US3744273A - Refrigeration apparatus and method of operating for powered and nonpowered cooling modes - Google Patents
Refrigeration apparatus and method of operating for powered and nonpowered cooling modes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3744273A US3744273A US00238410A US3744273DA US3744273A US 3744273 A US3744273 A US 3744273A US 00238410 A US00238410 A US 00238410A US 3744273D A US3744273D A US 3744273DA US 3744273 A US3744273 A US 3744273A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- refrigerant
- condenser
- evaporator
- storage chamber
- compressor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
- F24F5/0007—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning
- F24F5/001—Compression cycle type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
- F25B1/04—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with compressor of rotary type
- F25B1/053—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with compressor of rotary type of turbine type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/04—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means
- F25B2400/0401—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means for the compressor
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/54—Free-cooling systems
Definitions
- equivalent quiescent refrigerant level is ordinarily maintained substantially below the top of the tube bundle in the evaporator.
- equivalent quiescent level is intended to mean the level of refrigerant in the evaporator if suddenly all boiling were to cease without any further ingress or egress of refrigerant to or from the evaporator.
- a small heater is provided in the special chamber to heat the refrigerant. Only after the refrigerant has reached a certain pressure, would refrigerant be forced to higher levels in the evaporator.
- This invention is distinct from the aforementioned prior art as it does not utilize the time consuming means of pressurizing the refrigerant to obtain transfer of the added refrigerant to the evaporator. Furthermore means are provided for resuming normal operation of the compressor immediately upon switching from a free cooling mode of operation to the powered mode of operation.
- the first of these distinctive features is accomplished by allowing a predetermined additional liquid refrigerant to flow by gravity to the evaporator without the necessity of pressurizing any liquid refrigerant.
- This invention thus provides a method of operating a refrigeration system which may be converted from a free cooling mode to a powered mode of operation and vice versa without undue delay between the modes of operation.
- this invention provides refrigeration apparatus adapted to be operated in the cooling mode alternatively with the compressor operating and without the compressor operating comprising: a refrigerant evaporator, a refrigerant compressor, and a refrigerant condenser disposed above said evaporator serially connected in a closed refrigerant circuit; a liquid refrigerant storage chamber outside said refrigerant circuit disposed above said evaporator and below said condenser for storing liquid refrigerant during operation of said compressor; first conduit means connecting the lower portion of said condenser with said storage chamber for conducting via force of gravity liquid refrigerant from said condenser to said storage chamber; second conduit means for connecting said storage chamber to said evaporator for conducting via force of gravity refrigerant liquid from said storage chamber to said evaporator; first valve means in said second conduit means for terminating flow from said storage chamber during operation of said compressor; third conduit means connecting said evaporator to said condenser; and second valve means in said third conduit means for terminating flow of refrig
- FIG. 1 is a semi-schematic of a refrigeration machine constructed in accordance with this invention
- FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic electric diagram for the machine shown in FIG. 1, and
- FIG. 3 is a modification of the schematic of FIG. 2 whereby the operating modes may be made completely automatic.
- the refrigeration systern 10 includes a refrigerant evaporator 12, a refriger- 3 ant compressor 14, and a refrigerant condenser 16.
- the evaporator 12 is of the flooded shell-and-tube type having a bundle of horizontal tubes 18 through the interior of which water warmed by a load, such as a building, is conducted via inlet and outlet headers (not shown) to boil refrigerant within the evaporator shell.
- the refrigerant vapor is conducted to the compressor 14 via an inlet conduit 24.
- the compressor 14 shown is intended to designate a two stage compressor although aspects of the instant invention are equally applicable to single stage compressor refrigeration systems.
- the inlet of the first stage is provided with inlet vanes for controllably throttling the flow of refrigerant to the compressor. It is common practice to control such inlet vanes in response to the temperature of water leaving the evaporator for the building.
- vanes 26 As the water temperature rises, the vanes are opened to thereby load the compressor.
- inlet vanes 26 have been placed in the inlet conduit 24 for purposes of illustration, it being understood that such vanes are generally located with the confines of the compressor shell per se.
- the compressor input shaft is connected to a drive motor which may be an electric motor, steam turbine or other form of prime mover 28. if electric, motor 28 could also may be confined within the compressor shell to thereby make the compressor hermetic.
- the vapor discharged from the compressor is conducted via compressor outlet conduit 30 to the condenser 16 which may be also of the shell-and-tube type wherein cooling water such as from a cooling tower is passed through the tubes via cooling water inlet and outlet header connections (not shown).
- Refrigerant condensed at the outer surface of the tubes flows during the powered mode of operation from the condenser shell downwardly through a stand pipe 36 through a first flow control device 38 which may take the form of a fixed orifice flow control valve, such as 38 described in US. Pat. No. 3,260,067 assigned to the assignee of this invention, or the form of a more conventional variable orifice float valve.
- the refrigerant then passes from the valve 38 through a conduit 40 to an economizer flash chamber 42.
- the flash gas from the economizer 42 is conducted via conduit 44 to inlet of the second stage of compressor 14 for recompression.
- the liquid refrigerant from the economizer is conducted to a second stand pipe 46 which leads to a second flow control device 48, which may be similar to flow control device 38, from whence the refrigerant is conducted via conduit 50 to be distributed into the evaporator shell.
- a second flow control device 48 which may be similar to flow control device 38
- a chamber 52 is located below condenser 16 and above evaporator 12.
- Chamber 52 is used as a means for storing a predetermined additional amount of liquid refrigerant and thus preventing this additional quantity of refrigerant from returning to the evaporator when the system is operated in the powered mode.
- a conduit 56 connects the bottom of condenser 16 to the top of chamber 52.
- the inlet of conduit 56 is slightly lower than the inlet of stand pipe 36 so refrigerant condensate preferentially enters chamber 52 until chamber 52 has been filled.
- the bottom of chamber 52 is connected via conduit 57 having an automatically powered normally closed shut off valve 62 to conduit 50. Furthermore there is provided a compressor vapor bypass conduit 66 extending between upper portions of the shells of condenser 16 and evaporator 12.
- Conduit 66 is also provided with an automatically powered normally closed shutoff valve 64.
- the method of operating the above described refrigeration system may best be understood by referring further to the schematic diagram of FIG. 2.
- the system had previously been operating with power and that chamber 52 accordingly is substantially full of liquid refrigerant and that the equivalent quiescent level of liquid refrigerant in the evaporator is correspondingly reduced by the predetermined quantity of refrigerant retained in chamber 52.
- conditions are such that the free cooling mode of operation is preferred, i.e. the load is less than about 40 percent of full load and that the temperature of condenser cooling water is sufficiently below the desired temperature for the water leaving evaporator 12.
- the system is set into the free cooling mode of operation simply by moving switch 68 into the solid line position to complete a circuit from line 1 to line 2 including switch 68, the actuator of valve 62 and the actuator of valve 64 whereby valves 62 and 64 are powered to the fully open positions.
- a second circuit is also completed which includes switch 68, normally closed contact 69, and actuator control 72 for inlet vanes 26.
- valve 62 permits substantially all of the liquid refrigerant retained in chamber 52 to be immediately dumped into the evaporator 12 thereby raising the liquid refrigerant therein to a high level 78 to immerse substantially all the tubes of the evaporator.
- the opening of valve 64 permits refrigerant vapor to pass freely from evaporator 12 to condenser 16 whereupon it is condensed and returned via conduit 56, chamber 52, conduit 57, valve 62 and conduit 50 to evaporator 12.
- a secondary path for passage of refrigerant vapor from condenser 12 to evaporator 16 also is provided by conduit 24, compressor 14 and conduit 30.
- compressor 14 is not operated, however the compressor does not block the free flow of refrigerant therethrough.
- vanes 26 are actuated from a preset minimum opening to the fully open position.
- switch 68 may be instantaneously placed in the dot-dash line position of FIG. 2 whereby valves 62, 64 are immediately closed and vanes 26 returned to a minimum opening position. Furthermore a first circuit is immediately energized including switch 68, and contactor coil 80 whereupon contacts 82 are immediately closed to energize a second circuit including switch 68, contacts 82 and compressor motor 28. A third circuit is established including switch 68, rheostat 84, contacts 35, and vane actuator 72 whereby vanes 26 are immediately moved to a second preselected minimum position at which excessive quantities of liquid refrigerant will not be drawn into the compressor inlet despite the high level of refrigerant in the evaporator. This minimum may be manually adjusted at rheostat 84. A fourth circuit is also established including switch'68 and coil 86 of snap-acting time delay relay 88.
- Time delay relay 88 includes contacts 69 and 85 (previously mentioned) and contacts 90.
- the relay has two positions; a first position in which contacts 69 and 85 are closed and contacts 90 open; and a second position in which contacts 69 and 85 are open and contacts 90 closed.
- the relay is intended to be snap-acting, i.e. movement from one position to the other position is substantially instantaneous. However, the movement from the first position to the second position is not effected immediately upon energization of coil 86 as this movement is delayed for a predetermined time by action of single way dash-pot 92.
- the time delay selected is the time that it takes to insure that the level of refrigerant in the evaporator has fallen to that at which no danger of excessive liquid refrigerant carryover into the compressor will take place.
- contacts 85 are opened and contacts 90 closed thereby placing the control of the vanes upon bellows actuator 74 whose sensor bulb 76 is located at the evaporator water outlet responsive to the load.
- both coils 86 and 80 are selected to have sufficiently high impedance whereby they have no substantial effect upon other parallel circuits.
- Valves 62 and 64 are immediately closed.
- the compressor is immediately started.
- the vanes 26 immediately and temporarily assume a minimum open position whereby refrigerant gas is withdrawn from the evaporator, compressed and delivered to the condenser. The rate is limited to prevent liquid carryover.
- the condensed refrigerant preferentially passes via gravity through conduit 56 into chamber 52.
- liquid refrigerant passes down stand pipe 36 through flow control 38 into flash chamber 42, the gaseous portion being returned to the second stage of the compressor and the liquid portion being delivered to the evaporator via conduit 46 and flow control 48 for re-evaporation.
- the method of operation permits the refrigeration system to be switched from the frcc cooling mode to the powered mode or vice versa with only a single movement of switch 68.
- the reduction of evaporator refrigerant level is extremely fast as this is done with the assistance of the energized compressor.
- the filling of chamber 52 with liquid refrigerant requires only gravity and is not dependent upon pressure differentials in the system.
- the returning of the additional refrigerant to the evaporator upon switching to the free cooling mode is also extremely fast as the additional refrigerant is literally dumped into the evaporator upon opening of valve 62.
- switch 68a is an automatic version of switch 68 and is moved to the power mode position (dash-dot line) by energization of solenoid actuator 95 and to the free cooling position (solid line) by deenergization of actuator 95.
- Solenoid 95 is disposed in series with parallel switch 96 and 98.
- Switch 96 is actuated by a bellows and bulb sensor to close at a predetermined high temperature and is arranged to sense condenser inlet water temperature.
- Switch 98 is actuated by a bellows and bulb sensor to close at a predetermined high temperature and is arranged to sense evaporator outlet water temperature.
- switch 68a will be positioned for the power mode. Only when the condenser water is sufficiently cool and the refrigeration load suffieiently light to permit free cooling will switch 68a be placed in the free cooling position.
- Compression refrigeration apparatus adapted to be operated in the cooling mode alternatively with the compressor operating and without the compressor operating comprising: a refrigerant evaporator, a refrigerant compressor, and a refrigerant condenser disposed above said evaporator seriallyconnected in a closed refrigerant circuit; a liquid refrigerant storage chamber outside said refrigerant circuit disposed above said evaporator and below said condenser for storing liquid refrigerantduring operation of said compressor; first conduit means connecting the lower portion of said condenser with said storage chamber for conducting via force of gravity liquid refrigerant from said condenser to said storage chamber; second conduit means for connecting said storage chamber to said evaporator for conducting via force of gravity refrigerant liquid from said storage chamber to said evaporator; first valve means in said second conduit means for terminating flow from said storage chamber during operation of said compressor; third conduit means connecting said evaporator to said condenser; and second valve means in said third conduit means for terminating flow of refriger
Abstract
Description
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US23841072A | 1972-03-27 | 1972-03-27 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3744273A true US3744273A (en) | 1973-07-10 |
Family
ID=22897773
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00238410A Expired - Lifetime US3744273A (en) | 1972-03-27 | 1972-03-27 | Refrigeration apparatus and method of operating for powered and nonpowered cooling modes |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US3744273A (en) |
CA (1) | CA971764A (en) |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4201062A (en) * | 1978-07-27 | 1980-05-06 | Martinez George Jr | Method and apparatus for conserving energy in an air conditioning system |
US4262488A (en) * | 1979-10-09 | 1981-04-21 | Carrier Corporation | System and method for controlling the discharge temperature of a high pressure stage of a multi-stage centrifugal compression refrigeration unit |
DE3306267A1 (en) * | 1983-02-23 | 1984-08-23 | Skf Kugellagerfabriken Gmbh | DEVICE FOR AUTOMATICALLY SETTING UP IN PARTICULAR BEARINGS OF A SLIDING OR ROLLER BEARING FOR A DRIVEN SHAFT |
US4475354A (en) * | 1983-04-18 | 1984-10-09 | Carrier Corporation | System for draining liquid refrigerant from a subcooler in a vapor compression refrigeration system |
US4615184A (en) * | 1984-11-22 | 1986-10-07 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Compression refrigerating machine with vapor-liquid separator |
US4640100A (en) * | 1985-01-15 | 1987-02-03 | Sunwell Engineering Company Limited | Refrigeration system |
US5339646A (en) * | 1992-10-19 | 1994-08-23 | Verlinden Jerome M | Apparatus for recovery of refrigerant |
FR2715716A1 (en) * | 1994-02-01 | 1995-08-04 | Bernier Jacques | Energy-saving cold production device, autonomous or integrable in the circuit of refrigeration machines. |
US20080115523A1 (en) * | 2006-11-22 | 2008-05-22 | Bailey Peter F | Cooling system and method |
US20100023166A1 (en) * | 2006-12-21 | 2010-01-28 | Carrier Corporation | Free-cooling limitation control for air conditioning systems |
US20100036531A1 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2010-02-11 | Carrier Corporation | Methods and systems for controlling air conditioning systems having a cooling mode and a free-cooling mode |
US20100070082A1 (en) * | 2006-12-27 | 2010-03-18 | Carrier Corporation | Methods and systems for controlling an air conditioning system operating in free cooling mode |
CN101029761B (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2010-05-12 | 陈妙生 | Non-power air exchanger |
US8221628B2 (en) | 2010-04-08 | 2012-07-17 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Method and system to recover waste heat to preheat feed water for a reverse osmosis unit |
US8505324B2 (en) | 2010-10-25 | 2013-08-13 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Independent free cooling system |
US9314742B2 (en) | 2010-03-31 | 2016-04-19 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Method and system for reverse osmosis predictive maintenance using normalization data |
EP3627073A1 (en) | 2018-09-18 | 2020-03-25 | Daikin applied Europe S.p.A. | Flooded evaporator |
EP3627072A1 (en) * | 2018-09-18 | 2020-03-25 | Daikin applied Europe S.p.A. | Cooling system |
US11592212B2 (en) * | 2018-07-10 | 2023-02-28 | Johnson Controls Tyco IP Holdings LLP | Bypass line for refrigerant |
-
1972
- 1972-03-27 US US00238410A patent/US3744273A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1973
- 1973-02-26 CA CA165,030A patent/CA971764A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4201062A (en) * | 1978-07-27 | 1980-05-06 | Martinez George Jr | Method and apparatus for conserving energy in an air conditioning system |
US4262488A (en) * | 1979-10-09 | 1981-04-21 | Carrier Corporation | System and method for controlling the discharge temperature of a high pressure stage of a multi-stage centrifugal compression refrigeration unit |
DE3306267A1 (en) * | 1983-02-23 | 1984-08-23 | Skf Kugellagerfabriken Gmbh | DEVICE FOR AUTOMATICALLY SETTING UP IN PARTICULAR BEARINGS OF A SLIDING OR ROLLER BEARING FOR A DRIVEN SHAFT |
US4475354A (en) * | 1983-04-18 | 1984-10-09 | Carrier Corporation | System for draining liquid refrigerant from a subcooler in a vapor compression refrigeration system |
US4615184A (en) * | 1984-11-22 | 1986-10-07 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Compression refrigerating machine with vapor-liquid separator |
US4640100A (en) * | 1985-01-15 | 1987-02-03 | Sunwell Engineering Company Limited | Refrigeration system |
US5339646A (en) * | 1992-10-19 | 1994-08-23 | Verlinden Jerome M | Apparatus for recovery of refrigerant |
FR2715716A1 (en) * | 1994-02-01 | 1995-08-04 | Bernier Jacques | Energy-saving cold production device, autonomous or integrable in the circuit of refrigeration machines. |
CN101029761B (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2010-05-12 | 陈妙生 | Non-power air exchanger |
US20080115523A1 (en) * | 2006-11-22 | 2008-05-22 | Bailey Peter F | Cooling system and method |
US7581409B2 (en) * | 2006-11-22 | 2009-09-01 | Bailey Peter F | Cooling system and method |
US20100023166A1 (en) * | 2006-12-21 | 2010-01-28 | Carrier Corporation | Free-cooling limitation control for air conditioning systems |
US20100070082A1 (en) * | 2006-12-27 | 2010-03-18 | Carrier Corporation | Methods and systems for controlling an air conditioning system operating in free cooling mode |
US20100036531A1 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2010-02-11 | Carrier Corporation | Methods and systems for controlling air conditioning systems having a cooling mode and a free-cooling mode |
US9314742B2 (en) | 2010-03-31 | 2016-04-19 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Method and system for reverse osmosis predictive maintenance using normalization data |
US8221628B2 (en) | 2010-04-08 | 2012-07-17 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Method and system to recover waste heat to preheat feed water for a reverse osmosis unit |
US8505324B2 (en) | 2010-10-25 | 2013-08-13 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Independent free cooling system |
US11592212B2 (en) * | 2018-07-10 | 2023-02-28 | Johnson Controls Tyco IP Holdings LLP | Bypass line for refrigerant |
EP3627073A1 (en) | 2018-09-18 | 2020-03-25 | Daikin applied Europe S.p.A. | Flooded evaporator |
EP3627072A1 (en) * | 2018-09-18 | 2020-03-25 | Daikin applied Europe S.p.A. | Cooling system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA971764A (en) | 1975-07-29 |
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Owner name: TRANE COMPANY, THE Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:A-S CAPITAL INC. A CORP OF DE;REEL/FRAME:004334/0523 |
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