US4052405A - Manufacture of 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salts - Google Patents
Manufacture of 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salts Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4052405A US4052405A US05/357,656 US35765673A US4052405A US 4052405 A US4052405 A US 4052405A US 35765673 A US35765673 A US 35765673A US 4052405 A US4052405 A US 4052405A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- bipyridylium
- bipyridyl
- mole
- dialkyl
- salt
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 3
- MWVTWFVJZLCBMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-bipyridine Chemical group C1=NC=CC(C=2C=CN=CC=2)=C1 MWVTWFVJZLCBMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- -1 1,1'-disubstituted-4,4'-bipyridylium Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- QLAJNZSPVITUCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,2-dioxathietane 2,2-dioxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)OCO1 QLAJNZSPVITUCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- INFDPOAKFNIJBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N paraquat Chemical group C1=C[N+](C)=CC=C1C1=CC=[N+](C)C=C1 INFDPOAKFNIJBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- PFFANLXVTHIIBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-4-pyridin-4-ylpyridin-1-ium Chemical compound C1=C[N+](C)=CC=C1C1=CC=NC=C1 PFFANLXVTHIIBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 5
- WSTOEGIEWBZMLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)pyridine Chemical group C1=NC(C)=CC(C=2C=C(C)N=CC=2)=C1 WSTOEGIEWBZMLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- VAYGXNSJCAHWJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl sulfate Chemical compound COS(=O)(=O)OC VAYGXNSJCAHWJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101100386054 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) CYS3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- JZMJDSHXVKJFKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl sulfate Chemical class COS(O)(=O)=O JZMJDSHXVKJFKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012070 reactive reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RRLOOYQHUHGIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;ethyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCOS([O-])(=O)=O RRLOOYQHUHGIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150035983 str1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom containing two or more pyridine rings directly linked together, e.g. bipyridyl
Definitions
- This invention relates to the manufacture of 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salts.
- dialkylsulphates for example dimethylsulphate
- dialkylsulphates may be used as quaternising agents in the preparation of 4,4'-bipyridylium salts from 4,4'-bipyridyls.
- the aforesaid reaction has the disadvantage that only up to half of the alkyl groups in the dialkylsulphate are utilised in the production of the 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium cation. Furthermore, dialkylsulphates are highly reactive reagents which are unpleasant, and potentially dangerous, to handle in the quaternisation process.
- a 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salt is prepared from a 4,4'-bipyridyl using an alkylsulphate salt as quaternising agent.
- alkylsulphate salt in the quaternisation process leads to greater efficiency in the utilisation of the alkyl groups since a bipyridylium salt can be obtained without the wasteful incorporation of one alkyl group in the anion for each alkyl group introduced into the cation.
- salts of an alkylsulphuric acid containing up to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl group are especially preferred.
- a metal salt is used, this is preferably an alkali-metal salt, for example a sodium salt; thus, for example, sodium methosulphate (NaCH 3 SO 4 ) may conveniently be used.
- the alkylsulphate may be a 1,1'-disubstituted-4,4'-bipyridylium di(alkylsulphate), for example 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium di(methosulphate).
- a 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium di(alkylsulphate) may be prepared in a preliminary stage by the known method of interacting a 4,4'-bipyridyl with a dialkylsulphate; the use of the 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium di(alkylsulphate) thus prepared as the quaternising agent in the process of the present invention, while not avoiding the use of a dialkylsulphate in the preliminary stage, increases the overall efficiency of utilisation of the alkyl groups of the dialkylsulphate.
- the alkylsulphate salt used as the quaternising agent may, if desired, be introduced as a solid into the reaction medium, which may comprise for example water and/or an alcohol. It is an advantage of the present invention, however, that the quaternisation may readily be carried out in an aqueous medium.
- the alkylsulphate salt may be prepared in the form of an aqueous solution which is used directly in the quaternisation process.
- an aqueous solution of an alkali-metal alkylsulphate may be prepared by first preparing an alkylsulphuric acid from sulphuric acid and the appropriate alcohol and neutralising the alkyl-sulphuric acid thus obtained with an aqueous solution of the appropriate base (for example an alkali-metal hydroxide).
- an alkali-metal hydroxide for example an alkali-metal hydroxide
- alkylsulphate per mole of the 4,4'-bipyridyl (i.e. at least the stoichiometric proportion required for the formation of the 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium cation).
- the reaction with an alkylsulphate is preferably carried out at a temperature of at least 60° C, for example in the range 75° C to 250° C.
- the reaction is conveniently carried out at the boiling point of the reaction mixture (for example under reflux conditions).
- quaternary salts of substituted 4,4'-bipyridyls may also be prepared by the process described herein, including salts of 4,4'-bipyridyls substituted in one or both of the pyridine nuclei with one or more alkyl groups, especially one or more alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (for example 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyl and 2,6'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyl).
- the 1,1'-di-alkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salt may be separated from the reaction products by known methods.
- the bipyridylium salts are obtained in a form which requires little treatment before they are suitable for use as herbicides.
- the product mixture may require no more than some dilution with water (and possibly adjustment of pH) before it is ready for application.
- Other ingredients for example corrosion inhibitors and surface-active agents may also be incorporated in the solution if desired.
- the reaction product was found to contain 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium cation in an amount (0.035 mole) corresponding to a 44% conversion of the 4,4'-bipyridyl used and 1-methyl-4(4-pyridyl) pyridinium cation in an amount (0.007 mole) corresponding to a 29% conversion of the 4,4'-bipyridyl used.
- the reaction product was found to contain 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium cation in an amount (0.037 mole) corresponding to a 54% conversion of the 4,4'-bipyridyl used and 1-methyl-4(4-pyridyl) pyridinium cation in an amount (0.009 mole) corresponding to a 38% conversion of the 4,4'-bipyridyl used.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pyridine Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
A 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salt is prepared from the corresponding 4,4'-bipyridyl using an alkylsulphate salt as the quaternizing agent.
Description
This invention relates to the manufacture of 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salts.
It is known that dialkylsulphates, for example dimethylsulphate, may be used as quaternising agents in the preparation of 4,4'-bipyridylium salts from 4,4'-bipyridyls. In the known reaction it is usual to employ at least the stoichiometric proportion of the dialkylsulphate for the formation of the alkylsulphate salt, for example in the formation of the dimethosulphate: ##STR1## from 4,4'-bipyridyl itself, at least 2 moles of dimethylsulphate are used per mole of 4,4'-bipyridyl.
The aforesaid reaction has the disadvantage that only up to half of the alkyl groups in the dialkylsulphate are utilised in the production of the 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium cation. Furthermore, dialkylsulphates are highly reactive reagents which are unpleasant, and potentially dangerous, to handle in the quaternisation process.
It is an object of the present invention to avoid the necessity of using a dialkylsulphate as quaternising agent while obtaining high efficiency of conversion of the 4,4'-bipyridyl and high efficiency of utilisation of the alkyl groups of the quaternising agent.
According to the present invention a 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salt is prepared from a 4,4'-bipyridyl using an alkylsulphate salt as quaternising agent.
The use of an alkylsulphate salt in the quaternisation process leads to greater efficiency in the utilisation of the alkyl groups since a bipyridylium salt can be obtained without the wasteful incorporation of one alkyl group in the anion for each alkyl group introduced into the cation.
It is preferred to use a salt of an alkylsulphuric acid containing up to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Salts of methylsulphuric acid are especially preferred.
When a metal salt is used, this is preferably an alkali-metal salt, for example a sodium salt; thus, for example, sodium methosulphate (NaCH3 SO4) may conveniently be used.
The alkylsulphate may be a 1,1'-disubstituted-4,4'-bipyridylium di(alkylsulphate), for example 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium di(methosulphate). In this embodiment of the invention a 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium di(alkylsulphate) may be prepared in a preliminary stage by the known method of interacting a 4,4'-bipyridyl with a dialkylsulphate; the use of the 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium di(alkylsulphate) thus prepared as the quaternising agent in the process of the present invention, while not avoiding the use of a dialkylsulphate in the preliminary stage, increases the overall efficiency of utilisation of the alkyl groups of the dialkylsulphate.
The alkylsulphate salt used as the quaternising agent may, if desired, be introduced as a solid into the reaction medium, which may comprise for example water and/or an alcohol. It is an advantage of the present invention, however, that the quaternisation may readily be carried out in an aqueous medium. Thus the alkylsulphate salt may be prepared in the form of an aqueous solution which is used directly in the quaternisation process. For example, an aqueous solution of an alkali-metal alkylsulphate may be prepared by first preparing an alkylsulphuric acid from sulphuric acid and the appropriate alcohol and neutralising the alkyl-sulphuric acid thus obtained with an aqueous solution of the appropriate base (for example an alkali-metal hydroxide).
It is preferred to use at least 2 moles of alkylsulphate per mole of the 4,4'-bipyridyl (i.e. at least the stoichiometric proportion required for the formation of the 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium cation). The reaction with an alkylsulphate is preferably carried out at a temperature of at least 60° C, for example in the range 75° C to 250° C. The reaction is conveniently carried out at the boiling point of the reaction mixture (for example under reflux conditions).
While the process is especially applicable to the quaternisation of 4,4'-bipyridyl itself, quaternary salts of substituted 4,4'-bipyridyls may also be prepared by the process described herein, including salts of 4,4'-bipyridyls substituted in one or both of the pyridine nuclei with one or more alkyl groups, especially one or more alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (for example 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyl and 2,6'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyl).
It is believed than at least some of the 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium cations in the product are associated with sulphate ions, but the nature of the anions may depend to some extent upon the conditions used in the quaternisation process, especially upon the acidity and/or the water content of the reaction medium.
If desired, the 1,1'-di-alkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salt may be separated from the reaction products by known methods. In general, however, the bipyridylium salts are obtained in a form which requires little treatment before they are suitable for use as herbicides. Thus in many cases the product mixture may require no more than some dilution with water (and possibly adjustment of pH) before it is ready for application. Other ingredients, for example corrosion inhibitors and surface-active agents may also be incorporated in the solution if desired.
The invention is illustrated by the following Examples.
A mixture of 4,4'-bipyridyl (0.024 mole), 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dimethosulphate (0.024 mole) and water (70 ml) was heated under conditions of reflux at the boiling point of the reaction mixture (about 100° C) for 36 hours. The reaction mixture was the cooled and analysed colorimetrically and polarographically.
The reaction product was found to contain 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium cation in an amount (0.035 mole) corresponding to a 44% conversion of the 4,4'-bipyridyl used and 1-methyl-4(4-pyridyl) pyridinium cation in an amount (0.007 mole) corresponding to a 29% conversion of the 4,4'-bipyridyl used.
A mixture of 4,4'-bipyridyl (1.56g, 0.01 mole), sodium methosulphate (2.68g, 0.02 mole), and water (30 ml) was heated under conditions of reflux at the boiling point of the reaction mixture (about 100° C) for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled and analysed colorimetrically and polarographically.
The conversion of 4,4'-bipyridyl into 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium ion was 45% and the conversion into 1-methyl-4(4-pyridyl) pyridinium ion was 47%.
A mixture of 4,4'-bipyridyl (0.024 mole), 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dimethosulphate (0.024 mole) and water (70 ml) was sealed in a 125 ml autoclave and heated under autogeneous pressure at 150° C for 5 hours. The reaction product was washed out with a little water and analysed colorimetrically and polarographically.
The reaction product was found to contain 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium cation in an amount (0.037 mole) corresponding to a 54% conversion of the 4,4'-bipyridyl used and 1-methyl-4(4-pyridyl) pyridinium cation in an amount (0.009 mole) corresponding to a 38% conversion of the 4,4'-bipyridyl used.
A mixture of 4,4'-bipyridyl (1.56g, 0.01 mole), sodium methosulphate (2.68g, 0.02 mole) and water (50 ml) was sealed in a 100 ml autoclave and heated under autogeneous pressure at 150° C for 5 hours. The reaction product was washed out with a little water and analysed colorimetrically and polarographically.
The conversion of 4,4'-bipyridyl into 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium ion was 54% and the conversion into 1-methyl-4(4-pyridyl) pyridinium ion was 43%. EXAMPLE 5
A mixture of 4,4'-bipyridyl (1.56g, 0.01 mole), sodium methosulphate (3.35g, 0.025 mole), and water (50 ml) was sealed in a 100 ml autoclave and heated under autogeneous pressure at 150° C for 5 hours. The reaction product was washed out with a little water and analysed colorimetrically and polarographically.
The conversion of 4,4'-bipyridyl into 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium ion was 67% and the conversion into 1-methyl-4(4-pyridyl) pyridinium ion was 26%.
A mixture of 4,4'-bipyridyl (1.56g, 0.01 mole), sodium methosulphate (4.02g, 0.03 mole), and water (50 ml) was sealed in a 100 ml autoclave and heated under autogeneous pressure at 150° C for 5 hours. The reaction product was washed out with a little water and analysed colorimetrically and polarographically.
The conversion of 4,4'-bipyridyl into 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium ion was 85% and the conversion into 1-methyl-4(4-pyridyl) pyridinium ion was 14%.
A mixture of 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyl (1.84g, 0.01 mole) sodium methosulphate (4.02g, 0.03 mole) and water (30 ml) was heated under conditions of reflux at the boiling point of the reaction mixture (about 100° C) for 48 hours. The reaction product was cooled, diluted with water, and analysed colorimetrically for 1,1',2,2'-tetramethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium ion. The element of 1,1',2,2'-tetramethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium ion found was 0.90g, representing a 42% conversion of 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyl into the diquaternary salt.
A mixture of 4,4'-bipyridyl (1.56g, 0.01 mole), sodium ethylsulphate (4.44g, 0.03 mole) and water (30 ml) was heated under conditions of reflux at the boiling point of the reaction mixture (about 100° C) for 48 hours. The reaction product was cooled, diluted with water and analysed colorimetrically. The amount of 1,1'-diethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium ion found was 1.09g, representing a 51% conversion of 4,4'-bipyridyl into the diquaternary salt.
Claims (2)
1. A method of preparing a 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salt which comprises interacting a 4,4'-bipyridyl with a quaternizing agent consisting essentially of a 1,1'-disubstituted-4,4'-bipyridylium di(alkylsulphate).
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the alkylsulphate is 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium di(methosulphate).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| UK40953/72 | 1972-09-04 | ||
| GB4095372 | 1972-09-04 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US4052405A true US4052405A (en) | 1977-10-04 |
Family
ID=10417422
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/357,656 Expired - Lifetime US4052405A (en) | 1972-09-04 | 1973-05-07 | Manufacture of 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridylium salts |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4052405A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6037471A (en) * | 1997-04-02 | 2000-03-14 | Gentex Corporation | Electrochromic compounds |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1390773A (en) * | 1963-04-16 | 1965-02-26 | Ici Ltd | Process for manufacturing herbicidal materials |
| US3332959A (en) * | 1961-12-20 | 1967-07-25 | Ici Ltd | 4, 4'-bipyridylium quaternary salts |
| US3413111A (en) * | 1963-04-16 | 1968-11-26 | Ici Ltd | Manufacture of herbicidal materials |
-
1973
- 1973-05-07 US US05/357,656 patent/US4052405A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3332959A (en) * | 1961-12-20 | 1967-07-25 | Ici Ltd | 4, 4'-bipyridylium quaternary salts |
| FR1390773A (en) * | 1963-04-16 | 1965-02-26 | Ici Ltd | Process for manufacturing herbicidal materials |
| US3413111A (en) * | 1963-04-16 | 1968-11-26 | Ici Ltd | Manufacture of herbicidal materials |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| Groggins I - Unit Processes in Organic Synthesis, p. 822 (4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York (1952). * |
| Groggins, Unit Processes in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, pp. 1947, 567. * |
| Kirk-Othmer - Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, vol. 16, pp. 859, 863 (1968); vol. 19, p. 486 (1969). * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6037471A (en) * | 1997-04-02 | 2000-03-14 | Gentex Corporation | Electrochromic compounds |
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