US3906291A - Arc generator for an emission spectrometer - Google Patents

Arc generator for an emission spectrometer Download PDF

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Publication number
US3906291A
US3906291A US40218173A US3906291A US 3906291 A US3906291 A US 3906291A US 40218173 A US40218173 A US 40218173A US 3906291 A US3906291 A US 3906291A
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United States
Prior art keywords
capacitor
voltage
circuit
discharge
electrodes
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Expired - Lifetime
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English (en)
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Raymond Georges Schayes
Pol Ambroise Ghislain J Gustin
Jean Fernand Raymond Schmitz
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US Philips Corp
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B31/00—Electric arc lamps
    • H05B31/02—Details
    • H05B31/30—Starting; Igniting
    • H05B31/305—Ignition devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/06—Arrangements or circuits for starting the arc, e.g. by generating ignition voltage, or for stabilising the arc
    • B23K9/067—Starting the arc
    • B23K9/0672—Starting the arc without direct contact between electrodes
    • B23K9/0673—Ionisation of the arc gap by means of a tension with a step front (pulses or high frequency tensions)
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/66—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light electrically excited, e.g. electroluminescence
    • G01N21/67—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light electrically excited, e.g. electroluminescence using electric arcs or discharges
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T15/00—Circuits specially adapted for spark gaps, e.g. ignition circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/125—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means
    • H02M3/135—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/505—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means
    • H02M7/515—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M7/523—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only with LC-resonance circuit in the main circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/30—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by pulses, e.g. flash lamp

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an arc generator for an emission spectrometer.
  • the generator notably comprises an ignition circuit which renders an ignition electrode conductive, and a low-voltage circuit which produces a discharge in a discharge electrode and which notably comprises a capacitor and a coil, but no resistor.
  • the invention relates to an arc generator for an emission spectrometer which can be used for various applications.
  • This generator referred to hereinafterin general as source, serves to generate an electric arc discharge on a discharge electrode such that the sample evaporates and is excited.
  • the said source comprises two principal circuits: on the one hand, the control circuit which serves to render the ignition electrode conductive, and on the other hand the low-voltage circuit which serves to maintain the energetic discharge on said electrode.
  • All known sources comprise a low-voltage circuit in which use is made of a capacitor, a coil and a resistor 'in a given combination, it being possible to adjust the said circuit elements to the different types of discharge required by the analyses.
  • the are generator (source) according to the invention comprises a low-voltage'circuit in which only a capacitor and a coil are used.
  • the absence of'the dissipative circuit element (the resistor) ensures high efficien'cy of the low-voltage circuit, with the result that "the required power is substantially smaller than the power required for spectrum emission measurements by contemporary sources for the same dissipated energy quantity. in the discharge electrode.
  • FIG. 1 shows a circuit diagram of a source (are generator) according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows diagrams of the control circuit and the low-voltage circuit thereof
  • FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 show diagrams of circuit waveforms for a further explanation of the operation.
  • FIG. 1 shows the circuit diagram of an arc generator according to the invention which is of the modular type, comprising the combination of an ignition unit or ignition circuit 1, a control unit or control circuit 2, and a low-voltage unit or low-voltage circuit 3.
  • the ignition circuit is used for rendering the ignition electrode conductive and is supplied, via a charging circuit 4, from a source which supplies a direct voltage V which is derived by rectification of the supply voltage.
  • Control circuit 2 regroups all external control signals of the generator and provides correct selection and switching of the various analytic parameters.
  • the said control circuit 2 supplies the control pulses in a sequence as required for the operation of the other circuits.
  • the said control circuit 2 also supervises the operation of the generator.
  • the low-voltage unit 3 comprises the low-voltage discharge circuits and the supply sections of these circuits.
  • FIG. 2 shows the diagrams of the two principal circuits, the ignition circuit (at the top in FIG. 2) serving to render the ignition electrode conductive, and the low-voltage circuit (at the bottom in FIG. 2) which serves to generate the energetic discharge on said electrode.
  • the power supply of the ignition circuit is provided by a source which supplies a direct voltage V,,-,-,, which is obtained by rectification of the supply voltage.
  • a source which supplies a direct voltage V,,-,-, which is obtained by rectification of the supply voltage.
  • an auxiliary voltage source is used which supplies an auxiliary voltage V which is obtained in the same manner.
  • the ignition cir- 2 V if the effect of the losses occurring in the circuit is ignored (see FIG. 3II).
  • the capacitor 5 is disconnected from the circuit by switching off thyristor as soon as the current tends to flow in the other direction; in this case the capacitor 5 is then no longer connected to the auxiliary voltage source. As soon as this has taken place, a control pulse 2 can be applied to thyristor 8. Because the thyristor 8 is now conductive, a series connection is obtained which is formed by the circuit elements 5, 9 and the trigger voltage source, the capacitor 5 having a negative charge corresponding to -2 V This circuit then produces a sinusoidal current pulse by which the capacitor 5 is charged to a voltage which is equal to 2V 2V (see FIG. 31]) if the circuit losses are ignored.
  • the voltage across the capacitor 5 is continuously measured by a level-detection circuit 10.
  • This circuit supplies a control pulse as soon as a variable threshold is reached. If the control system is designed such that this control pulse is obtained at V Vsp, a thyristor 1 1 becomes conductive, with the result that the thyristor 8 is cut off.
  • the energy still present in coil 9 is recovered by the source which supplies the direct voltage m
  • the voltage at the electrodes of this thyristor has the value: (V )8 V (l l/m) V in which m is the ratio between the numbers of turns of the coil 9.
  • capacitor 5 is charged to a predetermined voltage V and is no longer connected to the charging circuit.
  • a control pulse (#3 can then be applied to the control electrode of thyristor 12.
  • the capacitor 5 is then discharged via thyristor l2 and the primary winding of a high-voltage pulse transformer 13.
  • the variation of the current through the capacitor 5 flows in accordance with FIG. 4-1.
  • the voltage across a capacitor 14 increases consinusoidally until an auxiliary spark gap 15 breaks down. This corresponds to the first part of the discharging of the capacitor 5 (oscillation circuit formed by the series connection of the dispersion inductance of transformer 13 and the capacitors 5 and 14 with respect to the primary transformer side).
  • a high-voltage wave having a steep edge is thus applied to an ignition electrode 16 which is also rendered conductive.
  • the low-voltage circuit can function in two different ways,
  • the change-over is effected by means. of a contactor 28.
  • One-pole discharging is based on a direct voltage V which is derived from the supply voltage by rectification.
  • V a direct voltage
  • a thyristor l7. is rendered conductive at the same instant as the thyristor 8 of the ignition circuit.
  • a capacitor 18 has a negative voltage -E,, which is thecase, as will be established hereinafter, after the first cycle.
  • the thyristor 17 becomes conductive, the elements 18, 19 and the sourcesupplying the voltage V are connected in series. This is an oscillating circuit in which a sinusoidal current pulse will tend to develop; the duration of this pulse is it V L C and the. amplitude thereof is given by the expression.
  • the voltage at the terminals of the capacitor 18 increases according to a cosine function and tends to reach the value 2 V E,-,, if the losses in the circuits are ignor'ed'A voltage V is desired on the capacitor 18 for discharging.
  • the level-detection circuit 25 whichcontinuously measures the voltage at the terminals of the capacitor 18 supplies a control pulse as soon as V1 V This is possible in as far as V 2 VET E Thiscondition can be satisfied by a suitable choice of the circuit elements.
  • the control pulse renders a thyristor conductive, which corresponds to the application of a'voltage V to the ends of the auxiliary winding'of a coil 19.
  • the thyristor 17 is thus cut off if V is larger than V (l' l/m), m being the ratio of the number of turns of the main winding of the coil 19 to the number of turns of the auxiliary winding of said coil.
  • the energy still present in coil 19 is recovered by a thyristor 20 in the source for the voltage V at the instant of disconnection.
  • the capacitor 18 is thus charged to a voltage V and the charging circuit is no longer connected to said capacitor.
  • Discharging can now commence. Discharging is controlled by the ignition circuit which renders the ignition electrode 16 conductive. The high-voltage pulse having asteep edge is converted into a low-voltage by a lowpass filter (21-22).
  • the low-voltage ignition circuit is formed by the series combination of a capacitor 18, initially charged to a voltage V a coil 23 and a diode 24.
  • the capacitance of the capacitor 18 and the inductance of the coil 23 are chosen in accordance with the type of discharge required (proper choice of the current peak value and the duration thereof).
  • the discharge realized is of the one-pole type, while the current is sinusoidal (FIG. 5).
  • the amplitude of this current is equal to and the duration thereof is given by the expression V za 40 m-
  • the end of discharging is determined by the circuit elements which are not directly coupled to the discharge electrode 16, and hence it is reproducible from one dischargeto the other. If the current in the diode 24 tends to change its direction, the discharge current is switched off after one half current period has passed.
  • the polarity of the voltage at the ends of capacitor 18 then changes, andthe energy which remains, ignoring the losses in the circuits, is equalto the initial energy /2 C V minus the energy dissipated in the ignition electrode 16. This is the previously referred to voltage
  • the charging cycle can be resumed as of this negative residual voltage. After the very first discharge the value of E, is equal to zero, but after a few discharges a residual voltage will always remain.
  • the change-overs are realized by three sets of contacts 28.
  • the diode 24 is short-circuited, the cathode of thyristor 20 is connected to ground, and the initial direct voltage is increased to the value V
  • the initial voltage at the ends of the capacitor 18 can then be equal to zero, and charging itself will be performed as previously by rendering thyristor 17 conductive.
  • the voltage at the ends of the capacitor 18 tends to reach the value 2(V V but the charging is interrupted by means of a level-detection circuit 25 if V18 VF ar ET)- As soon as the charging circuit is no longer connected to the capacitor 5, discharging can take place; this discharging will have an oscillating character with a period of 2 'n' V (L L QC The damping obtained is dependent on the losses incurred in the circuits and of the energy dissipated in the ignition electrode 16. At a given instant, the circumstances prevailing on the terminals of the ignition electrode will be such that after the current has been reduced to zero no further ignition can take place. The said circumstances are dependent on the type of ignition electrode used, of the analysed material, of the atmosphere used, etc.
  • Thyristor 26 is connected in series with a coil 27, a part of the low-voltagecoil 23, and capacitor 18. If the residual voltage of capacitor 18 is positive, the thyristor 26 becomes conductive, and this conductive state allows passage of one half period of a current whose amplitude is given by the duration thereof being equal to As a result, the polarisation of the voltage of the capacitor 18 is inverted. If the residual voltage is negative before application of a pulse (bl, nothing happens because the thyristor 26 then has a polarisation voltage of opposite sign.
  • the charging cycle can then be completed as usual.
  • the low-voltage capacitor 18 then already hasan initial voltage which is equal to zero which is negative.
  • the choice of the type of discharge is also effected by a suitable choice of the capacitance of the capacitor 18 and of the inductance of the coil 23.
  • An arc generator for an emission spectrometer comprising, a pair of spaced electrodes defining an arc gap therebetween, an ignition circuit for generating a voltage capable of igniting an arc across said pair of electrodes, said ignition circuit comprising a capacitor, a charge circuit for the capacitor that includes a first source of DC voltage and a capacitor discharge circuit that includes a controlled rectifier device for selectively coupling the capacitor to said electrodes, and a low-voltage circuit including only reactive circuit elements for maintaining the discharge across the electrodes and comprising, a second capacitor and an inductor coupling the second capacitor to the pair of electrodes to provide a discharge path for the second capacitor across the electrodes and via said inductor, and a control circuit for controlling an energy current for the discharge across said pair of electrodes, said control circuit comprising a thyristor and a coil in series with the second capacitor across a source of DC voltage, and a further thyristor controlled by a leveldetection circuit with input terminals coupled across the second capacitor.
  • the low-voltage circuit further comprises a supervision circuit coupled to the second capacitor for checking the end of a one-pole discharge, a variable coil, a diode, and means connecting the variable coil and the diode in series with the second capacitor to allow selective passage of half current periods.
  • An arc generator as claimed in claim 1 wherein said low-voltage circuit includes a diode coupling the second capacitor to the pair of electrodes and means for selectively providing one-pole or oscillating discharges by means of a selection system provided with a contactor for short-circuiting said diode so as to obtain an oscillating discharge.
  • Apparatus for generating an arc discharge across a pair of spaced electrodes comprising, an ignition circuit for initiating an arc discharge and a low-voltage circuit for maintaining said arc discharge and including only reactive passive components, said ignition circuit comprising, a first source of DC voltage, a first capacitor, means for selectively charging said first capacitor from said first DC voltage source and discharging said first capacitor across said pair of electrodes, and means controlled by the first capacitor voltage for terminating the capacitor charge cycle at a given capacitor voltage level and for initiating the start of the discharge cycle, and said low-voltage circuit comprises a second capacitor, a second DC voltage source, a charge circuit for selectively coupling the second capacitor to the second DC voltage source and including a first controlled rectifier device, a discharge circuit for selectively coupling the second capacitor to said pair of electrodes and including an inductor, and a second means controlled by the second capacitor voltage for terminating the second capacitor charge cycle at a given capacitor voltage level and for initiating the start of the second capacitor discharge cycle.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 4 further comprising a diode connected in series with said inductor in the second capacitor discharge circuit, and means for selectively short-circuiting said diode to provide an oscillatory mode of discharge cycle.
  • the discharge circuit of said low-voltage circuit further comprises a diode connected in series with the second capacitor, a part of said inductor and said part of spaced electrodes.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 8 wherein said means for selectively charging and discharging the first capacitor comprises third and fourth controlled rectifiers, and means for triggering said second, third and times.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
US40218173 1972-09-29 1973-10-01 Arc generator for an emission spectrometer Expired - Lifetime US3906291A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE789436 1972-09-29

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US3906291A true US3906291A (en) 1975-09-16

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US (1) US3906291A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE789436A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2201558B3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1443198A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7313449A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4055783A (en) * 1976-03-01 1977-10-25 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Spark source with regulation of spark magnitude by control of spark timing
DE10208072A1 (de) * 2002-02-25 2003-09-11 Faru Tec Ges Fuer Umwelttechni Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse von in wässrigen Lösungen gelösten chemischen Elementen
US20100208255A1 (en) * 2007-09-04 2010-08-19 Shimadzu Corporation Optical emission analyzer
US20110235033A1 (en) * 2010-03-25 2011-09-29 Shimadzu Corporation Emission spectrophotometer
US9072169B1 (en) 2010-07-13 2015-06-30 Cascodium Inc. Pulse generator and systems and methods for using same
US9828967B2 (en) * 2015-06-05 2017-11-28 Ming Zheng System and method for elastic breakdown ignition via multipole high frequency discharge

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3309567A (en) * 1965-10-22 1967-03-14 Berkey Photo Inc Pulse discharge lamp circuit
US3376470A (en) * 1965-08-12 1968-04-02 Atomic Energy Commission Usa Capacitor discharge circuit for starting and sustaining a welding arc
US3749975A (en) * 1970-08-26 1973-07-31 Wisconsin Alumni Res Found Adjustable waveform spark source

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3376470A (en) * 1965-08-12 1968-04-02 Atomic Energy Commission Usa Capacitor discharge circuit for starting and sustaining a welding arc
US3309567A (en) * 1965-10-22 1967-03-14 Berkey Photo Inc Pulse discharge lamp circuit
US3749975A (en) * 1970-08-26 1973-07-31 Wisconsin Alumni Res Found Adjustable waveform spark source

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4055783A (en) * 1976-03-01 1977-10-25 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Spark source with regulation of spark magnitude by control of spark timing
DE10208072A1 (de) * 2002-02-25 2003-09-11 Faru Tec Ges Fuer Umwelttechni Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse von in wässrigen Lösungen gelösten chemischen Elementen
DE10208072B4 (de) * 2002-02-25 2004-11-18 FARU TEC Gesellschaft für Umwelttechnik mbH Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse von in wässrigen Lösungen gelösten chemischen Elementen
US20100208255A1 (en) * 2007-09-04 2010-08-19 Shimadzu Corporation Optical emission analyzer
US8502973B2 (en) * 2007-09-04 2013-08-06 Shimadzu Corporation Optical emission analyzer
US20110235033A1 (en) * 2010-03-25 2011-09-29 Shimadzu Corporation Emission spectrophotometer
US8643838B2 (en) * 2010-03-25 2014-02-04 Shimadzu Corporation Emission spectrophotometer
US9072169B1 (en) 2010-07-13 2015-06-30 Cascodium Inc. Pulse generator and systems and methods for using same
US10240979B2 (en) 2010-07-13 2019-03-26 Cascodium Inc. Pulse generator and systems and methods for using same
US9828967B2 (en) * 2015-06-05 2017-11-28 Ming Zheng System and method for elastic breakdown ignition via multipole high frequency discharge

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2201558A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-04-26
FR2201558B3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1976-08-27
BE789436A (fr) 1973-01-15
GB1443198A (en) 1976-07-21
NL7313449A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-04-02

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