptadiene-1,6; 5-methylene-2-norbornene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, 2-methyl norbornadiene, 5-isopropenyl-2-norbornene, 5-methallyl-2-norbornene, 5(2'-methyl-1-propene)-2-norbornene, 5-methyl vinyl-2-norbornene, 3-methallyl cyclopentene, and 3(2'-methyl-1-propenyl) cyclopentene and dicyclopentadiene.
A fourth monomer which is a cationically polymerizable monoolefin such as iosbutene may be included in the polymerization medium. All of the monomers must be hydrocarbons.
The polymerization is advantageously carried out in solution. Suitable solvents for the polymerization reaction are hydrocarbon or chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents which are solvents for both the polymer and monomer. Illustrative examples of such solvents are hexane, methyl cyclohexane, cyclohexane, pentane, isopentane, heptane, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, benzene, and so forth.
The catalyst system of this invention comprise (1) a coordination catalyst and (2) a catalyst which is a cationic polymerization initiator or (3) a compound which in conjunction with (1) or (2) generates a cationic catalyst. Illustrative examples of the coordination catalyst of this invention are those catalysts known generally as Ziegler catalysts. These Ziegler catalyst comprise, for example, VCl4, VOCl3, or VO(OR)3 wherein R is a hydrocarbon of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, e.g., trialkoxyvanadate, in conjunction with a cocatalyst wherein the cocatalyst is an aluminum alkyl i.e., AlR3 wherein R is as previously defined, or an alkyl aluminum halide in which the number of alkyl groups is equal to or greater than the number of halogens, i.e., Rm Aln Xp wherein X is halogen, R is as previously defined, n is an integer, m+p=3n and m≧p, e.g., Et3 Al2 Cl3 or Et2 AlCl.
The term "cationic initiator" as used in the specification and claims means a catalyst which at least to some degree, initiates cationic polymerization. It may be necessary to improve the catalyst efficiency by using a cationic promoter with the cationic initiator. Suitable cationic initiators are HCl, AlCl3 or an alkyl aluminum halide in which the number of halogens is greater than the number of alkyl groups, i.e., Rr Als Xt, wherein R and X are as previously defined and r, s, and t are integers of positive values and r=3s-t, for example, EtAlCl2. The cationic initiator is optionally utilized in conjunction with a cationic promoter which is for example a tertiary alkyl halide, a benzyl chloride or a benzyl bromide. Illustrative examples of the tertiary alkyl halide are tertiary butyl chloride, 2-ethyl-2-chloro propane, 2-methyl-2-chlorohexane, and so forth.
As described herein the catalyst system of this invention comprises a coordination catalyst in conjunction with a catalyst which initiates cationic polymerization which comprises either a cationic initiator or a cationic initiator plus a promoter. While it will be readily recognized that the cationic promoters of this invention, alone, are never cationic polymerization catalysts by themselves when used in conjunction with particular cocatalysts of the Zeigler catalyst they can initiate cationic polymerization.
As used in the specification and claims, the term "cationic polymerization catalyst" means (1) a catalyst which of itself initiates cationic polymerization, e.g., cationic initiator (2) a cationic initiator which in conjunction with a cationic promoter exhibits improved catalytic activity, and initiates cationic polymerization or (3) a cationic promoter which in conjunction with the cocatalyst of a Ziegler catalyst initiates cationic polymerization.
Where the cationic initiator is AlCl3 or RAlX2 where X is chlorine or bromine, a cationic promoter is not required, but may be used to improve cationic activity. Where the cocatalyst of the Ziegler catalyst is an alkyl aluminum halide, as defined, e.g. Et3 Al2 Cl3, the cationic promoter alone in conjunction with the appropriate Ziegler catalyst is a suitable catalyst system to initiate both polymerization reactions.
In the Ziegler catalyst the ratio of co-catalyst to catalyst is defined in terms of the mole ratio Al/M wherein M is V or Ti. Al/M is about 2 to about 25, preferably about 3 to about 15, more preferably about 4 to about 7, e.g., 5.
The molar ratio of cationic initiator to Ziegler catalyst is about 0.1 to about 20, preferably about 0.5 to about 15, more preferably about 1 to about 10, most preferably about 2 to about 8, e.g., 3.
The amount of cationic promoter is based on the amount of cocatalyst or cationic initiator used and hence, is defined by the ratio P/Al wherein P represents the cationic promoter P/Al can be about 0.1 to about 10, preferably about 0.3 to about 5, more preferably about 0.5 to about 2, e.g., 1.
Table I presents non-limiting, illustrative examples of the catalyst system of this invention.
TABLE I ______________________________________ Initi- Ziegler Catalyst Cationic ator* Catalyst Catalyst Co-Catalyst Al/M Initiator I/M Promoter P/Al ______________________________________ VCl.sub.4 Et.sub.3 Al.sub.2 Cl.sub.3 5 HCl 3 -- -- " AlEt.sub.3 5 HCl 4 -- -- " Et.sub.3 Al.sub.2 Cl.sub.3 5 -- -- t-butyl 5 chloride VOCl.sub.3 Et.sub.2 AlCl 5 HCl 4 " Al.sub.2 Et.sub.3 Cl.sub.3 5 HCl -- -- -- " Al.sub.2 Et.sub.3 Cl.sub.3 8 EtAlCl.sub.2 -- benzyl 2 chloride " Et.sub.2 AlCl HCl 6 -- -- " Et.sub.2 AlCl EtAlCl.sub.2 -- t-butyl 2 chloride " Al.sub.2 Et.sub.3 Cl.sub.3 5 EtAlCl.sub.2 3 t-butyl 1 chloride " Al.sub.2 Cl.sub.3 Et.sub.3 5 EtAlCl.sub. 2 -- -- -- ______________________________________ *Ratio of cationic initiator to M.
As used in the specification and claims the term "Thickening Efficiency" (T.E.) means the ratio of the weight percent of a polyisobutylene having a Staudiger molecular weight of 20,000, required to thicken a solvent extracted neutral mineral lubricating oil, having a viscosity of 150 SUS at 37.8° C., a viscosity index of 105 and an ASTM pour point of 0° F., to a viscosity of 12.4 centistokes at 98.9° C., to the weight percent of a test copolymer required to thicken the same oil to 12.4 centistokes at 98.9° C.
Mooney Viscosity measures were performed in accordance with ASTM D-1646 (ML 1+8 (100° C.)).
The term "shear stability index" (SSI) as used in the specification and claims means the percent reduction of the polymer viscosity after it is subjected to sonic breakdown. The viscosity of the polymer is determined before and after exposure to sonic breakdown and the SSI is recorded as the percent reduction in viscosity.
The advantages of the instant invention may be more readily appreciated by reference to the following examples:
A solution of polymerization is carried out in a continuous flow stirred reactor in the manner shown in Table II, Run A. The polymer formed had a sufficiently low molecular weight, and thus thickening efficiency, so that it had a shear stability index ("SSI") of 18% as compared to 30% for conventional ethylene propylene copolymers having a thickening efficiency ("T.E.") of about 2.8. The bulk viscosity of the polymer was measured at a stress of about 104 dynes/cm2. Measurements were performed at 100° C. using procedures as described in W. Graessley, G. Ver Strate, Rubber Chem & Tech, 53 842 (1980) incorporated herein by reference. A strip of polymer (1×10×1.2 cm) is clamped at one end and allowed to extend under gravitational stress. The extension rate (dl/dt) is calculated as a function of the density and Newtonian viscosity, and it is assumed that Troutons Rule, 3η shear=η elongation applies. The bulk viscosity of the polymer was found to be a typical value for an ethylene-propylene-5-ethylidene-2-norbornene terpolymer of the same molecular weight, i.e. 4×105 poise Table III. This bulk viscosity is too low to permit satisfactory processing in a commercial elastomer plant. Such polymers exhibit such severe cold flow problems that the polymer rapidly agglomerates as a single solid mass and is not readily removed from the recovery vessels.
TABLE II ______________________________________ Run # Process Variable A B C ______________________________________ Residence Time min 17 15 13 Temperature °C. 27 27 27 Pressure Kp a 413 413 413 Total hexane feed kg/h 7.5 24.2 31.6 ethene kg/100 kg hexane 3.4 3.86 2.5 propene kg/100 kg hexane 11.0 12.0 6.8 ethylidene norbornene 0.65 0.74 .0156 kg/100 kg hexane VOCl.sub.3 catalyst m mole/hr 2.07 13.4 15.3 Al.sub.2 Et.sub.3 Cl.sub.3 cocatalyst 12.4 80.6 92.1 m mole/hr transfer agent ppm on ethylene 400 200 125 Cationic Agents EtAlCl.sub.2 m mole/hr -- -- 46 HCl -- 80.4 -- ______________________________________
The polymerization reaction of Example I was repeated in substantially the same manner using the conditions set forth in Run B of Table II. Although the polymer found had substantially the same Mooney Viscosity and thickening efficiency as the polymer of Run A, its bulk low strain rate viscosity was higher than the high molecular weight control (Table III).
The polymerization reaction of Example I was repeated using the conditions of Run C (Table II). Again an oil soluble polymer of substantially lower T.E. is produced with improved SSI as compared to the high molecular weight control (see Sample D of Table III below). Yet the bulk viscosity is nearly as high as the high molecular weight control. In this example EtAlCl2 was used as the cationic initiator whereas HCl was used in Example II. If desired a promoter of this invention can be used with the EtAlCl2. An analysis for unsaturation detected 0.2 weight percent ethylidene norbornene. The polymer is substantially saturated.
The polymers of this invention Run B (Example II) and Run C (Example III) are compared to Run A (Example I) a low molecular weight polymer as a control, and a high molecular weight commercially available ethylene-propylene polymer as an additional control. The results are shown in Table III. The high molecular weight polymer exhibits poor shear stability (SSI=30%). While the low M.W. control (Run A) has a good SSI value (18%), it has a low bulk viscosity (4×105 poise). As a result it can not be readily handled because of severe agglomeration problems. The polymer of Run B is substantially identical to the branched control polymer (Run A) except that its bulk viscosity is 1.3×106, and therefore, can be readily handled. It forms a crumb which remains as discrete particles for a time sufficient to empty the recovery vessel and complete polymer finishing and packaging. While the polymer of Run C has a slightly higher SSI (23%) it is still acceptable.
The shear stability index (SSI) is determined by measuring the initial viscosity of the polymer, subjecting it to sonic shear and then again measuring the viscosity. The percent change in viscosity, expressed as a percent value, is the SSI.
The thickening efficiency (T.E.) of the polymers of Runs A, B and C are all within acceptable limits. The polymers were tested for T.E. measurements by dissolving them in a solvent extracted neutral mineral lubricating oil having a viscosity of 150 SUS at 37.8° C.
TABLE III ______________________________________ Comparison of Polymers wt. % eth- Moon- yl- ey ηo SSI Polymer ene 100° C. [η]* poise (%) T.E. ______________________________________ A low molecular 44 15 1.4 4 × 10.sup.5 18 1.8 weight control C -- 43 20 1.6 1.3 × 10.sup.6 23 2.2 B -- 45 23 1.4 4.0 × 10.sup.6 18.5 1.9 D high molecular 44 45 2.0 2 × 10.sup.6 30 2.8 weight control ______________________________________ *intrinsic viscosity in decalin at 135° C.
The experiment of Example II is rerun in the same manner except that isobutene is fed to the reactor at the same rate as 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene. The polymer has a bulk viscosity in excess of 107 poise at a strain rate of ca 10-3 sec at 100° C. There is less than 1.5×10-3 moles unsaturation/100 g polymer.
It is not intended that the scope of this invention be limited by the method of manufacture. While the Examples refer to a continuous flow stirred reactor, any method of polymerization suitable for ethylene copolymer polymerization may be used. For example, a tubular reactor of the type utilized in the manufacture of polyethylene may be used.
In carrying out the polymerization of this invention in a tubular reactor, all of the catalyst system need not be introduced simultaneously. The Ziegler catalyst can be introduced at the reactor inlet and the cationic initiator can be introduced downstream after polymerization has commenced.
As used in the specification and claims, the term "substantially saturated" means that the polymer has less than 5.0×10-3 moles of olefinic unsaturation/100 g.polymer. Preferably the unsaturation level is less than 10-3 moles/100 g of polymer.
The polymer prepared by the method of this invention are oil soluble polymers which are useful as viscosity modifiers. They may be used with any class of lubricating fluids in which they are soluble, either alone, or in conjunction with other oil additives. The term "lubricating fluid" as used in the specification and claims means naphthenic, aromatic or paraffinic petroleum oil fractions which are generally suitable for use as lubricating fluids as well as synthetic lubricating oils such as polyesters, polyalphaolefins of C5 -C20 alphaolefins and C10 trimers. The polymer of this invention are generally utilized in the lubricating fluid at about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of the overall composition, preferably about 0.8 to about 1.5% by weight.
The polymers of this invention have a bulk viscosity which is at least 3 times that of a linear ethylenepropylene polymer of the same intrinsic viscosity and ethylene content.
Claims (15)
1. A process for preparing a polymer from a monomer mixture consisting essentially of ethylene, an alpha-olefin, a non-conjugated diene which has a first site of unsaturation which is coordination catalyst polymerizable and a second site of unsaturation which is cationically polymerizable, and optionally, a cationically polymerizable mono-olefin which comprises utilizing a catalyst system to initiate polymerization wherein the catalyst system comprises:
(a) a coordination catalyst; and
(b) a cationic polymerization catalyst; said polymer being a substantially saturated, long chain ethylene ter- or tetra polymer.
2. The process according to claim 1 wherein the coordination catalyst comprises a Ziegler catalyst.
3. The process according to claim 2 wherein the Ziegler catalyst comprises a metal compound selected from the group consisting of VCl4, VOCl3, TiCl4 and Ti(OR)4 wherein R is an alkyl group of one to eight carbon atoms, and a cocatalyst selected from the group consisting of (1) a trialkyl aluminum compound where the alkyl is a C1 -C8 alkyl or (2) a compound having the general formula R'm Aln Xp wherein X is halogen, R' is an alkyl group of one to eight carbon atoms, n is an integer, m+p=3n and m≧p.
4. The process according to claim 3 wherein X is chlorine or bromine.
5. The process according to claim 3 wherein R' is ethyl.
6. The process according to claim 3 wherein the cocatalyst is Et2 AlCl or Et3 Al2 Cl3.
7. The process according to claim 3 wherein the cationic polymerization catalyst is (1) a cationic initiator which in conjunction with the cocatalyst is a cationic polymerization initiator, (2) a cationic promoter which in conjunction with the cocatalyst is a cationic polymerization initiator or (3) a cationic initiator which in conjunction with a cationic promoter is a cationic polymerization initiator.
8. The process according to claim 3 wherein the cocatalyst is Et3 Al2 Cl3 and the cationic polymerization initiator is EtAlCl2.
9. The process according to claim 8 wherein the metal compound is VOCl3.
10. The process according to claim 7 wherein the cocatalyst Et2 AlCl and the cationic promoter is a tertiary alkyl halide or a benzyl halide.
11. The process according to claim 10 wherein the catalyst promoter is a chloride or bromide.
12. The process according to claim 11 wherein the cationic promoter is t-butyl chloride or benzyl chloride.
13. The process according to claim 7 wherein the cocatalyst is AlEt3 or Et2 AlCl and the cationic initiator is HCl.
14. The process according to claim 6 wherein the metal compound is VOCl3 or VCl4.
15. The process according to claim 7 wherein the cocatalyst is Al2 Et3 Cl3 and the cationic initiator is HCl.
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/682,286 US4575574A (en) | 1984-12-17 | 1984-12-17 | Ethylene polymer useful as a lubricating oil viscosity modifier |
US06/785,726 US4666619A (en) | 1984-12-17 | 1985-10-09 | Ethylene polymer useful as a lubricating oil viscosity modifier E-25 |
CA000494662A CA1263106A (en) | 1984-12-17 | 1985-11-06 | Ethylene polymer useful as a lubricating oil viscosity modifier |
BR8505553A BR8505553A (en) | 1984-12-17 | 1985-11-06 | LUBRICATING OIL COMPOSITION AND PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF AN ETHYLENE POLYMER, AN ALPHA-OLEFINE AND A NON-CONJUGATING DIENE |
JP60278123A JPS61143496A (en) | 1984-12-17 | 1985-12-12 | Ethylene polymer suitable as modifier of lubrication degree |
EP85309120A EP0188103A3 (en) | 1984-12-17 | 1985-12-16 | An ethylene polymer useful as a lubricating oil viscosity modifier |
AU51283/85A AU573714B2 (en) | 1984-12-17 | 1985-12-16 | Ethylene polymer as lubricating oil viscosity modifier |
ES549955A ES8703493A1 (en) | 1984-12-17 | 1985-12-16 | An ethylene polymer useful as a lubricating oil viscosity modifier. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US06/682,286 US4575574A (en) | 1984-12-17 | 1984-12-17 | Ethylene polymer useful as a lubricating oil viscosity modifier |
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US06/785,726 Division US4666619A (en) | 1984-12-17 | 1985-10-09 | Ethylene polymer useful as a lubricating oil viscosity modifier E-25 |
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US4575574A true US4575574A (en) | 1986-03-11 |
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US06/682,286 Expired - Fee Related US4575574A (en) | 1984-12-17 | 1984-12-17 | Ethylene polymer useful as a lubricating oil viscosity modifier |
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US (1) | US4575574A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0188103A3 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS61143496A (en) |
AU (1) | AU573714B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR8505553A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1263106A (en) |
ES (1) | ES8703493A1 (en) |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4804794A (en) * | 1987-07-13 | 1989-02-14 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Viscosity modifier polymers |
US4853428A (en) * | 1987-11-02 | 1989-08-01 | Ford Motor Company | Elastomer compositions with superior low temperature flexibility |
US5151204A (en) * | 1990-02-01 | 1992-09-29 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Oleaginous compositions containing novel ethylene alpha-olefin polymer viscosity index improver additive |
US5225091A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1993-07-06 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted thiocarboxylic acid lubricant dispersant additives |
US5229022A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1993-07-20 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted mono- and dicarboxylic acid dispersant additives (PT-920) |
US5266223A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1993-11-30 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted mono-and dicarboxylic acid dispersant additives |
US5275747A (en) * | 1990-02-01 | 1994-01-04 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Derivatized ethylene alpha-olefin polymer useful as multifunctional viscosity index improver additive for oleaginous composition |
US5277833A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1994-01-11 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted mono-and dicarboxylic acid lubricant dispersant additives |
US5350532A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1994-09-27 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Borated ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted mono- and dicarboxylic acid dispersant additives |
US5498809A (en) * | 1992-12-17 | 1996-03-12 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Polymers derived from ethylene and 1-butene for use in the preparation of lubricant dispersant additives |
US5554310A (en) | 1992-12-17 | 1996-09-10 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Trisubstituted unsaturated polymers |
US5567344A (en) * | 1992-12-17 | 1996-10-22 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Gel-free dispersant additives useful in oleaginous compositions, derived from functionalized and grafted alpha-olefin polymers |
US5578237A (en) * | 1992-12-17 | 1996-11-26 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Gel-free α-olefin dispersant additives useful in oleaginous compositions |
US5681799A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1997-10-28 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin/diene interpolymer-substituted carboxylic acid dispersant additives |
US5759967A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1998-06-02 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Ethylene α-olefin/diene interpolymer-substituted carboxylic acid dispersant additives |
CN108431052A (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2018-08-21 | Jsr株式会社 | Polymerization catalyst, copolymer, polymer composition and cross-linked polymer |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2000060032A1 (en) | 1999-03-30 | 2000-10-12 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Viscosity regulator for lubricating oil and lubricating oil composition |
WO2004044108A1 (en) * | 2002-11-12 | 2004-05-27 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Lubricating oil composition and internal combustion engine oil |
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US4469910A (en) * | 1983-09-08 | 1984-09-04 | Uniroyal, Inc. | Method for the oligomerization of alpha-olefins |
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DE1595670A1 (en) * | 1966-08-23 | 1970-04-30 | Hoechst Ag | Production of copolymers from ethylene, propylene and 5-AEthylidene-2-norbornene that can be vulcanized with sulfur into elastomers that are resistant to heat and fatigue cracking |
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CA1200235A (en) * | 1979-01-09 | 1986-02-04 | Gary W. Ver Strate | Oil compositions containing ethylene copolymers |
-
1984
- 1984-12-17 US US06/682,286 patent/US4575574A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1985
- 1985-11-06 CA CA000494662A patent/CA1263106A/en not_active Expired
- 1985-11-06 BR BR8505553A patent/BR8505553A/en unknown
- 1985-12-12 JP JP60278123A patent/JPS61143496A/en active Pending
- 1985-12-16 EP EP85309120A patent/EP0188103A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1985-12-16 ES ES549955A patent/ES8703493A1/en not_active Expired
- 1985-12-16 AU AU51283/85A patent/AU573714B2/en not_active Ceased
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US3894999A (en) * | 1970-01-12 | 1975-07-15 | Copolymer Rubber & Chem Corp | Interpolymer of at least two monoolefins and certain 5-alkylidene-2-norbornenes |
US3790480A (en) * | 1972-12-29 | 1974-02-05 | Du Pont | Mineral oil composition |
US4197420A (en) * | 1977-07-18 | 1980-04-08 | Sebastiano Cesca | Method for producing oligomers from straight-chain alpha olefins, subsequently hydrogenating such oligomers and saturated products so obtained |
US4469910A (en) * | 1983-09-08 | 1984-09-04 | Uniroyal, Inc. | Method for the oligomerization of alpha-olefins |
Cited By (29)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4804794A (en) * | 1987-07-13 | 1989-02-14 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Viscosity modifier polymers |
US4900461A (en) * | 1987-07-13 | 1990-02-13 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Viscosity modifier polymers (E-98) |
US4853428A (en) * | 1987-11-02 | 1989-08-01 | Ford Motor Company | Elastomer compositions with superior low temperature flexibility |
US5277833A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1994-01-11 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted mono-and dicarboxylic acid lubricant dispersant additives |
US5225091A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1993-07-06 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted thiocarboxylic acid lubricant dispersant additives |
US5229022A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1993-07-20 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted mono- and dicarboxylic acid dispersant additives (PT-920) |
US5266223A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1993-11-30 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted mono-and dicarboxylic acid dispersant additives |
US5681799A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1997-10-28 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin/diene interpolymer-substituted carboxylic acid dispersant additives |
US5350532A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1994-09-27 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Borated ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted mono- and dicarboxylic acid dispersant additives |
US5433757A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1995-07-18 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted mono- and dicarboxylic acid dispersant additives |
US5435926A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1995-07-25 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Ethylene alpha-olefin polymer substituted mono- and dicarboxylic acid dispersant additives |
US5759967A (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1998-06-02 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Ethylene α-olefin/diene interpolymer-substituted carboxylic acid dispersant additives |
US5275747A (en) * | 1990-02-01 | 1994-01-04 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Derivatized ethylene alpha-olefin polymer useful as multifunctional viscosity index improver additive for oleaginous composition |
US5366647A (en) * | 1990-02-01 | 1994-11-22 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Derivatized ethylene alpha-olefin polymer useful as multifunctional viscosity index improver additive for oleaginous composition (PT-796) |
US5446221A (en) * | 1990-02-01 | 1995-08-29 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Oleaginous compositions containing novel ethylene alpha-olefin polymer viscosity index improver additive |
US5151204A (en) * | 1990-02-01 | 1992-09-29 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Oleaginous compositions containing novel ethylene alpha-olefin polymer viscosity index improver additive |
US5498809A (en) * | 1992-12-17 | 1996-03-12 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Polymers derived from ethylene and 1-butene for use in the preparation of lubricant dispersant additives |
US5578237A (en) * | 1992-12-17 | 1996-11-26 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Gel-free α-olefin dispersant additives useful in oleaginous compositions |
US5663129A (en) * | 1992-12-17 | 1997-09-02 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Gel-free ethylene interpolymer dispersant additives useful in oleaginous compositions |
US5663130A (en) * | 1992-12-17 | 1997-09-02 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Polymers derived from ethylene and 1-butene for use in the preparation of lubricant dispersant additives |
US5567344A (en) * | 1992-12-17 | 1996-10-22 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Gel-free dispersant additives useful in oleaginous compositions, derived from functionalized and grafted alpha-olefin polymers |
US5747596A (en) * | 1992-12-17 | 1998-05-05 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Gel-free alpha-olefin dispersant additives useful in oleaginous compositions |
US5554310A (en) | 1992-12-17 | 1996-09-10 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Trisubstituted unsaturated polymers |
US6030930A (en) | 1992-12-17 | 2000-02-29 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Polymers derived from ethylene and 1-butene for use in the preparation of lubricant disperant additives |
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US20190048107A1 (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2019-02-14 | Jsr Corporation | Polymerization catalyst, copolymer, polymer composition, and crosslinked polymer |
US10906996B2 (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2021-02-02 | Jsr Corporation | Polymerization catalyst, copolymer, polymer composition, and crosslinked polymer |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS61143496A (en) | 1986-07-01 |
ES8703493A1 (en) | 1987-02-16 |
EP0188103A2 (en) | 1986-07-23 |
CA1263106A (en) | 1989-11-21 |
AU5128385A (en) | 1986-06-26 |
EP0188103A3 (en) | 1989-06-28 |
AU573714B2 (en) | 1988-06-16 |
BR8505553A (en) | 1986-08-12 |
ES549955A0 (en) | 1987-02-16 |
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