US3762972A - Reaction product of phosphine oxide with carboxylic acids - Google Patents
Reaction product of phosphine oxide with carboxylic acids Download PDFInfo
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- US3762972A US3762972A US00851137A US3762972DA US3762972A US 3762972 A US3762972 A US 3762972A US 00851137 A US00851137 A US 00851137A US 3762972D A US3762972D A US 3762972DA US 3762972 A US3762972 A US 3762972A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- reaction product
- propellant
- phosphine oxide
- binder
- acid
- Prior art date
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- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 title abstract description 38
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 5
- AUONHKJOIZSQGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxophosphane Chemical compound P=O AUONHKJOIZSQGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 14
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 abstract description 42
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 21
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- YFUNDTIYMJBNTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N aziridin-1-ylphosphane Chemical compound PN1CC1 YFUNDTIYMJBNTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 42
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 16
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 12
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 9
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 7
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000004069 aziridinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 5
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WYFRCNZIOOYQHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N N1(CC1)[PH2]=O Chemical class N1(CC1)[PH2]=O WYFRCNZIOOYQHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
- 239000001630 malic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000011090 malic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- WKGDNXBDNLZSKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxido(phenyl)phosphanium Chemical compound O=[PH2]c1ccccc1 WKGDNXBDNLZSKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MPQXHAGKBWFSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxidophosphanium Chemical class [PH3]=O MPQXHAGKBWFSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- MDDUHVRJJAFRAU-YZNNVMRBSA-N tert-butyl-[(1r,3s,5z)-3-[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy-5-(2-diphenylphosphorylethylidene)-4-methylidenecyclohexyl]oxy-dimethylsilane Chemical compound C1[C@@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C[C@H](O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=C)\C1=C/CP(=O)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 MDDUHVRJJAFRAU-YZNNVMRBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000169624 Casearia sylvestris Species 0.000 description 1
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001279 adipic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZFMQKOWCDKKBIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(3,5-difluorophenyl)phosphane Chemical compound FC1=CC(F)=CC(PC=2C=C(F)C=C(F)C=2)=C1 ZFMQKOWCDKKBIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanate group Chemical group [N-]=C=O IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010399 physical interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012255 powdered metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
- C07F9/44—Amides thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
- C06B23/001—Fillers, gelling and thickening agents (e.g. fibres), absorbents for nitroglycerine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
- C06B45/18—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component
- C06B45/30—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component the component base containing an inorganic explosive or an inorganic thermic component
- C06B45/32—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component the component base containing an inorganic explosive or an inorganic thermic component the coating containing an organic compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07F9/564—Three-membered rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/67—Unsaturated compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/69—Polymers of conjugated dienes
Definitions
- the propellant grain usually has an internal perforation parallel to the longest axis of the motor case. Since the propellant and the metal case are bonded together, and since the coefficients of thermal expansion of metal and propellant differ greatly, and since the metal case is rigid, lowering the temperature of the motor induces strain in the propellant proportional to the amount of temperature change. Such strain is usually greatest at the surface of the internal perforation of the propellant grain. If such strain exceeds the strain capability of the propellant, the grain will crack open and thus expose more surface for burning upon ignition. The motor is a hazard in such condition, and must be discarded. Thus it is extremely important that the propellant have ample strain capability to withstand such strains as may be imposed.
- a still further object of this invention is to provide a reaction product that can be crosslinked with other binder ingredients to increase the strain capability of the solid propellant composition.
- a binder type reaction product is produced by reacting in the presence of an organic solvent dior trifunctional aziridinyl phosphine oxides or their derivatives with organic molecules which are polyfunctional with respect to carboxyl groups and which also contain an alkyl structure that may contain one or more hydroxyl groups.
- the reaction product is used to coat oxidizer material such as ammonium perchlorate or in a propellant composition that contains ammonium perchlorate.
- oxidizer material such as ammonium perchlorate or in a propellant composition that contains ammonium perchlorate.
- the active hydrogen atoms of the reaction product are linked to the rest of the binder ingredients during the cure of the propellant to increase the strain capability of the propellant.
- the binder cure reactions are usually between hydroxyl groups and isocyanate groups to form a urethane linkage, although other groups may be used in curing without affecting the usefulness of the invention. Examples of such other groups are active hydrogen containing groups such as amine and thiol.
- X eprese n a ns s a 9 the t i and Q and Q are either hydrogen or alkyl groups of one to four carbon atoms (Q, and 0: may be the same or different), X may be the same as X, or may be an organic radical such as phenyl, benzyl, methyl, ethyl, etc., R is an alkyl that contains at least one active hydrogen atom or an organic entity of molecules that contain one or more hydroxyl groups, and n is 2, 3, or 4. Since both reactants are polyfunctional, the reaction product must necessarily be a mixture of compounds. However, the nominal structure may be represented by the following general formula:
- the optimum amounts of reactants are such that essentially all carboxyl groups in (II) are reacted and nominally one aziridine group in (I) is reacted. Thus one mole of (I) is required for each carboxyl equivalent of (II).
- the use of less than one mole of (I) per carboxyl equivalent of (II) will result in a polymeric form of (III), while the use of more than one mole of (I) per carboxyl equivalent of (II) will result in essentially (III) plus unreacted (I).
- Such variations from the optimum ratio of (I) to (II) can be tolerated to a certain extent without seriously affecting the effectiveness of the invention.
- a second acid (IV) may be used of the same general formula as (ll) except that no hydroxyl groups are contained in its structure.
- (II) and (IV) can be mixed in any desired proportion prior to reacting with (I), with the optimum amount of reactants being one mole of (I) per the sum of the carboxyl equivalents of (II) and IV).
- the reaction product is produced by dissolving the reactants in a suitable inert solvent such as methanol, ethanol, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, or mixtures of these. It has been found to be preferable that methanol or ethanol comprise at least a part of the solvent.
- Reaction temperature is not critical, and may range from 70F to 200F for such time as is needed for essentially all carboxyl groups in (II) [and (IV) if used] to be reacted.
- the solvent is then removed by any suitable means, such as evaporation under vacuum at elevated temperatures. The residue is the reaction product which is usually straw-colored and quite viscous.
- reaction product enhances the mechanical properties of such a propellant
- the ammonium perchlorate catalyzes the homopolymerization of the remaining aziridine rings in the reaction product, thus linking the molecules together in a highly cross-linked network structure.
- the film of the reaction product on the AP surfaces becomes a hard, tear-resistant layer which adheres strongly to the surface, and which can react chemically with the curative through the active hydrogen atoms which are contained in the structure of the reaction product.
- a propellant when stressed after cure, must fail in large part by tearing the binder rather than by separation of the binder from the filler particles. As stated earlier, this is very desirable, and imparts greatly increased strain capability and tensile strength to the propellant, thus the invention accomplishes the desired objectives. Specific examples of the invention are given below:
- EXAMPLE I 21.5 grams (0.10 moles of tris-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide and 7.5 grams (0.10 equivalent) of tartaric acid were dissolved in 200 ml of methanol. The solution was kept at room temperature (about F) for 3 days, at which time essentially all carboxyl groups in the tartaric acid were reacted, as evidenced by infrared spectra and titration. The methanol was removed under 0.1 mm vacuum at 70C to a constant weight.
- This reaction product (A) was added in the amount of 0.3 percent by weight of the total to a propellant mix consisting of 68 percent by weight ammonium perchlorate of which half was 17 micron nominal diameter, and half was 200 micron nominal diameter, 16 percent by weight of a powdered metal fuel (alumimum), and 16 percent by weight of binder ingredients of which the additive (A) was part.
- the remaining binder ingredients were a hydroxy-terminated liquid polybutadiene, toluene diisocyanate, and a plasticizer (dioctyl adipate).
- the cured propellant had greatly improved strain capability and resistance to separation of the binder from the filler as compared to a similar propellant without additive. More specifically, the propellant containing 0.5 percent of (B) exhibited 73 percent strain at failure at 40F whereas the similar propellant without additive exhibited 13 percent strain at failure at 40F.
- EXAMPLE III 0.10 moles of bis-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phenyl phosphine oxide, 0.05 equivalents of malic acid and 0.05 equivalents of succinic acid were reacted 4 hours at reflux in a mixture of ml of methanol and 100 ml of methylene chloride. The solvents were removed under heat and vacuum to a constant weight.
- This reac- EXAMPLE IV 0.10 moles of tris-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide, 0.04 equivalents of citric acid and 0.06 equivalents of sebacic acid were reacted as in Example I.
- This reaction product (D) was added to a propellant mix as in Example I in the amount of 0.75 percent by weight of the total. The strain capability of the resulting propellant was greatly improved as compared to a similar propellant without additive.
- reaction product formed by reacting phosphine oxides of the general formula 0 X1I.LX2
- reaction product of claim 1 wherein said phosphine oxides and said organic molecules are reacted in a ratio of one mole of the phosphine oxide to one carboxyl equivalent of the organic molecules, said organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, and mixtures thereof, and said phosphine oxides are selected from the group consisting of tris-l- (2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide and bis-l-(2- methyl aziridinyl) phenyl phosphine oxide.
- reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are succinic acid and said organic solvent is a mixture of methanol and methylene chloride.
- reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are malic acid and succinic acid, said organic solvent is a mixture of methanol and methylene chloride, and said phosphine oxide is bis-l-(Z-methyl aziridinyl) phenyl phosphine oxide.
- reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are a mixture of citric acid and sebacic acid, said organic solvent is methanol, and said phosphine oxide is tris-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide.
- reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are adipic acid, said organic solvent is methanol, and said phosphine oxide is tris-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
Abstract
THE REACTION PRODUCTS OF DI- OR TRI- FUNCTIONAL AZIRIDINYL PHOSPHINE OXIDES OR THEIR DERIVATIVES WITH POLYFUNCTIONAL CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AND THE COMBINATION OF THE REACTION PRODUCTS WITH OTHER PROPELLANT INGREDIENTS SUCH AS INORGANIC OXIDIZER, BINDER, PLASTICIZER, METAL FUEL AND ETC.
Description
United States Patent [191 Allen REACTION PRODUCT OF PHOSPHINE OXIDE WITH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS [75] Inventor: Henry C. Allen, Decatur, Ala.
[7 3 Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army [22] Filed: July 30, 1969 [21] App]. No.: 851,137
[52] US. Cl 149/109, 149/7, 149/19,
149/44, 149/76, 260/239 EP [51] Int. Cl. C06h 7/00, C07d 23/06 [58] Field of Search 260/2 EN, 78.4 R,
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 4/1966 Christena et al 260/239 EP 3,507,839 4/1970 Christena et a] 260/239 E? X Primary Examiner-Leland A. Sebastian Attorney-Harry M. Saragovitz, Edward J. Kelly, Herbert Berl and James T. Deaton [57] ABSTRACT 11 Claims, No Drawings REACTION PRODUCT OF PHOSPI-IINE OXIDE WITH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Rocket motors consisting of a solid propellant grain bonded to a rigid metal case are widely used both in military missilery and in non-military applications. The propellant grain usually has an internal perforation parallel to the longest axis of the motor case. Since the propellant and the metal case are bonded together, and since the coefficients of thermal expansion of metal and propellant differ greatly, and since the metal case is rigid, lowering the temperature of the motor induces strain in the propellant proportional to the amount of temperature change. Such strain is usually greatest at the surface of the internal perforation of the propellant grain. If such strain exceeds the strain capability of the propellant, the grain will crack open and thus expose more surface for burning upon ignition. The motor is a hazard in such condition, and must be discarded. Thus it is extremely important that the propellant have ample strain capability to withstand such strains as may be imposed.
Until recently, the relationship between the strain capability of a composite propellant and the extensibility of its binder was not understood. It was known from empirical data that binders with excellant extensibility often made propellants with low strain capability, but the reason for this was unknown. In recent work by the present inventor, it has been discovered that binderfiller physical interactions are a large factor in propellant mechanical properties, and further that a high level of adhesion of binder to filler is necessary to fully utilize the extensibility of a binder in achieving good strain capability in the propellant. Consequently, it is very desirable to use a binder which adheresstrongly to the oxidizer and other solid particles of a composite propellant.
Further study of binder-filler interactions have shown that even further improvement in propellant strain capability can be achieved if a thin tear-resistant layer of binder is deposited on the surfaces of the filler particles prior to final binder cure, provided this layer becomes chemically bonded to the rest of the binder during the cure cycle. This layer prevents microscopic voids (which form in the strained cured propellant) from reaching the particle surfaces and causing early separation of binder from the tiller.
- Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide a novel reaction product that'is produced by reacting dior tri functional aziridinyl phosphine oxides or their derivatives with organic molecules which are polyfunctional with respect to carboxyl groups and some of Still another object of this invention is to provide a reaction product that can be used in a propellant composition to increase the strain capability thereof.
A still further object of this invention is to provide a reaction product that can be crosslinked with other binder ingredients to increase the strain capability of the solid propellant composition.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with this invention, a binder type reaction product is produced by reacting in the presence of an organic solvent dior trifunctional aziridinyl phosphine oxides or their derivatives with organic molecules which are polyfunctional with respect to carboxyl groups and which also contain an alkyl structure that may contain one or more hydroxyl groups.
The reaction product is used to coat oxidizer material such as ammonium perchlorate or in a propellant composition that contains ammonium perchlorate. In the propellant composition, the active hydrogen atoms of the reaction product are linked to the rest of the binder ingredients during the cure of the propellant to increase the strain capability of the propellant. The binder cure reactions are usually between hydroxyl groups and isocyanate groups to form a urethane linkage, although other groups may be used in curing without affecting the usefulness of the invention. Examples of such other groups are active hydrogen containing groups such as amine and thiol.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION consists of the reaction products of dior trifunctional aziridinyl phosphine oxide or its derivatives with organic molecules which are polyfunctional with respect to carboxyl groups and which may contain one or more hydroxyl groups in their structures. The starting compounds or reactants may be represented as follows:
where X eprese n a ns s a 9 the t i and Q and Q, are either hydrogen or alkyl groups of one to four carbon atoms (Q, and 0: may be the same or different), X may be the same as X, or may be an organic radical such as phenyl, benzyl, methyl, ethyl, etc., R is an alkyl that contains at least one active hydrogen atom or an organic entity of molecules that contain one or more hydroxyl groups, and n is 2, 3, or 4. Since both reactants are polyfunctional, the reaction product must necessarily be a mixture of compounds. However, the nominal structure may be represented by the following general formula:
(III) where X X Q Q R and n are as already defined.
The optimum amounts of reactants are such that essentially all carboxyl groups in (II) are reacted and nominally one aziridine group in (I) is reacted. Thus one mole of (I) is required for each carboxyl equivalent of (II). The use of less than one mole of (I) per carboxyl equivalent of (II) will result in a polymeric form of (III), while the use of more than one mole of (I) per carboxyl equivalent of (II) will result in essentially (III) plus unreacted (I). Such variations from the optimum ratio of (I) to (II) can be tolerated to a certain extent without seriously affecting the effectiveness of the invention. Further, if it is desired to increase the ratio of aziridine groups to hydroxyl groups in (III), a second acid (IV) may be used of the same general formula as (ll) except that no hydroxyl groups are contained in its structure. Thus (II) and (IV) can be mixed in any desired proportion prior to reacting with (I), with the optimum amount of reactants being one mole of (I) per the sum of the carboxyl equivalents of (II) and IV).
The reaction product is produced by dissolving the reactants in a suitable inert solvent such as methanol, ethanol, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, or mixtures of these. It has been found to be preferable that methanol or ethanol comprise at least a part of the solvent. Reaction temperature is not critical, and may range from 70F to 200F for such time as is needed for essentially all carboxyl groups in (II) [and (IV) if used] to be reacted. The solvent is then removed by any suitable means, such as evaporation under vacuum at elevated temperatures. The residue is the reaction product which is usually straw-colored and quite viscous.
In propellants in which ammonium perchlorate is the principal oxidizer, addition of 0.05 to L percent of the reaction product greatly enhances the strain capability of the cured propellant. In preparing such a propellant, it is common practice to first place in a suitable mechanical mixer the liquid polymer, plasticizer, antioxidant and any other binder ingredient except the curing agent. The reaction product may also be added at this time. Metal powder, if used, is added next and mixed into the binder ingredients. Then the oxidizer being principally ammonium perchlorate is added and mixed in. After the oxidizer has been thoroughly incorporated by mixing, the curing agent is added to initiate the reaction which in time changes the liquid propellant slurry into a flexible solid propellant. The rate of the cure reaction must be slow enough to allow time for casting the propellant into motors or other receptacles before the viscosity of the liquid slurry becomes unmanageable.
It is postulated that the manner in which the reaction product enhances the mechanical properties of such a propellant is as follows: The compound of the reaction product has a polar character due to the P=O groups, and this polarity causes it to migrate preferentially to the polar surface of the ammonium perchlorate oxidizer, thus coating it with a film of the reaction product. The ammonium perchlorate catalyzes the homopolymerization of the remaining aziridine rings in the reaction product, thus linking the molecules together in a highly cross-linked network structure. Thus the film of the reaction product on the AP surfaces becomes a hard, tear-resistant layer which adheres strongly to the surface, and which can react chemically with the curative through the active hydrogen atoms which are contained in the structure of the reaction product. Such a propellant, when stressed after cure, must fail in large part by tearing the binder rather than by separation of the binder from the filler particles. As stated earlier, this is very desirable, and imparts greatly increased strain capability and tensile strength to the propellant, thus the invention accomplishes the desired objectives. Specific examples of the invention are given below:
EXAMPLE I 21.5 grams (0.10 moles of tris-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide and 7.5 grams (0.10 equivalent) of tartaric acid were dissolved in 200 ml of methanol. The solution was kept at room temperature (about F) for 3 days, at which time essentially all carboxyl groups in the tartaric acid were reacted, as evidenced by infrared spectra and titration. The methanol was removed under 0.1 mm vacuum at 70C to a constant weight. This reaction product (A) was added in the amount of 0.3 percent by weight of the total to a propellant mix consisting of 68 percent by weight ammonium perchlorate of which half was 17 micron nominal diameter, and half was 200 micron nominal diameter, 16 percent by weight of a powdered metal fuel (alumimum), and 16 percent by weight of binder ingredients of which the additive (A) was part. The remaining binder ingredients were a hydroxy-terminated liquid polybutadiene, toluene diisocyanate, and a plasticizer (dioctyl adipate). After cure, the propellant exhibited much improved mechanical properties as compared to a similar propellant without (A), as tabulated below:
Strain at break.% Tensile strength, psi
21.5 grams (0.10 moles) of tris-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide, 2.25 grams (0.03 equivalents) of tartaric acid and 5.11 grams (0.07 equivalents) of adipic acid were dissolved in 200 ml. of ethanol. The solution was warmed to about 120F for 24 hours, at which (time essentially all the carboxyl groups in the tartaric and adipic acids were reacted. The ethanol was removed under heat and vacuum to a constant weight. This reaction product (B) was added in the amount of 0.5 percent of the total to a propellant mix as described in Example I. The cured propellant had greatly improved strain capability and resistance to separation of the binder from the filler as compared to a similar propellant without additive. More specifically, the propellant containing 0.5 percent of (B) exhibited 73 percent strain at failure at 40F whereas the similar propellant without additive exhibited 13 percent strain at failure at 40F.
EXAMPLE III 0.10 moles of bis-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phenyl phosphine oxide, 0.05 equivalents of malic acid and 0.05 equivalents of succinic acid were reacted 4 hours at reflux in a mixture of ml of methanol and 100 ml of methylene chloride. The solvents were removed under heat and vacuum to a constant weight. This reac- EXAMPLE IV 0.10 moles of tris-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide, 0.04 equivalents of citric acid and 0.06 equivalents of sebacic acid were reacted as in Example I. This reaction product (D) was added to a propellant mix as in Example I in the amount of 0.75 percent by weight of the total. The strain capability of the resulting propellant was greatly improved as compared to a similar propellant without additive.
EXAMPLE V s ai atmakrft s a strcngthtpsi Additive 712R 40 F 77 "F 40 "F None 19.7 25.5 54 120 0.15% (B) 24.2 39.7 152 270 This and other data show that the effectiveness of the invention is not affected by the solids concentration or plasticizer type.
EXAMPLE VI 21.5 grams (0.10 moles) of tris-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide and 7.3 grams (0.10 equivalents) of adipic acid were reacted in 200 ml. of methanol at reflux for four hours. The methanol was then removed under vacuum to constant weight, and this reaction product (E) was added in the amount of 0.20 percent to a propellant as described in Example 1. The strain capability and tensile strength of the resulting propellant was greatly improved as compared to a similar propellant without additive, butthe improvement was not as much as when a hydroxyl-containing polyacid, such as tartaric acid, comprised part of the reaction product.
I claim:
1. The reaction product formed by reacting phosphine oxides of the general formula 0 X1I.LX2
or 7.77. 1 V V. with organic molecules selected from the group consisting of adipic acid, citric acid, malic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid and tartaric acid in the presence of an organic solvent, and wherein X, represents an aziridine group of the structure and Q and Q are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or alkyl groups of one to four carbon atoms, and X is an organic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzyl, methyl, ethyl, and an aziridine group represented by those set forth for X 2. The reaction product of claim 1 wherein said phosphine oxides and said organic molecules are reacted in a ratio of one mole of the phosphine oxide to one carboxyl equivalent of the organic molecules, said organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, and mixtures thereof, and said phosphine oxides are selected from the group consisting of tris-l- (2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide and bis-l-(2- methyl aziridinyl) phenyl phosphine oxide.
3. The reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are a mixture of tartaric acid and adipic acid, and said organic solvent is methanol.
4. The reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are a mixture of tartaric acid and adipic acid, and said organic solvent is ethanol.
5. The reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are succinic acid and said organic solvent is a mixture of methanol and methylene chloride.
6. The reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are citric acid and sebacic acid.
7. The reaction produce of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are tartaric acid, said organic solvent is methanol, and said phosphine oxide is tris-l-(2- methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide.
8. The reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are tartaric acid and adipic acid, said organic solvent is ethanol, and said phosphine oxide is tris-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide.
9. The reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are malic acid and succinic acid, said organic solvent is a mixture of methanol and methylene chloride, and said phosphine oxide is bis-l-(Z-methyl aziridinyl) phenyl phosphine oxide.
10. The reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are a mixture of citric acid and sebacic acid, said organic solvent is methanol, and said phosphine oxide is tris-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide.
11. The reaction product of claim 2 wherein said organic molecules are adipic acid, said organic solvent is methanol, and said phosphine oxide is tris-l-(2-methyl aziridinyl) phosphine oxide.
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US85113769A | 1969-07-30 | 1969-07-30 |
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US3762972A true US3762972A (en) | 1973-10-02 |
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US00851137A Expired - Lifetime US3762972A (en) | 1969-07-30 | 1969-07-30 | Reaction product of phosphine oxide with carboxylic acids |
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3953257A (en) * | 1973-09-07 | 1976-04-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Method for preparing small particle size coated ammonium perchlorate |
US3974004A (en) * | 1974-02-04 | 1976-08-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Extension of pot life of HTPB composite propellants by phosphine oxides |
US4070213A (en) * | 1976-06-30 | 1978-01-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Dispersing aids for MT-4 |
US4427468A (en) | 1976-01-16 | 1984-01-24 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada | Curable propellant binding systems with bonding agent combination |
US4517035A (en) * | 1976-01-16 | 1985-05-14 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence | Method of making a castable propellant |
FR2587329A1 (en) * | 1985-09-19 | 1987-03-20 | Poudres & Explosifs Ste Nale | BINDER-LOADING ADHESION AGENT AND PROPULSIVE COMPOSITION CONTAINING THE SAME |
US5273785A (en) * | 1991-08-15 | 1993-12-28 | Thiokol Corporation | Methods and compositions for bonding propellants within rocket motors |
EP0655429A1 (en) * | 1993-11-17 | 1995-05-31 | Morton International, Inc. | Improved PVC-based gas generant for hybrid gas generators |
US5928687A (en) * | 1994-01-14 | 1999-07-27 | Long Trail Enterprises, Inc. | Rumen by-pass feed supplement |
-
1969
- 1969-07-30 US US00851137A patent/US3762972A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3953257A (en) * | 1973-09-07 | 1976-04-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Method for preparing small particle size coated ammonium perchlorate |
US3974004A (en) * | 1974-02-04 | 1976-08-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Extension of pot life of HTPB composite propellants by phosphine oxides |
US4427468A (en) | 1976-01-16 | 1984-01-24 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada | Curable propellant binding systems with bonding agent combination |
US4517035A (en) * | 1976-01-16 | 1985-05-14 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence | Method of making a castable propellant |
US4070213A (en) * | 1976-06-30 | 1978-01-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Dispersing aids for MT-4 |
FR2587329A1 (en) * | 1985-09-19 | 1987-03-20 | Poudres & Explosifs Ste Nale | BINDER-LOADING ADHESION AGENT AND PROPULSIVE COMPOSITION CONTAINING THE SAME |
EP0218511A1 (en) * | 1985-09-19 | 1987-04-15 | Societe Nationale Des Poudres Et Explosifs | Binder-charge bonding agent and propellant composition containing it |
US5273785A (en) * | 1991-08-15 | 1993-12-28 | Thiokol Corporation | Methods and compositions for bonding propellants within rocket motors |
EP0655429A1 (en) * | 1993-11-17 | 1995-05-31 | Morton International, Inc. | Improved PVC-based gas generant for hybrid gas generators |
US5566543A (en) * | 1993-11-17 | 1996-10-22 | Morton International, Inc. | PVC-based gas generant for hybrid gas generators |
US5928687A (en) * | 1994-01-14 | 1999-07-27 | Long Trail Enterprises, Inc. | Rumen by-pass feed supplement |
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