US3928496A

US3928496A - Synthetic fiber for paper and method for producing the same

Info

Publication number: US3928496A
Application number: US488486A
Authority: US
Inventors: Hiromu Takeda; Takuichi Kobayashi; Koichiro Oka; Kazumi Tanaka
Original assignee: Toray Industries Inc
Current assignee: Toray Industries Inc
Priority date: 1973-07-19
Filing date: 1974-07-15
Publication date: 1975-12-23
Anticipated expiration: 1992-12-23
Also published as: FI219374A; SE391351B; GB1468920A; CA1045743A; IT1020663B; FR2237993A1; SE7409372L; FR2237993B1; NO742627L; DE2434927A1; DE2434927B2; NL7409713A

Abstract

A synthetic fiber substantially comprising: A. 5-40% by weight of a copolymer consisting of A. 20-80% BY WEIGHT OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, AND B. 80-20% BY WEIGHT OF ACRYLONITRILE, AND B. 60-95% by weight of a copolymer consisting of C. 55-95% BY WEIGHT OF STYRENE, AND D. 5-45% BY WEIGHT OF ACRYLONITRILE. This fiber is used for producing paper and has a potentially fibrillar texture. When beaten, it forms synthetic pulp having stalk fibrils and micro fibrils extending from the stalk fibrils. High-tenacity synthetic paper can be made of such fibers because this synthetic pulp is self-adhesive.

Description

United States Patent Takeda et a1. Dec. 23, 1975 [54] igg gg f ggfigggg 3 1 3 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 819,049 7/1959 United Kingdom .260/881 [75] Inventors: Hiromu Takeda; Takuichi 871,192 6/1961 United Kingdom Kobayashi; Koichiro Oka, all of 7,015,718 10/1970 Netherlands 260/898 Otsu; Kazumi Tanaka, Kusatsu, all of Japan Primary Examiner-Murray Tillman [73] Assignee: Toray Industries, Inc., Tokyo, Japan Assistant Examiner-Thurman K. Page [22] Filed: July 15, 1974 [21] Appl. No.: 488,486 57 ABSTRACT A synthetic fiber substantially comprising: [30] Forelg" Apphcatlon Prlomy Data A. 5-40% by weight of a copolymer consisting of July 19, 1973 Japan 48-80469 a weight of alcohol and July 26, 1973 Japan 48-83609 b of acrylonitrile and Aug. 2, 1973 Japan 48-86384 of a copolymer consisting of c. 5595% by weight of styrene, and 1 gg 5 1 1 d. 545% by weight of acrylonitrile. 51 Int. cm C08L 51/00; cost 33/20; This fi is F Pmducing Paper has a B32B 17/10. potentially fibrillar texture. When beaten, it forms 6/18 synthetic pulp having stalk fibrils and micro fibrils 5s 1 Field of Search 260/876 R, 881, 886, 898; extendng fmm the Stalk fibnls' 161/182, 169; 264/182, 185 High-tenacity synthetic paper can be made of such fibers because this synthetic pulp is self-adhesive. [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 7 1974 Masuda et a1. 260/898 7 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures US. Patent Dec. 23, 19705 FREENESS (0.0.)

FREENESS (0.0.)

PULP FREENES S v. DEGREE OF SEATING O I I I TOTALNUMBER OFBEIXTER ROLL REVOLUTIONS Fig. 2-

PULP FREENES -S v. DEGREE OF BEATING soo 20o- 0 I I l TOTAL NUMBER OF BEATER ROLL REVOLUTIONS SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a synthetic fiber for making paper, and to a method for producing the same. Heretofore, many proposals have been made for the manufacture of synthetic paper consisting of synthetic fibers instead of paper made from natural pulp, by

utilizing the physically or chemically superior properties of synthetic fibers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Heretofore, various proposals have been made with reference to a method for producing synthetic pulp from synthetic fibers.

Known methods using a polymer of the acrylic series include making the polymer a porous gel fiber and then beating the said fiber, treating the polymer with a liquid agent such as a strong mineral acid, a swelling agent, a deteriorating agent, and promoting fibrillation by polymer blending. Methods have been suggested involving using a polymer of the olefin series, include splitting a film to bring about fibrillation.

However, the resulting pulp does not acquire hydrophilic properties, and therefore satisfactory dispersing properties in water at the time of wet paper making, and satisfactory adhesion of fibrils after the sheet is formed, have not been obtained.

On the other hand, from the viewpoint of performance of the paper, synthetic pulps have not been known which are capable of producing a paper having a high degree of opacity and having high wet dimensional stability. As materials for improving such charateristics of wood pulp, various inorganic fillers or powdered synthetic polymers have been used. However, they have no paperforming capability and can be used only as additives, and do not achieve the objects of the present invention.

Specifically, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 10655/1964 discloses there is insufficient fibrillating synthetic fibers in a swelling agent to obtain so-called hooked fibers having short, fine hooks. In such hooked fibers, however, the so-called hooks necessary for intertwining are short and are not self-adhesive, and therefore intertwining of fibers for the purpose, and the paper that is obtained is non-uniform.

It is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 20757/ 1961 that gel-like, non-collapsed, wet spun acrylic fibers tend to become fibrillated.

However, fibrillation is carried out, as reported in said publication, using gel-like, non-collapsed fibers. In order to convert fibrillated fibers into a sheet-like form, it is preferable that they should have hydrophilic properties, and self-adhesion, as well.

If fibrillated fibers should fail to exhibit self-adhesion, a sheet-like material having high tensile strength cannot be obtained; a special adhesive is required in order to obtain high tensile strength. A sheet is obtained in the above-mentioned publication is, as described in the specification, very low in tensile strength, which clearly possesses the drawback that the fibrillated material fails to exhibit the property of self-adhesion.

Japanese Patent 1 Application Publication No. 1 1851/1960 discloses a synthetic pulp fibril having feeler-like protrusions which are said to be capable of intertwining. As distinguished from the product ob- 2 tained by ordinary spinning processes, and because this fibril essentially lacks any so-called stalk fibers, it has the drawback, when synthetic paper is made therefrom, that the paper product has poor physical properties, especially tenacity. Accordingly, this fibril, together with other fibrous materials, is effectively utilized as an adhesive but it has the disadvantage that good paper cannot be obtained from this fibril alone.

We, the present inventors have previously proposed, as referred to in our US. applications Ser. Nos. 180,875 and 435,453, fibers for paper and synthetic pulp consisting of (A) -90% by weight of a fiber-forming hydrophobic polymer and (B) 10-85% by weight of a copolymer in which a hydrophilic portion and a hydrophobic portion are bonded chemically, in which the hydrophilic portion is dispersed and oriented in the direction of the fiber axis.

However, we have conducted extensive studies with the object of producing a fiber which is capable of yielding a pulp having even more excellent opacity and wet dimensional stability in respect of paper performance, high level dispersing properties in water and I stronger fibril adherence after forming the sheet, and

we have now created a fiber which has the outstanding composition and structure of the present invention.

An object of the present invention is to provide a fiber for a synthetic paper which is capable of yielding paper having high opacity, degree of whiteness and wet dimensional stability of a quality not attainable by paper made of conventional wood pulp.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a fiber capable of producing pulp and making synthetic paper by exactly the method normally used for wood pulp. This is done by imparting hydrophilic properties to the pulp a point which has been little considered in the case of conventional synthetic pulp, improving the dispersion properties in water when made into an aqueous slurry, and imparting adhesive strength between the fibrils.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method for making a synthetic fiber which is capable of producing a beaten fibril (pulp) having excellent intertwinement and adhesion among the fibrils, which can be made into paper in a wet system, using ordinary beating means of the type normally used with natural pulp, and capable of forming the resulting beaten fibril into paper consisting of of said beaten fibrils, or making paper consisting of beaten fibril and natural pulp in desired mix ratios.

These and other objects will further become apparent in the following specification, and in the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The aforesaid objects of the present invention are achieved by providing a synthetic fiber substantially comprising (A) about 540% by weight of a graft copolymer consisting of (a) about 20-80% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol, and (b) substantially the balance acrylonitrile, and (B) about 60-95% by weight of a copolymer consisting of (c) about 55-95% by weight of styrene and (d) substantially the balance acrylonitrile.

As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there may be provided, in addition to components (A) and (B), unreacted polyvinyl alcohol and acrylonitrile produced as by-products in the process of graft copolymeri'zation. Further, polymers of the polyvinyl alcohol series and the acrylic series may be added separately.

In the practice of the present invention, as a further preferred embodiment, the fiber may comprise a mixed polymer system containing about 5-40% by weight ofa copolymer in which polyvinyl alcohol and acrylonitrile bond chemically, containing about -80% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol, and containing about 60-95% by weight of an acrylonitrile styrene copolymer containing about 5-45% by weight of acrylonitrile, in which system polyvinyl alcohol is present in an amount of about 2-55% by weight based on the weight of the entire mixed polymer system.

A method which is desirable for obtaining a fiber having the characteristics of the present invention involves dissolving such polymer composition in dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethyl acetamide and wet-spinning the resulting solution into an aqueous coagulating bath. Further drawing or heat-treating the spun fiber while it is a water-containing gel, as occasion demands, is desirable.

Because of the application of such heat-treatment, the fiber may contract by more than 45%.

The present invention has succeeded in producing a paper which has remarkably high opacity and wet dimensional stability by using a graft copolymer consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (hereinafter referred to as PVA) having hydrophilic properties and acrylonitrile (hereinafter referred to as AN) to impart hydrophilic characteristics to the pulp. At the same time, it disperses the copolymer into a copolymer consisting of styrene (hereinafter referred to as St) and AN.

It is an indispensable requirement that the copolymer (A) should be a copolymer in which an AN component and a PVA component are chemically bonded to each other, so that the PVA component as a hydrophilic component and the AN component as a hydrophobic component exist in the form of, for example, a graft or block copolymer, and two different types of copolymer (A) and copolymer (B) coexist in a mixed system, in the aforementioned ratios.

In the reaction for obtaining copolymer (A), a small amount of an AN polymer is produced which is not bonded to the hydrophilic component or the unreacted hydrophilic component, and is not bonded to AN. However, when the copolymers (A) and (B) exist within the aforesaid range, then without fail, the existence of such AN polymer or unreacted PVA does not become an obstacle in the practice of the present invention, insofar as its amount is within the aforesaid range. Therefore, the AN polymer need not be intentionally removed. What is important is that the AN component and the PVA component should chemically bond to each other within the aforesaid range and exist in chemically bonded combination. This makes it possible to impart excellent hydrophilic properties, dispersing properties in water and self-adhesion to the beaten fibrils (synthetic pulp) which are obtained by beating the fiber. When the AN component and the PVA component are simply mixed and exist, together without chemical combination, it is not possible to impart such characteristics to the beaten fibril.

When the AN PVA copolymer used in the practice of the present invention is a graft copolymer, it is possible to produce the same by aqueous non-uniform polymerization or solution uniform polymerization. Referring to the degree of polymerization of the PVA, it is preferable that the average degree of polymerization be within the range of about 500-3400, preferably within the range of 600-1800.

It is possible to carry out polymerization by dissolving such PVA in a polymerization solvent, for example, dimethyl sulfoxide (hereinafter referred to as DMSO), mixing with and dissolving in the resulting solution, 80-400% by weight (based on PVA) of AN or a vinyl monomer consisting mainly of AN, and polymerizing the resulting mixed solution using as a catalyst, for example, a persulfate at a relatively low temperature of from room temperature to about C. By using such a method, a PVA/AN graft copolymer, unreacted PVA, polyacrylonitrile or a polymer of the AN series (hereinafter referred to as PAN) are produced.

It is also possible to add the same AN to an aqueous solution of PVA and to carry out the polymerization reaction. The resulting PVA/AN graft copolymer can be isolated by reprecipitation and filtration.

It is necessary that the PVA content in the graft copolymer be about 20-80% by weight, preferably about 35-65% by weight. When this content is less than about 20% by weight, the molecular weight of the graft polyacrylonitrile component is too high, seriously harming processability and impeding the development of hydrophilic properties. On the other hand, when such content exceeds about by weight, and when the graft copolymer is made into an aqueous slurry as fiber and pulp, the graft copolymer flows out in water and the objects of the present invention cannot be achieved.

A graft copolymer containing PVA having an average degree of polymerization of less than about 500 drops too much in water resistance and swelling strength, decreasing the water resistance of the paper obtained from the fiber, and not imparting preferred qualities to such paper.

On the other hand, when the average degree of polymerization exceeds about 3400, the hydrophilic properties decrease fibrillation is not carried out smoothly and preformance characteristics necessary for use as paper are not developed. Upon preparing the graft copolymer, besides AN, less than about 40 mol of a vinyl monomer other than AN, but which is copolymerizable with AN, (for example, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, styrene and vinylchloride) may be copolymerized.

The St/AN copolymer, (component B) of the present invention may be prepared by ordinary methods of random copolymerization and known methods of block copolymerization such as aqueous non-uniform polymerization and bulk polymerization, for example.

In order to achieve high opacity and a high degree of whiteness, it is not preferable that the St/AN copolymer be compatible with the PVA/AN graft copolymer and the polymer of acrylic series. As one criterion for judging whether the former is compatible with the latter two, one may check the transparency of a solution obtained by dissolving the former and the latter two in a common solvent. For example, when a polymer of the acrylic series and a PVA/AN graft copolymer are dissolved in DMSO, a somewhat transparent solution is formed. We have found that by adding a St/AN copolymer which is incompatible with both the PVA/AN graft copolymer and the polymer of acrylic series, paper mer may be added, and the compatibility with the other constitional element increases. Therefore, the improvement of opacity and degree of whiteness is not satisfactory.

On the other hand, when the styrene content exceeds about 95% by weight, the solubility in DMSO and DMAc (dimethyl acetamide), which functions as solvents, is reduced and a satisfactory product cannot be obtained.

The composition of the present invention consists of about 40% by weight of such a PVA/AN graft copolymer and about 60-95% by weight of such a St/AN copolymer. When the amount of said graft copolymer is less than about 5% by weight, the fiber produced by the method of the present invention is not fibrillated by beating, and has essentially no hydrophilic properties. When the amount of the graft copolymer exceeds about 40% by weight, the water resistance of the resulting paper grows worse. In addition, the opacity of the resulting paper is harmed. When the amount of the St/AN copolymer is less than about 60% by weight, the objective high opacity of the present invention cannot be achieved.

The composition of the present invention is not limited to those consisting of said two copolymers only, but it may contain unreacted PVA and a polymer of the AN series produced as by-products in the process of graft copolymerization, and may include an intentionally added polymer of the acrylic series.

Homopolyvinyl alcohol has the property that a greater part thereof falls off when it is formed into an aqueous slurry in the process of making fibers and pulp, which is not essential for achieving the objects of the present invention. However, referring to the amount of PVA, this should not exceed about 23% by weight. When said amount exceeds about 23% by weight, the opacity of the paper is harmed. Further, this is undesirable in view of resulting foaming and contamination of the aqueous slurry.

The amount of the polymer of the acrylic series should not exceed about 35% by weight. When higher, the desired high opacity cannot be achieved.

With respect to the polymer of acrylic series, a separately polymerized linear polymer may be used. One having a molecular weight of 20000 100000 is preferable. A monomer of the vinyl series in an amount within the range not exceeding about 40 mol which may be used as a copolymerization component for graft copolymerization, may be used as well.

Substitution for the St/AN copolymer by adding less than about 35% by weight of a polymer of acrylic series results in somewhat reduced opacity. However, by reinforcing the toughness of the beaten fibrils, it has the function of increasing the tenacity of paper. However, when it is substituted for the PVA/AN copolymer, there is no such effect.

The high opacity is measured by a method to be mentioned later, and should be in excess of at least about 80%. When less, there is no measurable improvement over a value of about 70%. which is obtained by paper made from wood pulp.

As mentioned above, existence of the unreacted PVA has no essential significance in the present invention. However, when the amount of such unreacted PVA exceeds about 23% by weight, foaming takes place in the aqueous slurry due to bleed-out of the PVA at the time of beating, or the degree of opacity of the resulting paper is sharply lowered.

It is further preferable that in fibers constituted by these mixed polymers, PVA contained in an amount of about 255% by weight based on the total amount of the polymers. Existence of PVA in this amount, including PVA which is chemically bonded, gives favorable dispersing properties in water. The shape of the fibrils obtained by beating the fibers is very effective for promoting intertwinement of fibrils and adhesion of paper made from such fibrils. But when this amount is less than about 2% by weight of PVA, development of such properties is insufficient. If an amount-exceeding about 55% by weight of PVA is used, the water resistance, opacity and degree of whiteness of the resulting paper are reduced.

A wet spinning method using a solvent water coagulating bath is especially suitable for producing a synthetic fiber of the present invention. As solvents, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) are suitable. When the solvent is used and a solvent-water coagulating bath is used in producing fibers, the product is very suitable for beating and making paper. The spun undrawn yarn is drawn to a predetermined draw ratio by ordinary methods in steam, hot

-water or a solvent-water bath, and thereby becomes capable of attaining the tenacity and shape of fibrils that are suitable for forming paper.

As mentioned above, the composition of the present invention may be dissolved in DMSO or DMAc. Further, this solution may be wet spun by ordinary means into an aqueous spinning bath, for example, an aqueous solution of DMSO or DMAc containing up to the maximum of about by weight of DMSO or DMAc to produce an undrawn water-containing gel yarn. Further, such undrawn yarn may be drawn in a hot water bath, or in a steam atmosphere as occasion demands.

One specific method according to the practice of the present invention is dissolving such polymer composition in the aforesaid solvent at a concentration within the range of about 840% by weight based on the weight of said solvent.

When the concentration is less than about 8% by weight, when the wet spun yarn is beaten, strong fibrils are unlikely to be present and the paper tends to be very brittle.

On the other hand, when the concentration exceeds about 40% by weight, the viscosity of the spinning solution is increased too much, harming spinnability. Spinning into an aqueous spinning bath increases the tendency of the fibrils to disperse in water when an aqueous slurry is formed in a later step. This is indispensable for forming a fiber having a structure which is suitable for producing a pulp that is capable of developing high opacity, which is one of the objects of the present invention. Both incompatibility of the graft copolymer (A) with the copolymer (B) and the formation of a coagulated composition upon being contacted with an aqueous medium derived from the hydrophobic property of the copolymer (B) work very favorably, and fibers of the present invention develop porous structures including micro-voids which are roughly uniformly dispersed throughout the entire fiber structure. This is one reason why the beaten pulp has very high opacity.

Only the micro-voids have the effect of increasin'gthe opacity of the fibers. It is preferable that fibers of the present invention contain micro-voids, the average diameter of a greater part thereof not exceeding 5 microns, and that they be uniformly dispersed through- 7 out the entire structure of the fibers.

For example, it is possible to make artifically an annular hollow yarn using a composition of the present invention. However, hollows having diameters of more than microns brought about at such time do not contribute to opacity. However, when the organization of a substantial part of the structure is in accordance with the present invention, it is possible to achieve excellent results.

One of the factors which relate to the porous structures of fibers of the present invention is the apparent specific gravity (pa), which can be calculated from the average cross-sectional area of the substantial part of the fiber (S), and the average denier of the fiber (d).

Further, by heating fibers of the present invention to a temperature higher than the softening points of the polymers, it is possible to produce a transparent yarn having no voids in which the porous structure collapses. By measuring the specific gravity at this time, it is possible to obtain a specific gravity pd of a product in the densely compacted state. It is preferable that the structure of fibers of the present invention be such that:

pa/pd 0.8

When the above ratio is greater than 0.8, increase of opacity cannot be expected.

Further, undrawn water-containing gel yarns obtained by wet spinning into an aqueous spinning bath are subsequently heat-treated at a wet temperature of 80-180C, or preferably drawn at such wet temperature.

We-have found that when the composition of the present invention is drawn, a remarkable effect is observed. When either a solvent solution of graft copolymer (A) of the present invention alone or a solvent solution of copolymer (B) of the present invention alone is drawn after being spun into a solvent/water coagulating bath, the best that can be obtained is continuous drawing of at most a draw ratio of 2. In case of the graft copolymer (A), drawing is completely impossible. However, when a solvent solution of a composition obtained by mixing the graft copolymer (A) and the copolymer (B) at a predetermined ratio in accordance with the present invention, and the resulting composition is drawn by the operations described in the present specification, it is possible to draw this composition at a ratio of at least 9, between draw rollers.

Drawing is carried out with wet heating, for example, in hot water containing the solvent, or in a steam atmosphere. So-called known wet heat drawing is applicable.

In this case, it is necessary for the temperature to be at least 80C. Especially, when the amount of a component which is amorphous and hydrophobic (such as styrene) is large, smooth drawing cannot be carried out at a temperature lower than 80C. On the other hand, when the temperature exceeds 180C, the St/AN copolymer melts and the monofilaments stick to each other. As a result, various obstacles are encountered when the fibrils separate and disperse by heating. The draw ratio is selected in connection with the desired beating conditions.

Further, the resulting fiber has a denier of about 0.1-30, and is cut into a length of about 1-50 mm, preferably 2.5-25 mm. In the resulting synthetic fiber, the copolymer (A) is dispersed as a plurality of particles in the copolymer (B) and arranged as independent phases in the direction of the fiber axis.

A fiber obtained by this production method is easily fibrillated by beating and may be made into pulp which has excellent dispersing properties in water. It is possible to make such fibers into an aqueous dispersion having a concentration of about 1-20% by weight and to beat the same by use of commercially available beating devices such as, for example, ball mills, beaters, PFI mills, and refiner. When, for example, a PFI mill is used, it is possible to use a linear pressure of 3.4 kg/cm a clearance of 0.1-0.3 mm and a cut fiber concentration of 3-12% by weight and by varying the total number of rotations of the rolls, it is possible to obtain a slurry having a freeness of about 40-750 cc.

Normal wet paper making methods are applicable without change, and it is possible to mix this synthetic pulp with wood pulp in desired proportions and to make paper from the mixed pulp especially from wood pulp blended with about 10-35% of the synthetic pulp, and the effect of the present invention is remarkable.

Fibers obtained according to the present invention are easily fibrillated, forming a pulp having excellent dispersing properties in water. With reference to paper making, known wet paper making methods are applicable. As a result, it is possible to make paper having high levels of opacity, a high degree of whiteness and an excellent wet dimensional stability not attainable by conventional paper made from wood pulp.

It is preferable that a high draw ratio fiber of the present invention be subjected to wet heat-treatment in boiling water, or in a steam atmosphere. It is preferable that the heat-treating temperature be about -180C, preferably about l20C. The time is preferably within the range of about 30 seconds to about 8 minutes, and it is to be expected that the final fiber will contract by at least about 45% of the initial length.

When a fiber is used whose shrinkage is less than about 45%, or the fibril is obtained by subjecting a fiber to beating operations without prior treatment with wet heat, excessive fibrils are sometimes provided from the fiber stalk, and the fibrils tend to cohere to form flocks. Therefore, the dispersing properties of the product in water deteriorate and, as a result, the texture of paper tends to become inferior.

The wet heat-treatment can be carried out, before the fiber is cut, as a continuous yarn, and after the fiber contracts, it may be cut into a length of about 1-15 mm, preferably about 7-15 mm, and then cut fiber may be beaten.

A low draw ratio yarn of the present invention (such as a draw ratio between 1.0 and 2.5, for example) may be beaten without being subjected to such wet heattreatment to produce a pulp having excellent dispersing properties.

A fiber of the present invention need not have a uniform denier throughout the direction of the fiber length. In spinning according to the present invention, the solution of said composition may be jetted at a high speed into the coagulating bath and may be discharged into a coagulating bath flowing at high speed.

The composition of a PVA/AN graft copolymer of the present invention may be determined in a given case by the following means. From the polymer solution after graft copolymerization, it is possible to extract the polymer as a solid component by known methods, such as re-precipitation operations and filtering operations. After the solid component is dried, it is subjected to hot water extraction for 48 hours using a 9 Soxhlet extractor. One component extracted by such operations is the unreacted PVA polymer. Subsequently, after the solid component is dried again, it is extracted with dimethyl formamide (hereinafter referred to as DMF) at 100C for hours, and the extracted component is a polymer of the AN series.

The remaining component is a PVA/AN graft copolymer. From the amount charged, the amount of the re-precipitated polymer, the amount of product extracted with hot water, and the amount of product extracted with DMF, the compositions of the graft PVA and graft PAN in the graft copolymer are determined.

With reference to an AN/St copolymer, by measuring the amount of nitrogen (N) by elemental analysis, the amount of the AN component is determined, and from the remaining amount, the amount of the ST component is determined.

The degree of opacity and the degree of whiteness of paper referred to, are measured as follows. Using an integral sphere-type HTR meter, manufactured by Japan Precision Optical Co., Ltd. and using a green filter, when the reflexibility obtained when a standard white plate is placed at the back of a sheet of paper having a basis weight of 40 g/m is made 100, the degree of opacity is expressed by a reflexibility when a black plate is placed at the back of said paper; and using blue filter, in case a reflexibility of a standard MgO plate is made 100, the reflexibility when at least 6 sheets of the sample paper are accumulated is read and made a degree of whiteness.

In order to observe dispersing properties in water, when a very small amount of pulp is put into a test tube together with water and shaken, said properties arev thereafter easily determined by observing whether or not flocks due to coherence of the fibrils are produced. However, when extreme fibrils are produced, this may have a bad influence upon the spinning, remarkably prolonging the dehydrating time when the diluted slurry is dehydrated from above the mesh. Therefore, discrimination is possible in this respect. As a most simple method, paper may be made and the uniformity of the texture of the paper may be determined.

A beaten fibril (synthetic pulp) obtained by beating the resulting fiber may be formed into paper consisting of substantially 100% of said beaten fibril and into paper consisting of a mixture of said beaten fibril and wood pulp at an optional mixing ratio. The resulting paper is characterized in that the degree of whiteness, degree of opacity, wet dimensional stability, permeation resistance, surface picking strength and printability are simultaneously attainable at balanced high levels which have not been realizable by conventional natural pulp. The paper can develop excellent aptitute in many uses for paper such as paper for reprography like coated paper, photographic paper, India bible paper, thin paper, tracing paper, electrostatic recording paper, electrophotographic paper, magnetic recording paper and copying paper; and paper used in combination with these papers for reprography or independently like pressure sensitive copying paper, cards for statistical machine, punch tapes, business forms, optical mark recognition paper and optical character recognition paper as well as magnetic ink character recognition paper, release paper, paper board and wrapping a er. p l ereinbelow, specific examples of the present invention are presented in order to clarify the disclosure of the present invention. The examples shown hereinbelow are illustrated in conjunction with drawings for clarifying the fundamental requirements for showing the constitution of the present invention, and these examples are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

Of the drawings:

FlGfl is a graph showing the relationship between pulp freeness and degree of beating, using a yarn prepared in accordance with Example 1 herein, and

FIG. 2 is a graph showing a similar relationship for the pulp obtained in the procedure of Example 2 hereof.

EXAMPLE 1 1 kg of PVA having a degree of polymerization of 1400 (NM 14, manufactured by Nihon Gosei' Kagaku Co. Ltd.) was dissolved in 19 liters of DMSO at a tem-' perature of 50-60C for about 2 hours with stirring to obtain a uniform solution. To this solution were added ammonium persulfate (hereinafter referred to as APS) in an amount of 0.1 mol based on AN as a catalyst and dodecyl mercaptan (hereinafter referred to as DM) in an amount of 2% by weight based on AN as a molecular weight control agent, and the APS and DM were uniformly dissolved in said solution with s ufficient stirring. A mixture of 3 kg of AN and 0.2 kg of DMSO was added dropwise to this solution which was kept at a temperature of 52C. This solution was polymerized with stirring for about 2 hours to obtain a polymer solution having a viscosity of 200 poise.

When this condition was attained, hydroquinone in an amount of 0.1 mol based on AN was added to the polymer solution, and the mixture was stirred sufficiently to stop the polymerization reaction. In the polymer, the AN conversion was 61%, the extraction ratio with hot water was 16%, the PVA content was 35% and the extaction ratio with dimethyl formamide (DMF) was 7.5%. From these values, it was determined that PVA bonded to ,AN to form a graft copolymer. In the polymer obtained, the component which was soluble in hot water was PVA not bonded to AN and the component soluble in DMF was polyacrylonitrile (hereinafter referred to as PAN) not bonded to PVA. However, these components did not have to bepurified and removed, but could be used per se as a polymer solution. And when it was necessary for any reason, it was possible to take out the graft copolymer by precipitation and dissolving and extracting operations, and to use the graft copolymer. The PVA used herein was not particularly limited, however, when a judgment was made from the viewpoint of the mechanical properties of the obtained fiber, the adhesion and dispersing properties in water of the fibril after being beaten, a degree of polymerization within the range of 500-3400 was found to be preferable.

in a separately prepared polymerization vessel, 20 parts of an AN/St (24/76) mixture were added to 150 parts of water. To the resulting mixture were added, with vigorous stirring, tertiary dodecyl mercaptan (TDM) in an amount of 0.2% based on the monomer, a catalyst of the azobis series in an amount of 0.3% based on the monomer and a small amount of sulfuric acid, and polymerization was carried out at a temperature of -100C for about 3 hours to obtain a beadslike AS (acrylonitrile styrene) copolymer (AN/St 24/76). The degree of polymerization of this copolymer expressed as intrinsic viscosity (1;) measured in 1 1 methylethyl ketone (hereinafter referred to as MEK) at 30C was 0.5. The resulting beads-like AS copolymer was dried by a flush dryer to remove the moisture completely. Next, this copolymer was dissolved in DMSO at 70C with stirring to obtain a uniform polymer solution having a concentration of 27%.

Next, proper amounts of a DMSO solution of the aforesaid PVA AN graft copolymer and a DMSO solution of the AS copolymer were taken, respectively. Further, a necessary amount of DMSO was added to prepare a mixed polymer solution having a concentration of 13% containing 12% of the PVA component.

This mixed polymer solution was stirred by a spiraltype stirring blade for 3 hours to obtain a mechanically uniform mixed solution, which was spun as a spinning solution through spinning nozzles each having a diameter of 0.1 mm into a DMSO/water (70/30) coagulating bath, and the resulting undrawn yarn was continuously drawn. After drawing, the drawn yarn was washed with water sufficiently to remove the solvent. The denier of 12 Beaten fibrils whose freeness values were 200 cc, 320 cc, and 390 cc were made into aqueous solutions having concentrations of 0.02%, and were introduced into a manual paper-making sheet machine (using 80 mesh 5 metal screen) manufactured by Kumagaya Riki Co.,

Ltd., Japan to obtain three different manually made papers (wet papers). The basis weightsvof these wet papers were 40.1 g/m The wet papers were dried by an FC dryer manufactured by FC Seisakusho Co., Ltd.,

at 105 C for 2 minutes.

In Table 1, measured results of various characteristics of the three kinds of papers (samples A, B and C) as well as paper made from wood pulp are shown. Of these characteristics, as conspicuous characteristics, it

is apparent that a high degree of whiteness, opacity,

wet strength and excellent degree of air permeation, which we have been unable to attain with conventional wood pulp, are developed despite the absence of any addition of any filler or additive in the case of the three papers prepared according to the present invention.

Table 1 Physical Properties of Paper Degree of Degree of Breaking Elongation Wet Dry Air whiteness opacity length Breaking shrinkage permeating (km) length degree (km) (sec) Paper made 79 67 3.7 4.3 0.1 2.3 5 from wood p Sample A 97 97 2.5 3.1 2.0 2.1 120 Sample B 96 95 3.1 3.0 2.5 2.3 95 Sample C 97 96 3.0 3.2 2.4 2.2 55

Note:

1) Paper made from wood pulp: NBKP/LBKP /60 blend. freeness 320 cc. basis weight 40 g/m.

Sample A: Paper made from beaten pulp having a freeness of 200 cc.

Sample B: Paper made from beaten pulp having a freeness of 320 cc.

Sample C: Paper made from beaten pulp having a freeness of 390 cc.

2) Wet strength: Breaking length (Km) after the sample was immersed in water at 20C for 30 minutes.

3) Dry shrinkage: Shrinkage in a diagonal line when wet paper was dried at 105 C for 2 minutes by an FC drum dryer.

4) Air permeating degree: Number of seconds Japan.

ed by a o at by K g ,a Riki Co., Ltd..

5) Degree of whiteness and degree of opacity were measured by an integral sphere-type HTR meter manufactured by Nihon Seimitsu Koguku Co., Ltd.

the resulting yarn was 5.

This yarn had the following values:

pd= 1.11 and pa/pd= 0.37.

The PVA portion of this yarn was dyed with OsO, (osmic acid) and when an ultra thin (cross-sectional) cut piece was taken and observed under an electron microscope, it was observed that a plurality of voids having an average diameter of less than 5 microns were uniformly dispersed in the cross-section and the copolymer (A) was dispersed in the copolymer (B) as the dispersed phase. By the same token, by observation of a longitudinal section of the tiber also, it was observed that the component (A) dispersed in the component (B) as striae.

This yarn was cut into a fiber length of 3 mm and the cut pieces were heated in a PFI mill manufactured by Kumagaya Riki Co., Ltd., Japan (clearance 0.2 mm, weight 3.4 kg and pulp concentration 5%) to carry out fibrillation. FIG. 1 of the drawings shows the effect of such beating on pulp freeness, by showing the relation between the number of revolution of the PFI mill and the freeness. It is clearly observed from FIG. 1 that a fiber based on the present invention forms paper-forming fibrils by beating.

The degree of opacity was expressed as reflexiibility when a black plate was placed at the back of sample paper. The standard was the reflexibility obtained by placing a standard white plate at the back of the sample paper, using a green filter, and was designated as 100.

The degree of whiteness was expressed as reflexibility when at least 6 samples were accumulated, when as a standard the reflexibility of a standard MgO plate using a blue filter was designated as 100.

EXAMPLE 2 I. 61 g of PVA having a degree of polymerization of 1800 dissolved in 550 g of DMSO at 50C for 2 hours necessary, the degree of acidity of the system was controlled. Next, to the solution, 0.5 g of APS was added dropwise and polymerization was carried out at 50C for 6 hours. Thereafter, 0.57 g of hydroxylamine sulfate was added as a polymerization stopper together with a small amount of DMSO to the system to complete the polymerization. The polymer solution so obtained, having a graft copolymer, had 100 grams of the entire polymer, grams of the graft copolymer of 80 g, a

intrinsic viscosity (1 measured in MEK at 30C of 0.65 5

was prepared, which was dissolved in DMSO at 50C to prepare a uniform polymer solution having a concentration of 25%.

3. The polymer solution obtained in 1) and the polymer solution obtained in (2) and a measured necessary amount of DMSO were mixed to prepare a polymer solution having a concentration of the entire polymers of 19% and a PVA content of 13%, and the resulting polymer solution was stirred at 50C for 2 hours to prepare a uniformly dispersed mixed polymer solution, 15

which was made a spinning solution.

This spinning solution was spun from spinning nozzles each having a diameter of 0.15 mm into a DMSO/- water (40/60) coagulating bath at 30C, and the undrawn yarn was drawn to 4.5 times in hot water and washed with water to remove the remaining solvent.

The denier of the resulting yarn was 4. This yarn had values of:

pd= 1.10, and

pa/pd 0.36.

This yarn was cut into fiber lengths of 3 mm, and the cut pieces were beaten in a PFI mill manufactured by Kumagaya Riki Co., Ltd., Japan (clearance 0.2 mm, weight 3.4 kg, pulp concentration 5%) to carry out fibrillation. FIG. 2 shows various stages of thorough-- ness of beating as variation of degree of freeness (C.S.F.) as well as the total number of revolutions of the PFI mill. From FIG. 2, it is apparent that beating of the fiber proceeds and fibrils are formed by the beating treatment.

This fiber was made into three different beaten fibrils having freeness values of 400 cc, 300 cc and 200 cc by the PFI mill. Each of these beaten fibrils was further beaten by a home mixer (SM-225, pulp concentration 2%, manufactured by Sanyo Denki Co., Ltd., Japan) 14 into pulp having a freeness of 305 cc (pulp A), 215 cc (pulp B), and 95 cc (pulp C).

These pulps A, B and C were caused to have pulp concentrations of 0.2% and were made manually into papers using a manual paper-making sheet machine (using mesh metal screen) manufactured by Kumagaya Riki Co., Ltd., Japan. The basis weights of these papers were 50 g/m and 35 glm The wet papers were dried in an FC dryer (at 105C for 2 minutes). In Table 2, the measured results of various characteristics of these papers are shown. As conspicuous, remarkable characteristics, a remarkably high degree of whiteness, a degree of opacityand a wet strength which we had been unable to realize with conventional wood pulp were obtained. The shrinkage at the time of drying the wet papers was low to about the same degree as paper made from wood pulp, and their air permeating degree was high.

Next, an examination was made of the characteristics of paper made from mixtures of said synthetic pulps of the present invention and wood pulp. As such wood pulp, needle-leaved tree-refined kraft pulp (NBKP) and broad-leaved tree-refined kraft pulp (LBKP) were beaten by a PP] mill (clearance 0.2 mm, weight 3.4 kg,

concentration 5%) to obtain beaten pulps having a freeness of 310 cc. This NBKP and LBKP were mixed at a ratio of N/L 4/6 and the obtained mixture was made base pulp of wood pulp. This mixed base pulp and each of said beaten pulp A and pulp B were mixed, the resultant two kinds of mixed pulps were caused to have concentrations of 0.02%, from which papers were manually made. The wet papers were dried at 105C for 2 minutes by an FC dryer. Table 3 shows the results, from which it is understood that papers obtained from mixtures obtained by mixing lower amounts of pulps obtained by beating a fiber shown in the present invention (beaten fibrils) with said base pulp of wood pulp exhibit a high degree of whiteness, degree of opacity, wet strength, breaking length and surface strength which have heretofore been unattainable with paper made from 100% wood pulp. It was able to develop well balanced paper characteristics, exceeding the properties of natural pulp.

Table 2 Physical Properties of Paper 7 Sample Basis Degree of Degree of Air Breaking Elongation Wet Dry weight whiteness Opacity Permeating length Breaking Shrinkage Degree Length (glm (k m) Paper made from pulp A 50 97 97 73 3.0 2.7 2.1 2.2 Paper made from pulp B 50 96 151 2.5 2.8 1.7 2.5 Paper made from pulp C 50 97 97 215 2.1 3.5 1.4 2.1 Paper made from pulp A 35 94 92 50 2.7 3.1 1.7 2.1 Paper made from pulp B 35 93 93 100 2.5 3.2 1.6 2.3 Paper made from pulp C 35 93 94 2.6 3.0 1.5 2.0 Paper made from wood 50 80 68' 10 3.6 4.3 0.1 2.1

Note:

1) Wood pulp: blending ratio LBKP/NBKP 3/1. freeness 300 cc. 2) Methods of measuring the characteristics were same as those of Table l.

Table 3 Physical Properties of Mixed Papers Mixing Ratio Dehydr- Break Degree of Air Per- Folding (Wood ation Bulk ing Elong- White- Degree of meating Endurance Surface Sample Pulp Time Density Length ation ness opacity Degree time Pick- (sec.) (glcm (km) (72) (sec.) (1 kg load) Strength Paper made from wood pulp 100 4.0 0.72 4.5 3.9 71 70 42 120 11A Paper made 90 4.2 0.70 4.7 4.3 85 85 51 136 12A from Pulp A lzgi'itll Wood 80 4.4 0.67 5.5 4.3 88 90 62 155 13A 50 5.0 0.65 4.8 4.1 91 93 72 121 11A Paper made 90 4.2 0.70 4.9 4.2 86 83 53 137 12A from Pulp B and Wood Pulp 80 4.3 0.68 5.6 4.3 89 89 61 160 14A Next, these beaten fibrils were made into four differ- EXAMPLE 3 20 A PVA AN graft copolymer as in Example 2 and an AS copolymer ([1;] 0.65, AN/St 28/72) were dissolved in DMSO and spinning solutions having concentrations of 15% by weight containing PVAs in amounts of 10% by weight and by weight based on the entire amounts of the polymers were prepared.

On the other hand, PVA (NM-l4, manufactured by Nihon Gosei Kagaku Co., Ltd.), PAN (molecular weight 63000) and and AS copolymeer ([1 0.65, AN/St= 28/72) were so prepared that they became the same as the PVA, PAN and AS components of the aforesaid graft copolymer and AS copolymer.

These four different spinning solutions were spun from spinning nozzles each having a diameter of 0.1 mm into a solvent water coagulating bath (DMSO/water 45/55) and continuously drawn to 3.5 times in a hot water bath. After drawing, the remaining solvent was removed by washing with water.

The denier of the resulting yarns was 3.5. These yams were cut into lengths of 3 mm, and the cut pieces were beaten by a PFI mill the same as in Example 2. The degrees of beating are shown in Table 4. In the cases of ent wet papers by a manual paper making instrument manufactured by Kumagaya Riki Co., Ltd., Japan, dried at 105C for 2 minutes by an FC dryer and the characteristics of the dry papers were measured. The results are shown in Table 5. The fibers consisting of simple mixtures of the respective components cannot obtain required paper strength and bulk density as paper and did not become paper that was capable of withstanding actual use. In contrast, the fibers consisting of the graft copolymers and the AS copolymers developed excellent paper-forming performances as will readily be understood from Table 5.

very smooth. formation of fibrils proceeded.

fibers in which the PVA AN graft copolymers were Fiber from Simple 10 ry d fficult to beat,

mixture of PVA, many fibers remained used, beating proceeded smoothly and formingof fi- PAN and A5 copoly, unbeatenvbreakage brils was carried out. In contrast, fibers consisting of mar occurred and PVA simple mixtures of the respective components were H 20 bled H very difficult to beat and breakage of fiber and bleedout of PVA took place at the time of beating and beating as such was not desirable.

Table 5 Physical Properties of Paper Sample PVA Bulk Breaking Elongation Degree of Degree of Folding Content Density length whiteness opacity Endurance (gl time g Load) Fiber from simple mixture of PVA, PAN 10 0.48 0.5 2.0 87 0 and AS copolymer 20 0.50 0.6 2.1 86 74 1 Fiber from mixture of PVA/AN graft copolymer 10 0.69 3.9 4.2 96 80 and AS copolymer EXAMPLE 4 By the same method as in Example 2, a PVA AN graft copolymer was obtained by DMSO solution polymerization. The solution was precipitated using methanol as a precipitating agent to obtain a solid PVA AN graft copolymer, which was treated by vacuum drying for 24 hours to remove the methanol and a very small amount of the solvent. Next, this copolymer was dissolved in DMAc at 60C to prepare a uniform solution having a concentration of 15%. Separately, an AS copolymer ([1 0.51, AN/St 23/77) was dissolved in DMAc at 80C to prepare a uniform solution having a concentration of 15%. The aforesaid two kinds of solutions were mixed to prepare spinning solutions containing 10, 25, 40, 60% of PVA. Each of these spinning solutions was spun from a spinning nozzle each having a diameter of 0.11 mm into a solvent-water (DMAc/- water 60/40) coagulating bath, and continuously washed with steam. The denier of the resulting yarn was 4. This yarn was cut into fiber lengths of 3 mm, the cut pieces were beaten in a PFI mill and further beaten by a home mixer to obtain a beaten fibril having a freeness (C.S.F.) of 250 cc, which was made into an aqueous dispersed liquid having a concentration of 0.02%, from which manually made wet paper having a basis weight of 50 g/m was made, which was dried at 102C for 15 minutes by a drum dryer to obtain paper. The results of measuring the characteristics of these four kinds of paper are shown in Table 6.

It is confirmed that each of these four kinds of paper was excellent in degree of whiteness, degree of opacity, air permeating degree and tenacity and well balanced as a whole, which was not true of paper made from wood pulp. And it should be understood that when the PVA content reached 60%, the balance of paper quality was lost.

Table 6 12.4% by weight were obtained. The polymer obtained by reprecipitating this solution in methanol consisted of 11.7% by weight of PVA, 3.8% by weight of PAN and 84.5% by weight of PVA/AN graft copolymer containing 60.1% by weight of PVA. This solution was designated (A).

Next, 150 parts of water were placed in a separate polymerization vessel and while the temperature was kept at 85C, DM in an amount of 0.3% by weight based on a monomer and N,N'-azobisisobutyronitrile in an amount of 0.35% based on the monomer were added. Next, 30 parts of an AN/St 24/76 (by weight monomer and a small amount of a surface active agent were added to the mixture, and the solution was stirred for 2 hours to obtain a beads-like resin (B) having an intrinsic viscosity (1;) measured in MEK at 30C of 0.5 and a degree of polymerization of 98.5%. 121 parts of the solution (A), 85 parts of the resin (B) and 183 parts of DMSO were mixed at 60C for 3 hours to obtain an opaque polymer solution having a polymer concentration of 25.0%. This solution was spun into an 'aqueous solution at 30C containing 57% by weight of DMSO and the resulting undrawn yarn was drawn in hot water at 95C. The draw ratios and deniers per filament of the resulting yarns are shown in Table 7. These yarns were Physical Properties of Paper No. PVA Bulk Breaking Elongation Degree of Degree of Air permeating content density length whiteness opacity degree (glc e the slurries were adjusted to 1% (by weight), 800 cc of EXAMPLE 5 each of the beaten fibers were thrown into a home 1.125 kg of PVA (NM-l4, manufactured by Nihon Gosei Kagaku Co., Ltd.) was dissolved little by little at mixer, stirred and disaggregated to obtain pulp slurries. The results appear in Table 7.

Table 7 Used Draw Denier Cut pa/pd Boiling water Shrinkage Dispersing properties Pulp No. ratio length treating time in water of pulp (min) slurry 1 3.2 4.4 10 0.52 1.5 66 Uniform dispersion 2 4.0 3.1 10 0.50 1.5 64 Uniform dispersion 3 4.5 2.8 15 0.54 3.0 72 Uniform dispersion 4 4.5 2.8 10 0.49 0.5 61 Uniform dispersion 5 5.0 2.5 10 0.51 1.0 66 Uniform dispersion 50C in 10 kg of DMSO. Next, 9.68 g of APS, 11.25 g of DM and a small amount of sulfuric acid were added EXAMPLE 6 to the resulting DMSO solution, the ph of the mixture was adjusted to 4.5, and to this mixture, a solution obtained by dissolving 1.125 kg of AN in 2.75 kg of DMSO was added dropwise for 50 minutes. The mixed The pulp slurries obtained in Example 5 were formed into papers by a square-type manual papermaking sheet machine manufactured by Kumagaya Riki Co.,

Ltd., Japan, while observing the standard operations described in JIS P-8209.

Pulp slurries having papermaking concentrations of 0.02% by weight were used, 12 liters of the liquids were 20 The draw ratio was 4.5, the denier was 3 and the boiling water treatment time was 1.5 minutes, the beating conditions were made the same as in Example 1 and the papermaking conditions were the same as in Examformed into papers by a 80 mesh metal screen for mak- 5 ple 6. The results are shown in Table 9. mg paper to make papers having basis weights of 40 From Table 9, it is clear that only the compositions g/m according to the present invention gave good results.

Table 9 Yarn Composition P I Paper Making Characteristics 0 PVA/AN Graft St/AN mer bf De- Copolymer Copolymer the'AN Dispers- Syn- Degree gree St PVA Series ing thetic Dehydraof of Break Used PVA Entire Con- Entire Entire Entire Shrink- Proper- Pulp/ tion Whiteopaing Pulp Content Amount tent Amou- Amou- Amouage ties in Wood Time ness city length nt nt nt No. pa/pd Water Pulp (Sec) (km) 7 60.1 3.5 76 96.5 0 0 66 0.47 not fibrillated 8 60.1 25 76 70.4 3.5 1.1 52 0.50 Uni- 20/80 7.2 84 92 6.2

form 9 60.1 43 76 49.1 6.0 1.9 47 0.87 Uni- 20/80 8.5 77 71 6.5

form 10 46 22 65 70.4 2.4 5.2 69 0.51 Uni- /80 6.1 84 85 6.5

form 11 60.1 12.6 83 85.8 1.8 0.6 72 0.53 Uni- 20/80 5.9 90 94 5.9

form 12 72 32 96 68 0 0 Could not collect yarn 13 72 17 44 83 0 0 68 0.85 Uni- 20/80 6.8 79 73 611 form 14 72 76 65 0 0 60 0.53 Uni- 20/80 8.8 86 91 6.7

form 6 0/100 5.7 81 67 8.5

The' wood ul used was NBKP/LBKP 50 p p EXAMPLE 8 (weight ratio) having a freeness of 413 cc. The papermaking characteristics and paper properties are shown in Table 8.

AN was solution polymerized in DMSO using N,N' azobisisobutyronitrile as a catalyst to prepare a DMSO Table 8 Used Pulp Synthetic pulp/ Dehydrating Paper Degree of Degree of whiteness Nor wood pulp time texture Opacity 1 20/ 80 6.1 Uniform 8 3 87 2 20/80 6.1 Uniform 86 89 3 20/80 5.9 Uniform 83 87 3 35/65 7.2 Uniform 96 93 4 20/80 6.8 Uniform 83 87 5 20/80 5.9 Uniform 84 87 6 0/100 5.7 Uniform 67 81 From Table 8, it is apparent that the pulps of the present invention attained high degrees of opacity and high degrees of whiteness which could not he attaned by wood pulp.

EXAMPLE 7 By the same method as in Example 5, various compositions of PVA/AN graft copolymers and AN/St copolymers were prepared as shown in Table 9. These copolymers were prepared by the same method as in Example 1, formed into spinning solutions and wet spun.

solution containing 15.4% by weight of PAN having a molecular weight of 6700.

Compositions having various compositions were prepared from the resulting polymer solution and a PVA- /AN graft copolymer prepared by the same method as in Example 5 to carry out the similar determinations to those of Example 7. The results are shown in Table 10. In Table 10, it is shown that only the compositions according to the present invention gave good results.

Table 10 PVA/AN Graft St/AN Copoly- Paper Making Characteristics Copolymer mer PVA Poly- Dispers- Synthe- Degree mer of ing tic Dehydraof Used PVA Entire St Entire Entire the AN Shrinkproper- Pulp/ ti on opa- Breaking Pulp Content Amou- Content Amou- Amou- Series age ties in Wood Time city length nt nt nt N0. Water Pulp (sec.) (km) 15 52 21 76 3.0 11 61 Uni 20/80 9.2 i 84 7.0

form 16 52 15 76 65 2 18 58 Pni- 20/80 9.4 83 6.6

orm 17 52 9 76 65 1 25 57 Uni- 20/80 9.6 83 6.1

Table -continued PVA/AN Graft St/AN Copoly- Paper Making Characteristics Copolymer mer PVA Poly- Dispers- Synthe Degree mer of ing tic Dehydraof Used PVA Entire St Entire Entire the AN Shrinkproper- Pulp/ tion opa- Breaking Pulp Content Amou- Content Amou- Amou- Series age ties in Wood Time city length m nt nt No. Water Pulp (sec.) (km) form 18 52 10 76 75 1 13 60 Uni- 20/80 8.8 91 5.8

form 19 52 15 76 45 2 38 58 Uni- /80 10.5 72 67 form B the method shown in Exam 1e 7, the deb dration EXAMPLE 9 y p y 18 g of PVA (NH-26, manufactured by Nihon Gosei Kagaku Co., Ltd.) were dissolved in 300 ml of water at time of mixed (synthetic pulp/wood pulp 20/80) pulps was measured and the results are shown in Table 11.

Table 11 Used Pulp Sample Total number Freeness Dispersing Dehydration time No. of rotations (cc) properties of rotor in water (sec.)

20 Steam 20,000 320 Uniform 6.2

. treated for 2 min. 21 Steam 30,000 265 Uniform 6.5

treated for 2 min. 22 Steam 40,000 220 Uniform 6.9

treated for 2 min.

50C. To the resulting aqueous solution were added 0.45 g of APS and 0.49 g of sodium thiosulfate, both EXAMPLE l0 dissolved in 5 ml of water. To the resulting solution, 80 g of AN was added dropwise and the mixture was polymerized for 1.5 hours. After the polymerization, a saturated aqueous solution of sodium sulfate was added to the polymer solution, and the resulting mixed solution was heated to 100C to aggregate the polymer particles, which was cooled and filtered. Next, the filtered polymer was washed with hot water and thereafter washed with methanol and dried to obtain 97 g of the polymer. The composition of this polymer consisted of 43 g of PAN and 57% of a PVA/AN graft copolymer containing 28% by weight of PVA.

To 100 parts of this polymer was added 250 parts of an St/AN copolymer containing 70% of St separately polymerized by the same method as in Example 5. The resulting mixture was dissolved in DMAc to prepare a solution having a concentration of 20% by weight, which was spun into a DMAc/water= 50/50 solution at C and the resulting undrawn yarn was drawn 4.2 times in hot water at 95C to obtain a 2.8 d continuous yarn. This yarn was cut into a length of 6 mm. Thereafter, sample cut pieces were put on a belt conveyer and passed through a steam treating machine capable of blowing off steam from the lower nozzles for a length of 2 m from the entrance through the exit at a speed of 1 m/min. The temperature inside said machine was 95C.

This wet heat-treatment caused the yarn to contract by 71%.

The resulting yarn was subjected to beating in a PP! mill using the method shown in Example 6. The total number of the roll revolution was varied and various beaten pulps were prepared. As a reference, yarn not treated with steam was similarly processed.

Fibers according to the method of the present invention obtained in examples up to Example 8 were beaten, and the resulting beaten fibrils (synthetic pulps) were mixed with wood pulp. From the resulting mixtures paper products were made. The wet strength and dimensional stability of these papers were measured and the results are shown in Table 12. The wet dimensional stability was shown by change of dimension when the relative humidity (RH) was varied from 65% to at 20C using a TAPPI paper elasticity tester.

Wet strength was shown by the ratio of the tensile strength of a sample immersed in water at 20C for 20 minutes obtained by a tensile test carried out immediately thereafter to the tensile strength of the same sample which was dry. The values of paper made from wood pulp are also shown in Table 12.

10 kg of PVA (NM-l4, manufactured by Nihon Gosei Kagaku Co., Ltd.) was dissolved little by little in 10 kg of DMSO at 50C. To the DMSO solution, 9.1 g of ASP, 2.1 g of DM and a small amount of sulfuric acid 23 were added, the pH of the solution was adjusted to 4.5, and a solution obtained by dissolving 2.1 kg of AN in 2.5 kg of DMSO was added dropwise to the same solution for 50 minutes. While the temperature was kept at 24 conditions and washed with water, the results being shown in Table 13.

Table 13 shows the results obtained by making papers from beaten pulps obtained by cutting the wet 50C, the solution was stirred for 8.5 hours, and then drawn yarns into a length of6 mm adding 400 g of such 6.4 g of hydroxylamine sulfate and 7 g of H 50, were cut pieces in a state of aqueous slurry having a concenadded thereto to stop the reaction. As a result, a polytration of 1% by weight into a home mixer (SM-226, mer solution having a viscosity of about 175 poises at 1200 cc, manufactured by Sanyo Denki Co., Ltd, Ja- 50C and a polymer concentration of 14.5% by weight pan) and rotating such aqueous slurry at about 10,000 was obtained. A polymer obtained by reprecipitating 10 rpm. for 30 minutes. this polymer solution in methanol consisted of 11.9% The papers were made using a square-type sheet by weight of unreacted PVA, 8.7% by weight of polymachine manufactured by Kumagaya Riki Co., Ltd., acrylonitrile and 79.4% by weight of a PVA/AN graft Japan, while observing the standard operations decopolymer containing 50.1% by weight of PVA. This scribed in JIS P-8209. The basis weights of the papers polymer solution was designated (A). were 50 g/m As a reference, paper from wood pulp Next, 150 parts of water were introduced into a dif- (NBKP/LBKP 50/50 (weight ratio)) was made from ferent polymerization vessel, and while the temperaa slurry having a freeness of 413 cc under the same ture was kept at 80C, DM in an amount of 0.3% by conditions. The results appear in Table 13.

Table 13 Spinning Conditions Paper Making Characteristics Concentration of Spinning Drawing Breaking Degree of Degree of Used Solution Drawing Temperature Draw Denier Degree of length whiteness opacity Pulp No. Medium (C) Ratio (d) Fibrillation (km) 23 Hot water 98 4.0 3.0 fine fibril 4.4 95 97 24 25 Hot water 98 3.0 3.5 fine fibril 3.7 94 96 25 25 Hot water 70 3.0 could not be drawn 26 22 Steam 100 4.5 2.5 fine fibril 3.5 95 96 27 22 Steam 140 4.5 2.5 fine fibril 3.8 95 95 28 18 Steam 100 3.5 2.0 fine fibril 3.5 94 96 29 7 Hot water 98 3.5 3.0 not fibril l.0

lated 30 Paper made from 100% wood pulp 6.2 81 71 EXAMPLE 12 weight based on a monomer and N,N'- By the same methods as in Example ll,various PVA- azobisisobutyronitrile in an amount of 0.35% based on IAN graft copolymers, St/AN copolymers and polythe monomer were added to said water. Next, 30 parts mers of the AN series were prepared and various fibers of an AN/St= 24/76 (weight ratio) monomer and small of compositions shown in Table 14 were spun. amount of a surface active agent were added to the DMSO solutions having polymer concentrations of resulting aqueous solution, and by continuing stirring 25% by weight were spun into an aqueous solution of the solution for 2 hours, a beads-like resin (B) havcontaining 70% by weight of DMSO at 30C, and the ing a degree of polymerization of 98.5% and an intrinresulting undrawn yarns were drawn 4.0 times in hot sic viscosity [7;] measured in MEK at 30C for 0.5 was water at 98C to obtain 3.0 d yarns. obtained. The wet drawn yarns were cut into lengths of 3 mm,

In still another polymerization vessel, by using N,N- the cut pieces as aqueous slurries having concentraazobisisobutyronitrile as a catalyst in DMSO, an AN/- tions of 5% by weight were beaten using a PFI mill methyl acrylate 93/7 (molar ratio) mixture was polymanufactured by Kumagaya Riki Co., Ltd., Japan, at merized to obtain a DMSO solution (C) having a polylinear pressure of 3.4 kg/cm clearance of 0.2 mm and mer concentration of 20.8% by weight. The molecular rotor revolution number of 30,000. Thereafter, they weight of above said acrylic polymer was 67000. were treated with a home mixer by the method of Ex- 207 parts of the solution (A), 60 parts of the resin ample 11 for 8 minutes and made into paper sheets. (B) and 48 parts of the solution (C) were mixed to- The paper sheets were made in the same way as in gether with constant amounts of DMSO to prepare Example 11 to obtain samples made from synsolutions having different polymer concentrations.

Each of these solutions was spun into an aqueous solution containing 52% by weight of DMSO, the resulting undrawn yarn was drawn under various drawing thetic pulps having basis weights of 50 g/m. The results are shown in Table 14. Table 14 shows that only the compositions of the present invention gave good opacity.

Table 14 Fiber composition Yarn and paper characteristics Poly- PVA/AN Graft St/AN Copoly mer of Copolymer mer the AN 1 Series v PVA Used PVA Entire Styrene Entire Entire Entire Breaking Degree of Degree of Pulp Content Amou- Content Amou- Amou- Amou- Fibril length whiteness opacity m nt nt nt No. pa/pd Characteristics (km) 31 76 80 20 0 0.37 Fibril floated and paper could not be made 32 62 7 76 87 l 0.40 Minute fibril 3.2 96 98 33 62 76 80 3 2 0.38 Minute fibril 4.1 95 97 34 32 45 76 44 4 7 0.92 Minute fibril 5.2 80 75 35 62 15 62 80 3 2 0.42 Minute fibril 4.0 91 95 36 62 18 48 75 4 3 0.82 Minute fibril 4.3 80 77 37 62 15 80 63 2 0.93 Minute fibril 5.1 76 72 38 62 20 0 0 77 3 0.98 Minute fibril 5.4 65 68 39 72 10 0 0 89 l 1.03 Minute fibril 4.7 61 64 EXAMPLE 13 Table 15 18 g of PVA (NH-l8, manufactured by Nihon Gosei U d S m w t w t I se yn e IC paper e 6 lmensi na Ka gaku Co., Ltd.) were dissolved in 300 ml of water at pulp No or wood paper strength Smbmy 50 C. To the resulting aqueous solution, 0.45 g of APS and 0.49 g of sodium thiosulfate, both dissolved in 5 ml 23 Synthetic paper 50 03' of water, were added. To the resulting solution, 65 g of 32 Synthetic paper 57 0.! AN were added dropwise and the solution was polyg; 528:: A: f; merized for 2.0 hours. A saturated aqueous solution of Wood pulp paper 1.4 L5

sodium sulfate was added to the polymer solution, the

entirety was heated to 100C to aggregate the polymer 30 by weight of PAN and 65% by weight of a PVA/AN graft copolymer containing 26.5% by weight of PVA.

To 100 parts of this polymer, 270 parts of an St/AN copolymer containing 76% of styrene copolymerized by the same method as in Example 11 dissolved in DMAc was added, and the mixture was formed into a solution having a concentration of 20% by weight, which was spun into a mixed DMAc/water /50 solution at C, the resulting undrawn yarn was drawn 4.0 times in hot water at 95C to obtain a 2 denier drawn yarn. The pa/pd of this yarn was 0.39.

This yarn was cut into a length of 4 mm, beaten and formed into paper by the same means and method as in Example l 1 to obtain paper having a basis weight of 50 g/m, a length at break of 3.9 km, a degree of whiteness of 94% and a degree of opacity of 97%.

EXAMPLE 14 The wet strength and wet dimensional stability of the papers made from the beaten fibers according to the method of the present invention obtained in examples 5 up to Example 13 were measured and the results are shown in Table 15.

The wet dimensional stability is shown as the change of dimension when the relative humidity (RH) was varied from to 95% at 20C using a TAPPI paper elasticity tester.

The wet strength is shown as the ratio of the tensile strength of a sample immersed in water at 20C for 20 minutes and is obtained by comparison of a tensile test carried out immediately thereafter to the tensile 65 strength of the same sample when it was dry. The same measured results on paper made from 100% wood pulp are are shown in Table I5.

Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the synthetic fibers according to this invention consist essentially of,

A. about 5-40% by weight of a graft copolymer consisting of a. about 20-80% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol,

and

b. about -20% by weight of acrylonitrile, and B. about 60-95% by weight of a copolymer consisting c. about 55-95% by weight of styrene, and

d. about 5-45% by weight of acrylonitrile.

It will be appreciated from the foregoing disclosure that the use of this expression does not imply that these 5 components must be free of any other additives. in-

deed, natural pulp, homo polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic polymers, and many other additives may also be present, as disclosed herein, without interfering with the advantages and beneficial properties that are attained,

50 and without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. A synthetic fiber capable of being fibrillated for forming paper, consisting essentially of:

A. about 5 40% by weight of a graft copolymer consisting of a. about 20 80% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol,

and

b. about 80 20% by weight of acrylonitrile chemically bonded to said polyvinyl alcohol, and

B. about 60 by weight of a copolymer consisting of c. about 55 95% by weight of styrene, and d. about 5 45% by weight of acrylonitrile.

2. A synthetic fiber according to claim 1, wherein said graft copolymer (A) is dispersed as a plurality of particles in said copolymer (B) and oriented as an independent phase along the direction of the fiber axis.

3. A synthetic fiber according to claim l,wherein the 2 55% b w i ht based on the entire weight of the average degree of polymerization of said polyvinyl fib alcohol is about 600-3400.

t 6. A synthetic fiber according to claim 1 further 4' A Synthetic fiber accordmg to clam] 1 further containing, in a range from trace amounts to about containing, in a range from trace amounts to about 5 23% by weight homopolyvmyl alcohol. 35% by weight, a polymer of the acrylic series.

5. A synthetic fiber according to claim 4, wherein A Synthetic fiber aCFOYdiPg l claim 6, f said polyvinyl alcohol and homopolyvinyl l oh l i said polymer of the acrylic series IS polyacrylomtrrle. said graft copolymer are present in an amount of about

Claims

1. A SYNTHETIC FIBER CAPABLE OF BEING FIBRILLATED FOR FORMING PAPER, CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OFA. ABOUT 5-40% BY WEIGHT OF A GRAFT COMPLYMER CONSISTING OF A. ABOUT 20-80% BY WEIGHT OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, AND B. ABOUT 80-20% BY WEIGHT OF ACRYLONITRILE CHENICALLY BONDED TO SAID POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, AND B. ABOUT 60-95% BY WEIGHT OF A COPOLYMER CONSISTING OF C. ABOUT 55 - 95% BY WEIGHT OF STYRENE, AND D. ABOUT 5-45% BY WEIGHT OF ACRYLONITRILE.

3. A synthetic fiber according to claim 1, wherein the average degree of polymerization of said polyvinyl alcohol is about 600-3400.

4. A synthetic fiber according to claim 1 further containing, in a range from trace amounts to about 23% by weight, homopolyvinyl alcohol.

5. A synthetic fiber according to claim 4, wherein said polyvinyl alcohol and homopolyvinyl alcohol in said graft copolymer are present in an amount of about 2-55% by weight based on the entire weight of the fiber.

6. A synthetic fiber according to claim 1 further containing, in a range from trace amounts to about 35% by weight, a polymer of the acrylic series.

7. A synthetic fiber according to claim 6, wherein said polymer of the acrylic series is polyacrylonitrile.