US4439491A - Oxidation retardant for graphite - Google Patents
Oxidation retardant for graphite Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4439491A US4439491A US06/442,651 US44265182A US4439491A US 4439491 A US4439491 A US 4439491A US 44265182 A US44265182 A US 44265182A US 4439491 A US4439491 A US 4439491A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- oxidation
- graphite
- solution
- samples
- sub
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229960004643 cupric oxide Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000006012 monoammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 235000010338 boric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical compound O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 4
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YYNVZOZEKZQDPF-UHFFFAOYSA-L azanium zinc hydrogen phosphate chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Zn+2].P(=O)([O-])([O-])O.[NH4+] YYNVZOZEKZQDPF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 halogen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000318 alkali metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000152 cobalt phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GIPIUENNGCQCIT-UHFFFAOYSA-K cobalt(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Co+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GIPIUENNGCQCIT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- AAOZHYQMMGUZBW-UHFFFAOYSA-K cobalt(3+) phosphoric acid phosphate Chemical compound P(O)(O)(O)=O.P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[Co+3] AAOZHYQMMGUZBW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229940097267 cobaltous chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane;decahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].O1B([O-])OB2OB([O-])OB1O2 CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- DZGCGKFAPXFTNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol;hydron;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CCO DZGCGKFAPXFTNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- XPFVYQJUAUNWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfuryl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CO1 XPFVYQJUAUNWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004687 hexahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052816 inorganic phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005058 metal casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010310 metallurgical process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MFXMOUUKFMDYLM-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc;diphosphate Chemical class [Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O MFXMOUUKFMDYLM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
- C04B41/5076—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials with masses bonded by inorganic cements
- C04B41/5092—Phosphate cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
- C04B41/81—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/85—Coating or impregnation with inorganic materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B7/00—Heating by electric discharge
- H05B7/02—Details
- H05B7/12—Arrangements for cooling, sealing or protecting electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2918—Rod, strand, filament or fiber including free carbon or carbide or therewith [not as steel]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/30—Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer
Definitions
- the graphite electrodes are subject to mechanical, chemical and electrical stresses of such severity, that particularly for ultra high powered furnaces, only graphite of very high quality can be used.
- the electrodes are subject to the mechanical stresses from falling scrap being melted, from the inductance caused by the high AC current and subject to oxidation due to the temperature reached, which will range up to the sublimation temperature of over 3000° C.
- oxidation retardants are ineffective above about 1200° C., any improvement, even at lower temperatures, is welcome and can significantly reduce electrode consumption.
- J53008-608 Ibigawa Electric K.K., Jan. 26, 1978, discloses aluminum phosphates as graphite oxidation retardants.
- Oxidation retardant solutions have been used by graphite manufacturers to treat electrode sockets for many years. There have also been many attempts to use these solutions as oxidation retardants on the total graphite electrode; however, these have been unsuccessful in the past due to a variety of shortcomings including ineffectiveness, corrosion of the clamps, and high contact resistance between the electrode and the clamps caused by the use of a glassy type of oxidation retardant. Corrosion is often caused by the use of a solution containing halogen ions such as hydrochloric acid or its salts.
- Copper corrosion was measured on copper plates bolted to graphite samples which were treated with the oxidation retardant solutions. The samples were then heated to 500° C. in the TGA furnace.
- Two-inch cubes of the two graphite materials were used for determining optimum soak times for maximum pickup of the oxidation retardant solution.
- sample pairs were measured for their contact resistance between the "A" ends and "B" ends at 25, 50 and 100 psi to obtain values for untreated samples.
- Two "A" ends on one pair of each of the three types were painted with the four oxidation retardant solutions. After drying overnight, their contact resistances were measured. Data on untreated, one surface treated, and two surface treated samples is shown in Table 3 for each of the four oxidation retardants.
- ammonium phosphate-zinc chloride solution with its high concentration of chloride ions is highly corrosive to copper.
- a solution was made up as follows: monobasic ammonium phosphate, anhydrous 19.8%, zinc orthophosphate 3.5%, phosphoric acid 15.3%, boric acid 0.88%, cupric oxide 0.27%, Dowfax 2Al wetting agent, 45% solution 0.95%, and water 59.3%.
- the solution of water was put into a container and phosphoric acid was added and each compound was added, stirred in and dissolved before adding the next compound in the order of phosphoric acid, boric acid, monobasic ammonium phosphate, zinc orthophosphate, wetting agent and cupric oxide.
- the solution required vigorous stirring with heat of approximately 80° C. to go into solution.
- concentration of the various ingredients may each be varied considerably without seriously affecting the performance of the solution; thus an approximate concentration range as follows is contemplated:
- the carbon or graphite article may be treated by a number of application procedures.
- the solution may be brushed or sprayed on the surface, the article may be dipped and soaked in the solution, or the solution may be applied by the normal process of impregnation, i.e. placing the article in a sealed chamber, evacuating the chamber, then bringing the impregnant into contact under pressure, e.g. at 100 psi.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Fireproofing Substances (AREA)
Abstract
Description
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF STANDARD GRAPHITE % Pickup Oxidation Loss Solution Wet Air-Dry 800° C. Wt. % ORI ______________________________________ A - Graphite Ex 1 sol. 8.89 4.02 1.54 2.02 15.17 #2 sol. 5.89 3.92 1.94 2.81 21.10 #3 sol. 11.09 7.46 3.33 3.68 27.63 #4 sol. 7.58 3.79 2.62 5.11 38.36 #5 sol. 6.70 2.25 1.33 5.19 38.96 #6 sol. 6.87 2.12 1.16 5.74 43.09 Control 13.32 B - Graphite Ex 1 sol. 13.16 4.41 1.83 2.10 13.08 #2 sol. 5.23 4.27 2.50 3.43 21.37 #3 sol. 10.99 8.40 4.20 3.69 22.99 #4 sol. 7.72 3.34 2.36 5.07 31.61 #5 sol. 7.09 2.59 1.48 5.83 36.32 #6 sol. 7.53 2.43 1.30 7.04 43.84 Control 16.05 ______________________________________
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ SOLUTIONS USED, BY WT. PERCENT Ex 1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 ______________________________________ Monobasic Ammonium 19.8 20.84 17.75 Phosphate NH.sub.4 H.sub.2 PO.sub.4 Zinc orthophosphate 3.5 21.7 Zn.sub.3 (PO.sub.4).sub.2 Phosphoric acid 15.3 50.3 50.3 10.35 H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 (85%) Boric acid 0.9 0.1 0.93 H.sub.3 BO.sub.3 Cupric oxide 0.3 CuO Dowfax 2Al 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.00 45% sol. (Dow Chem.) Cobalt orthophosphate 21.7 Co.sub.3 (PO.sub.4).sub.2 --2H.sub.2 O Zinc chloride 8.23 ZnCl.sub.2 Hydrochloric acid 7.47 1.50 1.50 conc. HCl Cobaltous chloride 12.25 hexahydrate CoCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2 O Ethanol 8.00 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 OH Aluminum hydroxide 3.74 Al(QH).sub.3 Monoaluminum phosphate 37.36 Al(H.sub.2 PO.sub.4).sub.3 Water 59.2 26.9 27.0 40.08 67.50 59.50 ______________________________________
TABLE 3 ______________________________________ CONTACT RESISTANCE OF OXIDATION-RETARDANT- TREATED GRAPHITE AT VARIOUS PRESSURES, OHMS × 10.sup.-5 Pressure Treatment 25 psi 50 psi 100 psi ______________________________________ Ex 1 sol. - control, untreated .022 .015 .011 2 surfaces .040 .022 .012 1 surface .026 .016 .012 #2 sol. - control, untreated .021 .014 .009 2 surfaces .032 .021 .014 l surface .026 .017 .010 #3 sol. - control, untreated .023 .016 .010 2 surfaces .262 .180 .120 l surface 8.61 6.04 4.29 #4 sol. - control, untreated .012 .0065 .0023 2 surfaces .108 .076 .025 1 surface .041 .025 .014 #5 sol. - control, untreated .018 .009 .004 2 surfaces .044 .022 .011 1 surface .035 .019 .009 ______________________________________
TABLE 4 ______________________________________ CORROSION WT. LOSS Solution % Wt. Loss of Cu Plate ______________________________________ Control 0.03% Ex 1 sol. 0.07% #2 sol. 0.03% #4 sol. 0.90% #5 sol. 1.43% ______________________________________
______________________________________ Monobasic ammonium phosphate 10-30% Zinc orthophosphate 2-6% Phosphoric acid 8-25% Boric acid 0-2% Cupric oxide 0.1-1% Wetting agent - Dowfax 2A1 0.1-1% (Other compatible wetting agents may also be used) ______________________________________
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/442,651 US4439491A (en) | 1982-11-18 | 1982-11-18 | Oxidation retardant for graphite |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/442,651 US4439491A (en) | 1982-11-18 | 1982-11-18 | Oxidation retardant for graphite |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US4439491A true US4439491A (en) | 1984-03-27 |
Family
ID=23757608
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US06/442,651 Expired - Fee Related US4439491A (en) | 1982-11-18 | 1982-11-18 | Oxidation retardant for graphite |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US4439491A (en) |
Cited By (40)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4544472A (en) * | 1983-04-14 | 1985-10-01 | Nalco Chemical Company | Electrode coating and coated electrodes |
US4582751A (en) * | 1984-09-04 | 1986-04-15 | Avco Corporation | Oxidation protection for carbon composite materials |
EP0223205A1 (en) * | 1985-11-13 | 1987-05-27 | Union Carbide Corporation | Oxidation retarded graphite or carbon electrode and method for producing the electrode |
US4877554A (en) * | 1987-07-22 | 1989-10-31 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Resistance paste |
US5254359A (en) * | 1989-06-02 | 1993-10-19 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Method of forming titanium nitride coatings on carbon/graphite substrates by electric arc thermal spray process using titanium feed wire and nitrogen as the atomizing gas |
US5304417A (en) * | 1989-06-02 | 1994-04-19 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Graphite/carbon articles for elevated temperature service and method of manufacture |
EP0606851A1 (en) * | 1993-01-13 | 1994-07-20 | The B.F. Goodrich Company | Inhibition of catalyzed oxidation of carbon-carbon composites |
US5486278A (en) * | 1993-06-02 | 1996-01-23 | Moltech Invent S.A. | Treating prebaked carbon components for aluminum production, the treated components thereof, and the components use in an electrolytic cell |
FR2726554A1 (en) * | 1994-11-04 | 1996-05-10 | Europ Propulsion | PROCESS FOR THE PROTECTION AGAINST THE OXIDATION OF CARBON-CONTAINING COMPOSITE MATERIAL PARTS |
US5534130A (en) * | 1994-06-07 | 1996-07-09 | Moltech Invent S.A. | Application of phosphates of aluminum to carbonaceous components of aluminum production cells |
EP0747334A2 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-11 | The B.F. Goodrich Company | Inhibition of catalyzed oxidation of carbon-carbon composites |
US5714244A (en) * | 1994-04-05 | 1998-02-03 | Societe Europeenne De Propulsion | Method for protecting a porous carbon-containing material from oxidation, and material obtained thereby |
US5753382A (en) * | 1996-01-10 | 1998-05-19 | Moltech Invent S.A. | Carbon bodies resistant to deterioration by oxidizing gases |
US6009747A (en) * | 1998-05-27 | 2000-01-04 | Petroleo Brasileiro S.A.-Petrobras | Method for evaluating drilling fluids |
US6551709B1 (en) * | 1994-03-18 | 2003-04-22 | Goodrich Corporation | Methods of inhibiting catalyzed oxidation of carbon-carbon composites using phosphoric acid, a zinc salt, and an aluminum salt and articles made therefrom |
US20040213906A1 (en) * | 2003-04-22 | 2004-10-28 | Goodrich Corporation | Oxidation inhibition of carbon-carbon composites |
US20070154381A1 (en) * | 2005-12-29 | 2007-07-05 | Miller Douglas J | Carbon foam with improved graphitizability |
US20070154712A1 (en) * | 2005-12-22 | 2007-07-05 | Mazany Anthony M | Oxidation inhibition of carbon-carbon composites |
US20070155848A1 (en) * | 2005-12-29 | 2007-07-05 | Miller Douglas J | Oxidation resistant carbon foam |
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