US3682190A - System for producing and discharging oxidizers for washing operations - Google Patents

System for producing and discharging oxidizers for washing operations Download PDF

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US3682190A
US3682190A US46941A US3682190DA US3682190A US 3682190 A US3682190 A US 3682190A US 46941 A US46941 A US 46941A US 3682190D A US3682190D A US 3682190DA US 3682190 A US3682190 A US 3682190A
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oxidizer
solution
reservoir
wash
wash solution
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Arvind S Patil
Preston L Veltman
Edwin R Loder
Philip M Sabatelli
Carmen R Sarge
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WR Grace and Co
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WR Grace and Co
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L15/00—Washing or rinsing machines for crockery or tableware
    • A47L15/42—Details
    • A47L15/4236—Arrangements to sterilize or disinfect dishes or washing liquids
    • A47L15/4238—Arrangements to sterilize or disinfect dishes or washing liquids by using electrolytic cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
    • C02F1/4674—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation with halogen or compound of halogens, e.g. chlorine, bromine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/395—Bleaching agents
    • C11D3/3953—Inorganic bleaching agents
    • C11D2111/12—
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/2496—Self-proportioning or correlating systems
    • Y10T137/2499—Mixture condition maintaining or sensing
    • Y10T137/2509—By optical or chemical property

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Hodgens ..137/93 Primary Examiner-Alan Cohan Assistant Examiner-David J. Zobkiw Attomey-William W. McDowell, Jr. and Kenneth E. Prince [57] ABSTRACT
  • the invention disclosed is directed to a system for generating and discharging oxidizers such as sodium hypochlorite in washing operations where maintenance of a predetermined concentration of oxidizer for extended periods on a continuous and automated basis is essential for stain removal and disinfection.
  • the oxidizer production is achieved by controlled electrolysis of suitable salts in a vessel separate from that in which the objects are washed.
  • the supply of oxidizer to the wash solution is accomplished by a regulated overflow system.
  • the present invention relates to a system for produc ing and discharging oxidizers such as sodium hypochlorite in washing operations.
  • the oxidizer is produced by electrolysis of dissolved salts in required concentration and at a required rate to maintain a predetermined concentration of oxidizer in the wash solution.
  • the oxidizer is discharged into the wash solution by utilization of an overflow system which can be either manually or electronically controlled.
  • the present invention is particularly valuable where production and maintenance of oxidizers in a washing system is required on a continuous and automated basis.
  • Oxidizing agents are used extensively in various types of washing operations for such purposes as disinfecting, deodorizing and bleaching.
  • oxidizing agents such as chlorine and hypochlorites in washing operations, particularly institutional and commercial laundry and dishwashing systems is highly desirable because of the rapid washing .processes utilized by institutions.
  • hypochlorites which are used extensively for increased detergency and stain removal in laundry and dishwashing systems are ordinarily produced by reacting gaseous chlorine with a hydroxide of sodium, calcium or potassium under carefully controlled conditions.
  • Gaseous chlorine is readily obtainable by simple electrolysis of an aqueous solution of the corresponding chloride salt.
  • the electrochemical generation of chlorine is widely practiced, and such processes are well developed in the art.
  • a predetermined level of oxidizer can be maintained in a wash solution by utilization of a washing system whichcomprises a means for producing the oxidizer, and discharging it into the wash solution.
  • the oxidizer is produced in a separate chamber from that in which the articles are washed.
  • An electrochemical cell consisting of a set of electrodes maybe incorporated into this chamber (hereafter referred to as the salt reservoir), or in a separate chamber.
  • Theelectrodes are continuously exposed to a salt solution such as a sodium or potassium chloride, iodide or bromide singly or in combintion.
  • the amount of oxidizer discharge supplied to the wash solution can be controlled by a simple regulated overflow, or a sophisticated electronic control utilizing conductivity and/or the oxidation-reduction potential of the solution in the washing operation.
  • the present. system of electrochemically generating an oxidizer such as chlorine and discharging itinto a washing system can be adapted to various types of washing operations whether for fabrics, dishes, utensils, or other articles. Its mobility, efficiency, economy and versatility offer special advantages to institutional and commercial dish and laundry washing processes.
  • the present system provides for optimization of electrolysis conditions thereby enabling productionof oxidizers from relatively inexpensive salts and with high current efficiency. Hence the cost per unit concentration of oxidizer is substantially lower than that of conventional oxidizer materials.
  • This system also eliminates the numerous hazards and inconveniences of handling such oxidizers as chlorine gas, and solid and ready-mixed hypochlorites.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention in its relation to a conventional washing apparatus.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention in combination with an electronic system which detects the reduction in the conductivity of the wash solution, and actuates a solenoid valve to allow water to flow through the detergent reservoir and the oxidizer reservoir. Solubilized detergent and oxidizer are then supplied to the wash tank'by an overflow system.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of the structure of one of the electrochemical cells employed in this invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a drawing of a preferred embodiment of the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention, particularly the electrochemical cell as it is incorporated in the salt reservoir.
  • FIG. 5 is a drawing of a preferred embodiment in which the electrochemical cell is located in a separate chamber outside the salt solution reservoir.
  • Washing apparatus represents a conventiohal dish or laundry washing machine having wash tank 11 in itsbase. (By wash tank as used herein is meant a reservoir for the wash solution.) This is provided with valve controlled drain l2 and overflow '13 maintaining cleansing solution level 14. Disposed in an overhead position outside washing apparatus 10-is oxidizer reservoir 15 in which the oxidizer is electrochemically generated. Said reservoir is equipped with side drain 22 having valve 22A with the drain extending into wash tank 11, and overflow outlet 16 to which is attached dropspout 21 extending into wash tank .11. Incorporated into oxidizer reservoir 15 are electrodes 17 and 18 connected by loop 23 to rectifier 19 which provides power to the cell.
  • Feed pipe 20 sup- I plies water at a desired rate through oxidizer reservoir 15 thereby filling said reservoir to the overflow level determined by outlet 16.
  • Oxidizer reservoir 15 a saturated solution of a salt preferably a halogen salt, which is converted to active halogen gas by electrolysis.
  • the halogen gas becomes solubili'ze'd inreservoir 15.
  • Side drain 22 delivers the initial addition of oxidizer to the wash solution.
  • the overflow of oxidizer. solution 24A passes through overflow-outlet 16, into dropspout 21 to wash solution 25 thereby continually oxidizing the wash solution.
  • the oxidizer requirement is controlled in oxidizer reservoir 15 by passage of a predetermined electrolysis current through oxidizer solution 24A.
  • the salt usedin detergent reservoir 15 depends on the oxidizer desired. However, halogen salts such as the alkali metal and alkaline earth metalsalts of chlorine,
  • a detergent-oxidizer composition can be added to reservoir'15 as the oxidizer source.
  • the effluent from reservoir 15 provides for the addition of both oxidizer and detergent in sufiicient amounts to efficientlyoxidize and supply detergency to the wash solution 25.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention in combination with an electronic system which controls theoxidizer requirements by detecting the reduction in the conductivity of the wash solution.
  • Washing apparatus 26 reservoir 31 and detergent reservoir 32 each having overflow outlet 33 and 34 respectively.
  • the oxidizerreservoir 31 which is also equipped with side drain 53 extending into wash tank 26 contains 'sutficient amounts of a suitable salt to produce a saturated solution; detergent reservoir 32 contains a detergent powder.
  • Side drain 53 includes valve 53A as a component thereof for control of initial charge to the wash tank.
  • Incorporated into reservoir 31 are electrodes 35 and 36 connected by. loop 37 to rectifier 38 which provides power from step down transformer 39.
  • Feed pipe 40 supplies water to oxidizer reservoir 31 Q and detergent reservoir 32 thereby filling said reservoirs to the overflow levels determined by overflow outlets 33 and 34. Adjustmentof valves 41 and 42 in feed pipe 40, controls the amount of water which en- 'ters detergent reservoir 32 and oxidizer reservoir 31 thus, controlling the amount of oxidizer and detergent 20 discharged into wash tank 27.
  • Theoxidizer is electrochemically generated in the oxidizer reservoir 31 and becomes solubilized in oxidizer solution 43.
  • Conductivity electrode 44 which is connected by electrode cable .45 to electronic circuitry head 46 detects the reduction in the conductivity of the wash solution 47 and actuates solenoid valve 48 to allow water to flow through feed pipe-40 into the detergent reservoir 32 and the oxidizer reservoir 31.
  • the overflow of detergent solution 49 passes through overflow outlet 34 into dropspout 50 to wash solution 47 thereby providing controlled detergency to said wash solution.
  • the overflow of oxidizer solution 43 passes through overflow outlet 33 into dropspout 51 to wash solution 47 thereby oxidizing said solution.
  • Solenoid valve 48 is connected by solenoidcable 52 to electronicv circuitry-head 46.
  • Transformer 39 operates conductivity bridge and associated electronic circuitry head 46, in addition to supplying necessary current to rectifier 38.
  • the oxidizing unit is adaptable to many commerrepresents a conventional dish or laundry machine having wash tank 27 in its base. is provided with valve controlled drain 28 and overflow 29 maintaining cleansing solution level Disposed in overhead positions outside wash tank 26fare oxidizer cial washing systems utilizing conventional methods of dispensing detergent.
  • electrochemical cell consists of a central long rectangular compartment 61 for anode 62 and two side compartments 63 and 64 half the length of anode chamber 61 where cathodes 65 three lucite compartments 61, 63 and 64 are separated from each other by lucite partitions 67 and 68, and are openat the bottom. Each compartment has vent 66 on top for escape of gases.
  • Electrochemical cell 60 as described above produces the optimum electrolysis result.
  • the shorter cathode compartments 63 and 64 facilitate the escape of equal in surface area to anode 62 are located.
  • Both anode 62 and cathodes 65 can be constructed of either graphite, titanium, a noble metal of the platinum group, or a deposit of a noble metal of the platinum group on titanium to prevent electrode corrosion in highly alkaline conditions and in the presence of wet halogen gas.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a variation in the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention.
  • the oxidizer is produced in a separate electrolysis chamber located inside the salt reservoir, and discharged from this chamber.
  • Said resevoir 70 is divided into two compartments; electrolysis compartment 71 and salt solution compartment 72.
  • Electrolysis chamber 71 houses anode 74 and cathodes 75 which are separated from each other by lucite panels 76 and 77.
  • Salt solution 73 enters compartment 71 through opening 78. Electrolysis of a small volume of salt solution occurs in electrolysis chamber 71 enabling production of oxidizer at a concentration of about 6,000 parts per million.
  • the oxidizer is discharged into the washing tank by means of delivery hose 84 connected to electrolysis compartment 71.
  • Oxidizer solution level 79 is maintained by floating microswitch 80. As solution level 79 falls, the microswitch control circuit is broken and solenoid switch 81 is actuated to allow water to flow through feed pipe 82 and out of water jets 83. When the oxidizer solution 73- reaches the desired level and the microswitch control circuit is again completed, solenoid valve 81 is deactivated and feed pipe 82 closed.
  • the electrochemical cells illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 and described above are the subject of commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 74,715 filed Sept. 23, 1970.-
  • FIG. 5 illustrates another variation in the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention.
  • the oxidizer is produced in a separate electrolysis chamber located outside the salt solution resevoir.
  • electrolysis chamber 86 Connected to salt solution chamber 85 is electrolysis chamber 86, containing either the electrochemical cell described in FIG. 3, or a cell with simple arrangement of a single cathode and anode as shown in FIG. 5.
  • Electrolysis chamber 86 is equipped with vent 87 for the escape of hydrogen gas evolved at the cathodes; Salt solution 88 is displaced into electrolysis chamber 86 through valve 89 and dropspout 90.
  • Electrolysis 'of a small volume of said salt solution occurs in electrolysis chamber 86 enabling production of oxidizer at a concentration of above 5,000 parts per million of oxidizer in about 700 milliliters of salt solution.
  • the oxidizer is discharged into the wash tank through dropspout 91.
  • Continual maintenance of salt solution level 92 is accomplished by regulating the input of fresh water into the salt solution chamber 85.
  • Fresh water entering at the base of the oxidizer solution chamber 85 displaces concentrated oxidizer solution 88 into electrolysis chamber 86.
  • the rate of overflow from salt solution chamber 85 governs the amount of oxidizer discharged into the wash tank.
  • the input of fresh water can be controlled by either regulating mechanical valve 94 or electronic valve 95.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the use of an independent oxidizer sensing electrode in an oxidizer generating and dispensing system similar to that described in FIG. 2.
  • Independent oxidizer sensing electrode 98 is incorporated into wash tank 99- and connected by electrode cable 100 to electronic circuitry head 101.
  • oxidizer reservoir 104 Disposed in an overhead position outside wash tank 99 is oxidizer reservoir 104 in which the oxidizer is electrochemically generated. Said resevoir is equipped with overflow outlet 105 to which is attached drop-spout 106 extending into wash-tank 99.
  • electrodes 107 and 108 Incorporated into oxidizer reservoir 104 are electrodes 107 and 108 connected by loop 109 to rectifier 110 which provides power from step down transformer 111.
  • Oxidizer reservoir 104 is filled to the overflow level determined by outlet 105 with saturated salt solution 113.
  • Chlorine sensing electrode 98 which is continually exposed to wash solution 112 detects the reduction in concentration of the oxidizer and actuates solenoid valve 102 thereby allowing water to flow through feed pipe 103 into oxidizer reservoir 104.
  • the oxidizer solution 113 displaced by fresh water from feed pipe 103 passes through overflow outlet 105 into dropspout 106 to wash solution 112 thereby maintaining a predetermined concentration of oxidizer in said wash solution.
  • Solenoid valve 102 is connected by cable 122 to electronic circuitry head 101.
  • Transformer 111 operates electronic circuitry head 101.
  • Conductivity electrode 114 is incorporated into wash tank 99, and connected by electrode cable 115 to electronic circuitry head 116.
  • detergentreservoir 1 17 Disposed in an overhead position out side wash tank 99 is detergentreservoir 1 17 equipped with overflow outlet 1 18 to which is connected dropspout 119.
  • Detergent reservoir 117 is filled to the overflow level determined by overflow outlet 118 with detergent solution 121.
  • Conductivity electrode 114 detects the reduction in the conductivity of wash solution 112 and actuates solenoid valve 119 to allow water to flow through feed pipe 120 into the detergent reservoir 117.
  • the overflow of detergent solution 121 passes through overflow'outlet 118 into dropspout 119 to wash solution 112 thereby supplying controlled detergency to said solution.
  • Solenoid valve 119 is connected by cable 123 to electronic circuitry head 1 16.
  • Transformer 124 operates conductivity bridge and associated electronic circuitry head 1 16.
  • the independent oxidizer sensing system illustratedin FIG. 6 provides an extremely efficient and accurate method of detecting the concentration of oxidizer in the wash solution and maintaining the predetermined concentration of oxidizer desired.
  • the independent oxidizer sensing electrodes which can be used for detecting the reduction in the concentration of various oxidizers are silver/silver chloride electrode for detecting the reduction in the concentration of available chlorine, silver/silverv bromide electrode for detecting the reduction in the concentration of available bromine, and silver/silver iodine electrode for detecting the reduction in the concentration of available iodine.
  • the electronic method of controlling the amount of oxidizer as well as detergent discharged into wash solution 47 is based on detecting v the conductivity of said solution.
  • Other methods of trode are possible.
  • the voltage which can-be used across the anode is from about 0.10 to about volts and preferably from about 1.3 to about 2.5 volts with respect to the standard hydrogen elec-
  • concentration of oxidizer which can be attained in the wash solution by using the systems described in FIG. 1, 2and 4, 5 and 6 is from about 20 to about 40 parts per million of available chlorine, from about 20 to about 100 parts per million of available bromine and from about 1 to about 10. parts per million of available iodine. Concentrations of oxidizer outside the ranges given above can be attained by variation of electrode size, cell volume, current passed across'the electrodes and the delivery system.
  • the salt solution supplied to the electrolysis chamber from the salt solution chamber should be of sufficient concentration to effect very good current efficiency, i.e., greaterthan 50 percent. As indicated by the following chart, excellent current efficiency is attained when the concentration of the salt solution is greater than 8 percent by weight. Attainment of current efiiciencies greater than 95 percent is possible when the electrochemical cell illustrated in FlG.3is employed. H
  • a EXAMPLE 1 The oxidizer generating and, discharging unit illustrated in FIG. 2 was adapted to a commercial dishwasher. An oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available chlorine and 0.4 percent concentration of detergent were maintained in the wash solution over a six hour period. The electrolysis currentpassed across the electrodes was 10 amperes. The direct current voltag passed across the electrodes .was 6.6 volts.
  • the detergent and oxidizer discharge was'controlled' into consideration and proper adjustment of the conductivity cell was made.
  • the test run was conducted in the following manner.
  • the oxidizer reservoirhaving a capacity of 6.8 liters was filled with a saturated brine solution. A' sufiicient amount of detergent powder was placed in the detergent reservoir which was then filled with water. The electrochemical cell was energized and I oxidizer production was begun one-half hour before the dishwasher was started. The electrochemical cell generated 905 parts per million of available chlorine in 6.8 liters of solution with v 93 percent current efficiency. (Chlorine concentration was determined by standard titration. procedures.) Before the dishwasher was started, 3 liters of solution from the oxidizer reservoir were added to the wash tank to produce 29.4 parts per million of available chlorine in 30 gallons of wash solution. The'feed pipe valves were adjusted to allow twice as much water to enter the oxidizer-reservoir as the detergent reservoir thereby controlling the amount of detergent and oxidizer discharged into the wash solution.
  • the dishwashing machine was packed with heavily soiled dishes and eating utensils, and then started. After completion of the washing operation, the dishes and utensils were thoroughly clean and free from any trace of food particles. Several loads of dishes were washed during the six hour period, and were found to be clean, bright and free from stain.
  • the current was adjusted to 5 arnperes for production of bromine.
  • the oxidizer reservoir was filled with a saturated solution of sodium bromide and an oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available bromine was maintained in the was solution over a six hour period. Heavily soiled dishes were cleaned with the wash solution containing hypobromite and were found to be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
  • EXAMPLE3 The identical procedure described in Example VI was followed for generating and discharging hypoiodite. The current was adjusted to 0.35 arnperes for production of iodine.
  • the oxidizer reservoir was filled with a saturated solution of sodium iodide and an oxidizer level of 3 parts per million of available iodine was maintained in the wash solution over a six hour period. Heavily soiled dishes and utensils were cleaned'with the wash solution containing hypoiodite and were found to be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
  • EXAMPLE 4 The oxidizer generating and'discharging unit illustrated in FIG. 1 was adapted to a commercial dishwasher. An oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available chlorine was maintained in the wash solution over a one hour period. The electrolysis-current passed across the electrodes was 10 amperes. The direct cur rent voltage across the electrodes was 6.6 volts. The oxidizer discharge was controlled by feeding liquid at a rate of ml per minute through the electrolysis chamber without the use of a conductivity cell. The test run was conducted in the following manner.
  • the oxidizer having a capacity of 6.8 liters was filled with a saturated brine solution.
  • THe electrochemical cell was energized and oxidizer production was begun one-half hour before the dishwasher was started.
  • the electrochemical cell generated 900 parts per million of available chlorine in 6.8 liters of solution.
  • 3 liters of solution from the oxidizer reservoir were added to the wash tank to produce 24 parts per million of available chlorine in 30 gallons of wash. solution.
  • the dishwasher was packed with heavily soiled dishes, glassware and eating utensils, and. I
  • EXAMPLE 5 The identical procedure described in Example 4 was followed for generating and discharging hypobromide. The current was adjusted to 5 arnperes for production of bromine.
  • the oxidizer reservoir was filled with a saturated solution of sodium bromide and an oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available bromine was cell generated 900 parts per million of available chlorine in 6.8 liters of solution.
  • an initial charge of oxidizer and detergent were added to the wash tank to produce parts per million of available chlorine and 0.4 percent detergent concentration in 30 gallons of wash solution.
  • the dishwasher was packed with heavily soiled dishes, glassware and eating utensils, and then started. A constant washer.
  • the identical procedure described in Example 4 was followed for generating and discharging hypochlorite and hypobromite.
  • the oxidizer solution maintained in the wash solution over a one hour period.
  • Heavily soiled dishes, glassware and eating utensils were cleaned in the wash solution containing hypobromite and were found to be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
  • EXAMPLE 6 The identical procedure described in Example 4 was followed for generating and discharging hypoiodite. The current was adjusted to 0.35 amper es for produc tion of iodine.
  • the oxidizer reservoir was filled with a saturated solution of sodium iodide and as oxidizer level of 3 parts per million of available iodine was maintained in the wash solution over a one hour period. Heavily soiled dishes, glassware and eating utensils were cleaned with the wash solution containing hypoiodite and were found to be extremely clean, bright and free fromstain.
  • EXAMPLE 7 The oxidizer generating and discharging unit illustrated in FIG. 1 was adapted-to a commercial dishwasher. An oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available chlorine and a detergent level of 0.4 percent concentration of detergent were maintained in the wash solution over a one hour period. The electrolysis current passed across the electrodes was 10 amperes. The direct current voltage across the electrodes was 6.6 volts. The oxidizer and detergent discharge was controlled by feeding liquid at a rate of i 100 milliliters per minute through the electrolysis chamber without the use of a conductivity cell. The test run was conducted in the following manner.
  • the oxidizer reservoir having a capacity of 6.8 liters was filled with a saturated brine solution. A sufficient amount of detergent powder was also added to the oxidizer reservoir.
  • the electrochemical cell was energized and oxidizer production was begun one-half hour before the dishwasher was started.
  • the electrochemical was filled with a saturated solution of sodium chloride and sodium bromide wherein said salts are in a one to one ratio. A level of 25 parts per million of available oxidizer was maintained in the wash solution over a one hour period. Heavily soiled dishes, glassware and eating utensils were cleaned with the wash solution containing both hypochlorite and hypoiodite and were found to be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
  • EXAMPLE 9 The oxidizer generating and discharging unit illustrated in FIG. 4 was'adapted to a commercial dishwasher. An oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available chlorine and 0.4 percent concentration of detergent were maintained in the wash solution over a period of five hours. The electrolysis current passed across the electrodes was 10 amperes. The voltage across the electrodes was 6.6 volts.
  • the test run was conducted in the following manner.
  • the salt solution compartment having a capacity of approximately 8 liters, and the electrolysis compartment were filled with a saturated sodium chloride solution.
  • the electrochemical cell was energized and oxml/minute of oxidizer solution was pumped into the wash tank while the dishes were being washed. After completion of the washing operation, the dishes and utensils were thoroughly clean, and free from any trace of food particles.
  • Example 10 The identical procedure described in Example 8 was followed for generating and discharging hypobrornite. The current was adjusted to 5 amperes for production of bromine. The oxidizer solution compartment and electrolysis compartment were filled with a saturated solution of sodium bromide and an oxidizer level of 25 a parts per million of available bromine was maintained in the wash solution over several hours. Heavily soiled dishes were cleaned with the wash solution containing hypobromite and were found .to be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
  • the current was adjusted to 5 amperes for production 'of bromine.
  • the oxidizer solution compartment and electrolysis compartment were filled with a saturated solution of sodium iodide andan oxidizer level of 4 parts per million of available iodine was maintained in the. wash solution over several hours. Heavily soiled dishes and utensils were cleaned with the wash solution be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
  • EXAMPLE 12 The oxidizer generating and discharging unit illuswasher to produce sodium hypochlorite from crystalline sodium chloride. An oxidizer level of 20 parts per million of available chlorine was maintained in the wash solution over a two hour period. The electrolysis current passed across the electrodes was amperes.
  • the oxidizer discharge was controlled by feeding water at a predetermined rate of about 50 to about 60 washer.
  • An oxidizer level of .25 parts per million of trated in FIG. '5 was adapted to a commercial dishtion. After completion of the washing operation the dishes and utensils were found to be thoroughly clear, 7
  • the following chart represents the chlorine production rate for the initial minute period and 120 minutes actual operation u Grams of Chlorine A Grams of Chlorine An oxidizer generating and discharging system'utilizing an independent chlorine sensing electrode as described in FIG. 6 was adapted to a commercial dishavallable chlorine was maintained in the wash solution over a six hour period. The electrolysis current passed across the electrodes was 10 amperes.
  • Example 4 The test was conducted in the same manner as Example 4. However, in this case the oxidizer discharge was controlled independently from the detergent solution A discharge. The silver/silver chloride electrode detected ml per minute'through the oxidizer solution chamber r thereby controlling the amount of salt solution displaced into the electrolysis chamber and the sub sequent overflow of oxidizer solution into the wash tank. Thetest'run was conducted in the following manner. A saturated sodium chloride solution was produced by percolating fresh water through the only the reduction in the concentration of available chlorine, and in turn actuated a solenoid valve'of its own to cause an overflow of oxidizer into the wash solution. The dishwasher was operated in this manner for 6 hours. Several loads of dishes were washed, and were found to be clean, bright and free from stain.
  • the dishwashing machine was packed with heavily soiled dishes and eating utensils, and then started. During the washing operation, the oxidizer solution in the electrolysis chamber was continually renewed and replaced at a rate of to milliliters per minute.
  • displaced oxidizer solution provided a continuous supply of not less than about 0.15 gram chlorine per minute thereby maintaining the oxidizer level of 20 parts per million of available chlorine in the solu that many variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention.
  • a washing system which comprises in combination, a wash tank containing a wash solution, an oxidizer reservoir disposed outside the wash tank and in an overhead position relative thereto, said oxidizer reservoir containing means for generating oxidizer including an electrochemical cell and a solution of a salt selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts of chlorine, bromine and iodine, said electrochemical cell having an anode and two cathodes, said cathodes being shorter than said anode and disposed on each side of the anode substantially parallel to one another, a housing for the cell having a central long rectangular compartment for the anode, and two side compartments, one on each side of the anode compartment for each cathode, each compartment open at the bottom and having a vent on top for the escape of anodic and cathodic gases, a side drain extending from the oxidizer reservoir and into the wash tank for initial transfer of oxidizer generated by .said electrochemical cell in the oxidizer reservoir and .in
  • said salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, and potassium chloride and wherein the concentration of said salt in said solution is within the range of from about 1. percent by weight to about the percent by weight at which the solution is saturated.

Abstract

The invention disclosed is directed to a system for generating and discharging oxidizers such as sodium hypochlorite in washing operations where maintenance of a predetermined concentration of oxidizer for extended periods on a continuous and automated basis is essential for stain removal and disinfection. The oxidizer production is achieved by controlled electrolysis of suitable salts in a vessel separate from that in which the objects are washed. The supply of oxidizer to the wash solution is accomplished by a regulated overflow system.

Description

United States Patent Patil et al. 1451 Aug. 8, 1972 541 SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING AND 2,859,760 11/1958 B61611 ..137/93 DISCHARGING OXIDIZERS FoR 2,887,444 5/1959 Lindstaedt ..204/149 x WASHING OPERATIONS 3,139,890 7/1964 Moran ..134 100 [72] Inventors: Arvind s. Patil, Silver Spring, Md. ggzg'ggg 3x32; fia '33g; 20910; g Sever 3,378,479 4/1968 Colvin 6i a1 ..204/275 x Pe E 1 3,433,723 3/1969 Stanton ..204/149 cmcmnatl Ohm 4523" 3,518,174 6/1970 IllOLle ..204/275 x Sabatelli, Cincinnati, Ohio 4521 1; Carmen R. Sarge, Fort Thomas, Ky.
Appl. No.: 46,941
US. Cl ..137/93, 134/57 R, 204/95,
204/ 149, 204/275 Int. Cl. ..B08b 3/00 Field of Search ..134/57 D, 57 R, 100; 137/5,
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Hodgens ..137/93 Primary Examiner-Alan Cohan Assistant Examiner-David J. Zobkiw Attomey-William W. McDowell, Jr. and Kenneth E. Prince [57] ABSTRACT The invention disclosed is directed to a system for generating and discharging oxidizers such as sodium hypochlorite in washing operations where maintenance of a predetermined concentration of oxidizer for extended periods on a continuous and automated basis is essential for stain removal and disinfection. The oxidizer production is achieved by controlled electrolysis of suitable salts in a vessel separate from that in which the objects are washed. The supply of oxidizer to the wash solution is accomplished by a regulated overflow system.
5 Claim, 6 Drawing Patented Aug. 8, 1972 3,682,190
3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Paws/a w sauna- F/g.
ARV/ND S PAT/L PRESTO/V L VEL TMAN EDWIN R. 1.0051? .PH/L/P MSABATELL/ CARMEN R. SARGE INVENTORS BY 14 m ATTOR EY 3 Sh8ebs s 2 Fig 4 I 8/ n 0 V ARV/ND 5 PAT/L PRESTON L. VEL TMAN 50mm R. LODER PHIL/P M. SABATELL/ CARMEN R SARGE INVENTORS Patented Aug. 8, 1972 3,682,190
3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Fig. 5
ARV/ND s PA TIL PRESTON 1.. VELTMAN ll /2/ sow/1v R. 1.0051? PHIL /P M. SABA TELL/ CARMEN R. SARGE INVENTORS 715: kind-M ATTOR Y SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING AND DISCHARGING OXIDIZERS FOR WASHING OPERATIONS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a system for produc ing and discharging oxidizers such as sodium hypochlorite in washing operations. The oxidizer is produced by electrolysis of dissolved salts in required concentration and at a required rate to maintain a predetermined concentration of oxidizer in the wash solution. The oxidizer is discharged into the wash solution by utilization of an overflow system which can be either manually or electronically controlled. The present invention is particularly valuable where production and maintenance of oxidizers in a washing system is required on a continuous and automated basis.
2. Description of the Prior Art Oxidizing agents are used extensively in various types of washing operations for such purposes as disinfecting, deodorizing and bleaching. The use of oxidizing agents such as chlorine and hypochlorites in washing operations, particularly institutional and commercial laundry and dishwashing systems is highly desirable because of the rapid washing .processes utilized by institutions.
The hypochlorites, which are used extensively for increased detergency and stain removal in laundry and dishwashing systems are ordinarily produced by reacting gaseous chlorine with a hydroxide of sodium, calcium or potassium under carefully controlled conditions. Gaseous chlorine is readily obtainable by simple electrolysis of an aqueous solution of the corresponding chloride salt. The electrochemical generation of chlorine is widely practiced, and such processes are well developed in the art. However, there are many hazards and problems connected with supplying washing operations with active chlorine gas as well as hypochlorites.
Many conventional methods for the addition of chlorine and chlorine releasing compounds to wash solutions are based upon the chemical action of chlorine. While the direct introduction of gaseous chlorine from a pressurized source probably represents the simplest form of disinfecting and destaining this method has the disadvantages of requiring heavy and cumbersome pressure type storage cylinders to contain the supply of liquid or gaseous chlorine, and an expensive and delicately balanced metering system for regulating the delivery of the gas.
The use of granular solid-type oxidizers such as hypochlorite preparations are quite costly and very difing systems. Many dish and laundry detergents containing both a chlorine releasing agent and a surfactant have brief shelf lives due to attack by chlorineon the surfactant. As a result, the overall effectiveness of the composition is reduced.
While previous attempts have been made to produce and supply washing systems with various oxidizers, especially chlorine gas and hypochlorites, these attempts have not been successful in developing a safe, efficient and inexpensive method for both generating oxidizers and discharging them in a regulated manner into washing systems in order to maintain a predetermined level of oxidizer in the wash solution.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It has now been found by the practice of this invention that a predetermined level of oxidizercan be maintained in a wash solution by utilization of a washing system whichcomprises a means for producing the oxidizer, and discharging it into the wash solution. The oxidizer is produced in a separate chamber from that in which the articles are washed. An electrochemical cell consisting of a set of electrodes maybe incorporated into this chamber (hereafter referred to as the salt reservoir), or in a separate chamber. Theelectrodes are continuously exposed to a salt solution such as a sodium or potassium chloride, iodide or bromide singly or in combintion. A dropspout attached to an overflow outlet in the side wall of the oxidizer reservoir, a chamber in which the oxidizer is produced and/or stored, extends into the washing apparatus and discharges the oxidizer from said chamber to the wash solution. The amount of oxidizer discharge supplied to the wash solution can be controlled by a simple regulated overflow, or a sophisticated electronic control utilizing conductivity and/or the oxidation-reduction potential of the solution in the washing operation.
The present. system of electrochemically generating an oxidizer such as chlorine and discharging itinto a washing system can be adapted to various types of washing operations whether for fabrics, dishes, utensils, or other articles. Its mobility, efficiency, economy and versatility offer special advantages to institutional and commercial dish and laundry washing processes.
The present system provides for optimization of electrolysis conditions thereby enabling productionof oxidizers from relatively inexpensive salts and with high current efficiency. Hence the cost per unit concentration of oxidizer is substantially lower than that of conventional oxidizer materials.
This system also eliminates the numerous hazards and inconveniences of handling such oxidizers as chlorine gas, and solid and ready-mixed hypochlorites.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention may be best understood by reference to the following description, taken in connection with the following drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention in its relation to a conventional washing apparatus.
FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention in combination with an electronic system which detects the reduction in the conductivity of the wash solution, and actuates a solenoid valve to allow water to flow through the detergent reservoir and the oxidizer reservoir. Solubilized detergent and oxidizer are then supplied to the wash tank'by an overflow system.
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of the structure of one of the electrochemical cells employed in this invention.
' solution in order to maintain a FIG. 4 is a drawing of a preferred embodiment of the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention, particularly the electrochemical cell as it is incorporated in the salt reservoir.
FIG. 5 is a drawing of a preferred embodiment in which the electrochemical cell is located in a separate chamber outside the salt solution reservoir.
' paratus. Washing apparatus represents a conventiohal dish or laundry washing machine having wash tank 11 in itsbase. (By wash tank as used herein is meant a reservoir for the wash solution.) This is provided with valve controlled drain l2 and overflow '13 maintaining cleansing solution level 14. Disposed in an overhead position outside washing apparatus 10-is oxidizer reservoir 15 in which the oxidizer is electrochemically generated. Said reservoir is equipped with side drain 22 having valve 22A with the drain extending into wash tank 11, and overflow outlet 16 to which is attached dropspout 21 extending into wash tank .11. Incorporated into oxidizer reservoir 15 are electrodes 17 and 18 connected by loop 23 to rectifier 19 which provides power to the cell. Feed pipe 20 sup- I plies water at a desired rate through oxidizer reservoir 15 thereby filling said reservoir to the overflow level determined by outlet 16. Oxidizer reservoir 15 a saturated solution of a salt preferably a halogen salt, which is converted to active halogen gas by electrolysis. The halogen gas becomes solubili'ze'd inreservoir 15. Side drain 22 delivers the initial addition of oxidizer to the wash solution. As additional water is fed to reservoir 15 through feed pipe 20, the overflow of oxidizer. solution 24A passes through overflow-outlet 16, into dropspout 21 to wash solution 25 thereby continually oxidizing the wash solution. The oxidizer requirement is controlled in oxidizer reservoir 15 by passage of a predetermined electrolysis current through oxidizer solution 24A.
i The salt usedin detergent reservoir 15 depends on the oxidizer desired. However, halogen salts such as the alkali metal and alkaline earth metalsalts of chlorine,
bromine and iodine are preferred. Y
A detergent-oxidizer composition can be added to reservoir'15 as the oxidizer source. The effluent from reservoir 15 provides for the addition of both oxidizer and detergent in sufiicient amounts to efficientlyoxidize and supply detergency to the wash solution 25.
FIG. 2 illustrates the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention in combination with an electronic system which controls theoxidizer requirements by detecting the reduction in the conductivity of the wash solution. Washing apparatus 26 reservoir 31 and detergent reservoir 32 each having overflow outlet 33 and 34 respectively. The oxidizerreservoir 31 which is also equipped with side drain 53 extending into wash tank 26 contains 'sutficient amounts of a suitable salt to produce a saturated solution; detergent reservoir 32 contains a detergent powder. Side drain 53 includes valve 53A as a component thereof for control of initial charge to the wash tank. Incorporated into reservoir 31 are electrodes 35 and 36 connected by. loop 37 to rectifier 38 which provides power from step down transformer 39.
' Feed pipe 40 supplies water to oxidizer reservoir 31 Q and detergent reservoir 32 thereby filling said reservoirs to the overflow levels determined by overflow outlets 33 and 34. Adjustmentof valves 41 and 42 in feed pipe 40, controls the amount of water which en- 'ters detergent reservoir 32 and oxidizer reservoir 31 thus, controlling the amount of oxidizer and detergent 20 discharged into wash tank 27. Theoxidizer is electrochemically generated in the oxidizer reservoir 31 and becomes solubilized in oxidizer solution 43. Conductivity electrode 44 which is connected by electrode cable .45 to electronic circuitry head 46 detects the reduction in the conductivity of the wash solution 47 and actuates solenoid valve 48 to allow water to flow through feed pipe-40 into the detergent reservoir 32 and the oxidizer reservoir 31. The overflow of detergent solution 49 passes through overflow outlet 34 into dropspout 50 to wash solution 47 thereby providing controlled detergency to said wash solution. The overflow of oxidizer solution 43 passes through overflow outlet 33 into dropspout 51 to wash solution 47 thereby oxidizing said solution. Solenoid valve 48 is connected by solenoidcable 52 to electronicv circuitry-head 46.
Transformer 39 operates conductivity bridge and associated electronic circuitry head 46, in addition to supplying necessary current to rectifier 38.
Detergent reservoir 32 and connected dropspout 50 are not necessary to the successful operation of the oxidizer generating and discharging system of thisinvention. The oxidizing unit is adaptable to many commerrepresents a conventional dish or laundry machine having wash tank 27 in its base. is provided with valve controlled drain 28 and overflow 29 maintaining cleansing solution level Disposed in overhead positions outside wash tank 26fare oxidizer cial washing systems utilizing conventional methods of dispensing detergent. g
In the washing operations described in FIGS. 1 and 2, one to three gallons of wash solution per 30 minutes are lost through overflow 29. To a particular concentration of oxidizer in the wash solution, requisite quantities of oxidizer must be added intermittantly to compensate for the loss of oxidizer dueto this overflow. By passing a specific electrolysis current through the oxidizer solution, enough oxidizer can be produced to maintain the desired level of oxidizer in the wash solution.
Referring now to FIG. 3, electrochemical cell consists of a central long rectangular compartment 61 for anode 62 and two side compartments 63 and 64 half the length of anode chamber 61 where cathodes 65 three lucite compartments 61, 63 and 64 are separated from each other by lucite partitions 67 and 68, and are openat the bottom. Each compartment has vent 66 on top for escape of gases. I
Electrochemical cell 60 as described above produces the optimum electrolysis result. The shorter cathode compartments 63 and 64 facilitate the escape of equal in surface area to anode 62 are located. The
hydrogen gas evolved there, whereas the longer anode chamber 6 1 causes increased solubilization of chlorine gas to produce hypochlorite. Both anode 62 and cathodes 65 can be constructed of either graphite, titanium, a noble metal of the platinum group, or a deposit of a noble metal of the platinum group on titanium to prevent electrode corrosion in highly alkaline conditions and in the presence of wet halogen gas.
FIG. 4 illustrates a variation in the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention. The oxidizer is produced in a separate electrolysis chamber located inside the salt reservoir, and discharged from this chamber. Said resevoir 70 is divided into two compartments; electrolysis compartment 71 and salt solution compartment 72. Electrolysis chamber 71 houses anode 74 and cathodes 75 which are separated from each other by lucite panels 76 and 77. Salt solution 73 enters compartment 71 through opening 78. Electrolysis of a small volume of salt solution occurs in electrolysis chamber 71 enabling production of oxidizer at a concentration of about 6,000 parts per million. The oxidizer is discharged into the washing tank by means of delivery hose 84 connected to electrolysis compartment 71. Oxidizer solution level 79 is maintained by floating microswitch 80. As solution level 79 falls, the microswitch control circuit is broken and solenoid switch 81 is actuated to allow water to flow through feed pipe 82 and out of water jets 83. When the oxidizer solution 73- reaches the desired level and the microswitch control circuit is again completed, solenoid valve 81 is deactivated and feed pipe 82 closed. The electrochemical cells illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 and described above are the subject of commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 74,715 filed Sept. 23, 1970.-
FIG. 5 illustrates another variation in the oxidizer generating and discharging system of this invention. In this case the oxidizer is produced in a separate electrolysis chamber located outside the salt solution resevoir. Connected to salt solution chamber 85 is electrolysis chamber 86, containing either the electrochemical cell described in FIG. 3, or a cell with simple arrangement of a single cathode and anode as shown in FIG. 5. Electrolysis chamber 86 is equipped with vent 87 for the escape of hydrogen gas evolved at the cathodes; Salt solution 88 is displaced into electrolysis chamber 86 through valve 89 and dropspout 90. Electrolysis 'of a small volume of said salt solution occurs in electrolysis chamber 86 enabling production of oxidizer at a concentration of above 5,000 parts per million of oxidizer in about 700 milliliters of salt solution. The oxidizer is discharged into the wash tank through dropspout 91. Continual maintenance of salt solution level 92 is accomplished by regulating the input of fresh water into the salt solution chamber 85. Fresh water entering at the base of the oxidizer solution chamber 85 displaces concentrated oxidizer solution 88 into electrolysis chamber 86. Subsequently, the rate of overflow from salt solution chamber 85 governs the amount of oxidizer discharged into the wash tank. The input of fresh water can be controlled by either regulating mechanical valve 94 or electronic valve 95.
FIG. 6 illustrates the use of an independent oxidizer sensing electrode in an oxidizer generating and dispensing system similar to that described in FIG. 2.
Independent oxidizer sensing electrode 98 is incorporated into wash tank 99- and connected by electrode cable 100 to electronic circuitry head 101. Disposed in an overhead position outside wash tank 99 is oxidizer reservoir 104 in which the oxidizer is electrochemically generated. Said resevoir is equipped with overflow outlet 105 to which is attached drop-spout 106 extending into wash-tank 99. Incorporated into oxidizer reservoir 104 are electrodes 107 and 108 connected by loop 109 to rectifier 110 which provides power from step down transformer 111. Oxidizer reservoir 104 is filled to the overflow level determined by outlet 105 with saturated salt solution 113. Chlorine sensing electrode 98, which is continually exposed to wash solution 112 detects the reduction in concentration of the oxidizer and actuates solenoid valve 102 thereby allowing water to flow through feed pipe 103 into oxidizer reservoir 104. The oxidizer solution 113 displaced by fresh water from feed pipe 103 passes through overflow outlet 105 into dropspout 106 to wash solution 112 thereby maintaining a predetermined concentration of oxidizer in said wash solution. Solenoid valve 102 is connected by cable 122 to electronic circuitry head 101. Transformer 111 operates electronic circuitry head 101. Conductivity electrode 114 is incorporated into wash tank 99, and connected by electrode cable 115 to electronic circuitry head 116. Disposed in an overhead position out side wash tank 99 is detergentreservoir 1 17 equipped with overflow outlet 1 18 to which is connected dropspout 119. Detergent reservoir 117 is filled to the overflow level determined by overflow outlet 118 with detergent solution 121. Conductivity electrode 114 detects the reduction in the conductivity of wash solution 112 and actuates solenoid valve 119 to allow water to flow through feed pipe 120 into the detergent reservoir 117. The overflow of detergent solution 121 passes through overflow'outlet 118 into dropspout 119 to wash solution 112 thereby supplying controlled detergency to said solution. Solenoid valve 119 is connected by cable 123 to electronic circuitry head 1 16. Transformer 124 operates conductivity bridge and associated electronic circuitry head 1 16.
The independent oxidizer sensing system illustratedin FIG. 6 provides an extremely efficient and accurate method of detecting the concentration of oxidizer in the wash solution and maintaining the predetermined concentration of oxidizer desired.
The independent oxidizer sensing electrodes which can be used for detecting the reduction in the concentration of various oxidizers are silver/silver chloride electrode for detecting the reduction in the concentration of available chlorine, silver/silverv bromide electrode for detecting the reduction in the concentration of available bromine, and silver/silver iodine electrode for detecting the reduction in the concentration of available iodine.
The specific. details on the use of the above-mentioned silver halide electrodes are known to those skilled in the art of electrochemistry. In addition to the use of silver halide electrodes, other types of sensing electrode systems which make use of the oxidizing property of the. wash solution can be used.
Referring back to FIG. 2, the electronic method of controlling the amount of oxidizer as well as detergent discharged into wash solution 47 is based on detecting v the conductivity of said solution. Other methods of trode.
I percent by weight at which the solution is saturated Mixtures of oxidizer sources can be used to take advantage of mutual potentiation and cash advantages. I For example, the presence of small quantities 'of hypoiodites in a larger quantity of hypochlorite enhances the effectiveness of the latter'in oxidizing and disinfecting.
In the practice of this invention, the voltage which can-be used across the anode is from about 0.10 to about volts and preferably from about 1.3 to about 2.5 volts with respect to the standard hydrogen elec- The concentration of oxidizer which can be attained in the wash solution by using the systems described in FIG. 1, 2and 4, 5 and 6 is from about 20 to about 40 parts per million of available chlorine, from about 20 to about 100 parts per million of available bromine and from about 1 to about 10. parts per million of available iodine. Concentrations of oxidizer outside the ranges given above can be attained by variation of electrode size, cell volume, current passed across'the electrodes and the delivery system.
Referring back to FIG. 5, the salt solution supplied to the electrolysis chamber from the salt solution chamber should be of sufficient concentration to effect very good current efficiency, i.e., greaterthan 50 percent. As indicated by the following chart, excellent current efficiency is attained when the concentration of the salt solution is greater than 8 percent by weight. Attainment of current efiiciencies greater than 95 percent is possible when the electrochemical cell illustrated in FlG.3is employed. H
I: NaCl 4% 8% ppm Cl, 3300 4910', 6220 6630 6600" v6750 Produced %Curr ent 34.8%. 51.8% 65.6% 70.1% 69.7% 71.4%
Efficiency v The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
A EXAMPLE 1 The oxidizer generating and, discharging unit illustrated in FIG. 2 was adapted to a commercial dishwasher. An oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available chlorine and 0.4 percent concentration of detergent were maintained in the wash solution over a six hour period. The electrolysis currentpassed across the electrodes was 10 amperes. The direct current voltag passed across the electrodes .was 6.6 volts.
The detergent and oxidizer discharge was'controlled' into consideration and proper adjustment of the conductivity cell was made. The test run was conducted in the following manner.
The oxidizer reservoirhaving a capacity of 6.8 liters was filled with a saturated brine solution. A' sufiicient amount of detergent powder was placed in the detergent reservoir which was then filled with water. The electrochemical cell was energized and I oxidizer production was begun one-half hour before the dishwasher was started. The electrochemical cell generated 905 parts per million of available chlorine in 6.8 liters of solution with v 93 percent current efficiency. (Chlorine concentration was determined by standard titration. procedures.) Before the dishwasher was started, 3 liters of solution from the oxidizer reservoir were added to the wash tank to produce 29.4 parts per million of available chlorine in 30 gallons of wash solution. The'feed pipe valves were adjusted to allow twice as much water to enter the oxidizer-reservoir as the detergent reservoir thereby controlling the amount of detergent and oxidizer discharged into the wash solution.
The dishwashing machine was packed with heavily soiled dishes and eating utensils, and then started. After completion of the washing operation, the dishes and utensils were thoroughly clean and free from any trace of food particles. Several loads of dishes were washed during the six hour period, and were found to be clean, bright and free from stain.
EXAMPLE2 .The identical procedure described in Example 1 was followed for generating and discharginghypobromite.
The current was adjusted to 5 arnperes for production of bromine. The oxidizer reservoir was filled with a saturated solution of sodium bromide and an oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available bromine was maintained in the was solution over a six hour period. Heavily soiled dishes were cleaned with the wash solution containing hypobromite and were found to be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
EXAMPLE3 The identical procedure described in Example VI was followed for generating and discharging hypoiodite. The current was adjusted to 0.35 arnperes for production of iodine. The oxidizer reservoir was filled with a saturated solution of sodium iodide and an oxidizer level of 3 parts per million of available iodine was maintained in the wash solution over a six hour period. Heavily soiled dishes and utensils were cleaned'with the wash solution containing hypoiodite and were found to be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
EXAMPLE 4 The oxidizer generating and'discharging unit illustrated in FIG. 1 was adapted to a commercial dishwasher. An oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available chlorine was maintained in the wash solution over a one hour period. The electrolysis-current passed across the electrodes was 10 amperes. The direct cur rent voltage across the electrodes was 6.6 volts. The oxidizer discharge was controlled by feeding liquid at a rate of ml per minute through the electrolysis chamber without the use of a conductivity cell. The test run was conducted in the following manner.
The oxidizer having a capacity of 6.8 liters was filled with a saturated brine solution. THe electrochemical cell was energized and oxidizer production was begun one-half hour before the dishwasher was started. The electrochemical cell generated 900 parts per million of available chlorine in 6.8 liters of solution. Before the dishwasher was started, 3 liters of solution from the oxidizer reservoir were added to the wash tank to produce 24 parts per million of available chlorine in 30 gallons of wash. solution. The dishwasher was packed with heavily soiled dishes, glassware and eating utensils, and. I
then started. A constant overflow of 100 milliliters per minute from the oxidizer reservoir maintained a oxidizer level of 25 parts per million available chlorine in the wash solution during the washing operation. The dishes subjected to this washing system were found to be sparkling clean and perfectly free from stain.
EXAMPLE 5 The identical procedure described in Example 4 was followed for generating and discharging hypobromide. The current was adjusted to 5 arnperes for production of bromine. The oxidizer reservoir was filled with a saturated solution of sodium bromide and an oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available bromine was cell generated 900 parts per million of available chlorine in 6.8 liters of solution. Before the dishwasher was started, an initial charge of oxidizer and detergent were added to the wash tank to produce parts per million of available chlorine and 0.4 percent detergent concentration in 30 gallons of wash solution. The dishwasher was packed with heavily soiled dishes, glassware and eating utensils, and then started. A constant washer. The identical procedure described in Example 4 was followed for generating and discharging hypochlorite and hypobromite. The oxidizer solution maintained in the wash solution over a one hour period.
Heavily soiled dishes, glassware and eating utensils were cleaned in the wash solution containing hypobromite and were found to be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
EXAMPLE 6 The identical procedure described in Example 4 was followed for generating and discharging hypoiodite. The current was adjusted to 0.35 amper es for produc tion of iodine. The oxidizer reservoir was filled with a saturated solution of sodium iodide and as oxidizer level of 3 parts per million of available iodine was maintained in the wash solution over a one hour period. Heavily soiled dishes, glassware and eating utensils were cleaned with the wash solution containing hypoiodite and were found to be extremely clean, bright and free fromstain.
EXAMPLE 7 The oxidizer generating and discharging unit illustrated in FIG. 1 was adapted-to a commercial dishwasher. An oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available chlorine and a detergent level of 0.4 percent concentration of detergent were maintained in the wash solution over a one hour period. The electrolysis current passed across the electrodes was 10 amperes. The direct current voltage across the electrodes was 6.6 volts. The oxidizer and detergent discharge was controlled by feeding liquid at a rate of i 100 milliliters per minute through the electrolysis chamber without the use of a conductivity cell. The test run was conducted in the following manner.
The oxidizer reservoir having a capacity of 6.8 liters was filled with a saturated brine solution. A sufficient amount of detergent powder was also added to the oxidizer reservoir. The electrochemical cell was energized and oxidizer production was begun one-half hour before the dishwasher was started. The electrochemical was filled with a saturated solution of sodium chloride and sodium bromide wherein said salts are in a one to one ratio. A level of 25 parts per million of available oxidizer was maintained in the wash solution over a one hour period. Heavily soiled dishes, glassware and eating utensils were cleaned with the wash solution containing both hypochlorite and hypoiodite and were found to be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
EXAMPLE 9 The oxidizer generating and discharging unit illustrated in FIG. 4 was'adapted to a commercial dishwasher. An oxidizer level of 25 parts per million of available chlorine and 0.4 percent concentration of detergent were maintained in the wash solution over a period of five hours. The electrolysis current passed across the electrodes was 10 amperes. The voltage across the electrodes was 6.6 volts.
A pump regulated to discharge 60 ml. hypochlorite solution per minute from the electrolysis compartment into the wash solution was used to maintain the 25 parts per million chlorine level. The test run was conducted in the following manner.
The salt solution compartment having a capacity of approximately 8 liters, and the electrolysis compartment were filled with a saturated sodium chloride solution. The electrochemical cell was energized and oxml/minute of oxidizer solution was pumped into the wash tank while the dishes were being washed. After completion of the washing operation, the dishes and utensils were thoroughly clean, and free from any trace of food particles.
' containinghypoiodite and were found to EXAMPLE 10 The identical procedure described in Example 8 was followed for generating and discharging hypobrornite. The current was adjusted to 5 amperes for production of bromine. The oxidizer solution compartment and electrolysis compartment were filled with a saturated solution of sodium bromide and an oxidizer level of 25 a parts per million of available bromine was maintained in the wash solution over several hours. Heavily soiled dishes were cleaned with the wash solution containing hypobromite and were found .to be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
. EXAMPLE ii The identical procedur'e described in Example 8 was followed for generating and discharging hypoiodite.
The current was adjusted to 5 amperes for production 'of bromine. The oxidizer solution compartment and electrolysis compartment were filled with a saturated solution of sodium iodide andan oxidizer level of 4 parts per million of available iodine was maintained in the. wash solution over several hours. Heavily soiled dishes and utensils were cleaned with the wash solution be extremely clean, bright and free from stain.
. EXAMPLE 12 The oxidizer generating and discharging unit illuswasher to produce sodium hypochlorite from crystalline sodium chloride. An oxidizer level of 20 parts per million of available chlorine was maintained in the wash solution over a two hour period. The electrolysis current passed across the electrodes was amperes.
The oxidizer discharge was controlled by feeding water at a predetermined rate of about 50 to about 60 washer. An oxidizer level of .25 parts per million of trated in FIG. '5 was adapted to a commercial dishtion. After completion of the washing operation the dishes and utensils were found to be thoroughly clear, 7
bright and free from any trace of food particles or stain.
The following chart represents the chlorine production rate for the initial minute period and 120 minutes actual operation u Grams of Chlorine A Grams of Chlorine An oxidizer generating and discharging system'utilizing an independent chlorine sensing electrode as described in FIG. 6 was adapted to a commercial dishavallable chlorine was maintained in the wash solution over a six hour period. The electrolysis current passed across the electrodes was 10 amperes.
The test was conducted in the same manner as Example 4. However, in this case the oxidizer discharge was controlled independently from the detergent solution A discharge. The silver/silver chloride electrode detected ml per minute'through the oxidizer solution chamber r thereby controlling the amount of salt solution displaced into the electrolysis chamber and the sub sequent overflow of oxidizer solution into the wash tank. Thetest'run was conducted in the following manner. A saturated sodium chloride solution was produced by percolating fresh water through the only the reduction in the concentration of available chlorine, and in turn actuated a solenoid valve'of its own to cause an overflow of oxidizer into the wash solution. The dishwasher was operated in this manner for 6 hours. Several loads of dishes were washed, and were found to be clean, bright and free from stain.
It is to be understood that the foregoing detailed description is given merely by way of illustration and crystalline. sodium chloride in the salt solution chamber. The electrolysis chamber was filled with said solution, the electrochemical cell was energized and oxidizer. production was begun one-half hour before the dishwasher was started. The electrochemical cell generated 6,000 p. p.m. of available chlorine in 700 ml of solution. Before the dishwasher was started 370 ml of the oxidizer solution was discharged into the'wash tank by means ofover-flow from the salt solution chamber. This charge provided the initial 2.2- gramsof chlorine which is needed every 15 minutes to maintain per million of available an oxidizer level of 20 parts chlorine.
The dishwashing machine was packed with heavily soiled dishes and eating utensils, and then started. During the washing operation, the oxidizer solution in the electrolysis chamber was continually renewed and replaced at a rate of to milliliters per minute. The
displaced oxidizer solution provided a continuous supply of not less than about 0.15 gram chlorine per minute thereby maintaining the oxidizer level of 20 parts per million of available chlorine in the solu that many variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention.
WHATIS CLAIMED IS:
1. A washing systemwhich comprises in combination, a wash tank containing a wash solution, an oxidizer reservoir disposed outside the wash tank and in an overhead position relative thereto, said oxidizer reservoir containing means for generating oxidizer including an electrochemical cell and a solution of a salt selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts of chlorine, bromine and iodine, said electrochemical cell having an anode and two cathodes, said cathodes being shorter than said anode and disposed on each side of the anode substantially parallel to one another, a housing for the cell having a central long rectangular compartment for the anode, and two side compartments, one on each side of the anode compartment for each cathode, each compartment open at the bottom and having a vent on top for the escape of anodic and cathodic gases, a side drain extending from the oxidizer reservoir and into the wash tank for initial transfer of oxidizer generated by .said electrochemical cell in the oxidizer reservoir and .into the wash tank, water feed, means for controllably supplyingwater to the oxidizer reservoir, and'an overflow outlet from the oxidizer reservoir to the wash tank for supplying oxidizer generated by said electrochemical cell in the oxidizerreservoir to the wash tank.
2. The washing system of claim 1 wherein said salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, and potassium chloride and wherein the concentration of said salt in said solution is within the range of from about 1. percent by weight to about the percent by weight at which the solution is saturated.
3. The washing system of claim 1 wherein the overflow outlet is controlled by a solenoid valve which is actuated by a conductivity cell whenever the conductivity of the wash solution falls below a predetermined value for maintaining a predetermined concentration of oxidizer in the wash solution. I i
4. The washing system of claim 1 wherein the concentration of the oxidizer isfrom about 20 to about 40 parts per million of chlorine in the wash solution.
5'. The washing system of claim l wherein the concentration of the oxidizer is from about 1 to about parts per million of iodine in the wash solution.

Claims (4)

  1. 2. The washing system of claim 1 wherein said salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, and potassium chloride and wherein the concentration of said salt in said solution is within the range of from about 1. percent by weight to about the percent by weight at which the solution is saturated.
  2. 3. The washing system of claim 1 wherein the overflow outlet is controlled by a solenoid valve which is actuated by a conductivity cell whenever the conductivity of the wash solution falls below a predetermined value for maintaining a predetermined concentration of oxidizer in the wash solution.
  3. 4. The washing system of claim 1 wherein the concentration of the oxidizer is from about 20 to about 40 parts per million of chlorine in the wash solution.
  4. 5. The washing system of claim 1 wherein the concentration of the oxidizer is from about 1 to about 10 parts per million of iodine in the wash solution.
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US3909377A (en) * 1971-12-14 1975-09-30 Rhone Poulenc Sa Purification of a chloride solution
US3964956A (en) * 1974-10-24 1976-06-22 General Dynamics Corporation System for maintaining uniform copper etching efficiency
US4592785A (en) * 1983-12-15 1986-06-03 General Electric Company Proteinaceous soil removal process
US4781810A (en) * 1987-09-16 1988-11-01 Tucker Daniel M Advanced chlorine generating system
US5928490A (en) * 1996-07-29 1999-07-27 Sweeney; Charles T. Laundry wash process and waste water treatment system
WO2000051944A1 (en) * 1999-03-03 2000-09-08 University Of Northumbria At Newcastle Apparatus and method for the production of disinfectant
US20030213503A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2003-11-20 The Procter & Gamble Company Signal-based electrochemical methods for automatic dishwashing
US20030216271A1 (en) * 2001-04-02 2003-11-20 Scheper William Michael Automatic dishwashing compositions and methods for use with electrochemical cells and/or electrolytic devices
WO2003099983A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2003-12-04 The Procter & Gamble Company Automatic dishwashing compositions and methods for use
US20060266381A1 (en) * 2005-05-27 2006-11-30 Doherty James E Commercial glassware dishwasher and related method
US20090159448A1 (en) * 2007-12-25 2009-06-25 General Electric Company Electrolysis device, method, and washer using such a device
US8764957B2 (en) 2010-12-23 2014-07-01 General Electric Company Water treatment using a bipolar membrane

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US2859760A (en) * 1955-03-30 1958-11-11 George L Borell Automatic detergent feeding control
US2887444A (en) * 1957-03-25 1959-05-19 George H Graves Process of and means for chlorinating swimming pools or the like
US3139890A (en) * 1962-05-11 1964-07-07 Moran George Wenzel Dishwasher having means to inject liquid additive into the rinse water supply line
US3274094A (en) * 1965-02-24 1966-09-20 Chemagnetics Controls Inc Apparatus for the chlorination of water
US3343045A (en) * 1964-04-01 1967-09-19 Law Engineers K J Solution conductivity measuring and controlling apparatus
US3378479A (en) * 1964-06-26 1968-04-16 Simplex Mfg Co Electrolytic cell and chlorinating system using same
US3433723A (en) * 1962-03-28 1969-03-18 Robert E Stanton Method for producing hypochlorite solutions and introducing same into confined bodies of water
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2663308A (en) * 1950-01-25 1953-12-22 Diversey Corp Unitary solution control apparatus
US2859760A (en) * 1955-03-30 1958-11-11 George L Borell Automatic detergent feeding control
US2887444A (en) * 1957-03-25 1959-05-19 George H Graves Process of and means for chlorinating swimming pools or the like
US3433723A (en) * 1962-03-28 1969-03-18 Robert E Stanton Method for producing hypochlorite solutions and introducing same into confined bodies of water
US3139890A (en) * 1962-05-11 1964-07-07 Moran George Wenzel Dishwasher having means to inject liquid additive into the rinse water supply line
US3343045A (en) * 1964-04-01 1967-09-19 Law Engineers K J Solution conductivity measuring and controlling apparatus
US3378479A (en) * 1964-06-26 1968-04-16 Simplex Mfg Co Electrolytic cell and chlorinating system using same
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Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3909377A (en) * 1971-12-14 1975-09-30 Rhone Poulenc Sa Purification of a chloride solution
US3964956A (en) * 1974-10-24 1976-06-22 General Dynamics Corporation System for maintaining uniform copper etching efficiency
US4592785A (en) * 1983-12-15 1986-06-03 General Electric Company Proteinaceous soil removal process
US4781810A (en) * 1987-09-16 1988-11-01 Tucker Daniel M Advanced chlorine generating system
US5928490A (en) * 1996-07-29 1999-07-27 Sweeney; Charles T. Laundry wash process and waste water treatment system
WO2000051944A1 (en) * 1999-03-03 2000-09-08 University Of Northumbria At Newcastle Apparatus and method for the production of disinfectant
US6921743B2 (en) * 2001-04-02 2005-07-26 The Procter & Gamble Company Automatic dishwashing compositions containing a halogen dioxide salt and methods for use with electrochemical cells and/or electrolytic devices
US20030216271A1 (en) * 2001-04-02 2003-11-20 Scheper William Michael Automatic dishwashing compositions and methods for use with electrochemical cells and/or electrolytic devices
WO2003097783A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2003-11-27 The Procter & Gamble Company Automatic dishwahsing compositions and methods for use
WO2003097782A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2003-11-27 The Procter & Gamble Company Signal-based electrochemical methods for automatic dishwashing
WO2003099983A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2003-12-04 The Procter & Gamble Company Automatic dishwashing compositions and methods for use
WO2003099982A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2003-12-04 The Procter & Gamble Company Signal-based electrochemical methods for automatic dishwashing
US20050075257A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2005-04-07 The Procter & Gamble Company Automatic dishwashing compositions and methods for use with electrochemical cells and/or electrolytic devices
US20030213503A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2003-11-20 The Procter & Gamble Company Signal-based electrochemical methods for automatic dishwashing
US20060217280A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2006-09-28 Scheper William M Automatic dishwashing compositions and methods for use with electrochemical cells and/or electrolytic devices
US7816314B2 (en) * 2002-05-17 2010-10-19 The Procter & Gamble Company Automatic dishwashing compositions and methods for use with electrochemical cells and/or electrolytic devices
US20060266381A1 (en) * 2005-05-27 2006-11-30 Doherty James E Commercial glassware dishwasher and related method
US20090159448A1 (en) * 2007-12-25 2009-06-25 General Electric Company Electrolysis device, method, and washer using such a device
US8764957B2 (en) 2010-12-23 2014-07-01 General Electric Company Water treatment using a bipolar membrane

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