US3873834A - Method of producing three-dimensional images from a series of individual images in different perspectives - Google Patents

Method of producing three-dimensional images from a series of individual images in different perspectives Download PDF

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US3873834A
US3873834A US219472A US21947272A US3873834A US 3873834 A US3873834 A US 3873834A US 219472 A US219472 A US 219472A US 21947272 A US21947272 A US 21947272A US 3873834 A US3873834 A US 3873834A
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recording
projecting
radiation
recordings
images
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US219472A
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Hans Dammann
Manfred Kock
Ulf Tiemens
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US Philips Corp
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US Philips Corp
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/025—Tomosynthesis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B35/00—Stereoscopic photography

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  • ABSTRACT A method of tomographic recording wherein a plurality of views ofan'object are recorded by moving an x-ray source to a number of different locations about a circle, exposing a separate x-ray recording medium corresponding to each position of the x-ray source and superimposing the recorded images on a common viewing plane with incoherent radiation as a superimposed image. Movement of the viewing plane to different positions withdela tion' to tlie recorded image permits the viewing of different planes of the object tomographically from a single set of exposures.
  • the invention relates to a method of producing a three-dimensional image.
  • the aforementioned methods use two mutually coherent beams oflight.
  • One beam transilluminates the individual image to be recorded holographically.
  • the-image is backed with a diffuser screen so that the entire information is evenly distributed over the hologram area.
  • the diffused light interferes with the reference wave and may be recorded, for example photographically.
  • reconstruction granulated individual images are obtained the depth of focus of which is limited, because the apertures of the individual holograms must be comparatively large because of the diffraction.
  • a further disadvantage is the small efficiency of diffraction of the holograms.
  • a substantial amount of experimental work is involved.
  • the three-dimensional image is produced by correct superposition of silhouettes.
  • the light may be incoherent in space and in time.
  • the reconstructed object is free of granulation and well-focused throughout.
  • FIG. 1 shows the making of a series of X-ray photographs in different perspectives
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a possible method of making bodysection radiographs (tomography)
  • FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a system for producing a still, three-dimensional image.
  • FIG. 4 shows the system of FIG. 3 provided with a diaphragm and an image-forming lens for the suppression of stray light
  • FIGS. 5a and 5b show a special system for producing a still three-dimensional image with a stationary construction
  • FIG. 50 shows a system of the type shown in FIG. 5b in which, however, the image is formed by means of a ring of lenses
  • FIG. 6 shows a system similar to that shown in FIG. 5b combined with the advantageous features of the system shown in FIG. 4, and
  • FIGS. 7a and 7b show a system in which the radiographs are made and reconstructed in spatially separated relationship.
  • a source of X-rays is caused to move on a circle 11 in a plane parallel to the plane 4 of a film.
  • radiographs are made of an object 10, so that eventually a series of radiographs made from different perspective viewpoints is obtained.
  • the recording geometry used must be known and reproducible.
  • the first advantage of the invention consists in the very simple making of body-section radiographs in which the depth of the plane in which the relevant layer lies may be freely chosen.
  • the arrangement is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2.
  • a point light source 1 in itself a light spot of sufficiently small size is imaged at 4 by a lens 2.
  • the source 1 is made to move on a circle 3 about the optical axis of the lens 2 the point 4 moves on a circle 8' the diameter of which is equal to that of the circle 11 of FIG. 1.
  • the radiographs made from different perspective viewpoints are successively placed in the plane 14.
  • a radiograph is then transilluminated by a ray cone the orientation and size of which are exactly equal to that of the cone used in making the radiograph.
  • plane 30 in which the object is formed by image integration an integrating detector for example a film is placed and partially exposed. Then the silhouette is exchanged for a new one in different perspective, 1 is rotated into the correct position so that 4 corresponds to the position which the X-ray source occupied in making this particular image, and a further partial exposure is taken.
  • the layer of the object in which the film was placed will be sharply defined. Layers situated in front of and behind the said layer are blurred.
  • FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of an arrangement for producing a still, three-dimensional image of the object 10.
  • the arrangement corresponds to that shown in FIG. 2 except that now a source 1 rotates at an angular velocity w the value of which must be chosen so as to produce a flicker-free image 10.
  • a frequency of from 20 to 25 Hertz is sufficient.
  • the same frequency to there rotates for example, a disk 16 on which N radiographs 16' are arranged so that in one revolution each of the N radiographs is once transilluminated by the ray cone 5.
  • the image point 4 and the disk 16 must revolve in synchronism.
  • the pulse length depends upon the required resolution and the mean tangential speed of the radiographs on the disk 16.
  • the image 10' is formed behind the disk 16 in the position occupied by the original object when making the radiographs.
  • Discrete planes of the object 10 may be sharply imaged by means of detector surface (plane or curved), whereas layers situated in front of and behind the relevant plane are blurred.
  • Troublesome stray light which generally is caused by the base of the radiographs, may be eliminated by the arrangement shown in FIG. 4.
  • the rays transmitted by the image at 16 converge in a plane 17 where they produce the image of the light source used. Any stray light broadens the image of the light source, with a consequent reduction in contrast and impairment of the resolution.
  • a disk diaphragm is so arranged in the plane 17 that only the tips of the light cones for the discrete positions are transmitted and the plane 16 is imaged by a lens 18 in 16 inch, an image of improved contrast is obtained at 10.
  • the method may also be used for performing conformal transformations of the entire recording geometry.
  • the radiographs are to be reduced in size by a factor of, say, 2 the dimensions of the arrangement of FIG. 2 must be correspondingly reduced by a factor of 2.
  • a disadvantage of the aforedescribed arrangement is the required rotation of the image spot 1 (see FIG. 2) and of the disk 16.
  • stroboscopic illumination is to be provided.
  • FIGS. a and 5b show an embodiment of an arrangement for producing a three-dimensional image by means of a stationary construction.
  • FIG. 5a shows two ray cones. In a plane 19 in which the cones are separated there is positioned, for example, a photographic plate. The silhouettes projected from 14 may be separately recorded in this plane. This is advantageously effected by means of an imaging lens whilst retaining the geometry so that a quality impairment of the reducedsize radiographs is avoided.
  • FIG. Sb shows schematically the illumination of the resulting ring of images by a suitable ring of point light sources 21 of correct geometry, permitting the object to be formed by integration again. In this arrangement the size of the point light source (21) must be kept small to avoid a loss of resolution.
  • the formation of the ring of images 19 may be avoided by using a ring 19' of imaging lenses which each project a small partial image of 19 on to 20. With sufficient depth of focus the object 10 is again produced (see FIG. 5c).
  • FIG. 6 A further possible arrangement is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 6.
  • the advantage of this arrangement as compared with that shown in FIGS. 5a to 5c is: the images in a plane 22 need not be reduced in size in so high a degree and hence the point light sources (I) need not satisfy such stringent requirements.
  • the diaphragm array 17 suppresses any stray light in the manner illustrated in FIG. 4, and this provides an improved image.
  • FIG. 7a shows a possible arrangement for producing the individual images of the object 10 in the plane 14, and
  • FIG. 7b shows a possible arrangement for reconstruction in which the ray cones of the arrangement shown in FIG. 7a may be reconstructed by means of a single point light source 34, a suitable diaphragm array 33 and an associated system of mirrors 31, 31, 31", 31" and of lenses 32, 32, 32", 32".
  • the two-dimensional images from different perspective viewpoints required to produce the threedimensional image may also be formed by means of a computer which calculates the amplitudes and positions of the image points.
  • a method for producing a three-dimensional image comprising the steps of separately recording a plurality of views of an object by projecting a first cone of radiation through said object from different perspective viewpoints along a planar circular path on a plurality of planar recording mediums arranged parallel to the plane of the circle, arranging the recordings in the positions they occupied during the recording process and projecting with a further cone of incoherent radiation all the recordings in a superimposed manner on a common area of a viewing plane arranged parallel to the recordings and at selected distances therefrom, said further cone of radiation being the reverse of said first cone of radiation, whereby different planes of said recorded object may be selectively viewed from said plurality of recording mediums.
  • step of recording comprises recording the internal as well as the external details of the object, and wherein the viewing plane comprises a ground glass plate.
  • step of projecting each recording comprises the step of stroboscopically and sequentially illuminating each recording in a sequence sufficiently rapid to produce the illusion of a still three-dimensional image.
  • step of projecting each recording comprises the steps of rotating an incoherent point source oflight about a circular path, rotating a disc containing the recordings about a further circular path, the rotational axes of the two circular paths being parallel, and projecting the radiation from the point source through the recordings with a lens.
  • step of projecting each recording comprises simultaneously projecting incoherent radiation from a plurality of apparent radiation sources arranged in a circle through the recordings.
  • step of simultaneously projecting incoherent radiation through the recordings comprises the step of projecting the incoherent radiation through a ring of imaging lenses each optically aligned with a separate recording.
  • step of projecting illumination from a plurality of point sources further comprises projecting said radiation through a plurality of contrast enhancing diaphragms.
  • step of projecting each recording on a common area of a viewing plane comprises the step of simultaneously su- 72x 3 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION March 25, 1975 Patent No. 73,834 Dated Invent f( HANS DAMMANN ET AL It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
  • Stereoscopic And Panoramic Photography (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
US219472A 1971-01-29 1972-01-20 Method of producing three-dimensional images from a series of individual images in different perspectives Expired - Lifetime US3873834A (en)

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DE2104229A DE2104229C3 (de) 1971-01-29 1971-01-29 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Schichtbildern eines dreidimensionalen Objekts

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US (1) US3873834A (de)
JP (1) JPS5418572B1 (de)
DE (1) DE2104229C3 (de)
FR (1) FR2123470B1 (de)
GB (1) GB1381044A (de)
IT (1) IT951106B (de)
SE (1) SE377972B (de)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4078177A (en) * 1975-04-05 1978-03-07 U.S. Philips Corporation Layer-wise reproduction of three-dimensional objects by simultaneous super-position of encoded images
US4322808A (en) * 1978-04-17 1982-03-30 U.S. Philips Corporation Coding and decoding artifact-free images of objects
US4516252A (en) * 1981-08-28 1985-05-07 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for imaging layers of a body
US4598369A (en) * 1983-05-02 1986-07-01 Picker International, Inc. Tomography apparatus and method
US5023895A (en) * 1989-03-02 1991-06-11 Innovative Imaging Systems, Inc. Three dimensional tomographic system
US5488952A (en) * 1982-02-24 1996-02-06 Schoolman Scientific Corp. Stereoscopically display three dimensional ultrasound imaging
US5493595A (en) * 1982-02-24 1996-02-20 Schoolman Scientific Corp. Stereoscopically displayed three dimensional medical imaging
US5644612A (en) * 1993-01-25 1997-07-01 Cardiac Mariners, Inc. Image reconstruction methods
US5682412A (en) * 1993-04-05 1997-10-28 Cardiac Mariners, Incorporated X-ray source
US6060713A (en) * 1993-04-05 2000-05-09 Cardiac Mariners Inc X-ray detector
WO2000057788A1 (en) * 1999-03-18 2000-10-05 Instrumentarium Corporation Method and apparatus for x-ray tomosynthesis
US6178223B1 (en) 1998-10-06 2001-01-23 Cardiac Mariners, Inc. Image reconstruction method and apparatus
US6181764B1 (en) 1998-10-06 2001-01-30 Cardiac Mariners, Inc. Image reconstruction for wide depth of field images
US20070247519A1 (en) * 2005-03-05 2007-10-25 Wag Display Corporation, Inc. Display System with Moving Pixels for 2D and 3D Image Formation
CN116612012A (zh) * 2023-07-17 2023-08-18 南方电网数字电网研究院有限公司 输电线路图像拼接方法、系统、计算机设备和存储介质

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2943758C2 (de) * 1979-10-30 1985-07-11 Philips Patentverwaltung Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg Verfahren zur räumlichen Dekodierung dreidimensionaler Objekte aus mittels Mehrfachstrahlenquellen hergestellten primären Überlagerungsbildern

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US1390250A (en) * 1921-09-06 Driguez
US2730566A (en) * 1949-12-27 1956-01-10 Bartow Beacons Inc Method and apparatus for x-ray fluoroscopy
US2948822A (en) * 1959-01-22 1960-08-09 Mario Ghia X-ray tubes
US3091692A (en) * 1953-11-14 1963-05-28 Philips Corp Apparatus for tomographic fluoroscopy with the use of image amplification
US3499146A (en) * 1966-10-10 1970-03-03 Albert G Richards Variable depth laminagraphy with means for highlighting the detail of selected lamina
US3560740A (en) * 1966-07-14 1971-02-02 Tripp Research Corp Depth-perception radiography
US3576997A (en) * 1968-09-24 1971-05-04 Intelligent Instr Inc Particle accelerator employing a revolving electric field for generating x-rays
US3614426A (en) * 1968-06-11 1971-10-19 Gerald Donzelle Holographic process
US3742236A (en) * 1970-10-07 1973-06-26 A Richards Method and apparatus for variable depth laminagraphy

Patent Citations (9)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1390250A (en) * 1921-09-06 Driguez
US2730566A (en) * 1949-12-27 1956-01-10 Bartow Beacons Inc Method and apparatus for x-ray fluoroscopy
US3091692A (en) * 1953-11-14 1963-05-28 Philips Corp Apparatus for tomographic fluoroscopy with the use of image amplification
US2948822A (en) * 1959-01-22 1960-08-09 Mario Ghia X-ray tubes
US3560740A (en) * 1966-07-14 1971-02-02 Tripp Research Corp Depth-perception radiography
US3499146A (en) * 1966-10-10 1970-03-03 Albert G Richards Variable depth laminagraphy with means for highlighting the detail of selected lamina
US3614426A (en) * 1968-06-11 1971-10-19 Gerald Donzelle Holographic process
US3576997A (en) * 1968-09-24 1971-05-04 Intelligent Instr Inc Particle accelerator employing a revolving electric field for generating x-rays
US3742236A (en) * 1970-10-07 1973-06-26 A Richards Method and apparatus for variable depth laminagraphy

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4078177A (en) * 1975-04-05 1978-03-07 U.S. Philips Corporation Layer-wise reproduction of three-dimensional objects by simultaneous super-position of encoded images
US4322808A (en) * 1978-04-17 1982-03-30 U.S. Philips Corporation Coding and decoding artifact-free images of objects
US4516252A (en) * 1981-08-28 1985-05-07 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for imaging layers of a body
US5488952A (en) * 1982-02-24 1996-02-06 Schoolman Scientific Corp. Stereoscopically display three dimensional ultrasound imaging
US5493595A (en) * 1982-02-24 1996-02-20 Schoolman Scientific Corp. Stereoscopically displayed three dimensional medical imaging
US4598369A (en) * 1983-05-02 1986-07-01 Picker International, Inc. Tomography apparatus and method
US5023895A (en) * 1989-03-02 1991-06-11 Innovative Imaging Systems, Inc. Three dimensional tomographic system
US5729584A (en) * 1993-01-25 1998-03-17 Cardiac Mariners, Inc. Scanning-beam X-ray imaging system
US5651047A (en) * 1993-01-25 1997-07-22 Cardiac Mariners, Incorporated Maneuverable and locateable catheters
US6649914B1 (en) 1993-01-25 2003-11-18 Cardiac Mariners, Inc. Scanning-beam X-ray imaging system
US5644612A (en) * 1993-01-25 1997-07-01 Cardiac Mariners, Inc. Image reconstruction methods
US5751785A (en) * 1993-01-25 1998-05-12 Cardiac Mariners, Inc. Image reconstruction methods
US5835561A (en) * 1993-01-25 1998-11-10 Cardiac Mariners, Incorporated Scanning beam x-ray imaging system
US5859893A (en) * 1993-01-25 1999-01-12 Cardiac Mariners, Inc. X-ray collimation assembly
US6060713A (en) * 1993-04-05 2000-05-09 Cardiac Mariners Inc X-ray detector
US5682412A (en) * 1993-04-05 1997-10-28 Cardiac Mariners, Incorporated X-ray source
US6178223B1 (en) 1998-10-06 2001-01-23 Cardiac Mariners, Inc. Image reconstruction method and apparatus
US6181764B1 (en) 1998-10-06 2001-01-30 Cardiac Mariners, Inc. Image reconstruction for wide depth of field images
WO2000057788A1 (en) * 1999-03-18 2000-10-05 Instrumentarium Corporation Method and apparatus for x-ray tomosynthesis
US20070247519A1 (en) * 2005-03-05 2007-10-25 Wag Display Corporation, Inc. Display System with Moving Pixels for 2D and 3D Image Formation
CN116612012A (zh) * 2023-07-17 2023-08-18 南方电网数字电网研究院有限公司 输电线路图像拼接方法、系统、计算机设备和存储介质

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GB1381044A (en) 1975-01-22
SE377972B (de) 1975-08-04
DE2104229B2 (de) 1980-07-10
IT951106B (it) 1973-06-30
DE2104229A1 (de) 1972-08-10
DE2104229C3 (de) 1981-06-11
JPS5418572B1 (de) 1979-07-09
FR2123470B1 (de) 1975-10-24
FR2123470A1 (de) 1972-09-08

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