US3533897A - Optically clear roughened glass and method for making same - Google Patents

Optically clear roughened glass and method for making same Download PDF

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US3533897A
US3533897A US647888A US3533897DA US3533897A US 3533897 A US3533897 A US 3533897A US 647888 A US647888 A US 647888A US 3533897D A US3533897D A US 3533897DA US 3533897 A US3533897 A US 3533897A
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glass
optically clear
sheet
hemisphere
plastic
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US647888A
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Roland W Robbins Jr
Stewart L Thorne
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US Department of Navy
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US Department of Navy
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
    • C03C17/28—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with organic material
    • C03C17/32—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with organic material with synthetic or natural resins
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/918—Material abnormally transparent
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24364—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.] with transparent or protective coating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24479—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness
    • Y10T428/24521—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness with component conforming to contour of nonplanar surface
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
    • Y10T428/263—Coating layer not in excess of 5 mils thick or equivalent
    • Y10T428/264—Up to 3 mils
    • Y10T428/265—1 mil or less
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
    • Y10T428/266—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension of base or substrate
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31511—Of epoxy ether
    • Y10T428/31515—As intermediate layer
    • Y10T428/31518—Next to glass or quartz
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31616—Next to polyester [e.g., alkyd]

Definitions

  • Another object is to provide a simple, time-saving method of covering large areas of glass with an optically clear protector.
  • Yet another object is to provide an optically clear, saltwater resistant, coating for glass hemispheres to be used in small submersibles.
  • FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section of a mold which is employed in preparing a sheet or film of plastic in accordance with this invention
  • FIG. 2 is a section of a preformed plastic sheet suitable for use in the practice of this invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a section of a glass hemisphere covered with the optically clear protective plastic in the practice of this invention.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a mold 10 having a glass bottom provided with rims 11 into which a predetermined amount of clear plastic liquid was poured and allowed to cure to form sheet 12.
  • the face up side United States Patent "Ice or outer portion of sheet 12 during cure is designated by numeral 13 and the side in contact with the bottom of said mold is designated by numeral 14.
  • Upon curing sheet 12 as shown in FIG. 2 is carefully peeled or stripped ofi the bottom of the mold.
  • the plastic sheet used in this invention must be optically clear, flexible, resilient, and undamaged.
  • a section of a glass hemisphere 15 as shown in FIG. 3 was sprayed with the clear plastic from which sheet 12 was prepared to form adhesive layer 16.
  • layer 16 becomes tacky sheet 12 is inverted and carefully smoothed onto the hemisphere so that no air bubbles are entrapped. This step is critical to the success of the invention.
  • Sheet 12 must be inverted so that the outer of face up side during cure is brought in contact with adhesive 16.
  • Hemisphere 15 which had been frosted from use was now optically clear, and plastic sheet 12 also provided protection from further toughening due to the elements, wind and water, and also from cracking.
  • EXAMPLE III A 10" hemisphere which was roughened was cleaned with alcohol and spray coated with Adheron and allowed to dry. After drying the coating had small lines through it which caused optical distortion.
  • a piece of clear, smooth glass 4" x 4" x /s" was cleaned with alcohol.
  • the glass was coated with Adheron and allowed to dry.
  • the Adheron was then removed from the glass in a sheet.
  • a small area on another roughened hemisphere was lightly brushed with Adheron and when this became sticky, the sheet was smoothed onto the top of the hemisphere with the side that was stripped from the glass plate now the exposed side or outside surface of the coated hemisphere. After drying the hemisphere was checked for its clarity, and one could see through it quite well. Care must be taken to apply the optically clear sheet without creating air pockets because they cannot be successfully removed. Stretching will cause stress cracks and air bubbles cause optical distortion.
  • the plastic used in Examples I, II, and III is sold under the trade name Adheron by Hauger-Beegle Associates, Incorporated. It is described in their literature as a blend of an oxirane-modified ester and a polyester which they procure from Archer Daniels Midland Company known by the trade name Arofiint.
  • the material Arofiint consists of a two-component resin system described in US. Pat. Nos. 3,050,480 and 3,218,- 274, assignor to Archer Daniels Midland Company, Minneapolis, Minn.
  • the coating or protective material used in the present invention withstand pressure and immersion in salt water for long periods of time and remain crystal clear.
  • This coating must not only remain optically clear, but must at the same time be resistant to scratches, chipping, frosting, cracking, etc.
  • the hemisphere might comprise in the following order and in contiguous contact (1) an optically clear plastic layer, 2) an optically clear adhesive layer, (3) glass layer (hemisphere), (4) same type optically clear adhesive layer, and (5) same type plastic layer.
  • a method for making roughened glass surfaces optically clear and at the same time providing a protective covering which comprises (a) preforming a sheet of optically clear plastic of a predetermined thickness by (1) pouring a quantity of clear liquid plastic consisting essentially of a mixture of an oxirane-modified ester and a polyester into a fiat bottomed mold, (2) curing said plastic until a flexible, resilient sheet forms, (3) stripping said sheet from the mold in one continuous, undamaged piece; said sheet having a face-up side and a facedown side, said face-down side being that side which was in contact with the bottom of said mold during cure;

Description

Oct. 13, 1970 R. w. ROBBINS, JR, ETAL 3,533,897
OPTICALLY CLEAR ROUGHENED GLASS AND METHOD FOR MAKING SAME Filed June 19, 1967 FIG. 3.
INVENTORS.
ROLAND W. ROBBINS, JR.
STEWART L. THORNE BY ROY MILLER ATTORNEY.
' 3,533,897 OPTICALLY CLEAR ROUGHENED GLASS AND METHOD FOR MAKING SAME Roland W. Robbins, Jr., Arnold, Md., and Stewart L. Thorne, Ridgecrest, Califl, assignors to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy Filed June 19, 1967, Ser. No. 647,888 Int. Cl. B32b 3/00, 17/10 US. Cl. 161-117 2 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method for making roughened glass surfaces optically clear and at the same time providing a protective covering to the surface. This method comprises cementing a preformed optically clear plastic sheet to a glass surface thereby avoiding expensive and time-consuming grinding and polishing processes.
"it is practically impossible to get an optically smooth covering on the glass mainly due to the variations in surface wetting characteristics and in cohesion and adhesion between the glass and plastic. Furthermore, only a few mils thickness at a time may be applied to anything but a perfectly smooth, flat surface. If a thicker coating is attempted, runs and sags develop, thus destroying any optical properties of the coating. Optical clarity of a piece of roughened glass may be achieved by an elaborate, timeconsuming and expensive grinding process. For massive glass articles the grinding process is prohibitive on a cost basis. The present invention overcomes these difliculties by providing a simple and inexpensive means for applying an optically clear protective covering to glass surfaces.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive means for making roughened or frosted glass of any contour optically clear.
Another object is to provide a simple, time-saving method of covering large areas of glass with an optically clear protector.
Yet another object is to provide an optically clear, saltwater resistant, coating for glass hemispheres to be used in small submersibles.
Other objects, features and many of the advantages of the present invention will become readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section of a mold which is employed in preparing a sheet or film of plastic in accordance with this invention;
FIG. 2 is a section of a preformed plastic sheet suitable for use in the practice of this invention; and
FIG. 3 is a section of a glass hemisphere covered with the optically clear protective plastic in the practice of this invention.
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown a mold 10 having a glass bottom provided with rims 11 into which a predetermined amount of clear plastic liquid was poured and allowed to cure to form sheet 12. The face up side United States Patent "Ice or outer portion of sheet 12 during cure is designated by numeral 13 and the side in contact with the bottom of said mold is designated by numeral 14. Upon curing sheet 12 as shown in FIG. 2 is carefully peeled or stripped ofi the bottom of the mold. The plastic sheet used in this invention must be optically clear, flexible, resilient, and undamaged.
A section of a glass hemisphere 15 as shown in FIG. 3 was sprayed with the clear plastic from which sheet 12 was prepared to form adhesive layer 16. When layer 16 becomes tacky sheet 12 is inverted and carefully smoothed onto the hemisphere so that no air bubbles are entrapped. This step is critical to the success of the invention. Sheet 12 must be inverted so that the outer of face up side during cure is brought in contact with adhesive 16. Hemisphere 15 which had been frosted from use was now optically clear, and plastic sheet 12 also provided protection from further toughening due to the elements, wind and water, and also from cracking.
The following examples are given to further illustrate the method described above.
EXAMPLE I A piece of clean plate glass 20" x 38" x A was coated to a thickness of inch with a clear epoxy-polyester liquid, Adheron, sold by Hauger-Beegle Association, Incorporated. After the Adheron had cured for a period of 48 hours it was stripped from the glass as one continuous piece. A 44 /2" glass hemisphere which had been badly frosted was cleaned with alcohol and a light coat of Adheron was brushed thereon and allowed to dry until tacky. The stripped sheet of Adheron was then smoothed over the tacky adhesive layer of Adheron. The side of the Adheron sheet which was formed in contact with the glass was left as the outer or exposed side when placed on the hemisphere. The hemisphere which had been badly frosted due to exposure was now transparent and was excellent optically.
EXAMPLE II To test impact, a square of glass 4" x 4" x A" was cleaned with alcohol, coated with a layer of Adheron and allowed to dry. Afterletting it set for 9 days it was shock tested with a steel ball weighing 535 grams dropped from a height of 32 inches. The specimen was tested twice and the glass did not crack and there were no visible marks left on the material.
EXAMPLE III A 10" hemisphere which was roughened was cleaned with alcohol and spray coated with Adheron and allowed to dry. After drying the coating had small lines through it which caused optical distortion.
A piece of clear, smooth glass 4" x 4" x /s" was cleaned with alcohol. The glass was coated with Adheron and allowed to dry. The Adheron was then removed from the glass in a sheet. A small area on another roughened hemisphere was lightly brushed with Adheron and when this became sticky, the sheet was smoothed onto the top of the hemisphere with the side that was stripped from the glass plate now the exposed side or outside surface of the coated hemisphere. After drying the hemisphere was checked for its clarity, and one could see through it quite well. Care must be taken to apply the optically clear sheet without creating air pockets because they cannot be successfully removed. Stretching will cause stress cracks and air bubbles cause optical distortion. The plastic used in Examples I, II, and III is sold under the trade name Adheron by Hauger-Beegle Associates, Incorporated. It is described in their literature as a blend of an oxirane-modified ester and a polyester which they procure from Archer Daniels Midland Company known by the trade name Arofiint. The material Arofiint consists of a two-component resin system described in US. Pat. Nos. 3,050,480 and 3,218,- 274, assignor to Archer Daniels Midland Company, Minneapolis, Minn.
It is important that the coating or protective material used in the present invention withstand pressure and immersion in salt water for long periods of time and remain crystal clear. This coating must not only remain optically clear, but must at the same time be resistant to scratches, chipping, frosting, cracking, etc.
As shown in a single embodiment of the present invention, only one surface of the glass hemisphere is covered. However,'both surfaces may be successfully coated thereby providing greater protection from cracking, chipping and frosting or roughening. The hemisphere might comprise in the following order and in contiguous contact (1) an optically clear plastic layer, 2) an optically clear adhesive layer, (3) glass layer (hemisphere), (4) same type optically clear adhesive layer, and (5) same type plastic layer.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for making roughened glass surfaces optically clear and at the same time providing a protective covering which comprises (a) preforming a sheet of optically clear plastic of a predetermined thickness by (1) pouring a quantity of clear liquid plastic consisting essentially of a mixture of an oxirane-modified ester and a polyester into a fiat bottomed mold, (2) curing said plastic until a flexible, resilient sheet forms, (3) stripping said sheet from the mold in one continuous, undamaged piece; said sheet having a face-up side and a facedown side, said face-down side being that side which was in contact with the bottom of said mold during cure;
(b) coating the roughened glass surface with a relatively thin film of the same plastic used in preparing said sheet thereby forming an adhesive layer;
(c) smoothing said preformed sheet over said adhesive layer with the face-up side of said sheet in contact with said layer; and
(d) curing until firm.
2. An optically clear laminatae formed according to claim 1.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,297,787 10/1942 Locke l61409 X 2,362,980 11/1944 Ball 161-6 3,050,480 8/1962 Budde 260-22 3,218,274 11/1965 Boller et al 260--22 3,328,499 6/1967 Barnette 264-108 3,389,029 6/1968 Forman et al. 161--6 X 3,408,421 10/1968 Kurka 260-835 X JOHN T. GOOLKASIAN, Primary Examiner R. A. KILLWQRTH, Assistant Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R.
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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3877139A (en) * 1973-08-30 1975-04-15 Kamar Products Inc Glassless mirror
DE3017880A1 (en) * 1979-05-10 1980-11-20 American Optical Corp EYEWEAR
US4643785A (en) * 1982-11-18 1987-02-17 Paynton Richard D Method of manufacturing a filter
US4679918A (en) * 1984-10-23 1987-07-14 Ace Ronald S Ophthalmic glass/plastic laminated lens having photochromic characteristics and assembly thereof
US4778242A (en) * 1986-08-05 1988-10-18 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Reinforcement for optical-fiber joint
US4844594A (en) * 1987-01-26 1989-07-04 U.A. Philips Corporation Replica lens having a glass lens body
US5443869A (en) * 1994-07-15 1995-08-22 Harris; Gary L. Laminated graphics-to-glass composite back-lit display panels
US20100133244A1 (en) * 2008-12-01 2010-06-03 Tesa Se Method of marking or inscribing a workpiece
US8524319B2 (en) 2011-11-18 2013-09-03 Memc Electronic Materials, Inc. Methods for producing crucibles with a reduced amount of bubbles
US8857214B2 (en) * 2011-11-18 2014-10-14 Sunedison Semiconductor Limited Methods for producing crucibles with a reduced amount of bubbles

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2297787A (en) * 1941-03-24 1942-10-06 Oak Rubber Company Production of transparent rubber articles
US2362980A (en) * 1941-09-02 1944-11-21 Walt Disney Prod Cartoon cell and method of making same
US3050480A (en) * 1958-01-20 1962-08-21 Archer Daniels Midland Co Protective film forming compositions and resultant films
US3218274A (en) * 1961-02-13 1965-11-16 Archer Daniels Midland Co Two-package coating system comprising a polyester having an acid number of at least 50 in one of the packages thereof
US3328499A (en) * 1963-01-14 1967-06-27 Barnette Stanley Ronald Method of making plastic decorative sheet articles
US3389029A (en) * 1964-06-23 1968-06-18 Black Box Collotype Studios In Method of making transparency
US3408421A (en) * 1964-01-10 1968-10-29 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Carboxyl-terminated polyesterepoxy adduct

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2297787A (en) * 1941-03-24 1942-10-06 Oak Rubber Company Production of transparent rubber articles
US2362980A (en) * 1941-09-02 1944-11-21 Walt Disney Prod Cartoon cell and method of making same
US3050480A (en) * 1958-01-20 1962-08-21 Archer Daniels Midland Co Protective film forming compositions and resultant films
US3218274A (en) * 1961-02-13 1965-11-16 Archer Daniels Midland Co Two-package coating system comprising a polyester having an acid number of at least 50 in one of the packages thereof
US3328499A (en) * 1963-01-14 1967-06-27 Barnette Stanley Ronald Method of making plastic decorative sheet articles
US3408421A (en) * 1964-01-10 1968-10-29 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Carboxyl-terminated polyesterepoxy adduct
US3389029A (en) * 1964-06-23 1968-06-18 Black Box Collotype Studios In Method of making transparency

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3877139A (en) * 1973-08-30 1975-04-15 Kamar Products Inc Glassless mirror
DE3017880A1 (en) * 1979-05-10 1980-11-20 American Optical Corp EYEWEAR
US4417790A (en) * 1979-05-10 1983-11-29 American Optical Corporation Finished ophthalmic lens comprising an optical smooth coating over a rough-surfaced base
US4643785A (en) * 1982-11-18 1987-02-17 Paynton Richard D Method of manufacturing a filter
US4679918A (en) * 1984-10-23 1987-07-14 Ace Ronald S Ophthalmic glass/plastic laminated lens having photochromic characteristics and assembly thereof
US4778242A (en) * 1986-08-05 1988-10-18 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Reinforcement for optical-fiber joint
US4844594A (en) * 1987-01-26 1989-07-04 U.A. Philips Corporation Replica lens having a glass lens body
US5443869A (en) * 1994-07-15 1995-08-22 Harris; Gary L. Laminated graphics-to-glass composite back-lit display panels
US5505801A (en) * 1994-07-15 1996-04-09 Harris; Gary L. Method of producing laminated graphics-to-glass composite back-lit panels
US20100133244A1 (en) * 2008-12-01 2010-06-03 Tesa Se Method of marking or inscribing a workpiece
US8487212B2 (en) * 2008-12-01 2013-07-16 Tesa Se Method of marking or inscribing a workpiece
US8524319B2 (en) 2011-11-18 2013-09-03 Memc Electronic Materials, Inc. Methods for producing crucibles with a reduced amount of bubbles
US8857214B2 (en) * 2011-11-18 2014-10-14 Sunedison Semiconductor Limited Methods for producing crucibles with a reduced amount of bubbles

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