US3670058A - Method of reducing self-generated electrical noise in coaxial cable - Google Patents

Method of reducing self-generated electrical noise in coaxial cable Download PDF

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US3670058A
US3670058A US111292A US3670058DA US3670058A US 3670058 A US3670058 A US 3670058A US 111292 A US111292 A US 111292A US 3670058D A US3670058D A US 3670058DA US 3670058 A US3670058 A US 3670058A
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cable
conductors
voltage
filler
bias voltage
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US111292A
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Charles F Burney
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GTE Sylvania Inc
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GTE Sylvania Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
    • H01B13/016—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables for manufacturing co-axial cables
    • H01B13/0167—After-treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C71/00—After-treatment of articles without altering their shape; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C71/0081—After-treatment of articles without altering their shape; Apparatus therefor using an electric field, e.g. for electrostatic charging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0003—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/34—Electrical apparatus, e.g. sparking plugs or parts thereof
    • B29L2031/3462—Cables
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/53—Means to assemble or disassemble
    • Y10T29/5313—Means to assemble electrical device
    • Y10T29/532—Conductor

Definitions

  • noisy coaxial cable has long posed a problem to the electrical and electronics industry.
  • the source of internally generated noise from such cables has been the subject of investigation over the years without significant solutions being offered or recommended.
  • an article entitled Triboelectric Noise Generation in Some Cables Commonly Used With Underwater Electrocoustic Transducers by John E. Donovan in The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 48, No. 3 (part 2), 1970, pp 714-724, inclusive the author traces these prior investigations which generally have focused on the triboelectric effect as the principal cause of such noise.
  • the term triboelectric means voltages pertaining to or resulting from friction which is believed to exist between the mating surfaces of the outer conductor and the dielectric filler when the cable is bent, twisted or crushed.
  • an electret is a permanently electrified dielectric substance exhibiting electrical charges of opposite sign at its extremities.
  • the conversion of unpolarized dielectric filler material into an electret is believed to occur during the cable manufacturing process as the unintended result of the basic extrusion process for the dielectric material which employs heat coupled with the friction generated charge induced by this extrusion. Processes concerned with intentional formation of electrets are described in BRitish Pat. No. 996,018 (1965) and United States Pat. No.
  • This hitherto unrecognized characteristic of the dielectric filler in standard coaxial cable is neutralized, in accordance 'with this invention, by the process of heating the cable to the critical temperature of the dielectric material, i.e., less than the melting temperature of the latter but sufficient to heat-soften it, applying an ac bias voltage across the ends of the outer and inner conductors, maintaining the bias voltage on the cable while it cools and after the dielectric filler hardens, and thereafter removing the bias voltage.
  • This process essentially changes the electret filler into a neutral dielectric substance having a negligible permanent charge and thus eliminates noise generated within the cable from the electret effect.
  • a 1,000 foot length of standard coaxial cable is wound on a rotatable supply reel 12 and extends around pulley 14, through oven 16 and cooler 17, around pulley l8, and finally is partially wound on rotatable storage reel 20.
  • the cable typically has a protective covering 22 of polyvinylchloride or the like, an outer conductor 23 of wire mesh, a dielectric filler 24 of tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and an inner wire conductor 25.
  • One extremity of cable 10 preferably projects from reel hub 12' along and coincident with reel rotational axis X.
  • Lead 27a from ac power source 27 is connected by a roller contact 30 to an exposed portion of outer conductor 23 at this cable extremity and the other lead 27b from source 27 is connected by a similar roller contact 31 to the inner conductor at this cable extremity.
  • the ac bias voltage output from source 27 is applied across the outer and inner conductors over the entire length of the cable as reels l2 and 20 rotate about their respective axes and transfer the cable from one to the other.
  • the ac voltage alternately reverses its polarity.
  • the process of treating coaxial cable so as to reduce or minimize electrical noise generated within the cable from the electret effect is as follows: an initial short length (lead length) of the cable is unrolled from a full cable reel 12 and is passed under pulley 14, through oven 16 and cooler 17, around pulley 18 and around the hub 20' of reel 20. The other end of the cable extends from reel hub 12' along axis X and is stripped to expose outer conductor 23 and inner conductor 25 of the cable.
  • Oven 16 and cooler 17 are then appropriately energized to produce predetermined temperatures within each; the oven is operated at a temperature, typically 500 F., sufficient to cause dielectric filler 24 to become heat-softened as the cable passes through the oven while the cooler temperature is sufficient to cause the heat-softened filler to harden again.
  • Voltage from source 27 is then applied to the conductors at the end of the cable projecting from reel hub 12' and motor 35, through an appropriate friction drive 36, causes reel 20 to rotate in a direction to transfer cable 10 from reel 12 to reel 20, passing successively through oven 16 and cooler 17.
  • the rate of movement of the cable through oven 16 is related to the temperature of the oven and is suflicient to permit the dielectric filler 24 to heat-soften before emerging from the oven.
  • the portion of the cable within the oven is electrically stressed by the ac bias voltage at the same time that filler 24 is heat softened. Under these conditions, the filler loses or is induced to lose its permanent polarization properties and becomes effectively neutralized as far as the electret phenomenon is concerned.
  • the invention may also be practiced simply by placing the entire length of a cable to be treated within an oven comparable to oven 16, raising the temperature of the oven sufficiently to heat-soften (but not melt) the dielectric filler in the cable, and applying an ac voltage across the outer and inner conductors. Thereafter the oven and cable are allowed to cool to room temperature while the bias voltage remains on the cable. When the dielectric filler has hardened, the bias potential is removed and the process is complete.
  • a method of conditioning coaxial cable to reduce selfgenerated electrical noise resulting from bending, twisting and/or crushing the cable consisting of the steps of heating the cable to a temperature at which the dielectric filler becomes heat softened but does not melt,
  • a method of reducing electrical noise generated by a dielectric-filled coaxial cable under mechanical stress consisting of the steps of applying an alternating voltage across the inner and outer conductors of the cable while the dielectric filler is heatsoftened,

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Electric Cables (AREA)

Abstract

A method of reducing or minimizing internally generated electrical noise in coaxial cable consisting of the steps of heating the cable sufficiently to heat-soften the dielectric filler, applying an alternating voltage across the inner and outer conductors of the cable, cooling the cable while maintaining the ac bias across it, and thereafter removing the ac bias.

Description

United States Patent Burney 1 June 13, 1972 METHOD OFREDUCING SELF t [56] References Cited GENERATED ELECTRICAL NOISE IN UNITED STATES PATENTS COAXIAL CABLE 3,316,620 5/1967 Stewart .29/592 Inventor: Charles F. Burney, Milpitas, Calif.
GTE Sylvania Incorporated Feb. 1, 1971 Assignee:
Filed:
Appl. No.: 111,292
us. c1. ..264/22, 29/2025, 29/203 c, 29/592, 174/36, 174/102 R, 174/107, 2 4/345 1111. c1. ..B29C 25/00,l-l01b 1 1/06, HOlb 7/18 Field 6: Search ..264/22, 27, 345; 174/36, 102 R, 174/107; 2212025, 203 c, 592, 624; 117/62, 93,
Primary Examiner-Robert F. White Assistant Examiner-Willard E. Hoag Attorney-Norman J. OMalley, John F. Lawler and E. J. Nealon [57] ABSTRACT 4 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure SOURCE METHOD OF REDUCING SELF-GENERATED ELECTRICAL NOISE IN COAXIAL CABLE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to coaxial cables, and more particularly to a process for reducing spurious electrical signals (noise) generated within the cable.
Noisy coaxial cable has long posed a problem to the electrical and electronics industry. The source of internally generated noise from such cables has been the subject of investigation over the years without significant solutions being offered or recommended. ln an article entitled Triboelectric Noise Generation in Some Cables Commonly Used With Underwater Electrocoustic Transducers by John E. Donovan in The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 48, No. 3 (part 2), 1970, pp 714-724, inclusive, the author traces these prior investigations which generally have focused on the triboelectric effect as the principal cause of such noise. The term triboelectric means voltages pertaining to or resulting from friction which is believed to exist between the mating surfaces of the outer conductor and the dielectric filler when the cable is bent, twisted or crushed. Less attention has been paid to the probabilities of generation of noise within cables from other causes. H. C. Roberts in Mechanical Measurements by Electrical Methods (The Instruments Publishing Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, 1951, at pp. 180) suggests that signal error may exist as a result of the electro-strictive effect in cable dielectric filler and proposed a shunt capacitance as a means of minimizing the results of this effect. Such shunt capacitance, however, also reduces the efficiency of the cable as a transmission line.
In accordance with this invention, I have discovered that substantial noise generated within coaxial cable from mechanical deformation by bending, twisting, crushing or the like results from an electret effect in the dielectric filler, i.e., the filler is actually an electret. An electret is a permanently electrified dielectric substance exhibiting electrical charges of opposite sign at its extremities. The conversion of unpolarized dielectric filler material into an electret is believed to occur during the cable manufacturing process as the unintended result of the basic extrusion process for the dielectric material which employs heat coupled with the friction generated charge induced by this extrusion. Processes concerned with intentional formation of electrets are described in BRitish Pat. No. 996,018 (1965) and United States Pat. No. 3,316,620. This hitherto unrecognized characteristic of the dielectric filler in standard coaxial cable is neutralized, in accordance 'with this invention, by the process of heating the cable to the critical temperature of the dielectric material, i.e., less than the melting temperature of the latter but sufficient to heat-soften it, applying an ac bias voltage across the ends of the outer and inner conductors, maintaining the bias voltage on the cable while it cools and after the dielectric filler hardens, and thereafter removing the bias voltage. This process essentially changes the electret filler into a neutral dielectric substance having a negligible permanent charge and thus eliminates noise generated within the cable from the electret effect.
The invention is described in conjunction with the accompanying drawing illustrating apparatus for practicing the method embodying the invention.
Referring to the drawing, a 1,000 foot length of standard coaxial cable is wound on a rotatable supply reel 12 and extends around pulley 14, through oven 16 and cooler 17, around pulley l8, and finally is partially wound on rotatable storage reel 20. The cable typically has a protective covering 22 of polyvinylchloride or the like, an outer conductor 23 of wire mesh, a dielectric filler 24 of tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and an inner wire conductor 25. One extremity of cable 10 preferably projects from reel hub 12' along and coincident with reel rotational axis X. Lead 27a from ac power source 27 is connected by a roller contact 30 to an exposed portion of outer conductor 23 at this cable extremity and the other lead 27b from source 27 is connected by a similar roller contact 31 to the inner conductor at this cable extremity. In this manner the ac bias voltage output from source 27 is applied across the outer and inner conductors over the entire length of the cable as reels l2 and 20 rotate about their respective axes and transfer the cable from one to the other. The ac voltage alternately reverses its polarity.
The process of treating coaxial cable so as to reduce or minimize electrical noise generated within the cable from the electret effect is as follows: an initial short length (lead length) of the cable is unrolled from a full cable reel 12 and is passed under pulley 14, through oven 16 and cooler 17, around pulley 18 and around the hub 20' of reel 20. The other end of the cable extends from reel hub 12' along axis X and is stripped to expose outer conductor 23 and inner conductor 25 of the cable. Oven 16 and cooler 17 are then appropriately energized to produce predetermined temperatures within each; the oven is operated at a temperature, typically 500 F., sufficient to cause dielectric filler 24 to become heat-softened as the cable passes through the oven while the cooler temperature is sufficient to cause the heat-softened filler to harden again.
Voltage from source 27 is then applied to the conductors at the end of the cable projecting from reel hub 12' and motor 35, through an appropriate friction drive 36, causes reel 20 to rotate in a direction to transfer cable 10 from reel 12 to reel 20, passing successively through oven 16 and cooler 17. The rate of movement of the cable through oven 16 is related to the temperature of the oven and is suflicient to permit the dielectric filler 24 to heat-soften before emerging from the oven. Thus, the portion of the cable within the oven is electrically stressed by the ac bias voltage at the same time that filler 24 is heat softened. Under these conditions, the filler loses or is induced to lose its permanent polarization properties and becomes effectively neutralized as far as the electret phenomenon is concerned. This neutralization process continues until reel 12 is substantially empty; thereafter the tail end of the cable is severed at reel 20 and is discarded. In this manner, the dielectric filler in all except the lead end of the cable on reel 20 is conditioned to eliminate self-generated cable noise due to the electret phenomenon.
The invention may also be practiced simply by placing the entire length of a cable to be treated within an oven comparable to oven 16, raising the temperature of the oven sufficiently to heat-soften (but not melt) the dielectric filler in the cable, and applying an ac voltage across the outer and inner conductors. Thereafter the oven and cable are allowed to cool to room temperature while the bias voltage remains on the cable. When the dielectric filler has hardened, the bias potential is removed and the process is complete.
I claim:
1. A method of conditioning coaxial cable to reduce selfgenerated electrical noise resulting from bending, twisting and/or crushing the cable consisting of the steps of heating the cable to a temperature at which the dielectric filler becomes heat softened but does not melt,
applying an alternating voltage across the outer and inner conductors of the cable, cooling the cable until said filler again hardens while maintaining said bias voltage across said conductors, and removing said bias voltage from said conductors.
2. The method according to claim 1 in which successive increments of said cable are progressively heated and cooled during application of said bias voltage.
3. The method according to claim 1 in which an entire length of said cable is heated at one time and subsequently is cooled during application of said bias voltage.
4. A method of reducing electrical noise generated by a dielectric-filled coaxial cable under mechanical stress consisting of the steps of applying an alternating voltage across the inner and outer conductors of the cable while the dielectric filler is heatsoftened,
cooling the filler while maintaining said voltage across said conductors, and
removing said voltage from said conductors.
4 l i t

Claims (4)

1. A method of conditioning coaxial cable to reduce selfgenerated electrical noise resulting from bending, twisting and/or crushing the cable consisting of the steps of heating the cable to a temperature at which the dielectric filler becomes heat softened but does not melt, applying an alternating voltage across the outer and inner conductors of the cable, cooling the cable until said filler again hardens while maintaining said bias voltage across said conductors, and removing said bias voltage from said conductors.
2. The method according to claim 1 in which successive increments of said cable are progressively heated and cooled during application of said bias voltage.
3. The method according to claim 1 in which an entire length of said cable is heated at one time and subsequently is cooled during application of said bias voltage.
4. A method of reducing electrical noise generated by a dielectric-filled coaxial cable under mechanical stress consisting of the steps of applying an alternating voltage across the inner and outer conductors of the cable while the dielectric filler is heat-softened, cooling the filler while maintaining said voltage across said conductors, and removing said voltage from said conductors.
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4565594A (en) * 1983-10-28 1986-01-21 Thermax Wire Corporation Low noise cable construction
FR2680417A1 (en) * 1991-08-14 1993-02-19 Pirelli Cables Method and device for measuring and adjusting the spatial distribution of electric charges in an insulated electrical cable
US6593681B2 (en) * 2000-12-15 2003-07-15 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Polarization apparatus and polarization method of coaxial flexible piezoelectric cable
US20090122885A1 (en) * 2007-11-08 2009-05-14 Honeywell International Low noise differential charge amplifier for measuring discrete charges in noisy and corrosive environments

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3316620A (en) * 1964-02-28 1967-05-02 Philip Morris Inc Process for the production of electrets

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3316620A (en) * 1964-02-28 1967-05-02 Philip Morris Inc Process for the production of electrets

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4565594A (en) * 1983-10-28 1986-01-21 Thermax Wire Corporation Low noise cable construction
FR2680417A1 (en) * 1991-08-14 1993-02-19 Pirelli Cables Method and device for measuring and adjusting the spatial distribution of electric charges in an insulated electrical cable
US6593681B2 (en) * 2000-12-15 2003-07-15 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Polarization apparatus and polarization method of coaxial flexible piezoelectric cable
US20090122885A1 (en) * 2007-11-08 2009-05-14 Honeywell International Low noise differential charge amplifier for measuring discrete charges in noisy and corrosive environments
US8067947B2 (en) 2007-11-08 2011-11-29 Honeywell International Inc. Low noise differential charge amplifier for measuring discrete charges in noisy and corrosive environments

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