US3941453A - Birefringent compounds used in Kerr cells - Google Patents

Birefringent compounds used in Kerr cells Download PDF

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US3941453A
US3941453A US05/523,329 US52332974A US3941453A US 3941453 A US3941453 A US 3941453A US 52332974 A US52332974 A US 52332974A US 3941453 A US3941453 A US 3941453A
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kerr
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Uwe Kruger
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/76—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C49/782—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring polycyclic
    • C07C49/784—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring polycyclic with all keto groups bound to a non-condensed ring
    • C07C49/786—Benzophenone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/76—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C49/80—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring containing halogen
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/07—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on electro-optical liquids exhibiting Kerr effect

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a Kerr cell.
  • Kerr cells consist of two e.g. plate-shaped electrodes between which an electro-optically active liquid is disposed.
  • the liquid In the normal condition, i.e. without electric field, the liquid is isotropic and does not influence the state of polarisation of a polarised light beam which traverses the Kerr capaciter. However, under the influence of an electric field set up between the electrodes the liquid will become optically uniaxially anisotropic (Internationale Elektronische Rundschau 21 (1967) 167).
  • Kerr cells are for example used in the switching stages of digital light deflectors to switch linearly polarised light from the direction of vibration of the incident light to a direction which is perpendicular thereto.
  • the plane of polarisation of the light beam will be rotated through 90° when the voltage U B between the electrodes has reached a certain value.
  • deflection unit The combination of a Kerr-cell followed by a prism is referred to as deflection unit.
  • deflection unit By adding a second deflection unit whose prism has a refracting angle which is twice that of the first unit, the light beam can be deflected into four directions by actuation of the two Kerr-cell polarisation switches.
  • a third deflection unit with a prism having four times the original refracting angle deflection into eight directions is possible.
  • N deflection units enable 2 N directions.
  • Said deflection system is of the digital type (Internationale Elektronische Rundschau, loc. cit.).
  • nitrobenzene in the Kerr cells of e.g. digital light deflectors must be subjected to strong electric fields. These field strengths should allow of rapid and reproducible switching. Under the influence of the required electric field strengths of some 10 4 V/cm nitrobenzene exhibits a substantial residual conductivity. Its resistance cannot be increased arbitrarily by even the most intensive purification. The residual currents, determined by polarisation and injection effects at the electrodes, lead to the formation of space-charge zones, which may distort or completely break down the field in the inter-electrode space. If electro-optically active liquids with substantially higher Kerr constants than that of nitrobenzene were available, this would allow the light deflectors to be operated with a correspondingly lower voltage. Thus, the disturbing effects might partially be avoided.
  • said swarms of molecules require comparatively much time for alignment in the electric field. Therefore, with Kerr cell arrangements which employ nematic substances only low switching rates can be obtained (in the previously cited instance up to 2.10 5 Hz).
  • the Kerr cells should have switching frequencies of the order of magnitude of 10 8 Hz. Theoretically, switching frequencies to within the range of 10 10 Hz can be obtained only with substances whose Kerr effect is a property of the isolated molecules. With substances whose Kerr effect is not increased by molecular association, it is already extremely difficult to attain the Kerr-constant of nitrobenzene.
  • Kerr cells using nitrobenzene as electro-optically active liquid are that they must be comparatively thick in the direction of radiation (German Patent Application 2,234,522 which has been laid open for public inspection). Thicker layers of nitrobenzene are opaque to blue and violet light owing to their slightly yellow coloration.
  • the invention also has for its object to provide a Kerr cell whose electro-optically actice liquid is moreover colourless.
  • a suitable electro-optically active liquid should comply with the following requirements:
  • the compounds of the above formula are transparent to light to near-ultraviolet and have Kerr constants which are comparable with nitrobenzene.
  • the substances are chemically stable lowviscosity liquids. They can be purified satisfactorily. This is an essential requirement for their applicability as an electro-optically active liquid.
  • the Kerr constants given in the above Table were measured during a high voltage pulse. Measurements of the field shape in nitrobenzene immediately after application of the voltage have revealed that the field is substantially undistorted in a substance of sufficient purity during the first few 10 - 4 seconds (Rev. gen. electr. (1965) 499; J.Chim. Phys. Physiochim. Biol. 65 (1968), 134). A measuring arrangement with pulsating field enables the actual Kerr constants of substances of average purity to be determined within this time interval.
  • the Kerr constants determined for nitrobenzene of different purity with a stationary and with a pulsating external field differ substantially.
  • the Kerr constants determined with a pulsating field are independent of the contamination of the nitrobenzene over the entire range.
  • the measurement of the Kerr constants of the compounds according to the invention with pulsating field was conducted with equipment as proposed by Lee (Ren. Sci. Instrum. 35 (1964), 1679) and also employed by Pearson (J. appl. Phys. 41 (1970), 2576) and Blanchet (in: High Speed Photography Proc. 8th Internat. Sympos., Swiss 1968).
  • the Kerr cells are disposed between two crossed polarizers, the plane of polarization of the incident light being selected so that it forms an angle of 45° with the direction of the external field.
  • an exponentially decreasing high voltage pulse is applied across the Kerr cell, the light intensity in the direction of observation passes through a sequence of maxima and minima. These are determined by the phase difference ⁇ at decreasing voltage according to the equation
  • the Kerr constants thus determined have an error which in the present examples varies between 5-10%.
  • the pulse width is of the order of magnitude of 20-40 usecs., the maximum voltage 50 kV and the repetition frequency is 50 Hz.
  • the Kerr constants of the substances examined were each time determined for several initial pulse voltages. Thus, the substances could be checked for sufficient preliminary purity in a simple manner.
  • the ⁇ /2 voltages of contaminated substances or substances which were unstable in the electric field are found to be increasingly excessive at an increasing initial pulse voltage. In contradistinction to this, the ⁇ /2 voltages of sufficiently pure and stable substances are independent of the initial pulse voltage.
  • the invention provides Kerr cells with a series of colourless and chemically stable electro-optically active liquids, of which N,N-dimethyltrifluoroacetamide and phenyltrifluoromethylsulphone are the most active substances. Yet, their Kerr constants do not completely reach the value of nitrobenzene. However, when taking into account that the product of the volume Kerr constant and wavelength B. ⁇ is substantially constant and that thicker layers of the fluorinated amide are still fully transparent below 400 m ⁇ , it is evident that the slightly lower Kerr constant of the fluorinated amide need not be a drawback for its applicability as compared with nitrobenzene. N,N-dimethyltrifluoroacetamide exhibits the same Kerr effect at 380 m ⁇ as nitrobenzene at 500 m ⁇ .

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

Molecules with a group X which attracts electrons and comprises π-electrons and conjugated therewith a group R which supplies electrons, of the formula
R -- X
in which X represents --COCF3, --COC6 H5 or --SOn CF3, n being 0 or 2, and R represents phenyl or (CH3)2 N, as electrooptically active liquid inter alia have the advantage that they are achromatic compared with nitrobenzene.

Description

The invention relates to a Kerr cell.
Kerr cells consist of two e.g. plate-shaped electrodes between which an electro-optically active liquid is disposed. In the normal condition, i.e. without electric field, the liquid is isotropic and does not influence the state of polarisation of a polarised light beam which traverses the Kerr capaciter. However, under the influence of an electric field set up between the electrodes the liquid will become optically uniaxially anisotropic (Internationale Elektronische Rundschau 21 (1967) 167).
Kerr cells are for example used in the switching stages of digital light deflectors to switch linearly polarised light from the direction of vibration of the incident light to a direction which is perpendicular thereto. When the light beam is polarised at 45° to the direction of the applied field, the plane of polarisation of the light beam will be rotated through 90° when the voltage UB between the electrodes has reached a certain value. By applying the voltages zero and UB respectively, it is possible to determine whether the beam in the following prism is subject to a refractive index n1 or n2 and accordingly leaves the prism in direction 1 or 2.
The combination of a Kerr-cell followed by a prism is referred to as deflection unit. By adding a second deflection unit whose prism has a refracting angle which is twice that of the first unit, the light beam can be deflected into four directions by actuation of the two Kerr-cell polarisation switches. By adding a third deflection unit with a prism having four times the original refracting angle, deflection into eight directions is possible. N deflection units enable 2N directions. Said deflection system is of the digital type (Internationale Elektronische Rundschau, loc. cit.).
Until now only nitrobenzene was used as electro-optically active liquid in Kerr cells on account of its high Kerr constant. Nitrobenzene in the Kerr cells of e.g. digital light deflectors must be subjected to strong electric fields. These field strengths should allow of rapid and reproducible switching. Under the influence of the required electric field strengths of some 104 V/cm nitrobenzene exhibits a substantial residual conductivity. Its resistance cannot be increased arbitrarily by even the most intensive purification. The residual currents, determined by polarisation and injection effects at the electrodes, lead to the formation of space-charge zones, which may distort or completely break down the field in the inter-electrode space. If electro-optically active liquids with substantially higher Kerr constants than that of nitrobenzene were available, this would allow the light deflectors to be operated with a correspondingly lower voltage. Thus, the disturbing effects might partially be avoided.
It is known that nematic substances in their liquid-crystalline phase exhibit a stronger Kerr effect than nitrobenzene (German Patent Application 2,234,522 which has been laid open for public inspection). The high degree of orientation in the electric field which is determined by the co-operative alignment of complete swarms of molecules, results in said strong Kerr effects.
On the other hand, said swarms of molecules require comparatively much time for alignment in the electric field. Therefore, with Kerr cell arrangements which employ nematic substances only low switching rates can be obtained (in the previously cited instance up to 2.105 Hz). For multi-stage light deflectors, however, the Kerr cells should have switching frequencies of the order of magnitude of 108 Hz. Theoretically, switching frequencies to within the range of 1010 Hz can be obtained only with substances whose Kerr effect is a property of the isolated molecules. With substances whose Kerr effect is not increased by molecular association, it is already extremely difficult to attain the Kerr-constant of nitrobenzene.
In view of the high switching frequencies, it is the object of the invention to provide a Kerr cell whose electro-optically active liquid consists of highly polar, optically strongly anisotropic and yet as small as possible molecules.
A further drawback of Kerr cells using nitrobenzene as electro-optically active liquid is that they must be comparatively thick in the direction of radiation (German Patent Application 2,234,522 which has been laid open for public inspection). Thicker layers of nitrobenzene are opaque to blue and violet light owing to their slightly yellow coloration. In order to enable the use of light deflectors in the entire visible and, if possible, also in the near ultraviolet spectrum, the invention also has for its object to provide a Kerr cell whose electro-optically actice liquid is moreover colourless.
In all, a suitable electro-optically active liquid should comply with the following requirements:
1. great dipole moment
2. high anisotropy of the optical polarisability
3. the main polarisability should coincide with the direction of the dipole moment
4. high dielectric constant
5. high number of active units per unit of volume - low molar volume.
6. short rotation relaxation time and low viscosity (to ensure sufficiently rapid alignment of the molecules in the field during rapid switching)
7. full transparency in the visible spectrum
8. the specific resistance of the material should be as high as possible.
9. The refractive index should as closely as possible approximate that of calcite, which is most frequently used for the prism (n = 1.5-1.6). The difference in refractive index should be minimized at the transition of the light from the electro-optically active liquid to the calcite prism.
The problem set fort hereinbefore is solved, according to the invention, by means of a Kerr cell which is characterized in that its electro-optically active liquid consists of molecules with a group X, which attracts electrons and comprises π-electrons, and conjugated therewith a group R, which supplies electrons, of the formula R -- X, in which X = --COCF3, --COC6 H5 or --SOn CF3, n being 0 or 2, and R = phenyl or (CH3)2 N.
The compounds of the above formula are transparent to light to near-ultraviolet and have Kerr constants which are comparable with nitrobenzene.
Preferred embodiments of the Kerr cell according to the invention comprise at least one of the following compounds:
                  graphic      Kerr constant                              
name              formula      (e.s.u., 20°C,633                   
__________________________________________________________________________
                               μ)                                      
                  CH.sub.3 O                                              
N,N-dimethyltrifluoro acetamide                                           
                  ∠N--C∠                                      
                               3.1.10.sup..sup.-5                         
                  CH.sub.3 CF.sub.3                                       
                  CF.sub.3                                                
                  |                                              
phenyltrifluoromethylsulphone                                             
                  O=S=O        2.7.10.sup..sup.-5                         
                  CH.sub.3 O                                              
                  ∥                                              
N,N-dimethyltrifluoromethyl-                                              
                  ∠N--S--CF.sub.3                                   
                               2.5.10.sup..sup.-5                         
                  ∥                                              
sulphonamide      CH.sub.3 O                                              
                  C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O                                       
N,N-diethyltrifluoroacetamide                                             
                  ∠N--C∠                                      
                               2.2.10.sup..sup.-5                         
                  C.sub.2 H.sub.5 CF.sub.3                                
                  C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O                                       
                  ∥                                              
N,N-diethylbenzamide                                                      
                  ∠N--C  1.9.10.sup..sup.-5                         
                  C.sub.2 H.sub.5                                         
                  CF.sub.3                                                
                  |                                              
phenyltrifluoromethylsulphide                                             
                  S            1.8.10.sup..sup.-5                         
__________________________________________________________________________
 (for comparison: nitrobenzene has a Kerr constant of 4.1.10.sup.-.sup.5
 e.s.u.).
The substances are chemically stable lowviscosity liquids. They can be purified satisfactorily. This is an essential requirement for their applicability as an electro-optically active liquid.
Compounds of the above-mentioned formulas are known per se. They may be prepared in accordance with known methods or methods analogous thereto.
The Kerr constants given in the above Table were measured during a high voltage pulse. Measurements of the field shape in nitrobenzene immediately after application of the voltage have revealed that the field is substantially undistorted in a substance of sufficient purity during the first few 10- 4 seconds (Rev. gen. electr. (1965) 499; J.Chim. Phys. Physiochim. Biol. 65 (1968), 134). A measuring arrangement with pulsating field enables the actual Kerr constants of substances of average purity to be determined within this time interval. The Kerr constants determined for nitrobenzene of different purity with a stationary and with a pulsating external field differ substantially. The Kerr constants determined with a pulsating field are independent of the contamination of the nitrobenzene over the entire range.
The measurement of the Kerr constants of the compounds according to the invention with pulsating field was conducted with equipment as proposed by Lee (Ren. Sci. Instrum. 35 (1964), 1679) and also employed by Pearson (J. appl. Phys. 41 (1970), 2576) and Blanchet (in: High Speed Photography Proc. 8th Internat. Sympos., Stockholm 1968). The Kerr cells are disposed between two crossed polarizers, the plane of polarization of the incident light being selected so that it forms an angle of 45° with the direction of the external field. When subsequently an exponentially decreasing high voltage pulse is applied across the Kerr cell, the light intensity in the direction of observation passes through a sequence of maxima and minima. These are determined by the phase difference φ at decreasing voltage according to the equation
(1) φ = 2 π 1 BE
passing through a sequence of even and odd multiples of π. In this equation 1 is the pathlength, B the volume Kerr constant (a material constant) and E the electric field strength. When φ corresponds to an odd multiple of π , this will result in maximum transmission in the case of the selected arrangement with the linearly polarised light being incident in the x-direction and the direction of observation being the y-direction. When φ equals odd multiples of π the light vibrates parallel to and when φ equals even multiplies of π perpendicularly to the direction of transmission of the analyzer (in this case: direction of observation). The light intensity after the analyzer is given by
(2) I.sub.y˜I.sub.y(o)  sin.sup.2 (φ/2 = I.sub.y(o)  sin.sup.2 (π BIE.sup.2).
when, as is common practice, the lowest voltage at which light intensity a maximum occurs under the specified conditions is designated the λ/2 voltage. ##EQU1## (for φ = π and λ representing the wavelength of the incident light in vacuum) and when said equation is inserted in the relation (2), this yields ##EQU2## The voltages at which further maxima are to be anticipated are consequently given by the relation ##EQU3## and those for the further minima by ##EQU4## n being 0, 1, 2, . . . etc. Simultaneous monitoring on a double beam oscilloscope of the voltage drop across the Kerr cell and the transparency after the analyzer enables the voltages which correspond to the extreme values to be read directly. With the aid of equation (3) this yields the Kerr constant. As the voltage can only be measured with an accuracy of ± 50 V, the Kerr constants thus determined have an error which in the present examples varies between 5-10%. The pulse width is of the order of magnitude of 20-40 usecs., the maximum voltage 50 kV and the repetition frequency is 50 Hz. The Kerr constants of the substances examined were each time determined for several initial pulse voltages. Thus, the substances could be checked for sufficient preliminary purity in a simple manner. The λ/2 voltages of contaminated substances or substances which were unstable in the electric field are found to be increasingly excessive at an increasing initial pulse voltage. In contradistinction to this, the λ/2 voltages of sufficiently pure and stable substances are independent of the initial pulse voltage.
Thus, the invention provides Kerr cells with a series of colourless and chemically stable electro-optically active liquids, of which N,N-dimethyltrifluoroacetamide and phenyltrifluoromethylsulphone are the most active substances. Yet, their Kerr constants do not completely reach the value of nitrobenzene. However, when taking into account that the product of the volume Kerr constant and wavelength B. λ is substantially constant and that thicker layers of the fluorinated amide are still fully transparent below 400 m μ, it is evident that the slightly lower Kerr constant of the fluorinated amide need not be a drawback for its applicability as compared with nitrobenzene. N,N-dimethyltrifluoroacetamide exhibits the same Kerr effect at 380 mμ as nitrobenzene at 500 mμ.

Claims (8)

I claim:
1. A Kerr cell, characterized in that its electro-optically active liquid consists of molecules with a group X which attracts electrons and comprises π -electrons and a group R which is conjugated therewith and supplies electrons, of the formula
R--X
in which X = --COCF3, --COC6 H5 or --SOn CF3, n being 0 or 2, and R = phenyl or (CH3)2 N.
2. A Kerr cell as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that its electro-optically active liquid consists of N,N-dimethyltrifluoroacetamide.
3. A Kerr cell as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that its electro-optically active liquid consists of phenyltrifluoromethylsulphone.
4. A Kerr cell as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that its electro-optically active liquid consists of N,N-dimethyltrifluoromethylsulphonamide.
5. A Kerr cell as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that its electro-optically active liquid consists of N,N-diethyltrifluoroacetamide.
6. A Kerr cell as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that its electro-optically active liquid consists of N,N-diethylbenzamide.
7. A Kerr cell as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that its electro-optically active liquid consists of phenyltrifluoromethylsulphide.
8. A Kerr cell as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that its electro-optically active liquid consists of a mixture of at least two compounds of the formula R--X.
US05/523,329 1973-11-15 1974-11-13 Birefringent compounds used in Kerr cells Expired - Lifetime US3941453A (en)

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DE2357072A DE2357072A1 (en) 1973-11-15 1973-11-15 KERR CELL

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DE (1) DE2357072A1 (en)
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4428873A (en) 1980-08-30 1984-01-31 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Electrooptical element
US20040146074A1 (en) * 2003-01-23 2004-07-29 The Regents Of The University Of California Transverse flowing liquid Kerr Cell for high average power laser Q-switching and for direct modulation of high power laser beams
US20050040149A1 (en) * 2003-08-22 2005-02-24 Rockstroh Todd Jay Single head laser high throughput laser shock peening

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3408133A (en) * 1964-01-23 1968-10-29 Electro Optical Systems Inc Kerr-cell camera shutter

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3408133A (en) * 1964-01-23 1968-10-29 Electro Optical Systems Inc Kerr-cell camera shutter

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4428873A (en) 1980-08-30 1984-01-31 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Electrooptical element
US20040146074A1 (en) * 2003-01-23 2004-07-29 The Regents Of The University Of California Transverse flowing liquid Kerr Cell for high average power laser Q-switching and for direct modulation of high power laser beams
US6829257B2 (en) 2003-01-23 2004-12-07 The Regents Of The University Of California Transverse flowing liquid Kerr cell for high average power laser Q-switching and for direct modulation of high power laser beams.
US20050040149A1 (en) * 2003-08-22 2005-02-24 Rockstroh Todd Jay Single head laser high throughput laser shock peening
US6900409B2 (en) * 2003-08-22 2005-05-31 General Electric Company Single head laser high throughput laser shock peening

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SE7414186L (en) 1975-05-16
CA1035132A (en) 1978-07-25
FR2251834A1 (en) 1975-06-13
BE822251A (en) 1975-05-14
DE2357072A1 (en) 1975-05-28
JPS5085350A (en) 1975-07-09

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