US3710167A - Organic electroluminescent cells having a tunnel injection cathode - Google Patents
Organic electroluminescent cells having a tunnel injection cathode Download PDFInfo
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- US3710167A US3710167A US00051898A US3710167DA US3710167A US 3710167 A US3710167 A US 3710167A US 00051898 A US00051898 A US 00051898A US 3710167D A US3710167D A US 3710167DA US 3710167 A US3710167 A US 3710167A
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- anthracene
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- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;diiodide Chemical compound I[Cu]I GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical group C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001215 Te alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021595 Copper(I) iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005577 anthracene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(I) oxide Inorganic materials [Cu]O[Cu] BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LSXDOTMGLUJQCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(i) iodide Chemical compound I[Cu] LSXDOTMGLUJQCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cuprous oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Cu+].[Cu+] KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940112669 cuprous oxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010893 electron trap Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 26
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- KVJNLABDDDWRND-UHFFFAOYSA-L diiodocopper oxocopper Chemical compound [Cu](I)I.[Cu]=O KVJNLABDDDWRND-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910018173 Al—Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PCDOGYUBZQBHLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12.[P] Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C12.[P] PCDOGYUBZQBHLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XBDYBAVJXHJMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydroanthracene Natural products C1=CC=C2C=C(CCCC3)C3=CC2=C1 XBDYBAVJXHJMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C21 IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FZOVWXHXLPXQON-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2] FZOVWXHXLPXQON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007743 anodising Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- CEEVJKFQOOTIBO-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;diiodocopper Chemical compound [Cu].I[Cu]I CEEVJKFQOOTIBO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005566 electron beam evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HXJNJLSAZAGIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodosilver silver Chemical compound [Ag].I[Ag] HXJNJLSAZAGIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5].[Ta+5] BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/22—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of auxiliary dielectric or reflective layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/805—Electrodes
- H10K50/82—Cathodes
Definitions
- An electroluminescent cell comprises an anthracene layer having an anode and cathode thereon.
- cathode of the novel cell is of the tunnel injection type.
- a typical cathode consists of a 10-100 A. thick 14 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT CELLS HAVING A TUNNEL INJECTION CATIIODE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONO
- This invention relates I to improved electroluminescent cells useful as simple light sources or in display devices. It more particularly relates to electroluminescent cells which employ organic phosphors as the luminescent material.
- Organic phosphor electroluminescent cells are known in the art. These prior art cells are formed from admixtures of anthracene or other organic phosphor compositions with electrically conductive materials such as metals, graphite or other forms of carbon. The admixture is deposited as a thin layer on a conductive surface. The conductive surface is typically a tin oxide coating applied to a glass substrate. The admixture is coated with an insulating layer such as glycerin and a metal electrode is provided to make electrical contact with the glycerin. Examples of these prior art cells can be found with reference to U.S. Pat. No. 3,173,050 issued to E. F. Gurnee.
- the electroluminescent cell In order to approach commercial utility the electroluminescent cell should have a long life, improved brightness, simple construction free of shorts and for many device applications, it should be compatible with silicon technology.
- An electroluminescent cell comprises a layer of an organic phosphor composition, an anode upon one surface of the layer and a tunnel-injection type cathode upon the other surface of the layer.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a novel electroluminescent cell.
- FIG. 2 is a front elevational view of an embodiment of an electroluminescent cell having a desired luminescent pattern therein.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 taken along line 33 thereof.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an electroluminescent cell employing a glass support for the anode.
- the organic phosphor layers utilized in the present invention comprise a conjugated organic compound of condensed benzene rings.
- useful phosphors are anthracene, naphthalene, methyl derivatives of anthracene and anthracene doped with tetracene or other similar fluorescent dyes.
- the phosphor should be of high purity.
- a preferred phosphor is anthracene having an electron trap density in the order of 10 traps/cc.
- the thickness of the phosphor layer should be less than l micrometers (um) and preferably between I and am.
- the phosphor layer of the novel device is free of dispersed conductive particles. Such particles, if they were to exist in the novel device, would induce shorts and absorb light from the phosphor and thereby reduce the efficiency and life of the novel device.
- the phosphor layer comprises phosphor grains which are mono-crystalline in the direction of current flow. This results in a more efficient cell.
- a feature of the novel cells is the use of a tunnel injection cathode for injecting electrons into the phosphor.
- a cathode comprises a base electrode material having a dielectric film of a thickness of less than about A., and generally between 10-100 A., on the surface thereof.
- the dielectric film is in contact with the phosphor layer of the cell.
- the dielectric material has a dielectric constant of less than.
- a preferred tunnel injection cathode has as the electrode material a wafer of n type silicon, preferably degenerate n type silicon.
- the dielectric film of this cathode is a l0-100 A. thick silicon dioxide layer on a surface of the silicon wafer.
- This cathode is hereinafter designated as 11 type SiSiO
- Another useful tunnel injection cathode consists of aluminum, such as an evaporated layer of aluminum, having a lO-lOO A. thick aluminum oxide layer thereon. This cathode is hereinafter designated as Al-Al O
- Al-Al O The use of such cathodes results in devices which are easy to construct, are compatible with silicon technology, are long-lived and have improved brightness.
- the anode of the device which is a hole injecting contact, may consist of a conductive oxide, such as tin oxide, indium oxide, or a mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous iodide; a metal, such as gold or platinum; an alloy, such as selenium-tellurium alloy; or a tunnel inject ing contact such as p type silicon having a 10-100 A. thick layers of silicon dioxide thereon.
- Preferred anodes comprise a transparent copper oxide and copper iodide layer or a conductive oxide such as tin oxide or indium oxide coated with a very thin transparent layer of Te. A Te layer which is a few atoms thick is sufficient.
- anode or the cathode or both be transparent.
- Examples of a transparent anode are films of tin oxide coated with a very thin layer of tellurium (preferably a few atoms thick) or tin oxide coated with a thin layer of a copper oxide-copper iodide mixture.
- a transparent electrode can be obtained by forming it in a mesh-like configuration so that light is freely transmitted through the spaces in the mesh.
- spacers defining this thickness may be employed.
- the novel devices make possible the use of spacers which are an integral part of the electrode structure.
- the silicon dioxide layer of the tunnel injecting cathode can be built up around the periphery of the electroluminescent cell so as to provide a spacer of several microns in thickness which is integral with the tunnel injection area (less than 100 A. thick) of the cell.
- the cathode or anode may be formed on a glass support, either with or without a transparent conductive coating thereon, and the spacer evaporated, sputtered or otherwise formed on this structure.
- the novel cell 4 comprises ananthracene layer 6 sandwiched between a cathode 8 and an anode 10.
- the cathode comprises a degenerate n'type siliconwafer 12 having a silicon dioxide coating 14 thereon.
- the degenerate silicon wafer typically has a resistivity in the range of 6X10 to lXlO'ohm-cm.
- the silicon dioxide coating which may be formed by any of the techniques which are well known in the art, is provided with a thin central region 16 where electron injection occurs by a tunneling mechanism. This thin region is in the order of 10 to 100 A. thick and is preferably less than 50 A. thick.
- the outer periphery 18 of the silicon dioxide layer is thicker than the central portion 16.
- a preferred technique for forming the silicon dioxide coating for tunnel injection comprises the steps of (l) cleaning the silicon wafer in a boiling ammoniated solution of hydrogen peroxide, (2) etching the cleaned wafer in concentrated HF, (3) oxidizing the etched wafer in a steam atmosphere at 1,100 C., (4) recleaning and re-etching the oxidized wafer, (5) heating the wafer for several minutes at 150 C., (6) oxidizing the.
- the anthracene layer 6 may be formed by melting finely divided anthracene on the central portion 16 of the silicon dioxide layer 14 and allowing this molten material to crystallize.
- the anode 10 is provided on the anthracene layer 6 on the side opposite the cathode 8.
- the anode 10 consists of a thin coating of a copper oxide-copper iodide film. This film may be deposited directly on the,
- the copper oxide-copperiodide film is less than 100 A. thick. If the copper oxide-copper iodide film exceeds about 500 A. in thickness, the transmission of light therethrough is reduced such that it is preferably formed in a mesh or crossed-grid pattern so as to allow light to be efficiently emitted from the cell.
- the silicon wafer 12 is connected to negative terminal of a battery and the copper oxidecopper iodide anode layer 10 is connected to the positive terminal of the battery. Electrons are injected into the anthracene layer 6 through the silicon dioxide layer 14 and holes are injected into the anthracene layer 6 from the copper oxide-copper iodide layer 10. Recombination of electron-hole pairs occurs in the anthracene layer 6 resulting in the emission of blue light.
- the injecting tunnel cathode is shown to comprise n type silicon
- p type silicon can also be used.
- p type silicon has the advantage that it is easier to deposit p type silicon on glass than n type silicon
- an electrolu-' minescent cell 30 comprises a grid-like anode 32.
- a cathode structure 40 is positioned over the anthracene to form the complete cell.
- This cathode structure 40 consists of a wafer 42 of n type silicon having a 2-3 pm thick SiO layer 44 thereon.
- the SiO, layer 44 is in contact with the anthracene layer 38.
- the SiO layer 44' has 1 mil. diameter plugs 46 of the 11 type silicon extending completely therethrough.
- dielectric SiO, layer 48 is provided on the outer surface of each of the silicon plugs 46 so as to contact the anthracene layer 38.
- the plugs are formed in a desired pattern, for example, to portray RCA as shown in FIG. 2. Electron injection into this device takes place by tunneling through the dielectric SiO, layer 48 on each of the silicon plugs 46.
- An alternative and somewhat similar structure to that described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 is one in which the silicon dioxide layer 36 has an array of holes therein extending therethrough rather than silicon plugs extending through the SiO, layer as shown in the FIGURES.
- the Si layer is provided with a thin SiO coating (IO- A.) in the region of each hole and the anthracene then fills each hole.
- the cell 50 shown in FIG. 4 employs an AlAl O cathode structure 52.
- the cathode may be formed by vacuum evaporating a layer 54 of aluminum onto a glass substrate 56 and anodizing the surface of the aluminum layer 54 to form an A1 0 layer 58 which is preferably from 10-50 A. thick.
- the cell 50 is also provided with an anode 60 having spacers 62 the same as that described with reference to FIG. 3.
- An organic phosphor layer 64 is disposed between and in contact with the anode and cathode.
- the cathode can be formed in a thin line or mesh pattern.
- a pattern can be formed,.for example, by evaporating the cathode material onto a glass substrate by standard flash evaporation or electron beam evaporation techniques through an appropriate mask.
- tunnel injection cathodes comprising Al-Al O and SiSiO it should be understood that other metal-metal oxide tunnelinjection cathodes may also be useful, for example, tantalum-tantalum oxide and magnesium-magnesium oxide.
- Electroluminescent cells made in accordance with the invention comprising anthracene containing tetracene therein in an amount not exceeding 5 ppm were operated at applied average fields of only approximately 2X10 volts/cm. across the phosphor layer. Light emission was observed at wavelengths between 4,l00-5,400 A. These cells comprised a cathode consisting of a fine grid of aluminum having about a 50 A.
- anode consisting of either colloidal platinum paste, copper-copper iodide paste, silver-silver iodide paste, an evaporated conductive selenium-tellurium alloy or a conductive arsenic-tellurium alloy containing a small percentage of selenium therein.
- the choice of anode did not have a major effect on the efficiency of light emission from the cell but it does affect the speed of response to the applied field.
- current densities ranging from 5X10 to 5X10 amp/cm have been observed. The higher current densities correspond to measured surface brightnesses of 60 footlam berts. This may be compared to a brightness of only 10 foot-lamberts for the blue light of a commercial color television kinescope.
- the quantum efficiency of these cells is between about 0.01-0.04 photons/electron.
- Cells having a cathode consisting of n silicon, either as a wafer or a vacuum deposited film, covered with a 20-40 A. thick film of SiO and an evaporated transparent Cu O-Cul anode were also operated at an average field of about 2.5Xl volts/cm. These cells had a current density of l.8 l0' amp./cm. and a quantum efficiency of from about 0.01-0.03 photons/electron. The surface brightness of these cells was estimated to exceed foot-lamberts.
- An electroluminescent cell comprising 1. a cathode structure consisting of a base of an electrode material selected from the group consisting of silicon and aluminum and having a thick dielectric insulating layer on one surface thereof, said dielectric layer being an oxide of said electrode material, said electrode material extending through said oxide layer to the surface thereof to form a plurality of plug-like protrusions in a predetermined pattern through said oxide layer, and a thin oxide tunnel injection layer over the exposed surfaces of said plug-like protrusions, said oxide being an oxide ofsaid electrode material,
- organic phosphor composition comprises an organic compound having conjugated condensed benzene rings selected from the group consisting of anthracene, naphthalene, methyl derivatives of anthracene and anthracene doped with a fluorescent dye.
- said anode comprises a member selected from the group consisting of a tin oxide, indium oxide, a mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous iodide, gold, platinum, a selenium-tellurium alloy and p type silicon having a l0-100 A. thick layer of silicon dioxide thereon.
- said anode comprises a transparent film selected from a member of the group consisting of a mixture of copper oxide and copper iodide, tin oxide and indium oxide, said film having a transparent film of tellurium thereover, said tellurium film being no more than several atomic layers thick.
- a cell according to claim 12 wherein said peripheral dielectric thickness is from 1 to 10 micrometers.
- An electroluminescent devise comprising:
- a cathode structure consisting of a. n type silicon having a thick silicon dioxide dielectric insulating layer on one surface thereof, said silicon extending through said silicon dioxide layer to the surface thereof to form a plurality of plug-like protrusions in a predetermined pattern through said silicon dioxide,
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Abstract
An electroluminescent cell comprises an anthracene layer having an anode and cathode thereon. The cathode of the novel cell is of the tunnel injection type. A typical cathode consists of a 10-100 A. thick layer of silicon dioxide deposited over a degenerate n type silicon body. The silicon dioxide layer of the cathode is placed in contact with the anthracence layer. The anode should provide hole injection into the anthracence layer. A preferred anode is a film of copper oxide and copper iodide.
Description
Dresner et a1.
[ 1 Jan. 9, 1973 ORGANIC ELEC'IROLIJMINESCENT CELLS HAVING A TUNNEL INJECTION CATHODE [75] Inventors: Josepli Dresner; Alvin Malcolm Goodman, both of Princeton, NJ.
[73] Assignee: RCA Corporation [22] Filed: July 2, 1970 [21] Appl. No.: 51,898
[52] US. Cl. ..313/l08 A, 313/1095 [51] Int. Cl. n qsggg gz [5 8] Field ofSearch "313/108 A, 109.5 108 D, Y 108 R 561 netei rice ii'i'id' M 0 UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,172,862 3/1965 Gurnee et al. 313/108 AX 3,359,445 12/1967 Roth ..313/l08 A 3,267,317 '8/1966 Fischer.... ..313/l08 D 3,382,394 5/1968 Mehl ..313/l08 5/1960 Fischer ..313/l08 2,938,136 3,116,427 12/1963 Giaever ..3l3/l08 D UX 3,530,325 9/1970 M'ehl ..3 13/108 OTHER PUBLICATIONS. Semiconductor Compounds, by A. Coblenz, Electronics Buyers Guide, June, 1958, R-4, R-5.
Primary Examiner-Palmer C. Demeo Attorney-Glenn H. Bruestle [57] ABSTRACT An electroluminescent cell comprises an anthracene layer having an anode and cathode thereon. The
cathode of the novel cell is of the tunnel injection type. A typical cathode consists of a 10-100 A. thick 14 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT CELLS HAVING A TUNNEL INJECTION CATIIODE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONO This invention relates I to improved electroluminescent cells useful as simple light sources or in display devices. It more particularly relates to electroluminescent cells which employ organic phosphors as the luminescent material.
Organic phosphor electroluminescent cells are known in the art. These prior art cells are formed from admixtures of anthracene or other organic phosphor compositions with electrically conductive materials such as metals, graphite or other forms of carbon. The admixture is deposited as a thin layer on a conductive surface. The conductive surface is typically a tin oxide coating applied to a glass substrate. The admixture is coated with an insulating layer such as glycerin and a metal electrode is provided to make electrical contact with the glycerin. Examples of these prior art cells can be found with reference to U.S. Pat. No. 3,173,050 issued to E. F. Gurnee.
Although the voltage and frequency requirements for operating the cells as described above are stated therein to offer an improvement in the then existing art, this improvement has not been sufficient to result in low cost, low voltage cells emitting a brightness which would approach commercial utility.
In order to approach commercial utility the electroluminescent cell should have a long life, improved brightness, simple construction free of shorts and for many device applications, it should be compatible with silicon technology.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An electroluminescent cell comprises a layer of an organic phosphor composition, an anode upon one surface of the layer and a tunnel-injection type cathode upon the other surface of the layer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a novel electroluminescent cell.
FIG. 2 is a front elevational view of an embodiment of an electroluminescent cell having a desired luminescent pattern therein.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 taken along line 33 thereof.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an electroluminescent cell employing a glass support for the anode.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The organic phosphor layers utilized in the present invention comprise a conjugated organic compound of condensed benzene rings. Examples of useful phosphors are anthracene, naphthalene, methyl derivatives of anthracene and anthracene doped with tetracene or other similar fluorescent dyes.
Preferably, the phosphor should be of high purity. For example, a preferred phosphor is anthracene having an electron trap density in the order of 10 traps/cc. The thickness of the phosphor layer should be less than l micrometers (um) and preferably between I and am.
Unlike the cited prior art devices of Gurnee, the phosphor layer of the novel device is free of dispersed conductive particles. Such particles, if they were to exist in the novel device, would induce shorts and absorb light from the phosphor and thereby reduce the efficiency and life of the novel device.
Preferably, the phosphor layer comprises phosphor grains which are mono-crystalline in the direction of current flow. This results in a more efficient cell.
A feature of the novel cells is the use of a tunnel injection cathode for injecting electrons into the phosphor. Such a cathode comprises a base electrode material having a dielectric film of a thickness of less than about A., and generally between 10-100 A., on the surface thereof. The dielectric film is in contact with the phosphor layer of the cell. Preferably the dielectric material has a dielectric constant of less than.
5, but higher dielectric constant films are also suitable.
A preferred tunnel injection cathode has as the electrode material a wafer of n type silicon, preferably degenerate n type silicon. The dielectric film of this cathode is a l0-100 A. thick silicon dioxide layer on a surface of the silicon wafer. This cathode is hereinafter designated as 11 type SiSiO Another useful tunnel injection cathode consists of aluminum, such as an evaporated layer of aluminum, having a lO-lOO A. thick aluminum oxide layer thereon. This cathode is hereinafter designated as Al-Al O The use of such cathodes results in devices which are easy to construct, are compatible with silicon technology, are long-lived and have improved brightness.
The anode of the device, which is a hole injecting contact, may consist of a conductive oxide, such as tin oxide, indium oxide, or a mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous iodide; a metal, such as gold or platinum; an alloy, such as selenium-tellurium alloy; or a tunnel inject ing contact such as p type silicon having a 10-100 A. thick layers of silicon dioxide thereon. Preferred anodes comprise a transparent copper oxide and copper iodide layer or a conductive oxide such as tin oxide or indium oxide coated with a very thin transparent layer of Te. A Te layer which is a few atoms thick is sufficient.
Although edge emission is possible, for most purposes and in order for the device to emit a greater amount of light, it is preferred that either the anode or the cathode or both be transparent.
Examples of a transparent anode are films of tin oxide coated with a very thin layer of tellurium (preferably a few atoms thick) or tin oxide coated with a thin layer of a copper oxide-copper iodide mixture. A transparent electrode can be obtained by forming it in a mesh-like configuration so that light is freely transmitted through the spaces in the mesh.
In order to control the thickness of the phosphor layer, spacers defining this thickness may be employed. The novel devices make possible the use of spacers which are an integral part of the electrode structure. For example, the silicon dioxide layer of the tunnel injecting cathode can be built up around the periphery of the electroluminescent cell so as to provide a spacer of several microns in thickness which is integral with the tunnel injection area (less than 100 A. thick) of the cell.
Alternatively, the cathode or anode may be formed on a glass support, either with or withouta transparent conductive coating thereon, and the spacer evaporated, sputtered or otherwise formed on this structure.
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown a preferred novel electroluminescent cell 4. The novel cell 4 comprises ananthracene layer 6 sandwiched between a cathode 8 and an anode 10. The cathode comprises a degenerate n'type siliconwafer 12 having a silicon dioxide coating 14 thereon. The degenerate silicon wafer typically has a resistivity in the range of 6X10 to lXlO'ohm-cm. The silicon dioxide coating, which may be formed by any of the techniques which are well known in the art, is provided with a thin central region 16 where electron injection occurs by a tunneling mechanism. This thin region is in the order of 10 to 100 A. thick and is preferably less than 50 A. thick. The outer periphery 18 of the silicon dioxide layer is thicker than the central portion 16. This outer periphery 18, which has a typical uniform thickness of from 1 to pm., functions as a spacer to determine the thickness of the anthracene phosphor layer 6 of the cell and to prevent shorts. A preferred technique for forming the silicon dioxide coating for tunnel injection comprises the steps of (l) cleaning the silicon wafer in a boiling ammoniated solution of hydrogen peroxide, (2) etching the cleaned wafer in concentrated HF, (3) oxidizing the etched wafer in a steam atmosphere at 1,100 C., (4) recleaning and re-etching the oxidized wafer, (5) heating the wafer for several minutes at 150 C., (6) oxidizing the. wafer with water vapor at 600 C., and (7) annealing the oxidized wafer at 500 C. in a pure hydrogen atmosphere. This technique is the subject of a U.S. Patent Application filed by Alvin M. Goodman and James M. Breece.
The anthracene layer 6 may be formed by melting finely divided anthracene on the central portion 16 of the silicon dioxide layer 14 and allowing this molten material to crystallize.
j The anode 10, is provided on the anthracene layer 6 on the side opposite the cathode 8. The anode 10 consists of a thin coating of a copper oxide-copper iodide film. This film may be deposited directly on the,
anthracene or alternatively it is deposited on one surface of a conducting glass flat as shown. The copper oxide-copperiodide film is less than 100 A. thick. If the copper oxide-copper iodide film exceeds about 500 A. in thickness, the transmission of light therethrough is reduced such that it is preferably formed in a mesh or crossed-grid pattern so as to allow light to be efficiently emitted from the cell.
In operation, the silicon wafer 12 is connected to negative terminal of a battery and the copper oxidecopper iodide anode layer 10 is connected to the positive terminal of the battery. Electrons are injected into the anthracene layer 6 through the silicon dioxide layer 14 and holes are injected into the anthracene layer 6 from the copper oxide-copper iodide layer 10. Recombination of electron-hole pairs occurs in the anthracene layer 6 resulting in the emission of blue light.
Although the injecting tunnel cathode is shown to comprise n type silicon, p type silicon can also be used. In fact, p type silicon has the advantage that it is easier to deposit p type silicon on glass than n type silicon,
of the invention. In this embodiment, an electrolu-' minescent cell 30 comprises a grid-like anode 32.
formed on a transparent glass support 34, and a silicon dioxide spacer 36 around the periphery of theanode support 34. A 2-3 pm layer 38 of anthracene phosphor is disposed on the anode 32. A cathode structure 40 is positioned over the anthracene to form the complete cell. This cathode structure 40 consists of a wafer 42 of n type silicon having a 2-3 pm thick SiO layer 44 thereon. The SiO, layer 44 is in contact with the anthracene layer 38. The SiO layer 44'has 1 mil. diameter plugs 46 of the 11 type silicon extending completely therethrough. A 10-50 A. thick dielectric SiO, layer 48 is provided on the outer surface of each of the silicon plugs 46 so as to contact the anthracene layer 38. The plugs are formed in a desired pattern, for example, to portray RCA as shown in FIG. 2. Electron injection into this device takes place by tunneling through the dielectric SiO, layer 48 on each of the silicon plugs 46. An alternative and somewhat similar structure to that described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 is one in which the silicon dioxide layer 36 has an array of holes therein extending therethrough rather than silicon plugs extending through the SiO, layer as shown in the FIGURES. In this alternative structure, the Si layer is provided with a thin SiO coating (IO- A.) in the region of each hole and the anthracene then fills each hole.
The cell 50 shown in FIG. 4 employs an AlAl O cathode structure 52. The cathode may be formed by vacuum evaporating a layer 54 of aluminum onto a glass substrate 56 and anodizing the surface of the aluminum layer 54 to form an A1 0 layer 58 which is preferably from 10-50 A. thick. The cell 50 is also provided with an anode 60 having spacers 62 the same as that described with reference to FIG. 3. An organic phosphor layer 64 is disposed between and in contact with the anode and cathode.
-Where one desires light emission from the cathode side of the cell, the cathode can be formed in a thin line or mesh pattern. Such a pattern can be formed,.for example, by evaporating the cathode material onto a glass substrate by standard flash evaporation or electron beam evaporation techniques through an appropriate mask.
Although the examples indicate tunnel injection cathodes comprising Al-Al O and SiSiO it should be understood that other metal-metal oxide tunnelinjection cathodes may also be useful, for example, tantalum-tantalum oxide and magnesium-magnesium oxide.
Electroluminescent cells made in accordance with the invention comprising anthracene containing tetracene therein in an amount not exceeding 5 ppm were operated at applied average fields of only approximately 2X10 volts/cm. across the phosphor layer. Light emission was observed at wavelengths between 4,l00-5,400 A. These cells comprised a cathode consisting of a fine grid of aluminum having about a 50 A.
thick film of Al O thereover and an anode consisting of either colloidal platinum paste, copper-copper iodide paste, silver-silver iodide paste, an evaporated conductive selenium-tellurium alloy or a conductive arsenic-tellurium alloy containing a small percentage of selenium therein. The choice of anode did not have a major effect on the efficiency of light emission from the cell but it does affect the speed of response to the applied field. For the applied fields stated above, current densities ranging from 5X10 to 5X10 amp/cm have been observed. The higher current densities correspond to measured surface brightnesses of 60 footlam berts. This may be compared to a brightness of only 10 foot-lamberts for the blue light of a commercial color television kinescope. The quantum efficiency of these cells is between about 0.01-0.04 photons/electron.
Cells having a cathode consisting of n silicon, either as a wafer or a vacuum deposited film, covered with a 20-40 A. thick film of SiO and an evaporated transparent Cu O-Cul anode were also operated at an average field of about 2.5Xl volts/cm. These cells had a current density of l.8 l0' amp./cm. and a quantum efficiency of from about 0.01-0.03 photons/electron. The surface brightness of these cells was estimated to exceed foot-lamberts.
What is claimed is:
1. An electroluminescent cell comprising 1. a cathode structure consisting ofa base of an electrode material selected from the group consisting of silicon and aluminum and having a thick dielectric insulating layer on one surface thereof, said dielectric layer being an oxide of said electrode material, said electrode material extending through said oxide layer to the surface thereof to form a plurality of plug-like protrusions in a predetermined pattern through said oxide layer, and a thin oxide tunnel injection layer over the exposed surfaces of said plug-like protrusions, said oxide being an oxide ofsaid electrode material,
2. a layer of an organic phosphor over and in contact with said tunnel injection layer, and
3. a light transmitting anode structure over and in contact with said phosphor layer and spaced from said cathode structure.
2. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said organic phosphor composition comprises an organic compound having conjugated condensed benzene rings selected from the group consisting of anthracene, naphthalene, methyl derivatives of anthracene and anthracene doped with a fluorescent dye.
3. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said organic phosphor has an electron trap density in the order of IO traps/cc. or less.
4. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said phosphor layer consists of phosphor grains which are monocrystalline in the direction of current flow.
5. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim I wherein said dielectric has dielectric constant of less than 5.
6. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said electrode material is n-type degenerate silicon and wherein said dielectric layer is SiO having a thickness of from 10-100 A. I
7. The electroluminescent cell recited [I] claim 1 wherein said anode comprises a member selected from the group consisting of a tin oxide, indium oxide, a mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous iodide, gold, platinum, a selenium-tellurium alloy and p type silicon having a l0-100 A. thick layer of silicon dioxide thereon.
8. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said anode comprises a transparent film selected from a member of the group consisting of a mixture of copper oxide and copper iodide, tin oxide and indium oxide, said film having a transparent film of tellurium thereover, said tellurium film being no more than several atomic layers thick.
9. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said anode has a mesh-like configuration.
10. A cell according to claim 1 wherein said phosphor layer is less than 10 micrometers in thickness.
11. A cell according to claim 1 wherein said phosphor layer contains anthracene.
12. A cell according to claim 1 wherein said cathode is spaced from said anode by an additional thickness of the dielectric layer around the periphery of said cell, which thickness defines the thickness of said phosphor layer.
13. A cell according to claim 12 wherein said peripheral dielectric thickness is from 1 to 10 micrometers.
14. An electroluminescent devise comprising:
1. a cathode structure consisting of a. n type silicon having a thick silicon dioxide dielectric insulating layer on one surface thereof, said silicon extending through said silicon dioxide layer to the surface thereof to form a plurality of plug-like protrusions in a predetermined pattern through said silicon dioxide,
b. a thin silicon dioxide tunnel injection layer over the exposed surfaces of said plug-like protrusions,
2. a layer of an organic phosphor over said tunnel-injection layer and,
3. a light transmitting anode structure over and in contact with said phosphor layer and spaced from said cathode structure.
Claims (17)
- 2. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said organic phosphor composition comprises an organic compound having conjugated condensed benzene rings selected from the group consisting of anthracene, naphthalene, methyl derivatives of anthracene and anthracene doped with a fluorescent dye.
- 2. a layer of an organic phosphor over and in contact with said tunnel injection layer, and
- 2. a layer of an organic phosphor over said tunnel-injection layer and,
- 3. a light transmitting anode strucTure over and in contact with said phosphor layer and spaced from said cathode structure.
- 3. a light transmitting anode structure over and in contact with said phosphor layer and spaced from said cathode structure.
- 3. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said organic phosphor has an electron trap density in the order of 1014 traps/cc. or less.
- 4. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said phosphor layer consists of phosphor grains which are monocrystalline in the direction of current flow.
- 5. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said dielectric has dielectric constant of less than 5.
- 6. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said electrode material is n-type degenerate silicon and wherein said dielectric layer is SiO2 having a thickness of from 10-100 A.
- 7. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said anode comprises a member selected from the group consisting of a tin oxide, indium oxide, a mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous iodide, gold, platinum, a selenium-tellurium alloy and p type silicon having a 10-100 A. thick layer of silicon dioxide thereon.
- 8. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said anode comprises a transparent film selected from a member of the group consisting of a mixture of copper oxide and copper iodide, tin oxide and indium oxide, said film having a transparent film of tellurium thereover, said tellurium film being no more than several atomic layers thick.
- 9. The electroluminescent cell recited in claim 1 wherein said anode has a mesh-like configuration.
- 10. A cell according to claim 1 wherein said phosphor layer is less than 10 micrometers in thickness.
- 11. A cell according to claim 1 wherein said phosphor layer contains anthracene.
- 12. A cell according to claim 1 wherein said cathode is spaced from said anode by an additional thickness of the dielectric layer around the periphery of said cell, which thickness defines the thickness of said phosphor layer.
- 13. A cell according to claim 12 wherein said peripheral dielectric thickness is from 1 to 10 micrometers.
- 14. An electroluminescent devise comprising:
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US00051898A Expired - Lifetime US3710167A (en) | 1970-07-02 | 1970-07-02 | Organic electroluminescent cells having a tunnel injection cathode |
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