US3790440A - Radioisotope fuel material and method - Google Patents

Radioisotope fuel material and method Download PDF

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US3790440A
US3790440A US00106071A US3790440DA US3790440A US 3790440 A US3790440 A US 3790440A US 00106071 A US00106071 A US 00106071A US 3790440D A US3790440D A US 3790440DA US 3790440 A US3790440 A US 3790440A
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
    • C01B21/06—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron
    • C01B21/0615—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron with transition metals other than titanium, zirconium or hafnium
    • C01B21/063—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron with transition metals other than titanium, zirconium or hafnium with one or more actinides, e.g. UN, PuN
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64G—COSMONAUTICS; VEHICLES OR EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
    • B64G1/00—Cosmonautic vehicles
    • B64G1/22—Parts of, or equipment specially adapted for fitting in or to, cosmonautic vehicles
    • B64G1/42—Arrangements or adaptations of power supply systems
    • B64G1/421—Non-solar power generation
    • B64G1/422—Nuclear power generation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/90—Carbides
    • C01B32/914—Carbides of single elements
    • C01B32/928—Carbides of actinides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G56/00—Compounds of transuranic elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
    • G21G4/00—Radioactive sources
    • G21G4/04—Radioactive sources other than neutron sources
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/44—Alpha, beta or gamma radiation related properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
    • C01P2006/82—Compositional purity water content
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/88—Isotope composition differing from the natural occurrence

Definitions

  • Kistemaker et al. Proc. of the lntemat. Symposium on Isotope Separation, 1958, pp. 158, 336, 337.
  • ABSTRACT A primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive fuel material and a method for preparing it so that secondary neutron generation by an alpha-neutron reaction is substantially reduced.
  • Those individual isotopes of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine which have a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles are selected for combination with the alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope to give the desired oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides.
  • isotopes which are alpha-particle emitters are preferred for fuel use in manned mission space flights because they are relatively easy to shield against, alpha radiation being the least penetrating of all.
  • exemplary of such a suitable isotopic fuel is plutonium-238.
  • the alpha-particle-emitting isotopes are not ordinarily usable as fuel in elemental form, but are present in the form of their compounds, alloys and mixtures so as to provide an isotopic fuel with suitable properties with respect to melting point, hardness, ease of fabrication and handling, and other related physical and metallurgical characteristics.
  • a novel fuel material having utility in a radioisotope generator which includes a fuel capsule and may include a radiation shield in cooperative relation therewith wherein the radioisotope fuel material is an alpha-particleemitting radioactive isotope combined with electronegative components which essentially have a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles.
  • the radioisotope fuel provided by this invention would not necessarily require a formal shield against neutrons for use in a pacemaker heart device, the reduction of secondary neutron emission would still be of considerable importance.
  • plutonium-238 oxide will emit a primary neutron by spontaneous fission and about 15 times as many secondary neutrons by an alpha-neutron reaction with natural oxygen. Thus complete elimination of secondary neutrons will reduce overall neutron emission by a factor of 16.
  • a simplified view of a radioisotope generator 1 is shown from which its principal components may be seen.
  • An outer shell 2 usually in the form of a thin cylindrical can of metal, protects the internal components from contamination and may serve as a heat radiator where required.
  • a radiation shield 3 is required to provide safety requirements in handling the generator during launch and following impact and also to protect astronauts present in the space vehicle during manned space flights.
  • These shields are of high density and prevent the emission of primary and secondary radiation. Exemplary of such shields are lead, depleted uranium, and cast iron. Low density neutron shields such as lithium hydride are also required.
  • radioisotopes which are alpha-radiation emitters, since alpha radiation is the least penetrating of all and requires minimal shielding provided no secondary radiation of a penetrating nature occurs.
  • An energy converter section 4 is used to transform part of the isotope decay heat into electricity. This may consist of an array of thermoelectric elements or thermionic converters.
  • the energy source shown as a fuel capsule 5 in which a radioisotopic fuel material 6 is enclosed by a capsule wall 7.
  • an alpha-particle-emitting isotope cannot ordinarily be used in the pure elemental form.
  • Pu has a melting point ranging from 120C. to 640C, depending upon the particular crystalline structure.
  • PuO melts at 2282C PuN 2450C.
  • high melting points are shown for ThO 3050 C, ThC 2655 0., U02 2500 0., UN 2630C.
  • the isotopic materials will ordinarily and preferably be used in the form of their molecular compounds, alloys, or non-stoichiometric mixtures.
  • the selection of the particular alpha-particleemitting radioactive isotope and its combining component will be determined by many factors. As mentioned, metallurgical and physical properties play a primary role. Also of importance is compatibility of the fuel material with cladding materials, as well as its chemical stability, availability and cost. Where a space mission of brief duration is contemplated, an isotope such as polonium-ZlO which has a half-life of 138 days may be suitable; whereas for a Mars mission, which would require approximately two years, a longer-lived isotope, such as plutonium-238, which has a half-life of years, would be required. Also the choice of isotope would be governed in part by the relative freedom of the alpha-particle-emitting isotope from other primary radiation emission such as gamma rays and neutrons.
  • electronegative components with which the electropositive alpha-particle-emitting isotopes may be combined are oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides.
  • Preferred fuel materials for the practice of this invention are the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides and oxychlorides of the alpha-particle-emitting radioisotopes of the actinide series, e.g., Pu Th U Cm Cm and Am as well as the oxide, nitride, and oxychloride of P0
  • Table I is shown the threshold energy for the alpha-neutron reaction for the relatively light weight natural isotopes. The relative abundance of these natural isotopes is also shown.
  • the I electro-negative component forming the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides will include a mixture of the individual stable isotopes of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine, these individual isotopes having different thresholds for the alphaneutron reaction both less than and greater than the maximum energy of the alpha particles emitted by the radioactive isotope.
  • this mixture is treated to contain a concentration in greater than its naturally occurring abundance of those ones of the individual isotopes which have a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles, i.e., O, C", N, Si, and C1
  • the electronegative component containing the concentrated isotope with the electropositive component containing the alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope, the formed primary alpha-particleemitting radioactive fuel material will have substantially reduced secondary neutron generation as a result of an alpha-neutron reaction.
  • the alpha-emitting isotope is used in the form of its carbide, e.g., uranium carbide
  • the C isotope would be eliminated by chemical or physical treatment either prior to or subsequent to the formation of the compound so that the carbide would be substantially free of the C isotope and would consist almost exclusively of the C isotope, e.g., U C.
  • the threshold energy of the C" isotope is l 1.25 Mev (Table I)
  • no alpha-neutron reaction would occur and secondary neutron emission would be substantially reduced or eliminated.
  • the radioactive fuel would consist essentially of Pu O since the threshold energy of 0 required for the alphaneutron reaction is 15.2 Mev; whereas the threshold energy of the O and O isotopes is considerably less.
  • This radioisotope fuel, Pu 0 is particularly preferred therefore in the practice of this invention because of its elimination of secondary neutron generation as well as its desirable chemical and physical properties.
  • the desired electronegative isotope will be enriched in greater than its naturally occurring abundance prior to formation of the desired fuel.
  • standard chemical reactions which are well known in the art can then be used to prepare the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of the desired alpha-particle-emitting radioisotopes of the actinide metals, and the oxide, nitride and oxychloride of polonium.
  • the enriched electronegative isotopes of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon and chlorine are either available in the form of directly usable compounds, or can readily be converted to usable compounds by standard chemical reactions.
  • the stable isotopes of the elements of the electronegative component that are utilized for compound formation are not only selected from the class of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine isotopes, but also will have present in greater than its naturally occurring abundance those individual isotopes of these electronegative elements which have a threshold for the alphaneutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles. Referring to Table l, it is seen that the electronegative component would therefore be concentrated in the following isotopes: 0 C, N, Si and Cl.
  • isotopes are available from the isotopes Development Center of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, operated by Union Carbide Corporation for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission: carbon-l2 in inventory form as elemental carbon in an isotopic abundance of greater than 99.9 percent (natu-. rally occurring abundance 98.892 percent); chlorine- 35 in the form of NaCl in an isotopic abundance of .sfi t n 9.8. P res! llrssquidn .a atedance 75.529 percent); silicon-28 in the form of SiO in an isotopic abundance of greater than 98 percent ⁇ naturally occurring abundance 9 2. 2 l percent).
  • carbon-l2 in inventory form as elemental carbon in an isotopic abundance of greater than 99.9 percent (natu-. rally occurring abundance 98.892 percent); chlorine- 35 in the form of NaCl in an isotopic abundance of .sfi t n 9.8. P res! llrssquidn .a
  • Oxygen-16 is obtainable in the form of O -enricli e d viater or -enriched oxygen gas. Water enriched in a the oxygen-16 isotope is obtainable from Volklsotopes, Westwood, New Jersey, with a depleted content of 0.007 percent 0 and 0.007 pe r c e nt Q the balance 0'. Oxygenl 6 is conveniently obtained in tablishment, Harwell, England. The principal reaction NISOUI) INmln) q ta) Sumln) Other methods are ammonia-ammonium ion exchange reactions and distillation of NO.
  • Polonium oxide can be prepared by reacting the metal with oxygen-l6 gas at 250C. according to the reaction Po 0 P00 This method for the preparation of the oxide is reported by M. l-laissinsky in Polonium" MLIVl-l (tr)(1964), Mound Laboratories, Miamisburg, Ohio. Thorium and plutonium oxides can be prepared by the same reaction except at a higher temperature, 700C.
  • Thorium and plutonium carbides can be prepared by arc-melting the metals with carbon-l2, which is the form supplied by Oak Ridge.
  • the reactions are M C MC where M is plutonium or thorium.
  • the carbides of americium and of curium may be similarly prepared since both metals have been prepared in macco (multigram) amounts. See L. B. Asprey et al The Chemistry of the Actinides Chem. and Eng. News, pages 75-91 (July 31, 1967). Since americium and curium from some of their other reactions are seen to react like true actinides, a straightforward preparation of the carbides would be to arc-melt the metal with the carbon-12 available from Oak Ridge. The reactions are Am +C AmC and Cm+C CmC which take place rapidly above the melting point of the carbide. Another standard procedure is to hydride the metals mix with carbon, press and sinter.
  • Thorium and plutonium nitride can be prepared by reacting the metals with ammonia which is supplied containing nitrogen-15.
  • the reactions are Pu NH PuN 1.511;.
  • the reaction M0 SiO 4C MSi 4COT which is carried out at elevated temperature in vacuum can be utilized.
  • the SiO can be converted to the metal by the reactions sio 4111 sir, 21 1 0 and sin, 4Na Si 4NaF
  • the product silicon-28 can then be arc-melted with the metal actinide M+Si MSi as described in the General Procedure and Monthly Progress Report, ANL 6658 (1962), Argonne National Laboratories, Argonne, Illinois.
  • Plutonium oxychloride can be prepared by the following sequence of reactions:
  • the reactions are Th (in soln) 40H- Th(OH) Th(OH) 4HC1 ThCl 4H O
  • the ThCl is then heated with water vapor ThCl H O ThOCl ZHCL to give the product.
  • Polonium oxychloride PoOCl has been referred to in Nuclear Science Abstracts, Vol. 19, pages 24524 (1965).
  • the oxides, carbides and silicides of the actinides are high melting, or stable to high temperature.
  • ThO melts at -3000C.
  • PuO is stable to 1000C. but apparently converts to a lower oxide above 1000.
  • Am O and Cm O are probably stable to at least 2000C.
  • ThC melts at 2650C.
  • PuC decomposes above 1650C. and AmC and CmC should be stable to at least this temperature.
  • PuSi is stable at 1500C. so the other silicides should also be stable to this temperature.
  • the actinide nitrides probably will decompose above 1000C.
  • the oxychlorides are in general prepared by hydrolysis with water vapor above 600C. so they are stable to at least 500C. 1
  • Enriched oxygen-16 is conveniently prepared by electrolysis of heavy water, D 0, which is enriched in the heavier oxygen isotopes. This heavy water process is followed by hydrogen sulfide exchange and then followed by distillation to yield a product containing 90% D 0. The 90% D 0 is then electrolyzed to produce 99.75% D 0. During electrolysis, the lighter O isotope comes off initially as a gas, the heavier oxygen isotopes concentrating during this production of D 0 by electrolysis. Using such a process H O is obtainable with a depleted content of 0.007% O and 0.007% O, with the balance O Oxygen-l6 is then conveniently obtained in gaseous form by electrolysis of this 0'- enriched water.
  • the plutonium trichloride is hydrolyzed in the vapor phase with O -enriched water to form PuO
  • the reaction that occurs is as follows:
  • the two solutions are then made to the same volume in the same size containers so that the ratio of the count rates observed with a neutron in a fixed geometry is the desired ratio of the neutron production rates.
  • the neutrons from the source solution are thermalized with paraffin so as to permit use of a boron trifluoride neutron detector. This detector is efficient to about 10 percent for neutrons entering the sensitive volume.
  • the cross-sectional area for the detector is selected to be about 20 cm For a desired count rate of 1,000 counts/min. from the solution of normal water, and a 3-cm thickness of paraffin, about 10 neutrons/min. is required of the radioisotope source.
  • the neutron source from an alpha-neutron reaction on oxygen is proportional principally to the 0 concentration.
  • the neutron source from an alpha-neutron reaction on oxygen is proportional principally to the 0 concentration.
  • a significant improvement in reducing the emission of secondary neutrons is obtained by using an O -enriched radioactive alphaemitting oxide.
  • the overall neutron source can be reduced by a factor of 16. But even with available O -enriched water, where the water is depleted to a content of 0.007% O and 0.007% 0 there is a reduction of total neutron emission by a factor of about 10, or a reduction in the secondary alpha-neutron source by a factor of about 27.
  • a reduction shield thickness to 5 inches is obtained by using the above available O -enriched source.
  • the 11-inch thick lithium hydride shield would weigh about 1000 pounds.
  • Pu o containing the enriched O S-inch thickshield weighs about 400 0 pounds, resulting in a saving in weight of 600 pounds. This reduction in weight is of course highly significant in a space mission.
  • a primary alpha-particle-emitting radiactive fuel material having a substantially reduced secondary neutron emission by an alpha-neutron reaction comprising a primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope combined with a component which includes a mixture of individual isotopes of a selected element containing a concentration therein in greater than its naturally occurring abundance of those ones of said individual isotopes which have a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the alpha particles emitted by said radioactive isotope whereby secondary neutron generation by said radioactive fuel by an alpha-neutron reaction is substantially reduced.
  • a fuel material according to claim ll selected from the class consisting of the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of plutonium-238, thorium- 228, uranium-232, curium-242, curium-244, and americium-24l and the oxide, nitride, and oxychloride of polonium-210, the electronegative component of the radioactive fuel material including a mixture of individual isotopes of an element selected from the class consisting of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine which contains a concentration therein in greater than its naturally occurring abundance of those ones of said individual isotopes having a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles.
  • a fuel material according to claim 2 selected from the class consisting of the oxides of plutonium-238, thorium-228, uranium-232, curium-242, curium-244, americium-24l, and polonium-210 wherein the O isotope of the oxygen component is present in a concentration therein in greater than its naturally occurring abundance.
  • a radioactive fuel material according to claim 3 consisting essentially of Pu o, wherein the oxygen component is substantially enriched in the O isotope.
  • a radioactive fuel material according to claim 3 consisting essentially of P 0 wherein the oxygen component is substantially enriched in the O" isotope.
  • a fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted by a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 4.
  • a fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted by a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 5.
  • the method of preparing a primary alpha-partiole-emitting radioactive fuel material selected from the class consisting of the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of plutonium, thorium, uranium, curium and americium, and the oxides, nitride, and oxychloride of polonium for an isotope fuel generator wherein secondary neutron generation by an alpha-neutron reaction is substantially reduced, comprising providing a first electronegative component for chemical combination with a second electropositive component consisting essentially of a primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope to form said radioactive fuel material of desired physical and metallurgical properties,
  • said first component including a mixture of individual isotopes of an element selected from the class consisting of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine which have different thresholds for the alpha-neutron reaction both less than and greater than the maximum energy of the alpha particles emitted by the radioactive isotope,
  • said mixture containing a concentration therein in greater than its naturally occurring abundance of those ones of said individual isotopes having a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles,
  • said second component consisting essentially of a primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope selected from the class consisting of p zsa 210 zzs 232 242 244 and z-ii to form said primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive fuel material selected from the class consisting of the oxides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of Fu Th U Cm cm, and Am and the oxide, nitride, and oxychloride of P0 and recovering said radioactive fuel material having a substantially reduced secondary neutron emission by an alpha-neutron reaction.
  • a primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope selected from the class consisting of p zsa 210 zzs 232 242 244 and z-ii
  • said primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive fuel material selected from the class consisting of the oxides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of Fu Th U

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Abstract

A primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive fuel material and a method for preparing it so that secondary neutron generation by an alpha-neutron reaction is substantially reduced. Those individual isotopes of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine which have a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles are selected for combination with the alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope to give the desired oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides.

Description

United tates Patent 1191 Kesltishian *E eb. 5, 1974 RADIOISOTOPE FUEL MATERIAL AND METHOD [75] Inventor: Vahe Keshishian, Sherman Oaks,
Calif.
[73] Assignee: Rockwell International Corporation, El Segundo, Calif.
[ Notice: The portion of the term of this patent subsequent to June 2, 1987, has been disclaimed.
[22] Filed: Jan. 13, 1971 211 Appl. No.: 106,071
Related US. Application Data [60] Continuation of Ser. No. 815,131, April 10, 1969, whichis a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 687,945, Oct. 25, 1967, which is a division of Ser. No. 464,702, June 17, 1965, Pat. No. 3,515,875.
[52] US. Cl 252/3011 R, 423/249, 423/250, 423/251, 423/252, 423/253, 136/202 [51] Int. Cl C01g 56/00 [58] Field of Search 252/30l.1 R; 23/343-347, 354-355; 136/202 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,420,640 l/l969 Porter 23/344 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Argo, et a1.; Neutron Emission by Polonium Oxide Layers, Nuc. Sci. Abs., Vol. 10, No. 11, Abs. No. 3648, 1956, p. 464.
TerentEv, Polonium Oxides, Nuc. Sci. Abs., Vol. 10, No. 17, 1956, p. 791.
Richter, Ceramic Tubes Developed For External Heat Sources, Nuc. Sci. Abs., Vol. 15, No. 18A, Abs. No. 23676, 1961 p. 3053.
Snap Programs, Nuc. Sci. Abs., Vol. 15, No. 10, 1961, Abs. No. 12652, p. 1620.
Madorsky, et al., Concentration of Isotopes of C1 by l the Counter-Current Electromigration Method, J. of Research, N.B.S Vol. 38, 1947, p. 185.
Kistemaker et al., Proc. of the lntemat. Symposium on Isotope Separation, 1958, pp. 158, 336, 337.
Calvin, et al., Isotopic Carbon, 1949, Wiley & Sons, p. 4.
Stable Isotopes, USAEC Publication, 1948.
Sheft, et al., Equilibrium in the Vapor-Phase Hydrolysis of Plutonium Trichloride, The Transuranium Elemen eiisfitawlfl llt1242 39 i11:8f17- Keshishian et al., Use of O with P to Reduce Neutron Yield, Trans. Am Nuc. Soc., Vol. 9, No. 1, 1966, p. 102.
Rutherford et al., Preparation of 0 Reduced in Masses 17 and 18, and Effecton Total Neutrons Emitted from PuO Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc., Vol. 9, No.2, 1966, p. 599-600.
McVey, Possible Requirements for Radioisotopes as Power Sources, Nuc. Sci. Abs., Vol. l5,'No. 21, 1961, Abs. No. 27914, p. 3600.
Primary Examiner-Carl D. Quarforth Assistant Examiner-R. L. Tate Attorney, Agent, or Firm-L. Lee Humphries; Henry Kolin [57] ABSTRACT A primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive fuel material and a method for preparing it so that secondary neutron generation by an alpha-neutron reaction is substantially reduced. Those individual isotopes of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine which have a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles are selected for combination with the alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope to give the desired oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides.
14 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure RADIOTSOTOPE FUEL MATERIAL AND METHOD CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 815,131, filed Apr. [0, 1969, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 687,945, filed Oct. 25, 1967, which is a division of application Ser. No. 464,702, filed June 17, 1965, now U. S. Pat. No. 3,515,875.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a radioactive fuel material and to a method for preparing such radioactive fuel material for a radioisotope generator. More particularly it relates to an alpha-particle-emitting fuel material for a radioisotope generator wherein neutron shielding requirements are substantially reduced compared with similar generators.
Radioisotope-powered generators are known. Such units are of particular interest for space missions for supplying the power needed by the instruments of the space vehicle. These generators are also of utility in situations where there is need for a remote, unattended, long-lived small power source that is relatively impervious to conditions and hazards of its environment. Such uses include earth-based ones such as navigational aids in remote areas, communication relay stations, forest warning equipment, ocean cable boosters, and the like. This invention is also of interest for use in pacemaker heart devices and artificial hearts which are of medical interest at present for prolonging the life of individuals with certain cardiac deficienies.
For space missions, particularly manned ones, shielding requirements against radiation contribute significantly to the overall weight of the space vehicle. Astronauts present in the vehicle would require shielding not only from external radiation but also from the radiation emitted by the isotopic power unit itself.
In general, isotopes which are alpha-particle emitters are preferred for fuel use in manned mission space flights because they are relatively easy to shield against, alpha radiation being the least penetrating of all. Exemplary of such a suitable isotopic fuel is plutonium-238. However, the alpha-particle-emitting isotopes are not ordinarily usable as fuel in elemental form, but are present in the form of their compounds, alloys and mixtures so as to provide an isotopic fuel with suitable properties with respect to melting point, hardness, ease of fabrication and handling, and other related physical and metallurgical characteristics.
While alpha-particle emission per se requires but minimal shielding, secondary radiation resulting from interaction of the primary alpha particle with material in the immediate vicinity of the isotope emitter accounts for a significant increase in shielding requirements. The most important secondary source of radiation requiring shielding arises from the alpha-neutron reaction in which an element is transmuted by absorption of an alpha particle, a neutron leaving the excited nucleus.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of this invention to provide an alphaparticle emitter and a method for preparing it whereby there results minimal secondary neutron generation.
In accordance with this invention a novel fuel material is provided having utility in a radioisotope generator which includes a fuel capsule and may include a radiation shield in cooperative relation therewith wherein the radioisotope fuel material is an alpha-particleemitting radioactive isotope combined with electronegative components which essentially have a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles. Thereby secondary neutron generation resulting from an alphaneutron reaction is substantially reduced, with a corresponding reduction in neutron-shielding requirements. While the radioisotope fuel provided by this invention would not necessarily require a formal shield against neutrons for use in a pacemaker heart device, the reduction of secondary neutron emission would still be of considerable importance.
Preferred as radioisotope fuel materials for use in the practice of this invention are alpha-emitting radioisotopes of the actinide series combined in molecular form with particular low atomic number electronegative elements, or with selected isotopes of these elements, which have a threshold energy for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the alpha particles emitted by the radioisotope. Particularly preferred as fuel material is radioactive plutonium oxide wherein the plutonium consists essentially of the plutonium238 isotope and the oxygen consists essentially of the oxygen-16 isotope substantially free of, or with only trace amounts of, the oxygen-l7 and oxygen- 18 isotopes. Ordinarily, plutonium-238 oxide will emit a primary neutron by spontaneous fission and about 15 times as many secondary neutrons by an alpha-neutron reaction with natural oxygen. Thus complete elimination of secondary neutrons will reduce overall neutron emission by a factor of 16.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING For a more complete understanding of the invention, reference is made to the sole FIGURE of the drawing showing a perspective view, partly in section, of an embodiment of a radioisotope generator suitable for use in practice of this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to the drawing, which is intended as illustrative and not restrictive of the present invention, a simplified view of a radioisotope generator 1 is shown from which its principal components may be seen. An outer shell 2, usually in the form of a thin cylindrical can of metal, protects the internal components from contamination and may serve as a heat radiator where required. A radiation shield 3 is required to provide safety requirements in handling the generator during launch and following impact and also to protect astronauts present in the space vehicle during manned space flights. These shields are of high density and prevent the emission of primary and secondary radiation. Exemplary of such shields are lead, depleted uranium, and cast iron. Low density neutron shields such as lithium hydride are also required. These shields all contribute considerably to the weight of the radioisotope generator. This increase in shielding weight is a major disadvantage for space missions. Where the minimizing of shielding weight is a primary consideration, it is preferred to use radioisotopes which are alpha-radiation emitters, since alpha radiation is the least penetrating of all and requires minimal shielding provided no secondary radiation of a penetrating nature occurs.
An energy converter section 4 is used to transform part of the isotope decay heat into electricity. This may consist of an array of thermoelectric elements or thermionic converters. At the heart of the generator is the energy source, shown as a fuel capsule 5 in which a radioisotopic fuel material 6 is enclosed by a capsule wall 7.
The radioisotope generator may be of any desired shape, cylindrical shapes or spherical shapes being more common. In one type of assembly, the energy converters are placed around a space reserved for the fuel capsule. The shield is then wrapped around the converters. The outer shell, except for an end left open for fuel insertion, is soldered or welded around the shield. The fuel capsule is then usually inserted by remote control for safety reasons, and the last piece of the outer shell is then sealed in place. Almost all of the nuclear particles emitted by the decaying radioisotopic fuel are absorbed inside the fuel capable. During the absorption process, the fast nuclear particles collide with the atoms in the fuel capsule, causing them to move more violently and thus raise the capsule temperature. The kinetic energy of the particles is thereby converted to heat. Generally about 5 to 10 percent of the total heat flow, shown by directional arrows, is converted into electricity. The remaining heat energy produced by the fuel flows into the outer shell from where it is radiated or conducted to a surrounding environment.
Because of the physical and metallurgical requirements for the fuel material, an alpha-particle-emitting isotope cannot ordinarily be used in the pure elemental form. For example, Pu has a melting point ranging from 120C. to 640C, depending upon the particular crystalline structure. Whereas, in the form of PuC its melting point is 1654C.; PuO melts at 2282C PuN 2450C. Similarly, high melting points are shown for ThO 3050 C, ThC 2655 0., U02 2500 0., UN 2630C. Thus the isotopic materials will ordinarily and preferably be used in the form of their molecular compounds, alloys, or non-stoichiometric mixtures.
It is an essential feature of this invention that secondary neutron generation resulting from an alphaneutron reaction is substantially reduced by selecting the electronegative component that is combined with the alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope to have a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction that is greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles. Generally a threshold above about 5.6 Mev is required, this threshold value varying somewhat depending upon the particular alpha-particle-emitting source.
The selection of the particular alpha-particleemitting radioactive isotope and its combining component will be determined by many factors. As mentioned, metallurgical and physical properties play a primary role. Also of importance is compatibility of the fuel material with cladding materials, as well as its chemical stability, availability and cost. Where a space mission of brief duration is contemplated, an isotope such as polonium-ZlO which has a half-life of 138 days may be suitable; whereas for a Mars mission, which would require approximately two years, a longer-lived isotope, such as plutonium-238, which has a half-life of years, would be required. Also the choice of isotope would be governed in part by the relative freedom of the alpha-particle-emitting isotope from other primary radiation emission such as gamma rays and neutrons.
The alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotopes of the actinide series are generally preferred in the practice of this invention. Exemplary of suitable alpha-partic1e-emitting isotopes are: Pu Th U Cm Cm and Am, and also P0 Pu is advantageous for use as an alpha-particle-emitting radioactive source because of its long half-life and the relatively small amounts of gamma rays and neutrons which are also primarily emitted. Thus shielding requirements are considerably minimized. Examples of electronegative components with which the electropositive alpha-particle-emitting isotopes may be combined, either as molecular compounds, alloys, or non-stoichiometric mixtures, are oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides. Preferred fuel materials for the practice of this invention are the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides and oxychlorides of the alpha-particle-emitting radioisotopes of the actinide series, e.g., Pu Th U Cm Cm and Am as well as the oxide, nitride, and oxychloride of P0 In Table I is shown the threshold energy for the alpha-neutron reaction for the relatively light weight natural isotopes. The relative abundance of these natural isotopes is also shown.
TABLE 1 Threshold Energies for Alpha-Neutron Reactlons in Natural Isotopes from Li to Ni Threshold Energy for Isotope Abundance (01,71) Reaction (Mev) Li 7. 4.85 Li 92.6 5.25 Be 0 (0 [305.) B 18.8 0 (Q pos.) B 81.2 0.22 (3' 98.9 1 1.25 C 1.1 0(0 pos.) N 99.62 6.1 N 0.38 8.15 0' 99.76 15.2 0" 0.04 O (Q pos.) 0' 0.20 0.86 F 100.0 2.35 Ne 90.52 6.7 Ne 0.27 0 (Q pos.) N6 9.21 8.52 Na 100.0 3.47 Mg 78.6 8.37 Mg 10.1 0(Q pos.) M 11.3 0 (Q POS.) Al 100.0 3.05 Si 92.3 8.25 Si 4.7 1.72 Si 3.0 3.95 P 100.0 6.58 :12 95.1 9.77 S 0.74 0.75 s" 4.2 5.06 5" 0.0136 3.40 C1 75.4 6.52 C1 24.6 4.28 A 99.632 4.28 K 93.1 7.77 K 6.9 3.72 Ca" 96.97 No data Ca 0.64 6.58 Ca 0.145 0 (0 pos.) Ca 0.0033 0.25 Ca 0.185 0.15 Sc 100.0 2.45 Ti 7.94 4.75 Ti 7.75 0.38 Ti 73.45 2.92 Ti 5.52 0 (Q p05.) Ti 5.34 1.92 V 0.23 0.20 V 100.0 2.45
TABLE I- Continued cr= 4.49 h 530' Cr 83.78 3.85 Mn 100.0 3.80 Fe 5.81 5.95 Fe 91.64 543 Fe 2.21 1.4 Fe 0.34 3.84 Co 100.0 5.42 Ni 67.7 10.36 Ni 26.2 8.1 Ni 1.2 4.17 Ni 3.7 6.8 Ni 1.2 4.9
' In accordance with the teaching of this invention, the I electro-negative component forming the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides will include a mixture of the individual stable isotopes of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine, these individual isotopes having different thresholds for the alphaneutron reaction both less than and greater than the maximum energy of the alpha particles emitted by the radioactive isotope. However, this mixture is treated to contain a concentration in greater than its naturally occurring abundance of those ones of the individual isotopes which have a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles, i.e., O, C", N, Si, and C1 Hence, by reacting the electronegative component containing the concentrated isotope with the electropositive component containing the alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope, the formed primary alpha-particleemitting radioactive fuel material will have substantially reduced secondary neutron generation as a result of an alpha-neutron reaction. If the alpha-emitting isotope is used in the form of its carbide, e.g., uranium carbide, the C isotope would be eliminated by chemical or physical treatment either prior to or subsequent to the formation of the compound so that the carbide would be substantially free of the C isotope and would consist almost exclusively of the C isotope, e.g., U C. Thereby, since the threshold energy of the C" isotope is l 1.25 Mev (Table I), no alpha-neutron reaction would occur and secondary neutron emission would be substantially reduced or eliminated. Similarly, if plutonium oxide (PuO were used, the radioactive fuel would consist essentially of Pu O since the threshold energy of 0 required for the alphaneutron reaction is 15.2 Mev; whereas the threshold energy of the O and O isotopes is considerably less. This radioisotope fuel, Pu 0 is particularly preferred therefore in the practice of this invention because of its elimination of secondary neutron generation as well as its desirable chemical and physical properties.
Generally, the desired electronegative isotope will be enriched in greater than its naturally occurring abundance prior to formation of the desired fuel. Thereby, standard chemical reactions which are well known in the art can then be used to prepare the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of the desired alpha-particle-emitting radioisotopes of the actinide metals, and the oxide, nitride and oxychloride of polonium. The enriched electronegative isotopes of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon and chlorine are either available in the form of directly usable compounds, or can readily be converted to usable compounds by standard chemical reactions.
The stable isotopes of the elements of the electronegative component that are utilized for compound formation are not only selected from the class of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine isotopes, but also will have present in greater than its naturally occurring abundance those individual isotopes of these electronegative elements which have a threshold for the alphaneutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles. Referring to Table l, it is seen that the electronegative component would therefore be concentrated in the following isotopes: 0 C, N, Si and Cl.
The following enriched isotopes are available from the isotopes Development Center of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, operated by Union Carbide Corporation for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission: carbon-l2 in inventory form as elemental carbon in an isotopic abundance of greater than 99.9 percent (natu-. rally occurring abundance 98.892 percent); chlorine- 35 in the form of NaCl in an isotopic abundance of .sfi t n 9.8. P res! llrssquidn .a atedance 75.529 percent); silicon-28 in the form of SiO in an isotopic abundance of greater than 98 percent {naturally occurring abundance 9 2. 2 l percent). g
; Oxygen-16 is obtainable in the form of O -enricli e d viater or -enriched oxygen gas. Water enriched in a the oxygen-16 isotope is obtainable from Volklsotopes, Westwood, New Jersey, with a depleted content of 0.007 percent 0 and 0.007 pe r c e nt Q the balance 0'. Oxygenl 6 is conveniently obtained in tablishment, Harwell, England. The principal reaction NISOUI) INmln) q ta) Sumln) Other methods are ammonia-ammonium ion exchange reactions and distillation of NO.
Various standard chemical reactions may be utilized for preparing the desired oxides, carbides, nitrides, sili- .cides, and oxychlorides. Americium metal forms the same compounds with electronegative elements of Group lll to Vll as do the other actinides. The pink sesquioxide Am O and the black dioxide AmO are known, as well as a number of non-stoichiometric oxides. The dioxide may be obtained by ignition of americium compounds in oxygen-l6 gas.
Polonium oxide can be prepared by reacting the metal with oxygen-l6 gas at 250C. according to the reaction Po 0 P00 This method for the preparation of the oxide is reported by M. l-laissinsky in Polonium" MLIVl-l (tr)(1964), Mound Laboratories, Miamisburg, Ohio. Thorium and plutonium oxides can be prepared by the same reaction except at a higher temperature, 700C.
Thorium and plutonium carbides can be prepared by arc-melting the metals with carbon-l2, which is the form supplied by Oak Ridge. The reactions are M C MC where M is plutonium or thorium.
The carbides of americium and of curium may be similarly prepared since both metals have been prepared in macco (multigram) amounts. See L. B. Asprey et al The Chemistry of the Actinides Chem. and Eng. News, pages 75-91 (July 31, 1967). Since americium and curium from some of their other reactions are seen to react like true actinides, a straightforward preparation of the carbides would be to arc-melt the metal with the carbon-12 available from Oak Ridge. The reactions are Am +C AmC and Cm+C CmC which take place rapidly above the melting point of the carbide. Another standard procedure is to hydride the metals mix with carbon, press and sinter. The reactions are Am +l-l AmH Ami-l C AmC H 1 and Cm H CmH The preparation of americium nitride has been reported by K. Akimoto in J. Inorg. and Nuclear Chem, Vol. 29, pages 2650-2652 (1967) by the reaction AmH N11,, 53 7- AmN 2.5H Utilizing this reaction the hydridesof americium and curium may be reacted with ammonia which is supplied 99% enriched in I the nitrogen-15 isotope to form the respective nitrides as follows:
AmH NH; AmN 2.5H
CmH NH;, CmN 2.5H
Thorium and plutonium nitride can be prepared by reacting the metals with ammonia which is supplied containing nitrogen-15. The reactions are Pu NH PuN 1.511;.
and
7 form in which the enriched silicon-28 isotope is available from Oak Ridge, the reaction M0 SiO 4C MSi 4COT which is carried out at elevated temperature in vacuum can be utilized. Also, the SiO can be converted to the metal by the reactions sio 4111 sir, 21 1 0 and sin, 4Na Si 4NaF The product silicon-28 can then be arc-melted with the metal actinide M+Si MSi as described in the General Procedure and Monthly Progress Report, ANL 6658 (1962), Argonne National Laboratories, Argonne, Illinois.
The preparation of americium oxychloride is described by G. T. Seaborg and J. J. Katz in The Actinide Elements, New York, McGraw-l-lill, 1954, page 513, utilizing the vapor phase hydrolysis of AmCl Alternatively, to prepare AmOCl and CmOCl, HCl gas is prepared from NaCl, which is supplied by Oak Ridge with enriched C1 by the reaction Nacl H2504 NEH-I HClm Then the reaction AM (in solution) 3(OH) *Am(OH) would be carried out followed by Am(OH 3l-lCl AmCl 3H O using the enriched l-ICl gas. The hydrolysis reaction would then be carried out using water prepared from oxygen-16,
AmCl H O AmOCl 2HCl according to the procedure outlined above. The same reaction would be used to prepare CmOCl.
Plutonium oxychloride can be prepared by the following sequence of reactions:
7 using HCl enriched in chlorine-35.
PuCl H O PuOCl ZHCI using H O enriched in oxygen-16. In the case of thorium, the reactions are Th (in soln) 40H- Th(OH) Th(OH) 4HC1 ThCl 4H O The ThCl is then heated with water vapor ThCl H O ThOCl ZHCL to give the product.
All of the thorium and plutonium compounds are discussed in The Actinide Elements, supra.
Polonium oxychloride PoOCl has been referred to in Nuclear Science Abstracts, Vol. 19, pages 24524 (1965).
in general, the oxides, carbides and silicides of the actinides are high melting, or stable to high temperature. ThO melts at -3000C., PuO is stable to 1000C. but apparently converts to a lower oxide above 1000. Am O and Cm O are probably stable to at least 2000C. ThC melts at 2650C. PuC decomposes above 1650C. and AmC and CmC should be stable to at least this temperature. PuSi is stable at 1500C. so the other silicides should also be stable to this temperature. The actinide nitrides probably will decompose above 1000C. The oxychlorides are in general prepared by hydrolysis with water vapor above 600C. so they are stable to at least 500C. 1
Maximum benefits in reducing shielding requirements are obtained where there is present as combining EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Enriched Oxygen-16 Enriched oxygen-16 is conveniently prepared by electrolysis of heavy water, D 0, which is enriched in the heavier oxygen isotopes. This heavy water process is followed by hydrogen sulfide exchange and then followed by distillation to yield a product containing 90% D 0. The 90% D 0 is then electrolyzed to produce 99.75% D 0. During electrolysis, the lighter O isotope comes off initially as a gas, the heavier oxygen isotopes concentrating during this production of D 0 by electrolysis. Using such a process H O is obtainable with a depleted content of 0.007% O and 0.007% O, with the balance O Oxygen-l6 is then conveniently obtained in gaseous form by electrolysis of this 0'- enriched water.
EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Pu o a. By reaction with Plutonium Metal Plutonium metal is produced on a continuous basis by electrolysis. The plutonium metal is then heated in 0' gas at a temperature of 400C. to form PuO b. From Plutonium Oxide by Hydrofluorination PuO containing nautral oxygen and prepared by low firing at a temperature below 480C. is converted to PuF by hydrofluorination at 450C. The PuF is reduced to Pu metal by reaction with calcium and iodine. The Pu metal is transferred to a closed system and converted to PuO as above described.
0. From Plutonium Oxide by Treatment with Phosgene Plutonium oxide containing natural oxygen is heated at 400C. with phosgene to convert it to plutonium trichloride. The chloride is then reduced with calcium and iodine to form plutonium metal which is then converted to PuO by reaction with 0 gas as above described.
d. From Plutonium Trichloride.
The plutonium trichloride is hydrolyzed in the vapor phase with O -enriched water to form PuO The reaction that occurs is as follows:
PuCl 2H O PuO 3HC1+ rl-l EXAMPLE 3 Decreased Neutron Yield from Alpha-Neutron Reaction Two samples of radioactive polonium-2l0 are compared. The samples are obtained as PoCL, deposited on glass. One sample is dissolved in distilled water containing oxygen of natural abundance (99.759% 0*, 0.037%0", 0.204%0) and the other in water enriched in O (.007% O", 0.007% 0, balance 0"). A
small amount of l-lCl is added to both solutions to prevent deposition of Po on the walls of the container. The two solutions are then made to the same volume in the same size containers so that the ratio of the count rates observed with a neutron in a fixed geometry is the desired ratio of the neutron production rates. The neutrons from the source solution are thermalized with paraffin so as to permit use of a boron trifluoride neutron detector. This detector is efficient to about 10 percent for neutrons entering the sensitive volume. The cross-sectional area for the detector is selected to be about 20 cm For a desired count rate of 1,000 counts/min. from the solution of normal water, and a 3-cm thickness of paraffin, about 10 neutrons/min. is required of the radioisotope source. One curie of P0 WlllEQdBEQlrlQ 9 1Z!. ir!-. s n Curie of P021 for each of the samples, approximately 11W) counts/min. is obtained for the solution of normal water and approximately 1,000/30 or about 30 counts/min. for the D -enriched water (i.e., O depleted water by a factor of 30). Polonium-2l0 emits alpha particles with an energy of 5.3 Mev, compared with 5.5 Mev for Pu According to the data of SERDIUKOVA et al., Investigation of the (01,11) Reaction on Oxygen, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR (Phys. ser.) Vol. 21, p. 1018 (1957), the neutron source from an alpha-neutron reaction on oxygen is proportional principally to the 0 concentration. In the present process, by depleting both the O and O isotopes, a significant improvement in reducing the emission of secondary neutrons is obtained by using an O -enriched radioactive alphaemitting oxide.
Where pure P11 0 is used, with the O and O isotopes of oxygen completely eliminated, the overall neutron source can be reduced by a factor of 16. But even with available O -enriched water, where the water is depleted to a content of 0.007% O and 0.007% 0 there is a reduction of total neutron emission by a factor of about 10, or a reduction in the secondary alpha-neutron source by a factor of about 27. Thus in one design where an 1 l-inch thick lithium hydride neutron shield for a Pu oxide isotope source is required using natural oxygen a reduction shield thickness to 5 inches is obtained by using the above available O -enriched source. Thus for a space vehicle using as isotope source P11 0, containing normal oxygen, the 11-inch thick lithium hydride shield would weigh about 1000 pounds. With Pu o containing the enriched O S-inch thickshield weighs about 400 0 pounds, resulting in a saving in weight of 600 pounds. This reduction in weight is of course highly significant in a space mission.
While the principles of the invention have been described above in connection with specific materials and processes, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation to the scope of the invention as set forth in the objects thereof and in the accompanying claims.
I claim:
11. A primary alpha-particle-emitting radiactive fuel material having a substantially reduced secondary neutron emission by an alpha-neutron reaction comprising a primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope combined with a component which includes a mixture of individual isotopes of a selected element containing a concentration therein in greater than its naturally occurring abundance of those ones of said individual isotopes which have a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the alpha particles emitted by said radioactive isotope whereby secondary neutron generation by said radioactive fuel by an alpha-neutron reaction is substantially reduced.
2. A fuel material according to claim ll selected from the class consisting of the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of plutonium-238, thorium- 228, uranium-232, curium-242, curium-244, and americium-24l and the oxide, nitride, and oxychloride of polonium-210, the electronegative component of the radioactive fuel material including a mixture of individual isotopes of an element selected from the class consisting of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine which contains a concentration therein in greater than its naturally occurring abundance of those ones of said individual isotopes having a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles.
3. A fuel material according to claim 2 selected from the class consisting of the oxides of plutonium-238, thorium-228, uranium-232, curium-242, curium-244, americium-24l, and polonium-210 wherein the O isotope of the oxygen component is present in a concentration therein in greater than its naturally occurring abundance.
4. A radioactive fuel material according to claim 3 consisting essentially of Pu o, wherein the oxygen component is substantially enriched in the O isotope.
5. A radioactive fuel material according to claim 3 consisting essentially of P 0 wherein the oxygen component is substantially enriched in the O" isotope.
6. A fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted by a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 1.
7. A fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted by a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 2.
8. A fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted by a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 3.
9. A fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted by a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 4.
10. A fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted by a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 5.
ill. The method of preparing a primary alpha-partiole-emitting radioactive fuel material selected from the class consisting of the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of plutonium, thorium, uranium, curium and americium, and the oxides, nitride, and oxychloride of polonium for an isotope fuel generator wherein secondary neutron generation by an alpha-neutron reaction is substantially reduced, comprising providing a first electronegative component for chemical combination with a second electropositive component consisting essentially of a primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope to form said radioactive fuel material of desired physical and metallurgical properties,
said first component including a mixture of individual isotopes of an element selected from the class consisting of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine which have different thresholds for the alpha-neutron reaction both less than and greater than the maximum energy of the alpha particles emitted by the radioactive isotope,
said mixture containing a concentration therein in greater than its naturally occurring abundance of those ones of said individual isotopes having a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles,
chemically reacting the concentrated first component with said second component consisting essentially of a primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope selected from the class consisting of p zsa 210 zzs 232 242 244 and z-ii to form said primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive fuel material selected from the class consisting of the oxides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of Fu Th U Cm cm, and Am and the oxide, nitride, and oxychloride of P0 and recovering said radioactive fuel material having a substantially reduced secondary neutron emission by an alpha-neutron reaction.
12. The method according to claim 11 wherein an oxygen component having a natural distribution or the oxygen isotopes oxygen-l6, oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 therein is depleted in its oxygen-l7 and oxygen-l 8 content to form an oxygen component substantially enriched in the oxygen-l6 isotope, and the enriched component is reacted with a plutonium-238 radioactive isotope to form a radioactive plutonium oxide fuel material wherein said oxide is substantially enriched in the oxygen-16 isotope.
13. The method according to claim 12 wherein said radioactive plutonium oxide fuel material consists essentially of Pu O 14. The method according to claim 12 wherein Pu Cl is hydrolyzed in the vapor phase with 0 enriched water to form a plutonium oxide fuel material consisting essentially of Pu O zg g .UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF v CORECTION Patent No. 3, 909% Dated February 5, 1974 Inventor(e) Vahe Ke shishian It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
r- Column 3, line 22 "capable" should read --capsule-- Column 8, the formula on line 3 L should read:
Pu(OH) SE01 --0 1 1101 31-1 0 Column 9, line 1 "table" should read --stable-- line 2 "haa" should read --has a--.
Column 10, line 61 "radiactive" should read --radioactive-- Signed and sealed this 16th day of July 1974.
Attest:
MCCOY M. GIBSON, JR. 7 C. MARSHALL DANN Attesting Office-r Commissioner of Patents $323330 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3,790,M+o Dated February 5, 197 4 Inventor(s) Vahe Ke shishian It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
Column 3, line 22 "capable" should read --capsule-- Column 8, the formula on line 3 should read:
P I OH HCl PuCl H 0 Column 9, line 1 "table" should read --stable--; line 2 "haa" should read --has a--.
Column 10, line 61 "radiactive" should read -radioactive- 'Signed and sealed this 16th day of July 1974.
(SEAL) Attest:
McCOY M. GIBSON, JR. 2 I C. MARSHALL DANN Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents

Claims (13)

  1. 2. A fuel material according to claim 1 selected from the class consisting of the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of plutonium-238, thorium-228, uranium-232, curium-242, curium-244, and americium-241, and the oxide, nitride, and oxychloride of polonium-210, the electronegative component of the radioactive fuel material including a mixture of individual isotopes of an element selected from the class consisting of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine which contains a concentration therein in greater than its naturally occurring abundance of those ones of said individual isotopes having a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles.
  2. 3. A fuel material according to claim 2 selected from the class consisting of the oxides of plutonium-238, thorium-228, uranium-232, curium-242, curium-244, americium-241, and polonium-210 wherein the O16 isotope of the oxygen component is present in a concentration therein in greater than its naturally occurring abundance.
  3. 4. A radioactive fuel material according to claim 3 consisting essentially of Pu238O2 wherein the oxygen component is substantially enriched in the O16 isotope.
  4. 5. A radioactive fuel material according to claim 3 consisting essentially of Po210O2 wherein the oxygen component is substantially enriched in the O16 isotope.
  5. 6. A fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted by a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 1.
  6. 7. A fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted bY a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 2.
  7. 8. A fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted by a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 3.
  8. 9. A fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted by a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 4.
  9. 10. A fuel capsule heat source wherein the kinetic energy of nuclear particles emitted by a decaying radioisotope fuel contained therein is converted to thermal energy, the radioactive fuel material being as set forth in claim 5.
  10. 11. The method of preparing a primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive fuel material selected from the class consisting of the oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of plutonium, thorium, uranium, curium and americium, and the oxides, nitride, and oxychloride of polonium for an isotope fuel generator wherein secondary neutron generation by an alpha-neutron reaction is substantially reduced, comprising providing a first electronegative component for chemical combination with a second electropositive component consisting essentially of a primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope to form said radioactive fuel material of desired physical and metallurgical properties, said first component including a mixture of individual isotopes of an element selected from the class consisting of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and chlorine which have different thresholds for the alpha-neutron reaction both less than and greater than the maximum energy of the alpha particles emitted by the radioactive isotope, said mixture containing a concentration therein in greater than its naturally occurring abundance of those ones of said individual isotopes having a threshold for the alpha-neutron reaction greater than the maximum energy of the emitted alpha particles, chemically reacting the concentrated first component with said second component consisting essentially of a primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive isotope selected from the class consisting of Pu238, Po210, Th228, U232, Cm242, Cm244, and Am241 to form said primary alpha-particle-emitting radioactive fuel material selected from the class consisting of the oxides, nitrides, silicides, and oxychlorides of Pu238, Th228, U232, Cm242, Cm244, and Am241 and the oxide, nitride, and oxychloride of Po210, and recovering said radioactive fuel material having a substantially reduced secondary neutron emission by an alpha-neutron reaction.
  11. 12. The method according to claim 11 wherein an oxygen component having a natural distribution or the oxygen isotopes oxygen-16, oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 therein is depleted in its oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 content to form an oxygen component substantially enriched in the oxygen-16 isotope, and the enriched component is reacted with a plutonium-238 radioactive isotope to form a radioactive plutonium oxide fuel material wherein said oxide is substantially enriched in the oxygen-16 isotope.
  12. 13. The method according to claim 12 wherein said radioactive plutonium oxide fuel material consists essentially of Pu238O216.
  13. 14. The method according to claim 12 wherein Pu238Cl3 is hydrolyzed in the vapor phase with O16 enriched water to form a plutonium oxide fuel material consisting essentially of Pu238O216.
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WO1999010895A1 (en) * 1997-08-26 1999-03-04 Richard John Ellis Order charge separation and order-charge type separation
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US20030223530A1 (en) * 2002-03-11 2003-12-04 Urenco Nederland B.V. Method of providing a nuclear fuel and a fuel element provided by such a method
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US9799414B2 (en) 2010-09-03 2017-10-24 Atomic Energy Of Canada Limited Nuclear fuel bundle containing thorium and nuclear reactor comprising same
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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3976748A (en) * 1972-10-09 1976-08-24 Alkem Gmbh Process for the production of 238 Pu 16 O2
WO1999010895A1 (en) * 1997-08-26 1999-03-04 Richard John Ellis Order charge separation and order-charge type separation
GB2343786A (en) * 1997-08-26 2000-05-17 Richard John Ellis Order charge separation and order-charge type separation
GB2343786B (en) * 1997-08-26 2002-08-21 Richard John Ellis Order charge separation and order-charge type separation
US6365822B1 (en) 2000-11-24 2002-04-02 Teledyne Energy Systems Power system having a radioisotope heat source
US20110150166A1 (en) * 2002-03-11 2011-06-23 Urenco Nederland B.V. Method of providing a nuclear fuel and a fuel element provided by such a method
US7187744B2 (en) * 2002-03-11 2007-03-06 Urenco Nederland B.V. Method of providing a nuclear fuel and a fuel element provided by such a method
US20030223530A1 (en) * 2002-03-11 2003-12-04 Urenco Nederland B.V. Method of providing a nuclear fuel and a fuel element provided by such a method
US7978808B1 (en) 2002-03-11 2011-07-12 Urenco Nederland B.V. Method of providing a nuclear fuel and a fuel element provided by such a method
US20050286676A1 (en) * 2004-06-29 2005-12-29 Lahoda Edward J Use of isotopically enriched nitride in actinide fuel in nuclear reactors
US20060251206A1 (en) * 2004-06-29 2006-11-09 Westinghouse Electric Company, Llc Use of isotopically enriched actinide fuel in nuclear reactors
US9799414B2 (en) 2010-09-03 2017-10-24 Atomic Energy Of Canada Limited Nuclear fuel bundle containing thorium and nuclear reactor comprising same
US10176898B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2019-01-08 Atomic Energy Of Canada Limited Nuclear fuel containing a neutron absorber
US10950356B2 (en) 2010-11-15 2021-03-16 Atomic Energy Of Canada Limited Nuclear fuel containing recycled and depleted uranium, and nuclear fuel bundle and nuclear reactor comprising same
JP2020030076A (en) * 2018-08-21 2020-02-27 国立研究開発法人宇宙航空研究開発機構 Generator and application method of the same

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