US3305215A - Fluid cushion for hydraulic turbomachinery - Google Patents

Fluid cushion for hydraulic turbomachinery Download PDF

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Publication number
US3305215A
US3305215A US540300A US54030066A US3305215A US 3305215 A US3305215 A US 3305215A US 540300 A US540300 A US 540300A US 54030066 A US54030066 A US 54030066A US 3305215 A US3305215 A US 3305215A
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Prior art keywords
blades
liquid
fluid
passageway
openings
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US540300A
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Swiecicki Ignacy
Warren G Whippen
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Allis Chalmers Corp
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Allis Chalmers Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
    • F03B3/02—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto with radial flow at high-pressure side and axial flow at low-pressure side of rotors, e.g. Francis turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B11/00—Parts or details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the preceding groups, e.g. wear-protection couplings, between turbine and generator
    • F03B11/002—Injecting air or other fluid
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S416/00—Fluid reaction surfaces, i.e. impellers
    • Y10S416/50—Vibration damping features

Definitions

  • This invention relates to hydraulic turbomachinery.
  • Liquid passing through hydraulic turbomachinery exhibits a particular pressure, depending on the location of the machinery relative to the free surface of the liquid at its source and delivery pools. As the liquid passes through the turbomachinery, l-ow pressure regions are for-med.
  • One way of decreasing the harmful effects of cavitation is to fill the voids with gas to cushion the implosion which takes place when vapor voids collapse.
  • Gas bubbles traveling with the stream of liquid are known to dissipate pressure waves in liquid and therefore they reduce very effectively all kinds of vibrations of hy-draulic machinery.
  • a thin layer of gas at the surface of the turbomachinery blade reduces liquid friction vover this surface and therefore tends to increase efficiency of the machine.
  • the difficulty is in determining just where openings for gas admission should be located to most effectively draw gas into the liquid passage, to guide it to the region of cavitation voids formation and to disperse it in the form of a thin sheet adjacent to the surface of the runner blade.
  • the most convenient place to release gas to the liquid passage is the underlying surface of the ⁇ runner blade closely adjacent to the leading edge over which the driving liquid cascades.
  • a more specific object is to provide a hydraulic turbine with a series of longitudinally spaced air holes on the low pressure surface of the runner blades close-ly adjacent the leading edge thereof.
  • FIG. l is a partial cross sectional view of a turbine constructed in a-ccordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross section -of one blade of the turbine runner taken along the lines II-II of FIG. 1.
  • the invention is shown in connection with a hydraulic turbine.
  • the turbine is shown as including a plurality of circumferentially spaced gates generally designated 6.
  • the lower ends of the gates are supported in a ring 7 forming a portion of a water passageway 8.
  • a cover ring generally designated 9 supports the upper end of the gates 6 and provides an additional surface of the water passage- 3,305,215 Patented Feb. 21, 1967 ICC Way 8.
  • a draft tube generally designated 11 is connected to the lower portion of the gate ring 7 to complete the water passageway.
  • a runner hub 12 is rigidly connected to the turbine drive shaft 13 in any conventional manner and is centrally located Within the water passageway.
  • a plurality of circumferentially spaced runner blades'14 are connected to the hub and extend generally radially therefrom so that water flowing through the passageway will irnpinge thereon to cause the turbine shaft to rotate.
  • the turbine shaft is provided with conventional bearings (not shown) as is well known in the hydraulic turbine art.
  • each blade is provided with a longitudinally extending passageway 16 located on the low pressure side of the blade and closely adjacent to the leading edge 17 of the blade.
  • a plate 18 is rigidly connected to the low pressure side of the blades to cover the passageway 16.
  • This plate is provided with a plurality of longitudinally spaced openings 19. It should be understood that a passageway could be provided along the interior of the blade thereby circumventing the need of the plate without departing from the spirit of the invention.
  • a hollow blade could be provided with holes drilled along the leading edge of the blade on the low pressure side thereof.
  • Each passageway 16 is connected in fluid communication with an annular manifold 21 provided in the impeller hub 12.
  • This manifold 21 is also in fluid communication with an annular fluid chamber 22 provided about the turbine shaft 13 by means of openings 23.
  • Air is admitted to the chamber 22 by means of a pipe 24 which may be provided with a standard check valve 26 permitting the free flow of air in the direction of the arrow; however, blocking the flow of kuid in the reverse direction.
  • hydraulic turbomachinery including walls defining a liquid passageway
  • the combination comprising: a hub rotatably supported in said passageway; a plurality of circumferentially spaced blades connected to said hub for rotation therewith, said blades being arranged in said liquid passageway to cause energy transfer between said blades and the liquid; fluid passage means including a plurality of longitudinally spaced openings on the low pressure side of the blading located closely adjacent the leading edge of the blades; and iluid connecting means connecting said fluid passage means in communication with aizid source whereby Huid ows through said openings as the pressure in said liquid passageway about said openings decreases below the pressure of said fluid source.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Hydraulic Turbines (AREA)

Description

Feb 21, 1967 l. sWlEclcKl r-:TAL
FLUID CUSHION FOR HYDRAULIC TURBOMACHINERY Filed April 5, 1966 United States Patent O 3,305,215 FLUID CUSHION FOR HYDRAULIC TURBOMACHINERY Ignacy Swiecicki, York, andWarren G. Whippen, Dover,
Ia., assignors to Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, Milwaukee, Wis.
Filed Apr. 5, 1966, Ser. No. 540,300 2 Claims. (Cl. 253117) This invention relates to hydraulic turbomachinery.
Liquid passing through hydraulic turbomachinery exhibits a particular pressure, depending on the location of the machinery relative to the free surface of the liquid at its source and delivery pools. As the liquid passes through the turbomachinery, l-ow pressure regions are for-med.
When the existing liquid pressure equals the vapor pressure at the particular liquid temperature, voids or cavities filled with vaporized liquid are formed. This phenomenon is referred to as cavitation. As the voids move with the stream of lliquid to a region of higher pressure, they collapse violently. A kind of reverse explosions or implosions take place damaging material from which the machinery is made and also producing noise and vibrations.
One way of decreasing the harmful effects of cavitation is to fill the voids with gas to cushion the implosion which takes place when vapor voids collapse. Gas bubbles traveling with the stream of liquid are known to dissipate pressure waves in liquid and therefore they reduce very effectively all kinds of vibrations of hy-draulic machinery. A thin layer of gas at the surface of the turbomachinery blade reduces liquid friction vover this surface and therefore tends to increase efficiency of the machine. The desirability of gas admission at certain modes of operation of hydraulic turbomachinery being well established, the difficulty is in determining just where openings for gas admission should be located to most effectively draw gas into the liquid passage, to guide it to the region of cavitation voids formation and to disperse it in the form of a thin sheet adjacent to the surface of the runner blade. Applicants have determined that the most convenient place to release gas to the liquid passage is the underlying surface of the `runner blade closely adjacent to the leading edge over which the driving liquid cascades.
It is therefore the general intention of this invention to provide a hydraulic turbomachine with structure to deliver gas to the underlying or low pressure surfaces of the runner blades immediately adjacent to the leading edge thereof.
A more specific object is to provide a hydraulic turbine with a series of longitudinally spaced air holes on the low pressure surface of the runner blades close-ly adjacent the leading edge thereof.
These and other objects of this invention will become more fully apparent `as the following description is read in light of the attached drawing, wherein:
FIG. l is a partial cross sectional view of a turbine constructed in a-ccordance with the invention; and,
FIG. 2 is a cross section -of one blade of the turbine runner taken along the lines II-II of FIG. 1.
For purposes of illustration the invention is shown in connection with a hydraulic turbine. Referring to the drawing, the turbine is shown as including a plurality of circumferentially spaced gates generally designated 6. The lower ends of the gates are supported in a ring 7 forming a portion of a water passageway 8. A cover ring generally designated 9 supports the upper end of the gates 6 and provides an additional surface of the water passage- 3,305,215 Patented Feb. 21, 1967 ICC Way 8. A draft tube generally designated 11 is connected to the lower portion of the gate ring 7 to complete the water passageway.
A runner hub 12 is rigidly connected to the turbine drive shaft 13 in any conventional manner and is centrally located Within the water passageway. A plurality of circumferentially spaced runner blades'14 are connected to the hub and extend generally radially therefrom so that water flowing through the passageway will irnpinge thereon to cause the turbine shaft to rotate. The turbine shaft is provided with conventional bearings (not shown) as is well known in the hydraulic turbine art.
As herein shown for purposes of illustration, each blade is provided with a longitudinally extending passageway 16 located on the low pressure side of the blade and closely adjacent to the leading edge 17 of the blade. A plate 18 is rigidly connected to the low pressure side of the blades to cover the passageway 16. This plate is provided with a plurality of longitudinally spaced openings 19. It should be understood that a passageway could be provided along the interior of the blade thereby circumventing the need of the plate without departing from the spirit of the invention. Furthermore, a hollow blade could be provided with holes drilled along the leading edge of the blade on the low pressure side thereof.
Each passageway 16 is connected in fluid communication with an annular manifold 21 provided in the impeller hub 12. This manifold 21 is also in fluid communication with an annular fluid chamber 22 provided about the turbine shaft 13 by means of openings 23. Air is admitted to the chamber 22 by means of a pipe 24 which may be provided with a standard check valve 26 permitting the free flow of air in the direction of the arrow; however, blocking the flow of kuid in the reverse direction.
As water impinges on the leading surface 17 of the runner blading, it in effect bounces off and forms a low pressure region substantially along the lines of the holes 19 through the plate 18. This low pressure region creates a vacuum which causes air to be drawn through the holes 19 from the atmosphere or any other source. If the quantity of air supply from the atmosphere does not suffice, a pressurized air source may be provided. Any implosion of vapor bubbles downstream from the air holes 19, is cushioned by air present in the voids, thereby materially decreasing the wear on the runner surface and reducing noise and vibrations. Furthermore, it has been found that the turbine efficiency is improved because presence of air at the blade surface decreases friction.
With applicants invention, air is admitted at the point where the low pressure voids are formed. Therefore, the voids are filled immediately on forming so there is no danger of implosions of the voids.
Although only one embodiment of the subject invention is shown and described herein, it will be obvious after reading the description that modifications can be effected without departing from the spirit of the invention and it is intended that all such modifications as come within a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims be covered.
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
l. In hydraulic turbomachinery including walls defining a liquid passageway the combination comprising: a hub rotatably supported in said passageway; a plurality of circumferentially spaced blades connected to said hub for rotation therewith, said blades being arranged in said liquid passageway to cause energy transfer between said blades and the liquid; fluid passage means including a plurality of longitudinally spaced openings on the low pressure side of the blading located closely adjacent the leading edge of the blades; and iluid connecting means connecting said fluid passage means in communication with a luid source whereby Huid ows through said openings as the pressure in said liquid passageway about said openings decreases below the pressure of said fluid source.
2. The hydraulic turbomachinery set forth in claim 1 wherein said fluid is air and said uid source is the atmosphere.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,942,995 1/1934 Biggs 253-117 2,079,258 5/1937 Kerr 253-117 2,701,313 2/1955 Obrist 253-117 FOREIGN PATENTS 159,225 3/ 1933 Switzerland.
10 MARTIN P. SCHWADRON, Primary Examiner.
EVERETTE A. POWELL, .l R., Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. IN HYDRAULIC TURBOMACHINERY INCLUDING WALLS DEFINING A LIQUID PASSAGEWAY THE COMBINATION COMPRISING: A HUB ROTATABLY SUPPORTED IN SAID PASSAGEWAY; A PLURALITY OF CIRCUMFERENTIALLY SPACED BLADES CONNECTED TO SAID HUB FOR ROTATION THEREWITH, SAID BLADES BEING ARRANGED IN SAID LIQUID PASSAGEWAY TO CAUSE ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN SAID BLADES AND THE LIQUID; FLUID PASSAGE MEANS INCLUDING A PLURALITY OF LONGITUDINALLY SPACED OPENINGS ON THE LOW PRESSURE SIDE OF THE BLADING LOCATED CLOSELY ADJACENT THE LEADING EDGE OF THE BLADES; AND FLUID CONNECTING MEANS CONNECTING SAID FLUID PASSAGE MEANS IN COMMUNICATION WITH A FLUID SOURCE WHEREBY FLUID FLOWS THROUGH SAID OPENINGS AS THE PRESSURE IN SAID LIQUID PASSAGEWAY ABOUT SAID OPENINGS DECREASES BELOW THE PRESSURE OF SAID FLUID SOURCE.
US540300A 1966-04-05 1966-04-05 Fluid cushion for hydraulic turbomachinery Expired - Lifetime US3305215A (en)

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Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3761196A (en) * 1971-08-26 1973-09-25 E Weinert Cavitation control system
US3844677A (en) * 1971-11-01 1974-10-29 Gen Electric Blunted leading edge fan blade for noise reduction
US4720361A (en) * 1985-02-20 1988-01-19 Outokumpu Oy Immersible aerator and/or mixer apparatus
US4780051A (en) * 1985-05-23 1988-10-25 Voith Hydro, Inc. Hydraulic turbine aeration apparatus
US5738807A (en) * 1996-09-24 1998-04-14 Daewoo Electronics Co. Ltd Air bubble generating apparatus
US5879130A (en) * 1996-10-17 1999-03-09 Voith Hydro, Inc. Aeration through runner
US6155783A (en) * 1998-05-20 2000-12-05 Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation, Inc. Hollow blade for hydraulic turbine or pump
US6524063B1 (en) 1996-10-17 2003-02-25 Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generartion, Inc. Hydraulic turbine for enhancing the level of dissolved gas in water
US20040115047A1 (en) * 2001-10-11 2004-06-17 Michel Sabourin Hydraulic turbine with increased power capacities
FR2914028A1 (en) * 2007-03-20 2008-09-26 Alstom Power Hydraulique Sa Hydraulic machine e.g. Francis turbine, for use in hydro-electricity production factory, has series of circular orifices constituting secondary water flow with abrasive particle content different from abrasive particle content of main flow
WO2013093452A1 (en) * 2011-12-20 2013-06-27 Ocean Flow Energy Limited System for reducing hydrodynamic loads on turbine blades in flowing water
DE102016207977A1 (en) * 2016-05-10 2017-05-11 Voith Patent Gmbh Impeller for a hydraulic machine
US20190219024A1 (en) * 2016-08-08 2019-07-18 Voith Patent Gmbh Francis Turbine And Method Of Operating Same
EP3604793A1 (en) * 2018-08-03 2020-02-05 GE Renewable Technologies Inter-blade profiles for hydraulic turbines with removable cover part
US11454122B2 (en) 2018-08-03 2022-09-27 Ge Renewable Technologies Pre-formed plug with inter-blade profiles for hydraulic turbines
US20220387943A1 (en) * 2021-06-07 2022-12-08 Andritz Hydro Canada Inc. Aeration cone for hydraulic turbine
WO2023174598A1 (en) * 2022-03-16 2023-09-21 Voith Patent Gmbh Method of refurbishing an energy conversion facility and refurbished energy conversion facility
US12460657B2 (en) 2021-12-20 2025-11-04 Voith Patent Gmbh Shuttle valve, directional control valve module, and pneumatic or hydraulic assembly
US20260049590A1 (en) * 2022-08-04 2026-02-19 Ge Renewable Technologies Air-filled kaplan runner

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH159225A (en) * 1930-11-04 1932-12-31 Escher Wyss Maschf Ag Centrifugal pump.
US1942995A (en) * 1932-06-21 1934-01-09 James Leffel & Company Hydraulic turbine
US2079258A (en) * 1933-08-15 1937-05-04 Baldwin Southwark Corp Cavitation control of hydraulic machines
US2701313A (en) * 1953-03-13 1955-02-01 Escher Wyss Ag Air supply to turbine runners of hydroelectric power plants

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH159225A (en) * 1930-11-04 1932-12-31 Escher Wyss Maschf Ag Centrifugal pump.
US1942995A (en) * 1932-06-21 1934-01-09 James Leffel & Company Hydraulic turbine
US2079258A (en) * 1933-08-15 1937-05-04 Baldwin Southwark Corp Cavitation control of hydraulic machines
US2701313A (en) * 1953-03-13 1955-02-01 Escher Wyss Ag Air supply to turbine runners of hydroelectric power plants

Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3761196A (en) * 1971-08-26 1973-09-25 E Weinert Cavitation control system
US3844677A (en) * 1971-11-01 1974-10-29 Gen Electric Blunted leading edge fan blade for noise reduction
US4720361A (en) * 1985-02-20 1988-01-19 Outokumpu Oy Immersible aerator and/or mixer apparatus
US4780051A (en) * 1985-05-23 1988-10-25 Voith Hydro, Inc. Hydraulic turbine aeration apparatus
US5738807A (en) * 1996-09-24 1998-04-14 Daewoo Electronics Co. Ltd Air bubble generating apparatus
US5896657A (en) * 1996-10-17 1999-04-27 Voith Hydro, Inc. Method of making a turbine blade
US5879130A (en) * 1996-10-17 1999-03-09 Voith Hydro, Inc. Aeration through runner
US5924842A (en) * 1996-10-17 1999-07-20 Voith Hydro, Inc. Hydraulic turbine for enhancing the level of dissolved gas in water
US6095749A (en) * 1996-10-17 2000-08-01 Voith Hydro, Inc. Hydraulic turbine for enhancing the level of dissolved gas in water
US6247893B1 (en) 1996-10-17 2001-06-19 Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation, Inc. Hydraulic turbine for enhancing the level of dissolved gas in water
US6524063B1 (en) 1996-10-17 2003-02-25 Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generartion, Inc. Hydraulic turbine for enhancing the level of dissolved gas in water
US6155783A (en) * 1998-05-20 2000-12-05 Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation, Inc. Hollow blade for hydraulic turbine or pump
US6454533B2 (en) 1998-05-20 2002-09-24 Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation Inc. Hollow blade for hydraulic turbine or pump
US20040115047A1 (en) * 2001-10-11 2004-06-17 Michel Sabourin Hydraulic turbine with increased power capacities
US6926494B2 (en) 2001-10-11 2005-08-09 Alstom Canada Inc. Hydraulic turbine with increased power capacities
EP2014911A3 (en) * 2007-03-20 2009-04-01 Alstom Hydro France Hydraulic machine and method for preventing the wear of such a machine
FR2914028A1 (en) * 2007-03-20 2008-09-26 Alstom Power Hydraulique Sa Hydraulic machine e.g. Francis turbine, for use in hydro-electricity production factory, has series of circular orifices constituting secondary water flow with abrasive particle content different from abrasive particle content of main flow
CN101280759B (en) * 2007-03-20 2012-07-18 阿尔斯通水电设备法国公司 Hydraulic machine and method for preventing this machine from abrasion
WO2013093452A1 (en) * 2011-12-20 2013-06-27 Ocean Flow Energy Limited System for reducing hydrodynamic loads on turbine blades in flowing water
GB2499700B (en) * 2011-12-20 2017-12-13 Ocean Flow Energy Ltd System for reducing hydrodynamic loads on turbine blades in flowing water
DE102016207977A1 (en) * 2016-05-10 2017-05-11 Voith Patent Gmbh Impeller for a hydraulic machine
US11028815B2 (en) * 2016-08-08 2021-06-08 Voith Patent Gmbh Francis turbine and method of operating same
US20190219024A1 (en) * 2016-08-08 2019-07-18 Voith Patent Gmbh Francis Turbine And Method Of Operating Same
US11692445B2 (en) 2018-08-03 2023-07-04 Ge Renewable Technologies Pre-formed plug with inter-blade profiles for hydraulic turbines
CN110792549A (en) * 2018-08-03 2020-02-14 通用电气再生能源技术公司 Interblade profile for a water turbine with removable cover portions
US11454122B2 (en) 2018-08-03 2022-09-27 Ge Renewable Technologies Pre-formed plug with inter-blade profiles for hydraulic turbines
EP3604793A1 (en) * 2018-08-03 2020-02-05 GE Renewable Technologies Inter-blade profiles for hydraulic turbines with removable cover part
CN110792549B (en) * 2018-08-03 2024-01-09 通用电气再生能源技术公司 Inter-blade profile for a hydraulic turbine with removable cover portion
US20220387943A1 (en) * 2021-06-07 2022-12-08 Andritz Hydro Canada Inc. Aeration cone for hydraulic turbine
US11648517B2 (en) * 2021-06-07 2023-05-16 Andritz Hydro Canada Inc. Aeration cone for hydraulic turbine
US12460657B2 (en) 2021-12-20 2025-11-04 Voith Patent Gmbh Shuttle valve, directional control valve module, and pneumatic or hydraulic assembly
WO2023174598A1 (en) * 2022-03-16 2023-09-21 Voith Patent Gmbh Method of refurbishing an energy conversion facility and refurbished energy conversion facility
US20250012248A1 (en) * 2022-03-16 2025-01-09 Voith Patent Gmbh Method of refurbishing an energy conversion facility and refurbished energy conversion facility
US12497940B2 (en) * 2022-03-16 2025-12-16 Voith Patent Gmbh Method of refurbishing an energy conversion facility and refurbished energy conversion facility
US20260049590A1 (en) * 2022-08-04 2026-02-19 Ge Renewable Technologies Air-filled kaplan runner

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