US4188303A - Polymeric electrical insulators having increased resistance to partial discharges containing metal chelates - Google Patents

Polymeric electrical insulators having increased resistance to partial discharges containing metal chelates Download PDF

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US4188303A
US4188303A US05/902,007 US90200778A US4188303A US 4188303 A US4188303 A US 4188303A US 90200778 A US90200778 A US 90200778A US 4188303 A US4188303 A US 4188303A
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Prior art keywords
chelate
insulator
electrical
metal
accordance
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US05/902,007
Inventor
Jean Barge
Raymond Catte
Gilbert Chapelet
Ai Bui
Pierre Dejean
Claude Huraux
Christian Mayoux
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Bpifrance Financement SA
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Agence National de Valorisation de la Recherche ANVAR
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/002—Inhomogeneous material in general
    • H01B3/006—Other inhomogeneous material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G4/002—Details
    • H01G4/018—Dielectrics
    • H01G4/06—Solid dielectrics
    • H01G4/14—Organic dielectrics
    • H01G4/18—Organic dielectrics of synthetic material, e.g. derivatives of cellulose
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S174/00—Electricity: conductors and insulators
    • Y10S174/01—Anti-tracking

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrical insulators formed from macromolecular materials having improved properties in particular with respect to partial discharges.
  • the invention aims to provide an electrical insulator in which the partial discharges and the resulting erosion are eliminated or at least greatly reduced.
  • the invention aims at obtaining this result without otherwise modifying the properties of the insulator.
  • the invention further aims to provide electrical equipment in which high electrical fields are liable to appear, and comprising at least one electrical conductor, in contact with an insulator, said electrical equipment being efficiently protected against partial electrical discharges which may occur, within the insulator.
  • the electrical insulator is essentially formed of a macromolecular material, containing an agent improving its resistance to partial discharges under high electric fields, said agent being incorporated into the macromolecular material and being formed by at least one metal chelate which is a derivative of an organic compound of the general formula: ##STR2## wherein: R is CH 2 COOM or --OH,
  • M is Na or H
  • x is an integer, from 1 to 4,
  • n is an integer from 0 to 4, the metal chelate being present in the material in an amount sufficient for promoting the extinction of partial discharges, said amount not exceeding a value which would alter the dielectric properties of the insulator, such as the volume resistivity thereof.
  • the electrical equipment in which high electrical fields are liable to appear, and which comprise at least an electrical conductor to contact with an insulator, is characterized in that the insulator contains at least one metallic chelate incorporated therein having a structure as defined above.
  • a preferred family of chelates especially suitable for carrying out the invention consists of compounds of the above formula, in which x is 2 or 3 and n is zero, 1 or 2.
  • x is 2 or 3 and n is zero, 1 or 2.
  • the following compounds can be used:
  • Preferred metals for forming chelates with the above-mentioned organic compounds are iron, copper, zinc, aluminum or cadmium.
  • any metal capable of forming such chelates may be used provided that it does not modify substantially the dielectric properties of the insulator.
  • sodium atoms can be substituted for the hydrogen of one or several acid functions of the organic compounds of formula (I).
  • Preferred chelates are those which are formed by ethylene-diamino-tetracetic acid and, more specifically, compounds in which each acid molecule has respectively corresponding thereto:
  • the insulators can be formed starting from a large variety of macromolecular compounds, particularly of all macromolecular compounds used or usable in the production of insulating material, for example polymers such as polyethylenes; polycondensates such as polyesters; or polyaddition compounds such as polyepoxides.
  • the invention is advantageously applied to polyethylenes, in particular to "low-density polyethylenes", free from metal traces.
  • the macromolecular dielectric properties of the modified insulators of the invention in contrast to localized measurements of void wall resistivity, are not altered substantially.
  • the volume resistivity, the surface resistivity at macroscopic scale and the dielectric rigidity do not appear to be modified.
  • a significant and original benefit of the invention is that such chelates specified herein do not significantly alter the conductivity or dielectric properties of the insulator and exert their action under the influence of arc discharge exclusively at the precise location where the arc discharge appeared. Thus, the possibility of particles migrating under the action of the electric field is limited.
  • Test samples have been split into two groups, those which were subjected or to discharges in air prior to testing and those which were not.
  • the measurements were made using of 4.5 KV RMS, the air layer between the test sample and the measuring electrode being set at 0.7 mm.
  • polyethylene samples containing the aforesaid chelates exhibit a very substantial increase of the "threshold voltage" when being subjected to partial discharges.
  • This threshold voltage i.e. the voltage at which partial discharges appear in the samples, increases as a function of the time of exposure of the sample to these discharges.
  • the threshold voltage remains substantially unchanged when the sample has been previously subjected to partial discharges.
  • the introduction of the chelates into the macromolecular compounds can be effected by all known means for introduction of additives. Owing to the fact that the concentration of the chelate in the macromolecular material is very low and that the dispersion must be homogeneous, it is advisable to prepare the mixture in two stages. In the first stage one prepares a pre-mixture of the whole chelate in but a portion of the macromolecular material to be treated. This pre-mixture, also called “master mixture” is then mixed with the remaining portion of the macromolecular material.
  • additives such as anti-oxidants (phenol derivatives, diphenylparaphenylenediamine, etc.) can be incorporated, preferably together with the chelates into the insulating materials.
  • Materials in accordance with the invention can be used for numerous applications in electrical industries, for instance for the production of insulation sheaths for high voltage electric power lines, molded insulators for electric apparatus, capacitor dielectrics, etc.
  • Preferred uses of the electrical insulators according to the invention are in equipment subject to high electrical fields, and particularly in insulating sheaths for high voltage electric power lines, particularly those subjected to voltages as high as 50 to 100 kV, or more.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to electrical insulators having increased resistance to partial discharges and electrical equipment comprising such electrical insulators.
These electrical insulators are formed of a macromolecular material in which is incorporated a chelate which is a derivative of an organic compound of general formula: ##STR1## wherein: R is CH2 COOM or --OH,
M is Na or H,
x is an integer from 1 to 4,
n is an integer from 0 to 4,
the metal chelate being present in the material in an amount sufficient for promoting the extinction of partial discharges, said amount not exceeding a value which would alter the physical properties of the insulator such as the volume resistivity thereof.

Description

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 588,207 filed June 19, 1975, now abandoned.
This invention relates to electrical insulators formed from macromolecular materials having improved properties in particular with respect to partial discharges.
It is known that, owing to imperfect homogeneity, macromolecular insulating materials comprise minute cavities or voids which often contain a gas, especially air. When the insulator is subjected to an electrical field, a fraction of the field is established between the opposite faces of the voids. These phenomena are referred to hereafter as partial discharges in the insulators. The existence of such partial discharges eventually causes an erosion of the insulating material. In spite of efforts expended for obtaining as homogenous materials as possible, the voids are never entirely eliminated. Partial discharges may occur in all insulating systems subjected to high electrical fields. The problem is to the greatest importance in the case of insulating sheaths for electric power lines, or capacitor dielectrics.
The invention aims to provide an electrical insulator in which the partial discharges and the resulting erosion are eliminated or at least greatly reduced. The invention aims at obtaining this result without otherwise modifying the properties of the insulator. The invention further aims to provide electrical equipment in which high electrical fields are liable to appear, and comprising at least one electrical conductor, in contact with an insulator, said electrical equipment being efficiently protected against partial electrical discharges which may occur, within the insulator.
The electrical insulator, according to the invention, is essentially formed of a macromolecular material, containing an agent improving its resistance to partial discharges under high electric fields, said agent being incorporated into the macromolecular material and being formed by at least one metal chelate which is a derivative of an organic compound of the general formula: ##STR2## wherein: R is CH2 COOM or --OH,
M is Na or H,
x is an integer, from 1 to 4,
n is an integer from 0 to 4, the metal chelate being present in the material in an amount sufficient for promoting the extinction of partial discharges, said amount not exceeding a value which would alter the dielectric properties of the insulator, such as the volume resistivity thereof.
The electrical equipment, according to the invention, in which high electrical fields are liable to appear, and which comprise at least an electrical conductor to contact with an insulator, is characterized in that the insulator contains at least one metallic chelate incorporated therein having a structure as defined above.
It has been noted that the incorporation of such chelate into the insulator material considerably decreases the phenomena of partial discharges therein, without substantially modifying its other properties.
A preferred family of chelates especially suitable for carrying out the invention consists of compounds of the above formula, in which x is 2 or 3 and n is zero, 1 or 2. In particular the following compounds can be used:
ethylene-diamino-tetracetic acid
propylene-diamino-tetracetic acid
N-hydroxy-ethylene-diamino-triacetic acid
diethylene-triamino-pentacetic acid
nitrilo-triacetic acid.
Preferred metals for forming chelates with the above-mentioned organic compounds are iron, copper, zinc, aluminum or cadmium.
However, any metal capable of forming such chelates may be used provided that it does not modify substantially the dielectric properties of the insulator.
Finally, sodium atoms can be substituted for the hydrogen of one or several acid functions of the organic compounds of formula (I).
Preferred chelates are those which are formed by ethylene-diamino-tetracetic acid and, more specifically, compounds in which each acid molecule has respectively corresponding thereto:
2 Na, Cu
2 Na, Pb
Na, Fe
It is of great interest to note that the effect sought is obtained with very low proportions of these chelates. Thus, an effect has been detected for chelate contents as low as 0.001% by weight with respect to the macromolecular compound. Generally these compounds are used in proportions between about 0.001 and about 5% and preferably between 0.01 and 1% by weight.
The insulators can be formed starting from a large variety of macromolecular compounds, particularly of all macromolecular compounds used or usable in the production of insulating material, for example polymers such as polyethylenes; polycondensates such as polyesters; or polyaddition compounds such as polyepoxides.
The invention is advantageously applied to polyethylenes, in particular to "low-density polyethylenes", free from metal traces.
Concerning the mode of action of the chelates in the macromolecular compound, the following hypothesis can be put forth:
The extinction of partial discharges could be due to a local decrease of surface resistivity of the walls of the voids under the effect of these discharges, as the results of the subsequently presented tests seem to show.
One hypothesis for the local decrease of surface resistivity of the walls of the voids would hold that by the rupture, caused by the partial discharges, of links between the metal ion and the remaining portion of the organic molecule of the chelate. This induces a local release of metal exclusively on the walls of the voids or similar cavities. The metal release would therefore be associated with a local increase of conductivity which tends to prevent the formation of a partial arc in the less conductive gas within the voids. This, in turn, causes an elevation of the threshold voltage beyond which partial arcs are likely to be produced.
It has been noted to the contrary that the macromolecular dielectric properties of the modified insulators of the invention, in contrast to localized measurements of void wall resistivity, are not altered substantially. For practical purposes the volume resistivity, the surface resistivity at macroscopic scale and the dielectric rigidity do not appear to be modified.
The interest in using chelates for increasing the resistance of insulators to partial discharges resides in the fact that the metals which they contain remain trapped within the organic molecule so that, at a macroscopic scale, such metals do not substantially alter the dielectric properties of the insulator insofar as the molecules of the chelate under consideration are not directly affected by the arcs discharges.
A significant and original benefit of the invention is that such chelates specified herein do not significantly alter the conductivity or dielectric properties of the insulator and exert their action under the influence of arc discharge exclusively at the precise location where the arc discharge appeared. Thus, the possibility of particles migrating under the action of the electric field is limited.
Comparative Tests Between Polyethylene Samples Modified in Accordance with the Invention and Control Samples
In these tests, use has been made of low-density polyethylene samples available under the trade name lacqtene 1020 FN 18, containing various concentrations of chelates and, in particular, chelates of ethylene-diamino-tetracetic acid, the molecular formula of which corresponds to:
ethylene-diamino-tetracetic acid, 2 Na, Cu
ethylene-diamino-tetracetic acid, Na, Fe
Test samples have been split into two groups, those which were subjected or to discharges in air prior to testing and those which were not.
Preliminary tests have shown that the highest concentrations of chelates used in the tests did not induce substantial modifications of the values of the dielectric constants of the corresponding samples.
The surface and volume resistivities were measured in accordance with ASTM D-257(part 27) standards.
The measurements were made using of 4.5 KV RMS, the air layer between the test sample and the measuring electrode being set at 0.7 mm.
The following tables show the values of volume and surface resistivities measured both on control samples and on various samples containing increasing amounts of the chelates under consideration, both before and after exposure to arc discharges in air. In the left column of the tables, the term "exposed" means that said samples have been subjected over a nine hour period to partial discharges before the measurement was carried out.
______________________________________                                    
Concentration                                                             
of chelate                                                                
(by weight)                                                               
          0      0.01%    0.05%     0.1%                                  
Electric                                                                  
characteristics                                                           
______________________________________                                    
non    P vΩcm                                                       
                >10.sup.19                                                
                         10.sup.18                                        
                                10.sup.18                                 
                                        10.sup.18                         
exposed                                                                   
       P sΩ                                                         
                >10.sup.19                                                
                         10.sup.18                                        
                                10.sup.18                                 
                                        10.sup.18                         
exposed                                                                   
       P vΩcm                                                       
                 10.sup.18                                                
                         10.sup.18                                        
                                10.sup.18                                 
                                        10.sup.18                         
       P s Ω                                                        
                 10.sup.18                                                
                         2 × 10.sup.13                              
                                3 × 10.sup.12                       
                                        7 × 10.sup.12               
______________________________________                                    

______________________________________                                    
 Concentration of                                                         
chelate (by                                                               
weights)        0           0.1%                                          
Electric                                                                  
Characteris-                                                              
tics                                                                      
______________________________________                                    
non    P vΩcm >10.sup.19  10.sup.18                                 
exposed                                                                   
       P sΩ   >10.sup.19  10.sup.18                                 
exposed                                                                   
       P vΩcm  10.sup.18  10.sup.18                                 
       P sΩ    10.sup.18  8.10.sup.12                               
______________________________________
As made clear upon considering the tables, significant results are obtained with concentrations of chelates as low as 0.01% by weight.
The tables show in the first place that, independent of the concentration, the chelates thereof incorporated into the macromolecular material do not as a practical matter modify the volume resistivity values of the latter for samples which have not been subjected to partial discharges.
On the contrary the local or macromolecular surface resistivity of the test samples which have been subjected to partial discharges exhibits very substantial changes, even when very low concentrations of chelate have been used.
Moreover, polyethylene samples containing the aforesaid chelates exhibit a very substantial increase of the "threshold voltage" when being subjected to partial discharges. This threshold voltage, i.e. the voltage at which partial discharges appear in the samples, increases as a function of the time of exposure of the sample to these discharges. By way of comparison, for a sample which does not contain any chelate, the threshold voltage remains substantially unchanged when the sample has been previously subjected to partial discharges.
The introduction of the chelates into the macromolecular compounds can be effected by all known means for introduction of additives. Owing to the fact that the concentration of the chelate in the macromolecular material is very low and that the dispersion must be homogeneous, it is advisable to prepare the mixture in two stages. In the first stage one prepares a pre-mixture of the whole chelate in but a portion of the macromolecular material to be treated. This pre-mixture, also called "master mixture" is then mixed with the remaining portion of the macromolecular material.
In addition, some conventional additives such as anti-oxidants (phenol derivatives, diphenylparaphenylenediamine, etc.) can be incorporated, preferably together with the chelates into the insulating materials.
Materials in accordance with the invention can be used for numerous applications in electrical industries, for instance for the production of insulation sheaths for high voltage electric power lines, molded insulators for electric apparatus, capacitor dielectrics, etc.
Preferred uses of the electrical insulators according to the invention are in equipment subject to high electrical fields, and particularly in insulating sheaths for high voltage electric power lines, particularly those subjected to voltages as high as 50 to 100 kV, or more.

Claims (20)

We claim:
1. An electrical insulator consisting essentially of a void-containing polymeric macromolecular insulating material suitable for use under voltage capable of causing partial discharges in said voids containing an agent for promoting an increase of the voltage thresholds liable to cause said partial discharges, said agent being present in an amount of 0.001 to 5 percent of said polymeric macromolecular insulating material, said agent being formed by at least one metal chelate which is a derivative of an organic compound of the formula ##STR3## wherein x is an integer of from 1 to 4,
n is an integer of from 0 to 4,
R is --CH2 COOM and, when n is not 0, R may be --OH,
M is Na or H
the metal of the chelate being one selected from the group consisting of iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, cadmium and the metal chelate being present in the material in an amount sufficient to promote the extinction of said partial discharges.
2. Electrical insulator according to claim 1, wherein the content of chelate is between 0.01 and 1% by weight.
3. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein the macromolecular insulating material is polyethylene.
4. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 3, wherein the macromolecular insulating material is a "low density" polyethylene, free of any metal components except said chelate.
5. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 1 wherein the macromolecular insulating material is a polycondensate.
6. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 1 wherein the macromolecular insulating material is a polyaddition compound.
7. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 5 wherein the polymeric macromolecular insulating material is a polyester.
8. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 6 wherein the polymeric macromolecular insulating material is a polyepoxide.
9. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 1, wherein x is 2 or 3 and n is zero, 1 or 2.
10. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 9, wherein said chelate is a metal ethylenediamino tetracetic acid chelate.
11. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 9, wherein the metal chelate is a metal propylenediamino tetracetic acid chelate.
12. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 9, wherein the metal chelate is a metal N-hydroxy-ethylene-diamino-triacetic acid chelate.
13. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 9, wherein the metal chelate is a metal diethylene triamino-pentacetic acid chelate.
14. Electrical insulator in accordance with claim 9, wherein the metal chelate is a metal nitrilo-triacetic acid chelate.
15. In an electrical apparatus operative under high electrical field and voltage comprising a conductor and a void-containing macromolecular polymer insulator, said voids being liable to give rise to partial discharges, under such high electrical fields, the improvement, for promoting an increase of the voltage thresholds liable of causing said partial discharges in the voids of said insulator, wherein said insulator comprises from 0.001 to 5 percent by weight of at least one metal chelate which is a derivative of an organic compound of the formula ##STR4## wherein x is an integer of from 1 to 4,
n is an integer of from 0 to 4,
R is --CH2 COOM and, when n is not 0, R may be --OH,
M is Na or H
the metal of the chelate being one selected from the group consisting of iron, copper, zinc, aluminum and cadmium.
16. An electrical apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the apparatus is a capacitor the dielectric of which is formed of said insulator.
17. An electrical apparatus according to claim 15 wherein said conductor carries an electric current at a voltage of at least 50 kV.
18. An electrical apparatus according to claim 15, said apparatus being a high voltage electrical power line, the sheath of which is formed of said insulator.
19. An electrical apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the macromolecular material of said sheath is a "low density" polyethylene.
20. An insulator according to claim 1 wherein there is 0.01 to 1.0% of said agent present.
US05/902,007 1974-06-21 1978-05-01 Polymeric electrical insulators having increased resistance to partial discharges containing metal chelates Expired - Lifetime US4188303A (en)

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Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7421779A FR2275859A1 (en) 1974-06-21 1974-06-21 INSULATING MATERIALS PROMOTING THE EXTINCTION OF PARTIAL DISCHARGES
US58820775A 1975-06-19 1975-06-19
FR7521779 1975-06-21
US05/902,007 US4188303A (en) 1974-06-21 1978-05-01 Polymeric electrical insulators having increased resistance to partial discharges containing metal chelates

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4777195A (en) * 1986-12-17 1988-10-11 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Curable polyester molding materials
WO1994016455A1 (en) * 1993-01-11 1994-07-21 Maxwell Laboratories, Inc. Dielectric material containing dipolar molecules

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2465296A (en) * 1944-09-20 1949-03-22 Westinghouse Electric Corp Metal chelate stabilized organic silicon compositions and products thereof
DE1901653B1 (en) * 1968-01-22 1970-07-02 Furukawa Electric Co Ltd Use of thiuram compounds, carbamic acid salts, xanthogenic acid salts, mercaptoimidazolines, aldehyde-aniline condensates, heterocyclic nitrogen compounds or derivatives of an aromatic amine in synthetic resin compounds for high-voltage insulation
US3826747A (en) * 1972-05-15 1974-07-30 Canon Kk Toner for electrophotography
US3931026A (en) * 1971-12-23 1976-01-06 Semikron Gesellschaft Fur Gleichrichterbau Und Elektronik M.B.H. Electrically insulating encapsulating composition for semiconductor devices

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2465296A (en) * 1944-09-20 1949-03-22 Westinghouse Electric Corp Metal chelate stabilized organic silicon compositions and products thereof
DE1901653B1 (en) * 1968-01-22 1970-07-02 Furukawa Electric Co Ltd Use of thiuram compounds, carbamic acid salts, xanthogenic acid salts, mercaptoimidazolines, aldehyde-aniline condensates, heterocyclic nitrogen compounds or derivatives of an aromatic amine in synthetic resin compounds for high-voltage insulation
US3931026A (en) * 1971-12-23 1976-01-06 Semikron Gesellschaft Fur Gleichrichterbau Und Elektronik M.B.H. Electrically insulating encapsulating composition for semiconductor devices
US3826747A (en) * 1972-05-15 1974-07-30 Canon Kk Toner for electrophotography

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4777195A (en) * 1986-12-17 1988-10-11 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Curable polyester molding materials
WO1994016455A1 (en) * 1993-01-11 1994-07-21 Maxwell Laboratories, Inc. Dielectric material containing dipolar molecules

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