US3870892A - System formed by the combination of a solid state image intensifier and a compatible adapted x-ray film - Google Patents

System formed by the combination of a solid state image intensifier and a compatible adapted x-ray film Download PDF

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Publication number
US3870892A
US3870892A US326741A US32674173A US3870892A US 3870892 A US3870892 A US 3870892A US 326741 A US326741 A US 326741A US 32674173 A US32674173 A US 32674173A US 3870892 A US3870892 A US 3870892A
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layer
ray
rays
protective layer
percent
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US326741A
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Leonard Fass
Ennio Fatuzzo
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3M Co
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Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F55/00—Radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices covered by groups H10F10/00, H10F19/00 or H10F30/00 being structurally associated with electric light sources and electrically or optically coupled thereto
    • H10F55/10—Radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices covered by groups H10F10/00, H10F19/00 or H10F30/00 being structurally associated with electric light sources and electrically or optically coupled thereto wherein the radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices control the electric light source, e.g. image converters, image amplifiers or image storage devices

Definitions

  • a conducting layer which is at least partially transparent to X-rays
  • An electroluminescent layer comprising an electroluminescent compound dispersed in a binder
  • a protective layer whose thickness is such that the resolving power loss is not greater than 20 percent lower than that of the same element without any protective layer, enables marked sensitivity increases in X-ray photographic systems.
  • the present invention relates to a new improved system for radiography.
  • the above-mentioned device can consist of a so-called solid state image intensifier.
  • intensifying screens consisting of an X-ray fluorescent salt, such as calcium tungstate, dispersed in a suitable binder and coated on an X-ray transparent base, were until now generally usedto obtain X-ray images in medical radiography.
  • Such screens are positioned in close contact with an X-ray film in a container known as a cassette.
  • the above mentioned-sensitivity increase can be partially or wholly exploited to obtain a higher resolving power. This can be achieved by using for instance X-ray film having much finer grains than standard X-ray films. This slightly decreases the high sensitivity of the system, but, on the other hand, allows a better resolving power to be obtained.
  • Such a sensitivity increase can be also exploited by using an X-ray film having a lower silver halide quantity per unit surface area, with a consequent reduction in manufacturing costs and processing times.
  • a supporting base at least percent transparent to X-rays, formed for example of aluminum foil or polyester of thickness not larger than about 300 microns;
  • an electrically conductive layer which is at least 90 percent transmissive of 20 150 kV X-rays. Such layer need not be applied in the case when the supporting base is already conductive.
  • a layer can be composed of a metal or other conducting compound deposited by known techniques such as vacuum evaporation, sputtering, spraying, etc.
  • an X-ray sensitive photoconductive layer the resistance of which varies according to the incident X-ray intensity and which resistance varies by at least a factor of 10 when irradiated by X-rays produced by a tungstate target X-ray tube such as the Machlett OEG/50/T, manufactured by The Machlett Laboratories Incorporated, Springdale, Conn., such tube operated at 40 kV and lmA at a distance of 20 cm.
  • the radiation from the above tube is emitted through a 0.040 in. thick beryllium window with a 5 mm. focal spot.
  • Suitable X-ray photoconductors are CdS or CdSe or CdS Se doped with copper and in certain cases also with other elements such as Al, B, Cl etc., in the form of powders.
  • the preparation of such photoconductors is described in The Photoconductivity of Solids by R. Bube, published by Wiley.
  • the layer is prepared by coating the above mentioned photoconducting powders dispersed in a low dielectric constant binder such as an acrylic or vinylic resin.
  • Such photoconductive layer must be of a thickness (e.g., microns) so as to give acceptable resolution for radiography.
  • this layer must be of a highly lightdiffusing material, such as particles of BaTiO TiO or other such compound dispersed in a high dielectric constant medium such as Cyanocel, a chemically modified cellulose (highly cyanoethylated cellulose), made by the American Cyanamid Company of Connecticut (U.S.A.).
  • This layer must be of such a thickness that its impedance meets the requirements specified above with respect to the impedance of the electroluminescent layer to be described in (5) below:
  • An electroluminescent layer having a dielectric constant of at least 5 and having an impedance normally lower, but not less than 10 percent of that of the non-irradiated photo-conductive layer.
  • This layer is formed by an electroluminescent compound such as commercially available ZnS doped with Cu and/or Ag dispersed in a binder.
  • the dielectric constant of the layer is at least 5, a result which can be obtained for example by using a high dielectric constant medium, such as Cyanocel, described in (4) above, as the binder.
  • an electrically conducting layer which is at least 50 percent transmissive to light at wavelengths between 500 and 550 nm.
  • This layer is preferably composed of a thin film of metal or other conducting compound deposited by known vacuum techniques such as evaporation, sputtering, etc., as for example described in Vacuum Deposition of Thin Films by L. Holland, published by Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1960.
  • a protective layer whose thickness is such that the resolving power loss is not greater than percent lower than that of the same element without any protective layer.
  • Such layer can be composed of a polyurethane resin such as Desmophen 650 -Desmodur N (where Desmophen 650 is 65 percent solution in ethylene glycol ofa branched polyester which contains approximately 5 percent of hydroxyl groups, having an acidity value less than 4, a viscosity of approximately 800 i 150 c?
  • Desmodur N is a 75 percent solution in ethylene glycol acetate/xylene (1:1) of a polyfunctional aliphatic isocyanate having an NCO content of 16-17 percent with a fire point greater than 33C (DIN 53213), density at 20C of 1.06 gm/c.c. (DIN 51757), viscosity at 20C of 250 :t 100 cP, of Wegriken Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany).
  • Another possible protective layer can be made from a vinyl chloro-acetate copolymer such as Vinylite VAGH (approximately containing 91 percent vinyl chloride, 2.3 percent hydroxyl groups, 3 percent vinyl acetate and having an intrinsic viscosity in cyclohexanone of approximately 0.55 at 20C) of the Bakelite Division, Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, New York, N.Y., USA, hardened with one part of an isocyanate (Desmodur N) for every two parts of Vinylite VAGH.
  • Yet another protective layer can be made from a polyvinylidene chloride copolymer such as that manufactured by the Dow Chemical Corporation of Delaware (USA), under the name of Saran.
  • the protective layer described in (7) above becomes the supporting base and the other layers are sequentially coated in reverse order to the previous embodiment.
  • the photoconductive layer can be considered as being represented by a capacitance and a resistance in parallel, whereby the value of the former is not affected by the X-rays, while the value of the latter is decreased under X-ray irradiation.
  • the electro-luminescent layer on the other hand, can be represented by a capacitance having a very high leakage resistance.
  • the impedance of the unexposed photoconductor at a frequency equal to the frequency of the applied alternating voltage must be higher than that of the electroluminescent layer.
  • the impedance of the X-ray exposed photoconductor (at X-ray exposures such as those described in (3) above) must be as small as possible and in any case not much larger than twice the impedance of the electroluminescent layer.
  • the capacitive part of the impedance of the photoconductor must be as large as possible as compared to the resistance of the photoconductor and in any case not significantly smaller than said resistance.
  • a low dielectric constant binder for the photoconductive powder can consist for example of acrylic or vinylic resins.
  • a series of patents such as US. Pats. Nos. 3,264,479; 3,300,645; 3,215,847 and 3,394,261, relate to image intensifiers which transform a signal consisting of a suitably modulated X-ray beam into a light beam, whose modulation corresponds to the X-ray modulation.
  • image intensifiers however are not suitable for radiography but only for radio-scopy.
  • light is emitted through a very thick front protection panel (such as for instance through a relatively thick glass plate, 1 mm or greater). Therefore, such panels are not suitable for contact recording with an X-ray film clue to the loss of resolution.
  • it is not always possible to use the most suitable photoconductors in the prior art type image intensifiers because often they have a too long a time constant.
  • the electrode and the protective layer are sufficiently thin to allow the recording of the image formed on the electroluminescent compound, substantially without any loss of resolving power. Furthermore, in the present invention the most suitable photoconducting compounds can be used even if they have a time constant too long to be used in radioscopy.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an X-ray intensifying device of the present invention.
  • E represents the film base
  • F a conductive layer
  • G a photoconductive layer
  • H a light opaque layer
  • 1 an electroluminescent layer
  • J a conducting layer
  • K represents the thin surface protective layer whose thickness is such that the resolving power loss is not greater that 20 percent lower than that of the same element without any protective layer.
  • the higher sensitivity of the system which can be obtained by using the intensifier of the present invention, can be partially or wholly used to obtain a better resolving power and therefore a clearer image, or can be used with an X-ray film having a lower silver coating weight, thus allowing lower production costs and shorter processing times.
  • the resolving power of the system turns out to be increased by at least 30 percent more than that of the conventional system.
  • EXAMPLE 1 According to known techniques a less than 1 micron thick tin oxide layer was deposited on a 1.5 mm glass base (see for example R. Gomer, The Review of Scientific Instruments, p. 993 V24 (1953)). An approximately 100 micron thick photoconducting layer formed by photoconductive grade copper doped cadmium selenide grains obtained from E.S.P.l. (Electronic Space Products, Inc.) of California, U.S.A., and subsequently doped with 5 ppm. of aluminum dispersed in a nitrocellulose binder, was coated on the above mentioned conducting layer. An opaque layer of thickness about microns made from particles of titanium dioxide dispersed in Cyanocel was coated on top of the photoconducting layer.
  • An approximately 30 micron thick electroluminescent layer consisting of copper doped zinc sulphide powder type EL CB3 of Levy- West Laboratories, Bush Fair, Harlow, Essex, England, dispersed in Cyanocel was coated on the opaque layer.
  • An approximately 100 A thick semi-transparent electrode consisting of chromium was deposited by vacuum evaporation on the electroluminescent layer.
  • Two conductors connected the two electrodes to an alternating current source, which was in this case a normal 220 volt 50 Hz power point.
  • the image amplifying element thus prepared, was exposed to X-ray radiations generated in a Machlett OEG-50-T type X-ray tube working at a voltage of 40kV and a current of IOmA.
  • the distance between the source and the sample was cm.
  • a 7 mm. thick aluminum filter had been placed between the X-ray source and the intensifier.
  • the photographic test was carried out as follows: An XV 5 X-ray film of 3M ltalia S.p.A. was exposed as shown in FIG. 1, wherein: A is the X-ray source; B is the aluminum filter; C is the image intensifier according to the present invention; and D is the X-ray film.
  • Layers C and D are in intimate contact but are shown separately for clarity.
  • the sensitivity of the system of the present example can be measured with one of the methods known to those skilled in the art, such as for instance an aluminum step wedge having 2 mm. steps.
  • Example 1 was performed again, with the exception that a Gevaert Scopic l S Film of Gevaert-Agfa N.V. was used instead of the XV 5 Film of 3M ltalia S.p.A.
  • the electroluminescent compound used for the preparation of the image intensifier was the EL-CB4 type of Levy West. Also in this case, the sensitivity resulted to be 6 times higher than the sensitivity obtained with the conventional system described in Example 1.
  • An X-ray image intensifying device for radiography comprising the following sequential layers:
  • a supporting film base A supporting film base,
  • a conducting layer which is at least partially transparent to X-rays
  • An electroluminescent layer comprising an electroluminescent compound dispersed in a binder
  • a protective layer whose thickness is such that the resolving power loss is not greater than 20 percent lower than that of the same element without any protective layer.
  • the X-ray image intensifying device of claim 1 wherein the thickness of said protective layer is not more than 50 microns.
  • a device for radiography comprising a lightsensitive recording element positioned in close contact with the intensifying device of claim 1.
  • the image intensifier of claim 1 having a wavelength emission maximum longer than 500 nm, combined with an X-ray film containing a sensitizer imparting a sensitization maximum substantially in the same emission range of the image intensifier.
  • the X-ray image intensifying device of claim 1 wherein the supporting base is also a conducting layer at least partially transparent to' X-rays.
  • An X-ray image intensifying device for radiography comprising the following sequential layers:
  • a supporting base at least percent transparent to X-rays, having a thickness no greater than about 300 microns,
  • An electrically conductive layer which is at least 90 percent transmissive of 20 kV X-rays
  • An X-ray sensitive photoconductive layer the resistance of which varies according to the incident X-ray intensity and which resistance varies by at least a factor of 10 when irradiated by X-rays produced by a tungsten target X-ray tube operated at 40 kV and 1 mA at a distance of 20 cm, the radiation from the said tube being emitted through a 0.040 inch thick beryllium window with a 5 mm. focal spot, the said electron conductive layer being not greater than 200 microns in thickness,
  • An electroluminescent layer having a dielectric constant of at least 5 and having an impedance 8.
  • the X-ray intensifying devices of claim 8 wherein the light opaque layer has an impedance lower than that of the electroluminescent layer by at least a factor of 10.
  • the X-ray image intensifying device of claim 7 wherein the supporting base (A) is also the electrically conductive layer (B).

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  • Conversion Of X-Rays Into Visible Images (AREA)
  • Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
  • Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
US326741A 1972-02-02 1973-01-26 System formed by the combination of a solid state image intensifier and a compatible adapted x-ray film Expired - Lifetime US3870892A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT48114/72A IT948418B (it) 1972-02-02 1972-02-02 Sistema formato dalla combinazione di un intensificatore di immagine a stato solido e una pellicola o lastra radiografica agli alogenuri d argento

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US (1) US3870892A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE7303863U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2170115B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1422472A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT948418B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4943727A (en) * 1987-01-21 1990-07-24 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Radiographic intensifying screen
US5698858A (en) * 1994-08-11 1997-12-16 U.S. Philips Corporation Solid-state image intensifier and x-ray examination apparatus comprising a solid-state image intensifier
US20170117662A1 (en) * 2015-10-26 2017-04-27 Tyco Electronics Raychem Gmbh Protective Cover and Electrical Connector Having a Radiation Window Formed by a Plurality of Radiation Passages

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2722583B1 (fr) * 1994-07-15 1996-08-14 Kodak Pathe Dispositif renforcateur d'image aux rayons x ou gamma ei cassette radiographique equipee d'un tel dispositif

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2884528A (en) * 1956-03-05 1959-04-28 Rca Corp Stereoscopic x-ray intensification
US2894854A (en) * 1958-07-29 1959-07-14 Hughes Aircraft Co Electroluminescent device
US3210551A (en) * 1952-04-18 1965-10-05 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electroluminescent image amplifier
US3350506A (en) * 1967-10-31 Image forming screen utilizing electroluminescent, ferroelectric and photcconductive materials
US3422270A (en) * 1964-10-16 1969-01-14 Philco Ford Corp Logic and learning/recognition systems using bistable optical laminae
US3479515A (en) * 1965-03-25 1969-11-18 Eastman Kodak Co Thermally coupled image amplifier using internal feedback

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3350506A (en) * 1967-10-31 Image forming screen utilizing electroluminescent, ferroelectric and photcconductive materials
US3210551A (en) * 1952-04-18 1965-10-05 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electroluminescent image amplifier
US2884528A (en) * 1956-03-05 1959-04-28 Rca Corp Stereoscopic x-ray intensification
US2894854A (en) * 1958-07-29 1959-07-14 Hughes Aircraft Co Electroluminescent device
US3422270A (en) * 1964-10-16 1969-01-14 Philco Ford Corp Logic and learning/recognition systems using bistable optical laminae
US3479515A (en) * 1965-03-25 1969-11-18 Eastman Kodak Co Thermally coupled image amplifier using internal feedback

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4943727A (en) * 1987-01-21 1990-07-24 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Radiographic intensifying screen
US5698858A (en) * 1994-08-11 1997-12-16 U.S. Philips Corporation Solid-state image intensifier and x-ray examination apparatus comprising a solid-state image intensifier
US20170117662A1 (en) * 2015-10-26 2017-04-27 Tyco Electronics Raychem Gmbh Protective Cover and Electrical Connector Having a Radiation Window Formed by a Plurality of Radiation Passages
US9742105B2 (en) * 2015-10-26 2017-08-22 Tyco Electronics Raychem Gmbh Protective cover and electrical connector having a radiation window formed by a plurality of radiation passages

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT948418B (it) 1973-05-30
FR2170115B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1980-04-25
DE7303863U (de) 1973-06-14
FR2170115A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-09-14
GB1422472A (en) 1976-01-28

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