US4461833A - Chromatographically purifying proteolytic procoagulant enzyme from animal tissue extract - Google Patents
Chromatographically purifying proteolytic procoagulant enzyme from animal tissue extract Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4461833A US4461833A US06/391,278 US39127882A US4461833A US 4461833 A US4461833 A US 4461833A US 39127882 A US39127882 A US 39127882A US 4461833 A US4461833 A US 4461833A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- procoagulant
- enzyme
- chromatographic resin
- factor
- proteolytic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
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- G01N33/573—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for enzymes or isoenzymes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
- C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
- C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
- C12N9/6421—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from mammals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/56—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving blood clotting factors, e.g. involving thrombin, thromboplastin, fibrinogen
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/814—Enzyme separation or purification
- Y10S435/815—Enzyme separation or purification by sorption
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10S436/811—Test for named disease, body condition or organ function
- Y10S436/813—Cancer
Definitions
- Fibrin for example, is known to be deposited at the advancing margin of solid tumors, and on blood-borne malignant cells which are thought to be metastatic.
- Many researchers have, in fact, reported the administration of anti-coagulants and fibrinolysins to decrease both tumor growth and metastases. These findings have led several investigators to look for procoagulant substance from malignant tissues which might play a role in fibrin deposition and vascular thrombosis observed in cancer patients. If this procoagulant substance could be identified and inhibited, it is believed that this might lead to a treatment for the disease.
- Factor XII Activation of the intrinsic pathway by surface contact causes Factor XII to form Factor XIIa, which, acting through the proteolytic conversions of Factors XI and Ix, results in an active complex composed of Factor IXa, Factor VIII, calcium and phospholipid, all of which facilitates the proteolytic activation of Factor X to Xa.
- the conversion of Factor X in turn, by either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, activates prothrombin (II) to thrombin (IIa) in the presence of calcium, phospholipid, and Factor V.
- Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates Factor XIII which facilitates fibrin monomer polymerization.
- cancer procoagulant Since the normal mechanism for tissue associated activation of the coagulation system is the release of tissue factor from damaged cells, it was important to establish that cancer procoagulant was not tissue factor or associated with the extrinsic pathway.
- My initial studies showed cancer procoagulant initiated coagulation in the absence of Factor VII, and that it was inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate, two characteristics that clearly distinguish it from tissue factor.
- cancer procoagulant Although the general characteristics of cancer procoagulant were able to be demonstrated using tissue extracts from malignant tissues or tissue cultures, without a purification method that was capable of yielding relatively pure proteolytic procoagulant enzyme, it was not possible to identify or test the components of the extract to determine the physical, chemical, and enzymatic properties of the procoagulant, or to attempt to make a coagulant specific antibody for use in the development of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of the procoagulant in persons suspected of having cancer.
- the purification of the proteolytic procoagulant according to the present invention is a four step chromatographic technique involving a benzamadine-Sepharose column (step 1); a 1.5M Agarose column (step 2); a benzamadine-Sepharose column (step 3); and a phenyl-Sepharose column (step 5).
- a more preferred separation technique is by the use of an additional p-chloromercurial benzoate-Sepharose column as step 4; it is this preferred separation technique which will be discussed below.
- a 0.5M stock solution of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) was prepared in dry isopropyl alcohol and diluted 1:100 in samples for DFP treatment.
- Crude phospholipid was obtained by chloroform-methanol (3:1) extraction (see Canadian Journal of Biochemical Physiology; 37:911; 1959) of Rabbit V2 carcinoma.
- Rabbit brain thromboplastin and Russell's viper venom were used as standards in the coagulation system and as representative procoagulants for comparison of the enzymatic properties with cancer procoagulant.
- Crude rabbit brain cephalin, veronal buffer and bovine plasma deficient in factors VII and X were commercially purchased. Four parts of fresh bovine plasma were collected in one part 3.8% sodium citrate after discarding the first blood through the needle and centrifuged twice for 5 minutes at 1600 xg to remove blood cells.
- Benzamidine-Sepharose affinity resin was prepared by coupling ⁇ -amino caproic acid to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose and 100 mg of p-aminobenzamidine was coupled to 2 gm of hexanoylsepharose with soluble carbodiimide for 24 hours while maintaining the pH at 4.75. After thorough washing of the resin with distilled water, at 1 ⁇ 11 cm column was packed and equilibrated with a 10 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.8) containing 50 mM NaCl and 1 mM EDTA. The flow rate of this column was 0.5 ml/min.
- a gel filtration column (1.5 ⁇ 100 cm) was packed with 1.5M agarose and equilibrated with 10 mM veronal buffer at pH 7.8 containing 0.5 mg/ml of crude phospholipid and then washed free of excess phospholipid with 10 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.8).
- the flow rate of this column was about 1 ml/min.
- a phenyl-Sepharose hydrophobic chromatography column (1 ⁇ 5 cm) was equilibrated in 10 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.8) containing 0.5 mg/ml of crude phospholipid, washed free of excess phospholipid with the veronal buffer and finally equilibrated with 10 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.8).
- the column was used at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min.
- a p-chloromercurialbenzoate-agarose affinity resin was prepared by equilibration of the resin in 25 mM 2[N-morpholine]-ethane sulfonic acid buffer at pH 6.8. The equilibrated resin was packed in a 1 ⁇ 10 cm column and run at a flow rate of about 1.0 ml/minute.
- V2 carcinoma cells were injected into the thigh muscle of young (2 kg) New Zealand white rabbits and the animal's weight and tumor size were monitored biweekly until the animal's weight began to decline and the tumor was large. The tumor was removed surgically prior to the animal's death. Tumors ranged in size from 50 to 200 gms. Tumor tissue was cut into 0.5 to 1 cm thick slices to increase surface area and extracted by placing it in 3 changes of 20 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.8) for 3 hours each. The factor VII depleted bovine plasma was used to determine the dependence of the procoagulant activity on Factor VII, using Russell's viper venom and rabbit brain thromboplastin as positive and negative controls, respectively. DFP sensitivity and activity in Factor VII-depleted bovine plasma were two criteria used throughout the purification procedure as identifying characteristics of the enzyme and to distinguish cancer procoagulant from normal tissue thromboplastin.
- a two-stage coagulation assay was used to determine the direction activation of pure bovine Factor X by cancer procoagulant.
- the first stage contained 0.64 ⁇ g of purified bovine Factor X in 0.5 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCL buffer (pH 7.8) containing 10 mM CaCL 2 and 0.15M NaCl, 10 ⁇ g crude rabbit brain cephalin in 20 ⁇ l saline and from 5 to 10 ng of purified cancer procoagulant such that the ratio of cancer procoagulant to Factor X was from 1:60 to 1:128.
- a portion of the purified samples was adjusted to 5 mM DFP, incubated at 25° C. for 30 minutes and added to the first stage of the assay.
- Partially purified Russell's viper venon standard was diluted 1:100,000 with saline and used in a ratio of 1:320,000 with Factor X. Aliquots (100 ml) of the first stage reaction mixture were taken at various time intervals, including 0 time, and assayed for Factor Xa activity in the second stage by mixing with 100 ⁇ l of bovine plasma depleted of Factor VII and Factor X and 100 ⁇ l of 20 mM CaCl 2 . If any Factor Xa was detected in the Factor X samples, they were treated with 25 mM DFP to inactivate the Factor Xa and then dialyzed to remove the residual DFP prior to its use.
- Step 1 The concentrated crude tumor extract was applied to the benzamidine affinity chromatography column and unbound protein was washed from the column with 10 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.9) containing 50 mM NaCl and 1 mM EDTA. The bound protein was eluted with 1.0M propionic acid. The acid elute fractions were brought to pH 7.5 immediately with 4N NaOH or they were collected in an equal volume of 0.5M veronal buffer (pH 8.0) to partially neutralize the propionic acid and then adjusted to pH 7.5 with NaOH. All the DFP sensitive, Factor VII independent procoagulant activity was recovered in the acid eluate.
- the fractions containing procoagulant were pooled, concentrated about 20 fold on an ultrafiltration (PM-10) membrane and dialyzed against 10 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.8) to remove sodium propionate.
- the quantitative recovery of the procoagulant activity was greater than 100%, probably due to the removal of protease inhibitors present in the tumor extract.
- Step 2 The concentrated, dialyzed acid elution peak from the affinity column with a protein concentration of from 6 to 10 mg/ml, was applied to a 1.5M agarose gel filtration column.
- the column was eluted with 10 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.8); the elution profile had four major protein peaks with the high molecular weight, peak containing most of the DFP sensitive procoagulant activity. Fractions from the major procoagulant peak were pooled and concentrated about 5 fold by ultrafiltration and carried to the next step in the purification sequence. The recovery of activity from this step was frequently greater than 100% probably due to removal of additional inhibitors.
- Step 3 The concentrated procoagulant peak was applied to the benzamidine affinity resin, a small amount of unbound protein was washed from the column with 10 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.8) containing 50 mM NaCl and 1 mM EDTA, and protein adsorbed to either the resin or to bound proteins was removed by washing the column with 0.1% Triton X-100 in 10 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.8).
- the Triton X-100 was cleared from the column with the initial veronal buffer, 30 mls of 0.05M propionic acid was used to elute weakly bound proteases, including some procoagulant activity, and then 40 mls of 0.5M propionic acid was used to remove the remaining bound proteins.
- the acid eluates were either adjusted to pH 7.5 immediately, or collected in 0.5M veronal buffer to partially neutralize the propionic acid as described in Step 1.
- the samples were dialyzed against 10 mM veronal buffer to remove the sodium propionate, and concentrated by ultrafiltration. No procoagulant activity was recovered in the unbound protein sample and little or no activity was recovered with the protein eluted by Triton X-100. About 30% of the procoagulant activity was recovered in the 0.05M acid eluate; the remaining 70% was in the 0.5M acid eluate which was carried to the next step of the purification.
- the acid eluate from this purification step formed a single immunoprecipitin band on immunoelectrophoresis against an antibody to partially purified cancer procoagulant is contained 3 to 4 protein impurities when analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
- Step 4 About 1.0 ml of the sample eluted from the second benzamidine affinity column was applied to the PCMB affinity resin in 20 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.7) and washed onto the column with 40 ml of MES buffer (ph 6.8), 40 ml of 1M urea and 1% Tween 20 in MES buffer, 20 ml MES buffer to clear the urea and Tween from the column, 35 ml of 0.1 mM dithiothreitol, 35 ml of 5 mM dithiothreitol, 35 ml of 10 mM dithiothreitol, and finally 35 ml of 100 mM dithiothreitol to strip the column of residual protein.
- Protein eluted from the column was continuously monitored at 280 nm. The protein peaks were collected separately and concentrated about 10 fold on an ultrafiltration membrane and dialyzed against MES buffer to remove the dithiothreitol. Protein was eluted in each of the washes; a small amount of procoagulant activity was eluted in 0.1 mM with the major peak of activity in the 5 mM eluate.
- Step 5 The concentrated, dialyzed procoagulant sample from the PCMB-Sepharose column was applied to a phenyl-Sepharose hydrophobic affinity column in 10 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.8) containing 10 ⁇ g/ml of crude phospholipid. The sample was allowed to equilibrate with the column for 10 minutes and then unbound protein was eluted with 10 mM veronal buffer (pH 7.8). Procoagulant was eluted with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide in veronal buffer, concentrated by ultrafiltration and dialyzed free of dimethyl sulfoxide against veronal buffer.
- dimethyl sulfoxide eluate generally contained most of the remaining 80% of the activity and was a single protein band by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
- the second step of the purification procedure utilized the observation that the procoagulant enzyme aggregated when concentrated to more than 2 mg of protein per ml of sample. This permits it to be resolved from other proteins with molecular weights less than 150,000, a molecular weight cut off that is common for most serine proteases.
- the benzamidine-affinity chromatography step was repeated, but adsorbed impurities were removed with a nonionic detergent (0.1% Triton X-100) and a low level of propionic acid (0.05M) was used to elute weakly bound proteases, including some cancer procoagulant, before the remaining proteases were stripped from the column with 0.5M propionic acid.
- a final hydrophobic affinity chromatography step resulted in highly purified protein.
- the overall purification and recovery were impossible to calculate accurately because inhibitors present in the crude extract masked the procoagulant activity and the instability of the procoagulant resulted in slow but continuous loss of activity.
- the final product of the purification sequence appears to be homogeneous cancer procoagulant enzyme.
- phospholipid was used to preequilibrate the columns, and routinely added to samples during the purification, including the purified enzyme, because it was demonstrated to improve both the stability and activity of the procoagulant.
- Analytical polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis was carried out with 10% or 12.5% gels at pH 8.9. Aliquots of samples (4 parts) were added to 1 part of a sample buffer solution containing 10% ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, 10% sodium dodecylsulfate, 40% glycerol and 0.01% pyronin Y in 0.125M Tris-base. Non-reduced samples were prepared in the same sample buffer with ⁇ -mercaptoethanol omitted. The samples were heated for 2 minutes in boiling water and applied to the gel. The molecular weight of the pure procoagulant was estimated by determining the electrophoretic migration of proteins with known molecular weight.
- Analytical polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing was carried out with precast 4% LKB gels according to the standard LKB procedure.
- the isoelectric point of the pure procoagulant was determined both by the location of proteins of known isoelectric point, and by determining the pH gradient by measuring the pH of 0.1M KCl solution containing 0.5 cm gel slices.
- Purified cancer procoagulant appeared as a pair of protein bands on a wide pH range (pH 3.5 to 9.5) analytical polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing gel at a pI of about 4.8 and 4.9. Analysis on a narrow pH range (pH 4.0 to 6.5) gel resolved the pI 4.9 protein band into 2 protein bands, suggesting that there were 3 isozymes of cancer procoagulant.
- the amount of procoagulant activity in milliequivalents of rabbit brain thromboplastin (meq RBT) and protein (mg) content of the purification sequence for a representative purification is tabulated in the following Table 1.
- the specific activity (SA, meq RBT/mg protein), the recovery of activity (%) and the increase in specific activity (purification) were calculated from data obtained. It is believed that recoveries greater than 100% are probably due to the removal of procoagulant inhibitors during purification.
- the enzyme obtained by this purification technique has a molecular weight of about 68,000, and is believed to be a single polypeptide chain since the electrophonetic migration was not affected by recuction with ⁇ -mercaptoethanol.
- this enzyme differs from other coagulation enzymes in that it activates Factor X.
- procoagulant specific antibody By suspending the purified cancer procoagulant in Freund's adjuvant and injecting it into goats, it has been possible to obtain procoagulant specific antibody which results in a single immunoprecipitin band upon electrophoresis.
- This antibody can be purified by techniques such as immunoaffinity chromatography and used in the determination of cancer procoagulant in body fluids by conventional RIA or enzyme immunoassay diagnostic protocols.
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Abstract
Description
TABLE I ______________________________________ The Results of a Cancer Procoagulant Purification Sequence Total Activ- Puri- ity SA % Re- fica- (meq Protein (meq cov- tion Sample RBT) (mg) RMB/mg) ery (X) ______________________________________ Crude Extract 400 916.0 0.44 -- -- Benz-Aff Chrom 1250 97.3 12.85 312.5 29.4 1.5 M Agarose Chrom. 855 29.33 29.15 68.4 2.3 Benz-Aff Chrom 900 5.85 153.85 105.3 5.3 Phenyl-Seph. Chrom. 208 0.18 1155.6 23.1 7.5 Net Purification 52% 2644.4 ______________________________________
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (2)
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US06/391,278 US4461833A (en) | 1982-06-23 | 1982-06-23 | Chromatographically purifying proteolytic procoagulant enzyme from animal tissue extract |
US07/313,285 US4943524A (en) | 1982-06-23 | 1989-02-17 | Enzyme immunoassay for cancer procoagulant |
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US06/391,278 US4461833A (en) | 1982-06-23 | 1982-06-23 | Chromatographically purifying proteolytic procoagulant enzyme from animal tissue extract |
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Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1985002684A1 (en) * | 1983-12-09 | 1985-06-20 | Children's Hospital Medical Center Of Northern Cal | Breast epithelial cell marker |
US4610879A (en) * | 1984-01-06 | 1986-09-09 | University Of Southern California | Fibrinolytic enzyme from snake vernom |
AU573748B2 (en) * | 1984-05-02 | 1988-06-23 | University Research Corporation | Monoclonal antibody to cancer procoagulant and immunoassay |
US4771128A (en) * | 1986-10-10 | 1988-09-13 | Cetus Corporation | Method of purifying toxin conjugates using hydrophobic interaction chromatography |
US4784940A (en) * | 1987-06-26 | 1988-11-15 | Mesa Medical, Inc. | Quantitation of cancer procoagulant activity in serum |
US4795806A (en) * | 1987-07-16 | 1989-01-03 | Miles Laboratories, Inc. | Phospholipid affinity purification of Factor VIII:C |
US4816400A (en) * | 1983-05-19 | 1989-03-28 | Karl Tryggvason | Basement membrane collagen degrading enzyme and method of purifying same |
US4997537A (en) * | 1986-10-21 | 1991-03-05 | Northeastern University | High performance microcapillary gel electrophoresis |
US5024945A (en) * | 1983-07-26 | 1991-06-18 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Process for obtaining sarcosine oxidase from microorganisms |
EP0457371A1 (en) * | 1986-12-18 | 1991-11-21 | BEHRINGWERKE Aktiengesellschaft | Method for the isolation of the tissue protein PP4 |
US5139943A (en) * | 1989-06-13 | 1992-08-18 | Genencor International, Inc. | Processes for the recovery of microbially produced chymosin |
US5151358A (en) * | 1989-06-13 | 1992-09-29 | Genencor International, Inc. | Processes for the recovery of naturally produced chymosin |
US5215908A (en) * | 1989-06-13 | 1993-06-01 | Genencor International, Inc. | Process for recovery and purification of chymosin |
US5223486A (en) * | 1988-11-01 | 1993-06-29 | University Research Corporation | Inhibition of cancer procoagulant |
WO1994001536A1 (en) * | 1992-07-07 | 1994-01-20 | University Research Corporation | Cancer immunotherapy with antibodies to cancer procoagulant |
US5625036A (en) * | 1991-10-04 | 1997-04-29 | Dade International Inc. | Preparation of prothrombin time reagents from recombinant human tissue factor and purified natural and synthetic phospholipids |
US5665216A (en) * | 1986-10-21 | 1997-09-09 | Northeastern University | Capillary column for high performance electrophoretic separation and detection of SDS proteins and system and using the same |
US5866425A (en) * | 1994-04-28 | 1999-02-02 | Dade Ag | Calibrator for prothrombin time (PT) assays |
US20160159935A1 (en) * | 2004-08-12 | 2016-06-09 | Lipoxen Technologies Limited | Fractionation of Charged Polysaccharide |
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US3515641A (en) * | 1966-12-05 | 1970-06-02 | Canadian Patents Dev | Proteolytic enzymes |
US4252902A (en) * | 1978-07-25 | 1981-02-24 | Toho Pharmaceutical Industries Co., Ltd. | Process for purification of crude kallikrein |
US4264738A (en) * | 1979-08-01 | 1981-04-28 | Stepanov Valentin M | Process for purification of proteolytic enzymes |
US4393140A (en) * | 1981-01-31 | 1983-07-12 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the preparation of the highly pure enzyme kallikrein from swine pancreas extracts |
US4374926A (en) * | 1981-05-13 | 1983-02-22 | Smith Laboratories, Inc. | Method for the production of improved chymopapain |
Cited By (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4816400A (en) * | 1983-05-19 | 1989-03-28 | Karl Tryggvason | Basement membrane collagen degrading enzyme and method of purifying same |
US5024945A (en) * | 1983-07-26 | 1991-06-18 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Process for obtaining sarcosine oxidase from microorganisms |
US4529693A (en) * | 1983-12-09 | 1985-07-16 | Children's Hospital Medical Center Of Northern California | Detecting neoplastic mammary epithelial cells by detecting thioesterase II marker |
WO1985002684A1 (en) * | 1983-12-09 | 1985-06-20 | Children's Hospital Medical Center Of Northern Cal | Breast epithelial cell marker |
US4610879A (en) * | 1984-01-06 | 1986-09-09 | University Of Southern California | Fibrinolytic enzyme from snake vernom |
AU573748B2 (en) * | 1984-05-02 | 1988-06-23 | University Research Corporation | Monoclonal antibody to cancer procoagulant and immunoassay |
US4771128A (en) * | 1986-10-10 | 1988-09-13 | Cetus Corporation | Method of purifying toxin conjugates using hydrophobic interaction chromatography |
US4997537A (en) * | 1986-10-21 | 1991-03-05 | Northeastern University | High performance microcapillary gel electrophoresis |
US5665216A (en) * | 1986-10-21 | 1997-09-09 | Northeastern University | Capillary column for high performance electrophoretic separation and detection of SDS proteins and system and using the same |
EP0457371A1 (en) * | 1986-12-18 | 1991-11-21 | BEHRINGWERKE Aktiengesellschaft | Method for the isolation of the tissue protein PP4 |
US4784940A (en) * | 1987-06-26 | 1988-11-15 | Mesa Medical, Inc. | Quantitation of cancer procoagulant activity in serum |
US4795806A (en) * | 1987-07-16 | 1989-01-03 | Miles Laboratories, Inc. | Phospholipid affinity purification of Factor VIII:C |
US5223486A (en) * | 1988-11-01 | 1993-06-29 | University Research Corporation | Inhibition of cancer procoagulant |
US5151358A (en) * | 1989-06-13 | 1992-09-29 | Genencor International, Inc. | Processes for the recovery of naturally produced chymosin |
US5215908A (en) * | 1989-06-13 | 1993-06-01 | Genencor International, Inc. | Process for recovery and purification of chymosin |
US5139943A (en) * | 1989-06-13 | 1992-08-18 | Genencor International, Inc. | Processes for the recovery of microbially produced chymosin |
US5625036A (en) * | 1991-10-04 | 1997-04-29 | Dade International Inc. | Preparation of prothrombin time reagents from recombinant human tissue factor and purified natural and synthetic phospholipids |
WO1994001536A1 (en) * | 1992-07-07 | 1994-01-20 | University Research Corporation | Cancer immunotherapy with antibodies to cancer procoagulant |
US5866425A (en) * | 1994-04-28 | 1999-02-02 | Dade Ag | Calibrator for prothrombin time (PT) assays |
US20160159935A1 (en) * | 2004-08-12 | 2016-06-09 | Lipoxen Technologies Limited | Fractionation of Charged Polysaccharide |
US20160159936A1 (en) * | 2004-08-12 | 2016-06-09 | Lipoxen Technologies Limited | Fractionation of Charged Polysaccharide |
US9790288B2 (en) * | 2004-08-12 | 2017-10-17 | Lipoxen Technologies Limited | Fractionation of charged polysaccharide |
US9828443B2 (en) * | 2004-08-12 | 2017-11-28 | Lipoxen Technologies Limited | Fractionation of charged polysaccharide |
US10494449B2 (en) * | 2004-08-12 | 2019-12-03 | Lipoxen Technologies Limited | Fractionation of charged polysaccharide |
RU2692101C2 (en) * | 2010-09-23 | 2019-06-21 | Бриджстоун Корпорейшн | Method of producing polydienes |
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