US3705595A - Fluidic amplifier or modulator with high impedance signal source means - Google Patents

Fluidic amplifier or modulator with high impedance signal source means Download PDF

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US3705595A
US3705595A US3705595DA US3705595A US 3705595 A US3705595 A US 3705595A US 3705595D A US3705595D A US 3705595DA US 3705595 A US3705595 A US 3705595A
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Prior art keywords
output
fluid
fluidic
signal
repeaters
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Richard N Laakaniemi
Frank A Kuczkowki
Louis D Atkinson
Paul W Kuhar
Thomas J Lechner Jr
Urban A Weber
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Johnson Controls International Inc
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Johnson Service Co
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15C—FLUID-CIRCUIT ELEMENTS PREDOMINANTLY USED FOR COMPUTING OR CONTROL PURPOSES
    • F15C1/00—Circuit elements having no moving parts
    • F15C1/20—Direct-impact devices i.e., devices in which two collinear opposing power streams are impacted
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B5/00—Transducers converting variations of physical quantities, e.g. expressed by variations in positions of members, into fluid-pressure variations or vice versa; Varying fluid pressure as a function of variations of a plurality of fluid pressures or variations of other quantities
    • F15B5/003—Transducers converting variations of physical quantities, e.g. expressed by variations in positions of members, into fluid-pressure variations or vice versa; Varying fluid pressure as a function of variations of a plurality of fluid pressures or variations of other quantities characterised by variation of the pressure in a nozzle or the like, e.g. nozzle-flapper system
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/206—Flow affected by fluid contact, energy field or coanda effect [e.g., pure fluid device or system]
    • Y10T137/2164—Plural power inputs to single device
    • Y10T137/2169—Intersecting at interaction region [e.g., comparator]
    • Y10T137/2174—Co-lineal, oppositely-directed power inputs [e.g., impact modulator]

Definitions

  • the repeater is of the leak type or a fluidic cathode follower shown in US. Pat. No. 3,499,458.
  • a fluid controller includes a plurality of high impedance signal sources and lines individually connected through repeaters to an impact summing modulator as a summing point connected to a diaphragm amplifier.
  • the output of the repeaters can be connected directly to the opposed summing signal nozzles of an impact modulator, to a transverse deflection control nozzle; singly or in combination with a non-deflecting opposing modulating difference signal.
  • a feedback restrictor connects the output of the diaphragm amplifier to the modulator.
  • the repeaters in the circuit essentially eliminate all loading and attenuating of the high impedance sensors and permit a substantial simplification in the fluidic circuitry.
  • Suitable Ratio and calibrating restrictors connect a regulated pressure supplying to the summing impact modulator. This provides a greatly improved controlling receiver of simplified, modular construction.
  • An integrator may bereadily formed by connecting a capacitor, coupling resistor and positive feedback restrictor to the input side of the controlling receiver.
  • the present invention relates to a fluidic modulator having a high impedance signal source means signalling the fluidic device to control a fluid output.
  • Fluidic controls have been developed where interaction between streams of air or other suitable fluid provide a fluid control signal in accordance with one or more fluid input signals. All such fluidic devices require continuous flowing streams and, thus, consume fluid, Further, a fluid sensing device which is interconnected to signal the fluid device is therefore loaded by the fluid source. If the sensor has a relatively low output impedance this is not a particular problem. If, however, the sensing means or sensor has a high output impedance, the loading by the fluidic devices will severely attenuate the sensitivity of the sensor to the condition being sensed.
  • the present invention can be applied to any fluidic device employing any desired fluid medium it is particularly applicable to pneumatic systems employing air and furthermore to those employing the impacting stream concept which is disclosed in the basic U.S. Pat. No. 3,272,215 to B. G. Bjornsen et al. entitled FLUID CONTROL APPARATUS.
  • a pair of main opposed impacting streams define an impacted stream balance position with respect to a control orifice.
  • a reference chamber is provided to one side of the control orifice and an output chamber to the opposite side thereof.
  • the main streams can directly be signaled or an additional interacting stream can be provided to provide a controlled output in response to a single signal or a plurality of different input signals.
  • the impacting stream modulators as well as other fluidic devices employ continuously flowing streams and consume fluid. Consequently, when such fluidic devices are connected directly into sensors of high impedance characteristic, the sensitivity of the sensor may be severely attenuated.
  • the sensing means may have a high impedance as a result of its internal construction such as nonrelay transmitters or controllers, leak port controls, high impedance condition sensitive restrictors, or the interconnection of a sensor through long signal lines may introduce a high impedance characteristic.
  • the attenuation of the sensitivity of the sensing means adversely affects the characteristic of many systems particularly in a controlling receiver or the like wherein the output is connected in a closed loop to actuate an input device.
  • the present invention is particularly directed to a novel fluid amplifying unit or modulator having a special input coupler interconnecting the high impedance signal source to the fluidic modulator in a manner essentially eliminating the loading effect of the fluidic device and thereby essentially eliminating any attenuation of the sensitivity of the sensor.
  • a fluid repeater is connected between the high impedance sensor and the signal nozzle with the connection being made at the fluidic device.
  • a fluid repeater isa device having a oneto-one gain with or without offset. Further, and more important, the repeater has an essentially infinite input impedance and a finite and relatively low output impedance.
  • a diaphragm unit overlies and divides a housing into a pair of closed chambers.
  • a nozzle and orifice means terminates in opposed relation to the orifice within one chamber which is also connected to a fluid supply and to the load.
  • the positioning of the diaphragm unit forms a variable restrictor to an exhaust such as atmosphere and determines the output load pressure.
  • the opposite closed chamber is coupled to the sensor and presents a deadended load thus establishing a high input impedance which can be coupled to a high impedance sensing device such as a nonrelay transmitter or controller, a resistance network,
  • the output of the repeater on the other hand has a relatively finite and much lower impedance.
  • the output impedance of the repeater can be increased or decreased conveniently by varying of a pressure dropping resistor in the supply connection and/or changing of the bleed orifice unit to exhaust.
  • the repeater thus negates the sensor output impedance and the fluidic modulator signal nozzle now is coupled to the finite output impedance of the repeater instead of the high sensor output impedance.
  • the leak type repeater is advantageously employed because of its very low hysteresis characteristic, the input-output characteristic is very linear and the repeater can be made as a relatively small compact unit particularly when employed in the convolute diaphragm concept of the above identified application.
  • any other high input impedance device can also be employed, such as the fluidic cathode follower type unit shown in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,499,458 to L. B. Korta et al. which issued Mar. 10, 1970 for a FLUID JET MODULATING CONTROL.
  • the cathode follower structure has the desirable very high input impedance and a relatively low output impedance.
  • the potential construction can be constructed
  • the present invention is advantageously applied with summing impact modulator devices and has been found to significantly increase the pressure gain of the sensing circuitry'as well as the sensitivity of the circuit to the sensed change particularly where a fluidic sensing resistor is employed.
  • the concept of the coupling repeater in combination with the high output impedance sensing source and the fluidic amplifier permits ready interconnection of a plurality of signals to one or more signal nozzles of the impacting modulator.
  • thepresent invention can be applied directly to the opposed summing signal nozzles of an impact modulator, to a transverse deflection control nozzle; singly or in combination with a non-deflecting opposing modulating difference signal. It can be equally applied with great advantage to the differential types of pressuresensing systems shown inU.S. Pat. No. 3,382,883 which issued to R.'N. Laakaniemi et al. on May 14, 1968 vfor a DIFFERENTIAL PURE FLUID PRES- SURE SENSOR.
  • a fluid bridge device results in an increase in sensitivity and response by a factor of fifty or more.
  • the present invention is most advantageously employed in a basic receiving controller circuit as a basic unit for various control systems.
  • the several signal means are individually connected through appropriate'repeaters to a fluidic summing device which in turnis interconnected through a high gain forward loop which employs a diaphragm amplifier such as shown in the Atkinson et al application previously identified in combination with the feedback resistance element to the fluidic summing device to produce a controlled output.
  • the repeater in the controlling receiving circuit essentially eliminates the loading and attenuating of the sensors as discussed above and thereby permits a substantial simplification in the fluidic circuitry.
  • the forward gain amplifier may be a single stage diaphragm amplifier which produces a very high forward gain with a minimal consumption of air or other fluid.
  • the system can be compared, for example, with the basic fluidic system shown in US Pat. No. 3,417,769 which issued to B. G. Bjornsen et al.'for FLUIDIC AMPLIFIER on Dec. 24, 1968.
  • the controlling receiving circuit may also set all of the inputs and the outputs to the same calibrated pressure usually or advantageously the middle of the input or the output operating range of the circuit. This will provide for a highly stable set point with changes in the feedback and ratio resistance controls because there is essentially no pressure drop through the resistance elements and therefore no flow.
  • the simplified controlling receiver can be employed as a fluidic integrator by merely introducing an integrating input assembly consisting of the necessary integrating capacitor input coupling resistor and the necessary positive feedback restrictor to the input side of the capacitor.
  • the sensitivity and response of the integrating circuit is further improved as the result of the reduction in the loading and attenuating of the sensors.
  • the present invention thus provides a highly improved fluidic modulating device including in combination a fluidic amplifier and a high impedance sensing means which essentially eliminates attenuation of the source sensitivity.
  • the invention is particularly applicable to a very simplified and low cost fluidic controlling receiving circuit for control systems and the like.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a leak port type sensing assembly coupled to a summing impact modulator through, a repeater in .accordance with the teaching of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a graphical illustration of the operating characteristics of high impedance circuitr'y, with and without the repeater coupling of the present invention to clearly illustrate the dramatic improvement in the operating characteristic which results from the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view similar to FIG. 1 showing the invention applied to a resistance dividing network and illustrating an alternative application of the invention
  • FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 illustrating the application of the present invention to a bridge type fluidic sensing network for sensing one or more different temperature conditions and one or more pressure conditions;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic circuit illustrating the summation of a plurality of input signals via a summing transverse impact modulator and interconnecting the output into a single stage controlling receiver;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating the repeater interposed between a pair of fluidic stages to provide isolation therebetween;
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic circuit diagram of a controlling receiver connected in a master-sub-master controlwith a direct action and direct readjustmentcharacteristic
  • FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 7 illustrating a similar controlling receiver with a direct action and reverse readjustment
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a dual input controlling receiver similar to that shown in FIGS. 7 and 8;
  • FIG. 10 is a similar schematic circuit of the controlling receiver interconnected with an integrating input assembly to provide for integration of a fluid signal
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a temperature sensing network with a diaphragm amplifier in the forward loop functioning as an isolating and amplifying member to simplify the control and without the repeaters shown in the prior circuits.
  • the invention is shown applied to a bleed type sensing system wherein a leak port sensing unit 1 is connected to signal a summing impact modulator 2 through a fluidic repeater 3.
  • the leak port sensing unit 1 is diagrammatically illustrated including a leak port nozzle 4 which is connected to a fluid supply 5 through a suitable pressure dropping restrictor'6.
  • the apparatus can be employed with any suitable fluid system it is preferably employed with a pneumatic system which can be referenced and exhausted to atmosphere and the like and is hereinafter described with an air supply 5.
  • the leak port sensing unit 1 further includes a lid 7 positioned over the nozzle 4 with the spacing of the lid controlled by a suitable positioning means 8.
  • the lid 7 can be mechanically, electromagnetically, or otherwise, positioned in accordance with a sensed condition. Further, lid 7 can be attached to or formed as an integral part of an object the position of which is to be sensed, and if desired controlled. The position of lid 7 determines the exhaust of the supply pressure to the atmosphere and thereby controls the pressure at the discharge or downstream side of the restrictor 6.
  • a signal line 9 which is shown with a break to indicate that it may be a relatively long signal line is connected to the downstream side of the restrictor 6 and to the upstream side of the nozzle 4. The signal line 9 connects the nozzle 4 to the input side of the fiuidic repeater 3 which couples the pressure signal to the summing impact modulator 2 and particularly without loading of the nozzle 4 so as to eliminate the usual attenuation of the source sensitivity.
  • the illustrated repeater 3 is a leak type.
  • the repeater is diagrammatically illustrated as a leak type unit including a housing 10 divided into a pair'of chambers by a centrally located convoluted diaphragm unit 11 which preferably is constructed as disclosed in the previously identified co-pending application of Weber et al.
  • a closed or dead-ended input chamber 12 is formed to the one side of the diaphragm unit v11 and connected to the signal line 9 to provide a dead-ended coupling to the signal line 9 which eliminates all significant flow in line 9 and thereby positively eliminates loading of the sensor unit 1.
  • the opposite side of the diaphragm unit 11 is a controlled output or load chamber 13 including a nozzle exhaust unit 14 connected to atmosphere or any other suitable reference.
  • a supply line 16 is connected to the common air supply or to a local air supply and includes a restrictor 17 to supply a pressurized air flow to the chamber 13.
  • An output line or port 18 is connected in common in the illustrated embodiment of the invention to the input supply line to the downstream side of the restrictor 17, and provides an input signal to the summing impact modulator 2. Thus, the output pressure appearing in the chamber 13 also appears in the line or port 18.
  • the output line 18 is coupled to the input of the summing modulator 2 which, in the illustrated embodiment of the invention, is diagrammatically illustrated in accordance with the modulator shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,272,215 to Bjornsen et al.
  • the summing impact modulator 2 includes a pair of opposing nozzles 20 and 21, with the nozzle 20 connected to the output line 18 and with the opposing nozzle 21 connected to a suitable reference or set point pressure signal source 22.
  • the opposing nozzles 20 and 21 establish a pair of opposing impacting streams within a housing 23 with the impact position located with respect to an output chamber or collector 24.
  • an intermediately located control orifice defines a reference chamber to one side and an output or collector chamber to the opposite side thereof.
  • the output in the collector 24 is proportional to or controlled by the relative position of the impact position with respect to the control orifice.
  • the signal stream from the nozzle 20 is directly controlled by the signal established by the repeater 3 to thereby directly control the output of the summing impact modulator 2.
  • the impact modulator 2 is coupled however to the low output impedance of the repeater 3 and not directly to the sensor or sensing means 1.
  • FIG. 2 The improvement associated with the present invention is graphically illustrated in FIG. 2 wherein the operating characteristics of a leak port sensor coupled to a nozzle, with and without a repeater, is illustrated.
  • the graphical illustration clearly indicates the substantial increase in the sensitivity of the detection circuit.
  • the sensitivity is defined as the change in the pressure downstream of the nozzle 4, which, in the circuit of FIG. 1, would be the discharging free stream from the summing impact nozzle 20, divided by the change in the sensed signal.
  • the graphical illustration is derived from a nozzle which accurately corresponds to a nozzle such as the nozzle 20 as well as those subsequently described hereinafter.
  • a nozzle load or input characteristic trace 25 begins at the zero point and increases geometrically with nozzle flow.
  • the slope of trace 25 increases significantly with increasing flow.
  • a first output characteristic trace 26 derived without the use of the repeater is shown beginning from a first signal pressure point 27 and rapidly decreasing with increasing flow. Trace 26 intersects the load flow characteristic trace 25 in the relative initial portion of the load characteristic. Thus, the pressure upstream of the nozzle 20 (FIG. 1) and the nozzle flow are determined by this intersection.
  • a second output characteristic trace 28, once again without the repeater, is illustrated for a step change in the sensed pressure or variable.
  • a pair of similar output characteristic traces 32 and 33 for the circuit with the addition of a repeater 3 (FIG. 1), as taught by the present invention, are shown beginning at the corresponding sensed variable pressure points 27 and 29.
  • These traces 32 and 33 extend outwardly with a minimum slope and the slope decreases at a much lesser rate than traces 26 and 28.
  • the output traces 32 and 33 are generally parallel and intersect the load characteristic trace 25 on the upper portion of the nozzle characteristic load trace 25 and in particular where the load trace 25 has a much greater slope. Consequently, the related intersection points '34 and 35 are substantially spaced along the trace 25 and indicate a very substantial pressure differential upstream of the nozzle 20 (FIG. 1) with the repeater 3 connected in the circuit.
  • the repeater produces a drammatic increase in sensitivity.
  • This drammatic increase in the pressure change of the repeater 3 is due both to the lesser slope of the output characteristic and the greater slope of the nozzle characteristic at the point of intersection.
  • the improvement is further the result of the isolation of the sensor due to the infinite input impedance of the repeater such that the fluidic device with its relatively low impedance does not load the sensing device but rather is coupled to the auxiliary supply through the finite and relatively low output impedance of the repeater. This permits a substantial increase in the pressure gain of the summing impact modulator 2 or other fluidic device as well as increasing the sensitivity of thecircuit to a sensed condition.
  • FIG. 3 A similar system is shown in FIG. 3 wherein a simple resistance network permits summing of a pair of signals and/or sensing of a pair of two difference conditions.
  • a first fluidic resistance 36 hasone side connected directly to afirst signal pressure 37. It is to be understood that the term fluidic resistance includes both non-linear restrictors and linear resistors.
  • the resistance 36 is connected in parallel with a resistance 38 to a second signal pressure source 39.
  • the junction of the resistances 36 and 38 is connected to a repeater 41.
  • the output of the repeater 41 is connected to signal a transverse impacting modulator 41a.
  • the illustrated repeater is diagrammatically shown in accordance with the teaching of the Atkinson et al.
  • the repeater 41 includes a diaphragm unit 42 which is preferably constructed as a convoluted diaphragm unit as in FIG. 1 and defines an input chamber 43'connected to the signal line 40 and a first output control chamber 44.
  • a supply 45 is connected via a resistance 46 and a common input-output line 47 to control chamber 44.
  • An exhaust nozzle 48 is aligned with the diaphragm unit 42 but spaced therefrom.
  • an intermediate fixed wall 49 defines an exhaust chamber having an orifice 50 aligned with the exhaust nozzle 48.
  • the exhaust chamber is provided with an exhaust port 51.
  • Repeater 41 generally functions in the same manner as the repeater 3 to variably exhaust the line 47 upstream of the resistance 46 and thereby correspondingly controlling the output pressure in the line 47.
  • This signal is applied the input to an impacting modulator device 41a and particularly to a signal nozzle 52 which establishes a deflection control stream to control the relative strength of one of a pair of main streams.
  • the transverse impact modulator 41a includes a pair of nozzles 53 and 54 connected to a suitable fixed supply for establishing an impacting position with respect to'the collector 55.
  • the signal nozzle 52 is mounted to establish a deflection control stream engaging the main stream issued by nozzle 53 and variably deflecting such stream with respect to that from the nozzle 54.
  • the output stream of the signal nozzle 52 thereby controls the impact position with respect to the collector 55 and correspondingly controls the output signal in accordance with the relative input signal.
  • the input signal can be changed by a change in either one of the signal sources 37 or 39 and/or by a change in the resistance value of the signal resistances 36 and 38.
  • the resistances 36 and 38 may provide a resistance value proportional to temperature, thermal radiation or the like. 1 I I
  • the circuit operates basically in the same manner as that described with respect to FIG. 1 and will produce an output characteristic similar to that described with respect to FIG. 2.
  • a change in the signal pressures, or the resistance values of the resistances 36 and 38 results in a corresponding change in the pressure at the signal line 40.
  • This pressure change reappears essentially without flow in the input reference chamber 43 of the repeater 41 and is converted into a corresponding low impedance output to the signal nozzle 52 of the transverse impact modulator 410.
  • the impacting modulator sees the finite and relatively low output impedance of the repeater 41 which, as previously noted, can be controlled by selection of the supply resistance 46 and/or the construction of the repeater exhaust nozzle assembly 47 49.
  • FIG. 4 A somewhat more'complicated resistance dividing network for comparing a plurality of signals is illustrated in FIG. 4 wherein the invention is shown applied to a fluidic bridge network similar to that shown in the US. Pat. No. 3,382,883.
  • the illustrated embodiment of the invention shows a first signal pressure source 56 which is connected to the corresponding ends of a pair of temperature sensitive resistances 57 and 58 which are subjected to variable or fixed temperature conditions or the like to be sensed, as shown by suitable dotted line enclosures 59.
  • The'resistances 57 and 58 form two legs of the bridge.
  • a third leg of the bridge is formed by a sensing resistance 60 which is connected to a separate signal source 61 in the illustrated embodiment of the invention.
  • a fourth resistance 62 is connected between the second sensing leg including resistance 58 and a third signalsource 63 to define a completebridge network.
  • the resistances 60 and 62 can be separately coupled to any temperature sensing condition to be determined or can be fixed resistances as shown inserted into the circuit to establish a balanced network at a predetermined condition at one or more of the other legs of resistances 57 and 58.
  • the signal pressures 61 and 63 can be a common pressure, either variable or fixed, to define a set point
  • a summing impact modulator 64 is connected across the output junction of the bridge network and in particular includes a first signal nozzle 65 connected by a repeater 66 to a signal line 67.
  • the signal line 67 in turn is connected to the junction 68 of the resistances 57 and 60 and thus provides one input to the summing impact modulator 64.
  • the second opposing nozzle 69 of the second summing impact modulator 64 is similarly connected to a signal line 70 through a repeater 71.
  • the signal line 70 in turn is similarly connected to the junction of a resistances 58 and 62 in accordance with the usual output bridge type interconnections.
  • the repeaters 66 and 71 may be diaphragm units such as illustrated in FIGS. 1 or 3, or alternatively may be any other suitable high input impedance device such as the fluidic device shown in the Korta et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,499,458.
  • the bridge circuit operates generally in accordance with general bridge theory with the output signal pressures being proportional to the unbalanced condition of the several legs. This, in turn, is related directly to the relative resistances of the condition sensitive resistances 57 and 58 as well as that of the resistances 60 and 62.
  • the output in turn is controlled by the relative strength of the input signals to the summing impact nozzles 65 and 69, with the output appearing at the output collector of the summing modulator 64.
  • the repeaters 66 and 71 isolate the sensing resistance network from the relatively low input impedance of the summing impact modulator and thus prevents loading of the bridge network.
  • the output of the repeaters 66 and 71 permits highly satisfactory operation of the summing impact modulator as a high gain device.
  • the pressure gain of a bridge network as illustrated in FIG. 4 is on the order of 100 times as great as the same bridge network with the repeaters removed.
  • the relative sensitivity of the sensing legs can be controlled by varying of the output impedance characteristics of the two repeaters.
  • the supply resistances and/or the exhaust orifice restrictions can be varied to produce a desired sensitivity.
  • the summing impact modulator 64 provides a highly satisfactory summing device for a bridge network as a result of the direct nozzle connection.
  • the summing device could, however, be any other suitable summing means such as a summing transverse modulator such as shown in FIG. 5.
  • the present invention is shown applied to a controlling receiver having a summing transverse impact modulator 72 defining a summing point to a high gain summing amplifying stage 73 which may be any suitable high positive gain fluidic amplifying device such as a diaphragm amplifier and/or a pneumatic relay.
  • a pair of positive forward signal sources 74 and 75 and a pair of negative signal sources 76 and 77 are shown connected to correspondingly signal the summing transverse impact modulator 72.
  • the summing transverse impact modulator 72 is constructed in accordance with the teaching of U.S. Pat. No. 3,469,592 and is diagrammatically illustrated including the pair of opposing nozzles 78 and 79 connected respectively to a pair of preset or signal pressure sources 80 and 81.
  • the nozzles 78 and 79 as in the previous embodiment establish opposing impacting streams adjacent a collector 83 the output of which is connected as the input to the high positive gain amplifier 73.
  • the nozzles and collector are mounted within a housing 84 defining a reference enclosure with respect to the collector 83.
  • a transverse nozzle 85 is mounted adjacent to and laterally spaced from the nozzle 78 and is adapted to establish a deflection control stream interengaging with the output of the nozzle 78 and in particular to variably deflect the stream and thereby the impact position with respect to the collector 83.
  • a second signal port or nozzle 86 terminates in the housing 84.
  • the nozzle 86 is constructed to merely control and vary the pressure within the housing 84 and thus the downstream pressure presented to the deflection control nozzle 85. The strength of the deflection control stream is, therefore, determined by the pressure differential across the orifice of nozzle 85, in accordance with the teaching of the above patent.
  • the positive signal sources are connected to the nozzle 85.
  • a first repeater 87 in series with an output or coupling resistor 88 connects the first positive signal source 74 to the nozzle 85.
  • a repeater 89 in combination with a coupling resistor 90 connects the second positive signal source 75 to the nozzle 85 in parallel with the connection of signal source 74 via a common input line 91.
  • a common input line 92 to the secondary pressure port 86 is similarly connected through a coupling repeater-resistor .93 to the reverse acting or negative signal source 76 and in parallel through a coupling repeater-resistor 94 to the third signal source 77.
  • the amplifier 73 includes a forward loop reference line 95 interconnecting the amplifier to the common secondary port signal line 92 as a reference in accordance with the teaching of the Kuczkowski patent.
  • an adjustable feedback resistance 96 interconnects the output of the amplifier 73 appearing at the output line 97 to the common referencing line 92 to thereby provide a negative feedback signal which is summed with the outputs of the negative signals sources 76 and 77.
  • the repeaters 87, 89, 93 and 94 may be mounted adjacent to the summing transverse impact modulator 72 with signal lines of the necessary length coupled to the respective sources.
  • the repeaters can be readily formed with a low output impedance compared to the impedance of the signalling means and will thus minimize loading of sensing or signalling means with a resulting substantial increase in the sensitivity.
  • the reverse negative acting repeaters 93 and 94 should be constructed with a relatively low exhaust resistance and thus a substantial exhaust nozzle flow. This is true so that the exhaust fluid of the summing transverse impact modulator .72 and any exhaust fluid of the forward loop can readily be exhausted through the repeaters 93 and 94 and thus perform the additional function of eliminating the need of exhausting the supply air to the reverse acting signal sources 76 and 77.
  • the output impedance characteristics of the several repeaters can of course be varied by varying the supply resistances and/or the exhaust restrictors to further control the relative sensitivity of the several sensing channels.
  • repeaters in FIG. as in the previous embodiments provide the desired isolation and impedance control characteristics.
  • FIG. 7 the invention is shown incorporated in a controlling receiver of the master-submaster controlled variety and in particular such as a receiver providing adirect action or response in combination with a direct readjustment.
  • the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 7 employs a summing impact modulator 103 asthe summing point for summing a plurality of signals as hereinafter
  • the the output of the summing impact modulator 103 is connected to drive a diaphragm amplifier 104 such as that disclosed in the Atkinson et al application.
  • the output of the diaphragm amplifier 104 is shown connected to a able circuitry for increasing relatively small output signals to a level suitable for directly driving the various loads.
  • the relay output provides a desired pneumatic power for directly driving of the load.
  • a feedback resistance 107 of a variableconstruction interconnects the output of the relay 105 to a nozzle 108 of a pair of opposing nozzles 108 and 109 of the summing impact modulator 103, to establish a negative feedback signal to the summing point of the forward loop of the circuit.
  • the negative feedback resistance 107 is variable to allow adjustment of thegain by varying the negative feedback.
  • the resistance is selected to be essentially linear over the given range for which the circuit is generally designed.
  • the nozzles 108and 109 are further connected to sum the master and submaster signals.
  • a master signal source 1 10 is connected via a coupling resistance 111 as an input to a repeater 112 and in particular to the input chamber of the repeater.
  • Coupling resistor 113 interconnects the output of the repeater to a first summing line 114 to the nozzle 108 to signal the nozzle in accordance with the master signal in common with the feedback signal via the feedback resistance 107.
  • a set point signal source 115 is connected through a coupling resistor 116 to the summing line 114.
  • the set point signal source 115 may be of any suitable construction and thus may be a pressure regulator, a variable resistance element connected to a suitable supply or a completely external pressure signal source. It is therefore shown in an appropriately labeled block.
  • the opposite or opposing signal nozzle 109 of the summing impact modulator 103 is signaled from the submaster or controlled signal source 117.
  • the source 117 is coupled to the inputchamber of a repeater 118, the output or low impedance side of which is connected through a coupling resistor 119 to the nozzle 109.
  • the relative effectof the master signal 110 and the set point signal 115 is controlled through a referencing dividing network including a pressure regulating valve 120 which is connected through a variable Ratio resistance 121 to the input side of the master signal repeater 112 and to the master signal resistance 111.
  • the master signal source 110 is connected to one end of the divider and the pressure regulating valve 120 is connected to the opposite end.
  • the Ratio of the change in the repeater input to the master signal varies continuously between zero to one, with the Ratio resistance at zero, to a Ratio of one-to-one with the Ratio resistance infinite.
  • the output of the master signal repeater 112 and the set point signal repeater 115 are summed through the linear coupling resistors 113 and 116 and applied as a single input pressure'via line 114 to the nozzle 108.
  • the resistors. 113 and 116 are linear, the signal pressure is equal to the sum of the respective output pressures individually divided bythe coupling resistors.
  • the set point signal source 115. and the submaster signal source 1 17 are connected to the opposite sides of the summing impact modulator 103.
  • the opposite positioning of these two signals simplifies the installation of ing resistance 122 connected directly between the output of the pressure regulating valve and the nozzle 109 of the summing impact modulator.
  • This sets the inputs and the outputs to a corresponding calibrated pressure usually in the middle of the input and/or output operating range. This will maintain a fixed set point even though the feedback resistance 107 or the Ratio resistance 121 are adjusted at mid-range input and output. This result follows as there is essentially no pressure drop across the feedback and/or variable Ratio resistance and consequently no flow through them.
  • the structure minimizes set point changes with adjustment of the resistances by minimizing the flow and therefore the pressure drop across the resistance elements.
  • direct readjustment is employed wherein the master signal and the submaster signal change in the same direction to maintain a constant instrument output.
  • the one signal provides a direct acting or positive gain while the other signal provides a reverse acting or negative gain.
  • a reverse readjustment can of course also be employed wherein the master and submaster signal changes are in opposite directions, to maintain a constant instrument output or have a corresponding gain characteristic, which is either direct or reverse acting.
  • the master signal and the submaster signal are applied through the summing resistors to opposite sides of summing impact modulator 103 and change in a corresponding direction to maintain the circuit output. If either the submaster or master signal source are changed .to the other side of the summing impact modulator as the master is in FIG. 8, the circuit provides a reversed readjustment.
  • the master signal control is then connected into the circuit to the common nozzle 130 with the submaster signal source 129.
  • a summing impact modulator 123 constitutes the summing point to the input of a closed loop amplifying network 124 having the corresponding elements of FIG. 7.
  • a set point signal source 125 is coupled through a coupling resistor 126 to the nozzle 127 of the summing impact modulator 123.
  • the master signal source 128 and the submaster signal source 129 are connected in parallel in a similar manner to the opposing nozzle 130 of the summing impact modulator 123.
  • the collector 131 is associated with the first nozzle 127 such that the input to the nozzle 130 increases the output and a reduction in the strength of the stream from nozzle 130 reduces the output and thus provides a direct action response.
  • the signal sources 128 and 129 are connected into the circuit generally through coupling repeaters as heretofore described.
  • the master signal source 128 is connected through an input resistance to the input chamber of a repeater 132.
  • a linear summing resistor 133 connects the output chamber and port of the repeater 132 to the nozzle 130.
  • a Ratio resistance 134 interconnects the input chamber of the repeater 132 to a pressure regulating valve 135.
  • a calibrating resistance 136 connects the output of the valve 135 to the opposing nozzle 127 and thus inserts a Ratio and calibration resistance into the circuit corresponding to that shown in FIG. 7.
  • FIG. 7 In FIG.
  • the submaster signal source 129 is connected to the same .nozzle as the master signal source 128 and more particularly to the nozzle 130 opv posite that of the set point signal source 125.
  • In particusubmaster signal source 129 are now applied in parallel to the nozzle rather than to opposing nozzles (as in FIG. 7). Consequently, the variation in the master and submaster signal sources operate in the same direction with respect to the output. Both circuits are direct action, which is defined with respect to the submaster signal, with FIG. 7 providing a direct readjustment and the modification of FIG. 8 a reverse readjustment.
  • any one source could in fact include a multiplicity of sources which could be summed prior to the illustrated receivers through suitable resistance networks and applied to the input chambers of the individual receivers, or interconnected through individual repeaters or connected to the appropriate nozzle through the proper linear summing resistors such as shown.
  • the controlling receiver can, of course, be employed as a basic input summing device as shown in FIG. 9 wherein a summing impact modulator 140 is connected in a closed loop network 141 similar to that shown in the previous embodiment.
  • the first signal source 142 is connected through a repeater 143 and a coupling resistor 144 to one side of the summing impact modulator 140.
  • the opposite or second signal source 145 is connected through a repeater 146 and a coupling resistor 147 to the opposite or opposing nozzle of the summing impact modulator 140.
  • Pressure regulating valve 148 and a calibrating resistance 149 are connected to the nozzle in common with the second signal source resistor 147.
  • This simple circuit is essentially that shown for the more sophisticated master-sub-master control with the master set point adjustment capability eliminated, through the removal of the input connections to the controlling receiver.
  • the basic controlling receiver such as shown in FIG. 8 is particularly adapted to integration of fluid signals for example as shown in FIG. 10 where the corresponding elements of FIGS. 10 and 8 are similarly numbered for simplicity and clarity of explanation.
  • the controlling receiver of FIG. 8 is provided with an in tegrating module 150 connected to the controlling receiver 151 and particularly to the master and submaster coupling repeaters 132 and 137 of FIG. 8.
  • the input signal source 152 is connected directly through an input resistor 132a to the master signal repeater 132.
  • the input signal source 152 is also connected through a resistor 153 to the submaster signal repeater 137.
  • An integrating fluid capacitor 154 mmm mow interconnects the resistor 153 and the input chamber of the repeater 137 to a reference or ground.
  • a positive feedback loop includes a line 155 interconnecting the circuit output and the input to the repeater 137 and the topside of capacitor 154.
  • the line 155 includes alinear feedback resistor 156.
  • the Ratio resistance 134 of the controlling receiver now serves as a proportional gain change.
  • This circuit provides a substantial simplification in the forward loop of .the amplification circuit and permits the construction of abasic controlling receiver which can be readily adapted to integration.
  • the output circuit will deliver any desired output, below the primary supply, which is required to maintain a constant input.
  • the Ratio resistance 134 functions as a proportional gain control to adjust the internal negative feedback in a manner to balance the positive feedback. This adjustment establishes system stability as well as the overall speed of response and the wave shape of the output signal.
  • the fluid repeaters inserted into the circuit connection prevents loading of the input by the fluidic summing point and produces maximum circuit sensitivity.
  • the concept of employing a diaphragm amplifier after the summing junction in place of the more conventional multiple fluidic stage amplifier is desirablewhere air consumption and number of components must be minimized.
  • the diaphragm amplifier circuit of FIG. 11 may be employed.
  • a simplified temperature controlling or sensing circuit including a summing impact modulator 157 similar to that previously described having its dependent nozzle 158 connected through a restrictor 159 and a pressure regulating valve 160 to a supply through a common dropping resistance 161.
  • the opposite or independent nozzle 162 is connected through a calibrating or set point control resistance 163 to the downstream side of the pressure regulating valve 160.
  • a temperature sensitive resistance element 164 is connected in parallel with the variable resistance 163, and subjected to the temperature condition to be sensed.
  • the sensing resistance 164 may be any suitable flow resistance which senses the change in the viscosity of fluid as the result of the change in fluid temperature.
  • the viscosity increases with temperature while in liquids, the viscosity generally decreases with increasing temperatures.
  • the fluid resistance is preferably a capillary resistance because the rate of change in flow with temperature is the most accurately known.
  • the set point resistance 163 and the independent nozzle 162 tend to attenuate the effect of viscosity change, the strength of the stream emitted bythe nozzle 162 is directly controlled by the viscosity of the flow through the sensing resistance 164.
  • the output collector 165 of the summing impact modulator 157 is connected to signal a diaphragm amplifier 166 disclosed in the aforementioned application Serial No. 90,707 of Atkinson et al. which produces the desired controlling or signal transmitting pressure.
  • Supply pressure is applied through a resistance 170 to the supply orifice of diaphragm amplifier 166.
  • a relay 167 may be inserted creases to provide a corresponding input signal to the diaphragm amplifier 166.
  • the combination of the variable set point resistance 163 in parallel with the resistance 164 allows an adjustment so that a wide range of the different valued resistances can be employed for the sensing resistance 164 and the resistor 159 connecting the regulated supply pressure to the dependent nozzle 158. This permits a very versatile characteristic such that the circuit can be readily adapted to the various applications by controlling the changing of the impedances.
  • This invention thus provides a highly improved fluidic apparatus and particularly a fluidic modulating apparatus including a summing modulator coupled to a plurality of I input signals through suitable fluidic repeaters to positively prevent loading of the several sensing devices thereby maintaining sensitive detection of conditions and providing high gain in the fluidic amplifying devices. Further, by employing a diaphragm amplifier in the closed loop fluidic circuit an operational controlling receiver is provided which is reliable, has a long life and is relatively inexpensive.
  • a fluid control apparatus comprising a fluidic means having a plurality of stream forming means establishing interacting fluid streams and including a variable signal stream forming means, fluid signal means including signal line means and establishing a pressure signal in accordance with a selected condition and having a high output impedance, a fluidic repeater connected to said signal line means and having a gain of essentially one and an essentially infinite input impedance and having a finite output impedance means, and means connecting the input of the fluidic repeater to signal line means and the output means of the fluidic repeater to said variable signal stream forming means.
  • said fluid sensing means includes a fluid resistance network connected between a signal pressure source and said signal line means.
  • the fluid control apparatus of claim 1 including a fluid resistance bridge network including said fluid sensing means and including a pair of said output terminal means, a pair of said signal line means being connected one each to each of said terminal means, and a pair of said fluidic repeaters connected one each between each of said signal lines and said stream forming means.
  • said fluidic means includes a summing modulator including a pair of impacting stream forming means and having an output means providing an output proportionate to the relative strength of said two streams, a fluid resistance bridge network including resistance means defining said fluid sensing means and including a pair of output terminal means, a pair of said signal line means being connected to said terminal means, and a pair of said fluidic repeaters connected between said signal lines and said impacting stream forming means.
  • said fluidic means includes a summing modulator including a pair of impacting stream forming means and having an output means providing an output proportionate to the relative strength of said two streams, said fluidic repeater being connected to one of said impacting stream forming means and to thereby control the strength of the stream from said one of said impacting stream forming means.
  • said fluid signal means includes a plurality of individual signal sources each establishing a pressure signal in accordance with a selected corresponding condition and each having a high output impedance, and said fluidic repeater means including individual fluidic repeaters connecting said signal sources to said variable signal stream forming means.
  • said fluidic means includes a summing impact modulator having a pair of impacting stream forming nozzle means producing opposing impacting streams relative to a collector, a plurality of said fluid repeaters having a diaphragm unit forming a common wall between an input chamber and an output chamber, said output chamber including an exhaust orifice means aligned with and controlled by the position of said diaphragm unit, a fluid supply resistance connected to said output chamber, a first of said repeaters connected to first of said nozzle means, a second of said repeaters con- 'nected to the second of said nozzle means, and said signal lines being connected to said corresponding input chamber.
  • said fluidic means includes a summing modulator including a pair of impacting stream forming means defining a pair of opposed impacting streams and having an output means providing an output proportional to the relative strength of said two streams, said variable signal stream forming means comprising a first deflection control nozzle establishing a deflection stream aligned with one of said impacting streams and a second non-deflecting control nozzle establishing a reference pressure for said streams, said fluidic repeater means including individual fluidic repeaters connected to each of said control nozzles.
  • the fluid control apparatus of claim 9 having a plurality of signal sources for at least one of said control nozzles, and wherein a separate repeater is connected between each of said sources and the corresponding control nozzle, and linear summing resistor means individually connects the outputs of the fluidic repeaters to the corresponding control nozzle.
  • said fluidic means includes a summing modulator including a pair of impacting stream forming means establishing a pair of opposed impacting streams and having an output collector means providing an output proportional to the relative strength of the pair of streams, said fluidic repeater being connected to control the strength of the stream from one of said impacting stream forming means, a fluid amplifier connected to the output collector means of said summing modulator, a negative feedback restrictor connected between the output of the amplifier and to the second of said impacting stream forming means of said summing modulator.
  • said fluid amplifier includes a diaphragm amplifier having a dead-ended input chamber connected to said collector, a diaphragm wall common to said input chamber and an exhaust chamber having an exhasut means, an orifice wall spaced from said diaphragm wall and defining the outer wall of the exhaust chamber and the inner wall of a load chamber having a load connection means, said orifice wall having an orifice and a supply nozzle means aligned with said orifice and establishing a stream through said orifice.
  • said fluidic means includes a summing impact modulator having a pair of impacting stream forming nozzles producing opposing impacting streams relative to a collector, and having a plurality of said fluid repeaters, each of said fluid repeaters having a diaphragm unit forming a common wall between a closed input chamber and an output chamber, said output chamber including an exhaust orifice means aligned with and controlled by the position of said diaphragm unit and having a fluid supply resistance connected to the corresponding output chamber, a first of said repeaters connected to the first of said nozzles and a second of said repeaters connected to the second of said nozzles, a fluid amplifying means connected to said collector and having an output signal line, a negative feedback resistance connected between said output signal line and the first of said stream forming nozzles, a pressure regulating valve, and a calibration resistance connected between said pressure regulating valve and the first of said stream forming nozzles.
  • said fluidic means includes a summing impact modulator having a pair of impacting stream forming nozzles producing opposing impacting streams relative to a collector, at least three of said fluid repeaters, each of said fluidic repeaters having a diaphragm unit forming a common wall between a closed input chamber and an output chamber, said output chamber including an exhaust orifice means aligned with and controlled by the position of said diaphragm unit and having a fluid supply restrictor connected to the corresponding output chamber, a first of said repeaters connected to first of said nozzles and a second and a third of said repeaters connected in parallel to the second of said nozzles, and'said signal line means including a set point signal line, a master signal line and a submaster signal line, saidsignal lines being connected one each to an input chamber of a corresponding fluidic repeater, a positive gain fluid amplifying means connected to said collector and having an output signal line, and a negative feedback resistance connected between said output signal and line
  • the fluid control apparatus of claim 16 including a pressure regulating source, a ratio resistance conmz I r,
  • the fluid control apparatus of claim 18 including a calibration resistance connected between said pressure regulating source and said stream forming means opposite from the master signal line.
  • a fluid temperature control apparatus comprising a summing impact modulator having a pair of impacting stream forming means producing opposing impacting streams relative to an output collector, a diaphragm amplifier having a diaphragm forming a common wall between an input chamber and an output chamber, said output chamber including an exhaust orifice meansaligned with and controlled by the position of said diaphragm unit, said input chamber being connected to said collector, a fluid supply connected to said output chamber, a temperature sensitive resistance connected to a first of said stream forming means, an adjustable resistance connected in parallel with said temperature sensitive resistance, a set point restrictor connected to the second of said stream forming means, an output line connected to said output chamber of said diaphragm amplifier and a feedback resistance connected between the output line and the second of said stream forming means.
  • the fluid temperature control apparatus of claim 21 having a fluid relay connected between the output of said diaphragm amplifier and said output line.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
  • Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
  • Supply Devices, Intensifiers, Converters, And Telemotors (AREA)
  • Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
  • Automatic Analysis And Handling Materials Therefor (AREA)
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DE (2) DE2200658B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2123368B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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US5226123A (en) * 1988-07-27 1993-07-06 Peter Vockenhuber System for addressing multiple addressable units by inactivating previous units and automatically change the impedance of the connecting cable
US20090314055A1 (en) * 2008-06-24 2009-12-24 Fluke Corporation System to control pressure in a test device
US11231055B1 (en) * 2019-06-05 2022-01-25 Facebook Technologies, Llc Apparatus and methods for fluidic amplification

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US5226123A (en) * 1988-07-27 1993-07-06 Peter Vockenhuber System for addressing multiple addressable units by inactivating previous units and automatically change the impedance of the connecting cable
US20090314055A1 (en) * 2008-06-24 2009-12-24 Fluke Corporation System to control pressure in a test device
US7958768B2 (en) * 2008-06-24 2011-06-14 Fluke Corporation System to control pressure in a test device
US20110220222A1 (en) * 2008-06-24 2011-09-15 Fluke Corporation System to control pressure in a test device
US8469047B2 (en) 2008-06-24 2013-06-25 Fluke Corporation System to control pressure in a test device
US11231055B1 (en) * 2019-06-05 2022-01-25 Facebook Technologies, Llc Apparatus and methods for fluidic amplification

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GB1375672A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-11-27
IT954304B (it) 1973-08-30
AU3735871A (en) 1973-05-17
DE2200658B2 (de) 1976-08-26
DE2200658A1 (de) 1972-10-19
DE2264604A1 (de) 1974-06-12
GB1375671A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-11-27
FR2123368A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-09-08
JPS5426673B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1979-09-05
DE2264604B2 (de) 1979-02-22
NL7200578A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-07-27
DE2264604C3 (de) 1979-10-18
CA946745A (en) 1974-05-07
FR2123368B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1976-03-05

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