US4011435A - Optical indicia marking and detection system - Google Patents

Optical indicia marking and detection system Download PDF

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Publication number
US4011435A
US4011435A US05/438,886 US43888674A US4011435A US 4011435 A US4011435 A US 4011435A US 43888674 A US43888674 A US 43888674A US 4011435 A US4011435 A US 4011435A
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United States
Prior art keywords
optical
images
light
indicia
indicia member
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US05/438,886
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert A. Phelps
William R. Horst
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NCR Voyix Corp
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NCR Corp
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Publication date
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Priority to US05/438,886 priority Critical patent/US4011435A/en
Priority to CA217,822A priority patent/CA1019011A/en
Priority to GB152275A priority patent/GB1466221A/en
Priority to DE2503038A priority patent/DE2503038C3/de
Priority to JP50012941A priority patent/JPS50109745A/ja
Priority to FR7503023A priority patent/FR2260145A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US4011435A publication Critical patent/US4011435A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
    • G11C13/04—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using optical elements ; using other beam accessed elements, e.g. electron or ion beam
    • G11C13/042—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using optical elements ; using other beam accessed elements, e.g. electron or ion beam using information stored in the form of interference pattern
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/42—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect
    • G02B27/4233—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect having a diffractive element [DOE] contributing to a non-imaging application
    • G02B27/4238—Diffraction optics, i.e. systems including a diffractive element being designed for providing a diffractive effect having a diffractive element [DOE] contributing to a non-imaging application in optical recording or readout devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/08—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means
    • G06K19/10—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards
    • G06K19/16—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards the marking being a hologram or diffraction grating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a system which utilizes selected combinations of diffraction gratings as a means for forming indicia on tags or like labeling material for use in marking price, inventory number, routing instructions, and the like in merchandising operations while simultaneously providing a tag or label which can be effectively read at different angles.
  • a number of different systems and arrangements have been used over the years to enable machine reading of such tags or labels, two of the most recent being the bar code arrangement and the bullseye arrangement.
  • an optical system utilizes multiple diffraction gratings having angular orientations and line spacings that are a function of desired indicia in combination with retroreflective surfaces to provide as an example, a machine readable merchandise tag.
  • the concept of coding in this application is based on the far-field diffraction patterns obtained when combinations of gratings with preselected orientations and line spacings (frequencies) are illuminated with coherent light.
  • a set of diffraction gratings is established wherein patterns are formed in accordance with a desired code. The patterns need not be symmetrically arranged as to orientation or position in a prescribed plane. Coding may be accomplished in pre-printed tags by obliterating specific gratings.
  • Coding may also be accomplished by impression printing on a suitable material the lines of the diffraction grating. The material can then be placed either on a tag or directly on the article to be marked.
  • a specific coding is thus represented by a specific arrangement of images in the diffraction pattern, which images in turn are associated with the angular orientations and line spacings of the gratings. For example, one image can be used to indicate the beginning of an information line, with other images indicating, by their presence or by their absence (as a result of overprinting or non-printing of particular gratings), the bit structure of the marked information.
  • the images and, in turn, the information contained in the images may be automatically read by utilizing radially oriented slots in a rotating disc, with the disc located in the focal plane of the optical system.
  • a photodetector is used to pick up the images and to convert the images into associated electrical signals. Because of the Fourier transform properties of the lens arrangement, the pattern at the plane of the rotating disk will be invariant as the tag (indicia) is moved in a direction transverse to the systems optical axis; this will occur for so long as the diffraction orders fall within the aperture of the input disc. Within the same limitation, movement of the tag in a direction parallel to the system's optical axis will not change the information pattern.
  • the invention also utilizes retroreflective elements to provide for a reading of the tags by reflected light for those cases in which the diffraction pattern is critically sensitive to rotation of the tag about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis.
  • the retroreflector used in one embodiment of the invention includes a sheet of material over which is coated a layer of reflective material and a layer of small glass beads having a high refractive index.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a system for stabilizing the image of a merchandising tag to allow for a relatively simple scanning technique and relaxed constraints on the movement and position of the merchandising tag.
  • An additional object of the present invention is to provide a marking system wherein the location of the marking tag on an article is not critical.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates some possible orientations of the diffraction gratings as used on a tag
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the diffraction pattern that is obtained from the diffraction gratings of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a first preferred embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the apertured disk which forms a part of the first and a second embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a photocell arrangement which may be used with the first and a second embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a marking tag which may be used with the first and a second embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention.
  • a sheet of diffraction grating material 10 has formed thereon a plurality of gratings labeled 11 through 14.
  • Each grating has a line spacing indicative of a particular code, for example, a bit.
  • the angular orientation of the grating uniquely locates the position of the bit in the diffraction pattern.
  • the diffraction pattern 15 is generated by illuminating the set of gratings of FIG. 1 with a parallel monochromatic light.
  • the generated pattern of images thus formed is symmetrical around the point labeled (0), which point corresponds to the zero interference order.
  • the intensity of the light in the various orders is dependent upon the characteristics of the grating, and as is well known in the prior art, a grating can be fabricated so that one particular order predominates.
  • the order of major interest is the first order. Comparing the gratings of FIG. 1 against the generated images in FIG. 2, on a one to one basis, we find that the lines of grating 11 are substantially vertical, that is, they lie along an imaginary Y-axis.
  • the image of grating 11 in the Fraunhofer plane is comprised of the zero order, and two equally and symmetrically spaced first order intensity spots 11' and 11" positioned along an X-axis.
  • the grating 12 which has its lines substantially along the Y-axis forms a zero ordered image along with the first order images 12' and 12" which images are further displaced from the zero ordered image than images 11' and 11". This occurs because the grating 12 is of a higher frequency than grating 11, that is, it has a greater density of lines.
  • Grating 13 has its lines angularly oriented with respect to the lines of gratings 11, 12 and 14. Its first order images 13' and 13" appear in the Fraunhofer plane along an axis which is perpendicular to the lines forming the grating.
  • Grating 14 has its lines substantially horizontal which causes its first order images 14' and 14" to be formed along a vertical line (Y-axis). From the foregoing it can be seen that a unique group of images can be formed which images may be representative of a unique group of information bits.
  • a first preferred embodiment of the invention is shown utilizing a monochromatic point source of light 20 which source may be a laser having a diverging lens positioned in its beam path, a beam splitter 21, collimating lens 22, an indicia (merchandise) tag 23, a rotating disc 37 and a photodetector 24.
  • the collimating lens 22 is located a distance f 2 from the plane of the rotating disc 37, which distance corresponds to the focal length of lens 22.
  • the point source 20 is located a distance f 1 from the lens 22. If the lens used is symmetrical the distance f 1 can be made equal to f 2 .
  • the point source 20 provides a beam of monochromatic light 30 which beam is deflected to the collimating lens 22 by the beam splitter 21.
  • the beam splitter may be a partially silvered mirror.
  • the reflected beam from the beam splitter passes through the collimating lens to the indicia tag 23.
  • the tag 23 is shown in FIG. 6 as being comprised of a layer of retroreflective material 33 onto which is affixed a layer 10 containing the desired gratings.
  • a transparent layer 35 of plastic material may be affixed over the grating layer to provide physical protection and/or rigidity to the structure.
  • the retroreflective material 33 may be comprised of a support layer 38 onto which a layer of reflective material 39 is bonded and a layer of transparent glass beads 41 is bonded to the reflector layer 39 by means of a transparent bonding material 40.
  • the retroreflective material 33 may be formed from high-gain reflective sheeting of the type manufactured by the 3M Company under the trademark of "Scotchlite", Stock No. 7610. Retroreflective material has the unique property of reflecting incident light back along the angle of incidence.
  • the reflected beam from the beam splitter 21 passes through the transparent layer 35 and through the grating layer 10.
  • the retroreflector layer returns the light which has passed through the grating back through the grating along a path substantially parallel to the path it took through the grating on the first pass.
  • the reflected light is then focused by lens 22 onto the rotating disc 37, which is placed in the Fraunhofer plane at the focal distance f 2 of the lens 22.
  • the disc 37 is rotated by motor 45 in synchronism with the clock signal from the clock source 47.
  • Disc 37 referring to FIG. 4, contains two pairs of apertures 51' - 51" and 52' - 51". As the disc rotates it will expose any images that are present in the Fraunhofer plane at a radial distance which corresponds to the radial distance of the apertures. The exposed images will then fall on the photodetector 24.
  • FIG. 5 there is illustrated a photodetector which is effective for detecting the images shown in FIG. 2.
  • the photodetector is formed of a ring 53 and an inner disc 54.
  • the apertures 51' - 51" of disc 37 are positioned at a radius corresponding to images 12' - 12", 13' - 13" and 14' - 14", and pass the light from the images to the ring 53.
  • the apertures 52' - 52" are positioned at a radius corresponding to images 11' - 11" and pass the light from the images to the inner disc 54.
  • the number of different interference orders to be detected determines the number of apertures formed in the disc and their radial positions on the disc and also the number of photodetector rings and their positions with respect to the disc.
  • the apertures are shown in pairs because increased signal strength is obtained by using both of the interference images to activate the corresponding photocell. A single aperture at each desired radius could also be used effectively.
  • the photodetector would then provide two separated indications of the sensing of an image rather than one, because each image of a pair would be scanned sequentially rather than simultaneously.
  • the electrical signals from the photodetector elements 53 and 54 are fed to an amplifier means 48 and 50 respectively.
  • the signals are amplified and fed to an appropriate utilization means 49 such as an oscilloscope.
  • the clock signal from the clock source 47 is also fed to the utilization means 49.
  • the signal from amplifier 50 can be fed to the horizontal sweep trigger circuit so as to cause a horizontal sweep of the oscilloscope beam to occur each time a signal is generated by the apertures 52' - 52" passing over the images 11' - 11".
  • the vertical input of the oscilloscope can be connected to receive the clock signal from source 47 and the output from amplifier 48.
  • the angular position of the tag 23 can be angularly random around the axis of the beam 31 because a reference position can always be found from the indicated position of a selected reference image such as image 11' - 11".
  • the signal on the scope will then have a plurality of evenly spaced vertical clock pulses, the number of which corresponds to the amount of rotation of the disc 37 from the index position.
  • the occurrence of a signal from amplifier 48 will provide additional vertical signals on the scope which signals will be superimposed on the clock signal.
  • the number of clock pulses occurring between the start of the horizontal sweep and the display of the signals from amplifier 48 will uniquely define the angular orientation of the gratings on the tag 10 with respect to the orientation of the reference grating.
  • the use of an oscilloscope is by way of example only as a digital logic system may obviously be used to provide direct decoding and display of the decoded data.
  • the photoelectric detection scheme illustrated works for two gratings of differing frequency line spacing and angular positioning, one grating being the reference position grating and the others the information gratings. Further modifications may be made to extend the number and type of gratings used. Such modifications would extend the amount of information which could be stored on the tag.
  • One obvious modification can be made by substituting for the rotating disc a plate of frosted glass, and removing the photodetector 24 so as to allow viewing of the images directly. The image created by a tag of the configuration set forth in FIG. 1, would then be viewed as in FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 7 wherein a second embodiment of the invention is shown which is similar to the first embodiment except for the merchandise tag 60 which contains only the diffraction gratings and a reflective coating, the retroreflective material now being a part of the reading system and separate from the tag.
  • Each of the grating elements on the tag may be made of a reflecting grating material, such as Reflecting Replica Grating Film, manufactured by Edmund Scientific Co. under their stock No. 50201.
  • a supporting layer of plastic 61 may be used to add physical strength to the grating material 62.
  • the retroreflective element 33 is positioned in the optical path of the light reflected from the grating 60 so as to re-reflect the light back along a path parallel to the received light.
  • An improved output image may be achieved by inserting a collimating lens 63 into the optical path between the tag 60 and the retroreflective material 33, one focal length f 3 removed from the retroreflective surface of material 33.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
  • Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
  • Holo Graphy (AREA)
  • Optical Recording Or Reproduction (AREA)
  • Optical Transform (AREA)
  • Character Discrimination (AREA)
US05/438,886 1974-02-01 1974-02-01 Optical indicia marking and detection system Expired - Lifetime US4011435A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/438,886 US4011435A (en) 1974-02-01 1974-02-01 Optical indicia marking and detection system
CA217,822A CA1019011A (en) 1974-02-01 1975-01-13 Optical indicia marking and detection system
GB152275A GB1466221A (en) 1974-02-01 1975-01-14 Optical information reading system
DE2503038A DE2503038C3 (de) 1974-02-01 1975-01-25 Optisches Informationslesesystem
JP50012941A JPS50109745A (cs) 1974-02-01 1975-01-30
FR7503023A FR2260145A1 (cs) 1974-02-01 1975-01-31

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/438,886 US4011435A (en) 1974-02-01 1974-02-01 Optical indicia marking and detection system

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US4011435A true US4011435A (en) 1977-03-08

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US (1) US4011435A (cs)
JP (1) JPS50109745A (cs)
CA (1) CA1019011A (cs)
DE (1) DE2503038C3 (cs)
FR (1) FR2260145A1 (cs)
GB (1) GB1466221A (cs)

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CA1019011A (en) 1977-10-11
DE2503038C3 (de) 1982-03-18
FR2260145A1 (cs) 1975-08-29
JPS50109745A (cs) 1975-08-29
GB1466221A (en) 1977-03-02
DE2503038A1 (de) 1975-08-14
DE2503038B2 (de) 1981-07-02

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