US3218459A - Fluid sample holders for x-ray spectrometers under vacuum - Google Patents

Fluid sample holders for x-ray spectrometers under vacuum Download PDF

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US3218459A
US3218459A US315031A US31503163A US3218459A US 3218459 A US3218459 A US 3218459A US 315031 A US315031 A US 315031A US 31503163 A US31503163 A US 31503163A US 3218459 A US3218459 A US 3218459A
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fluid
window
chamber
spectrometer
sample holder
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Jean R Bens
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Compagnie Generale de Radiologie SA
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/20—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by using diffraction of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating crystal structure; by using scattering of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating non-crystalline materials; by using reflection of the radiation by the materials
    • G01N23/20008—Constructional details of analysers, e.g. characterised by X-ray source, detector or optical system; Accessories therefor; Preparing specimens therefor
    • G01N23/20025—Sample holders or supports therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
    • G01N23/2204—Specimen supports therefor; Sample conveying means therefore

Definitions

  • the X-ray path When low atomic number elements are analyzed in an X-ray spectrometer it is necessary for the X-ray path to be in a vacuum in order to avoid absorption of the low energy X-rays by air or other gas. Therefore, in a vacuum spectrometer, the X-ray tube, the sample, the analyzer crystal and the detector are all in a vacuum ambient.
  • a receptacle which isolates it from the vacuum.
  • Such receptacle has a thin radiation permeable window that is traversed by radiation such as X-rays which excite the sample and which permits exit of the excited radiation that is characteristic of the elements in the sample.
  • the window must be a thin film and it follows that it will have low rigidity.
  • a commonly used film material for such a window is therphane which in one form is known by the trademark Mylar.
  • the receptacle, or sample holder may then be introduced into the enclosure which is to be evacuated.
  • There is a serious drawback to this approach because the interior of the sample holder is under its original pressure, usually atmospheric, while the outside is exposed to a vacuum ambient.
  • the pressurediiierential causes the window to distend and this creates a void in the fluid which, in turn, allows gas bubbles to be liberated from the fluid.
  • Liberation of gas bubbles is caused by the known phenomena that gases are soluble in a fluid in proportion to the temperature and pressure of the fluid.
  • the gas bubbles migrate to the window with a random distribution in which case they distort the intensity measurements of the characteristic radiation which indicate constitution of the sample. It is easy to see that reproducible results would be diflicult to obtain with consecutive samples of the same composition.
  • the second approach is to use a sample holder whose interior remains in communication with the atmosphere in which case the fluid is not degassed because of the absence of the pressure differential, but the window must withstand the entire pressure of the atmosphere. Under this stress the window undergoes a plastic deformation, a progressive flow, which displaces the exposed and active volume of the fluid sample with respect to the geometry of the spectrometer. This results in an error in the quantitative measurements.
  • the fluid sample holder constituting the present invention permits making accurate quantitative measurements without the above mentioned inconveniences.
  • the new sample holder was devised primarily for the purpose of analyzing fluids in a vacuum X-ray spectrometer.
  • the sample holder is characterized by it having two chambers, one of which has a radiation permable window in it.
  • the first chamber communicates with the second chamber which contains some of the fluid being analyzed and a space for anexpansible gas, air for example.
  • the holder is constructed fluid-tight and this is facilitated by the use of toric joints, otherwise known as O-rings, for example.
  • the volume of liquid used in the sample holder is such that the pressure caused by the volume of entrapped gas maintains a pressure on the liquid which exceeds thepressure at which it degases.
  • the pressure on the fluid is maintained substantially constant by expansion of the gas rather than the pressure dropping to zero or a negative value in'whichcase degassing would occur.
  • full atmospheric pressure is not imposed onthe window.
  • the sample holder' comprises cylindrical body '1 which may be of metal or plastic.
  • the body is divided into two chambers 2 and 3 -by a partition wall 17 through which there is an opening 13. As shown, chamber 2 is completely filled witha fluid sample and chamber 3 is only partially filled with the remainder of .its volume being occupied by agas such as air.
  • Chamber 3 contains an essentially semi-cylindrical element 16 that has a recess 14 milled in its left end as shown. Hole 13 and recess 14 align with each other to form a fluid trap below the level of the'fluid in both chambers.
  • the static pressure of the fluid in chamber 2 is thereby balanced against the combined pressure of the fluid in chamber 3 and the pressure exerted by the gas on the latter fluid. This is a condition that prevails when a sample holder is ready for use and in use in an evacuable spectrometer.
  • chamber ,2 hasan aperture which is covered by a thin window 6 which is permeable to low energy radiation that enters and exits the sample fluid.
  • Window 6 may be any suitable, homogeneous material. Mylar of 0.00025 inch thickness has been found suitable for most cases, but it should be realized that the window' thicknessjs governed by the size of the sample holder and the pressure which it may be required to oppose.
  • the window 6 must 'be sealed to'the body of the housing andthis isaccomplished in this case by an ,O-ring 7 which resides in an annular recess in an end of the housing body 1 as shown.
  • the window bears on the O-ring and is under the compressive force of a .cap or cover that is generally designated by the reference numeral 4.
  • the cover has a window opening that is about the same size as the chamber 2, it usually being desirable to expose as much sample fluid surface as possible to the analyzing radiation beam.
  • Cover 4 is engaged with body '1 through the agency of its internal threads 20 being engaged with threads of an externally threaded lock nut 8.
  • Lock nut 8 abuts a shoulder 19 that extends around the periphery of body 1 so that by reaction against the shoulder, cover 4 may be drawn tight to Compress the O-ring 7.
  • the cover 4 is provided with an inwardly radially extending guide pin 5 that registers in a slotwhich is milled axially of the end of body 1.
  • the holder is provided with a key pin 12 that registers in a cooperating keyway, not shown.
  • the rear part of the sample holder is removable to facilitate cleaning of its interior. It comprises a threaded stopper 9 which screws into internal threads 18 at the end of body 1. In this instance a radially compressive seal is effected between the bore of housing 1 and the stopper by the use of an O-ring 10 that resides in an internal circular groove, as shown.
  • a magnetic plate 11 which supplements the purpose of guide pin 12 to insure precise repositioning and secure holding of the sample holder when it is removed and replaced in the spectrometer.
  • Plate 11 may be magnetized or magneti'zable and adapted for mutual magnetic attraction with a similar element, not shown, that may be in the sample holder support of the spectrometer.
  • the sample holder may befillecl with a redetermined quantity of fluid to be analyzed and that it may then be manipulated, after cover 4 is afiixed, so that fluid completely fills chamber 2 and partially fills chamber 3 in which an air volume is trapped.
  • the holder may then be placed in the spectrometer and mounted for use in a horizontal position most customarily although the instant design may also be used at an angle departing from horizontal by a certain amount.
  • fluid as used herein, in reference to the sample, is intended to embrace any material that contains volatiles or that flows and includes high and low viscosity liquids, solutions, and slurries or physical mixtures.
  • sample holder may be adapted to other designs which are intended for use with a vertical, horizontal, or inclined X-ray beam directed up or down.
  • a first chamber with the window is on top and a tube projects downwardly from it into a second chamber which is partially filled with liquid so that the end of the tube is sealed thereby and a gas volume is enclosed.
  • a fluid sample holder for use in a spectrometer comprising:
  • any gas that is confined may expand to compensate the volume and pressure change on the fluid in the first chamber if the window distends.
  • said element being adapted for mutual magnetic attraction to position said holder within said spectrometer.
  • a fluid sample holder for use in a spectrometer comprising:
  • the first chamber being adapted for being filled with fluid sample when the holder is in use
  • the second chamber being adapted to contain a confined volume of gas and a portion of the fluid sample which portion is in pressure exchange con tact with the gas and joins the fluid in the first chamber through the opening,
  • the said opening being located at a level that is below the fluid levels in each chamber when the holder is in a position of normal usage so that the pressure of the fluid in the first chamber balances the combined pressure of the fluid and the volume of gas in the second chamber,
  • a fluid sample holder for use in a spectrometer comprising:
  • said second chamber being arranged to hold a quantity of fluid that partially fills it and permits a remaining expansible volume of entrapped gas

Description

NOV. 5, J. R. BENS 3,218,459
FLUID SAMPLE HOLDERS FOR X-RAY SPECTROMETERS UNDER VACUUM Filed Oct. 9, 1963 INVENTOR JEAN R. BENS ATTORNEY United States Patent Office 3,218,459 Patented Nov. .16, .1965
3,218,459 FLUID SAMPLE HOLDERS FOR X-RAY SPECTROMETERS UNDER VACUUM Jean R. Bens, Malakotf, France, assignor to Compagnie Generale de Radiologie, Paris, France Filed Oct. 9, 1963, Ser. No. 315,031 Claims priority, application France, Oct. 25, 1962, 913,395 5 Claims. (Cl. 250-515) The present invention concerns improvements in sample holders that are used for the analysis of fluids in a vacuum X-ray spectrometer.
When low atomic number elements are analyzed in an X-ray spectrometer it is necessary for the X-ray path to be in a vacuum in order to avoid absorption of the low energy X-rays by air or other gas. Therefore, in a vacuum spectrometer, the X-ray tube, the sample, the analyzer crystal and the detector are all in a vacuum ambient.
Difliculties are encountered when fluid samples are undergoing analysis in a vacuum spectrometer. If the fluid is exposed, it is not unusual for it to degas or boil when the vacuum is created. Therefore, the fluid must be contained in a receptacle which isolates it from the vacuum. Such receptacle has a thin radiation permeable window that is traversed by radiation such as X-rays which excite the sample and which permits exit of the excited radiation that is characteristic of the elements in the sample. To minimize absorption, the window must be a thin film and it follows that it will have low rigidity. A commonly used film material for such a window is therphane which in one form is known by the trademark Mylar.
Two approaches to overcoming the above noted difliculties are as follows: i
(l) The first contemplates the use of a leakprcof receptacle that is completely filled with the fluid sample to be analyzed. The receptacle, or sample holder, may then be introduced into the enclosure which is to be evacuated. There is a serious drawback to this approach, however, because the interior of the sample holder is under its original pressure, usually atmospheric, while the outside is exposed to a vacuum ambient. The pressurediiierential causes the window to distend and this creates a void in the fluid which, in turn, allows gas bubbles to be liberated from the fluid. Liberation of gas bubbles is caused by the known phenomena that gases are soluble in a fluid in proportion to the temperature and pressure of the fluid. The gas bubbles migrate to the window with a random distribution in which case they distort the intensity measurements of the characteristic radiation which indicate constitution of the sample. It is easy to see that reproducible results would be diflicult to obtain with consecutive samples of the same composition.
(2) The second approach is to use a sample holder whose interior remains in communication with the atmosphere in which case the fluid is not degassed because of the absence of the pressure differential, but the window must withstand the entire pressure of the atmosphere. Under this stress the window undergoes a plastic deformation, a progressive flow, which displaces the exposed and active volume of the fluid sample with respect to the geometry of the spectrometer. This results in an error in the quantitative measurements.
The fluid sample holder constituting the present invention permits making accurate quantitative measurements without the above mentioned inconveniences. The new sample holder was devised primarily for the purpose of analyzing fluids in a vacuum X-ray spectrometer. In general terms, the sample holder is characterized by it having two chambers, one of which has a radiation permable window in it. The first chamber communicates with the second chamber which contains some of the fluid being analyzed and a space for anexpansible gas, air for example. The holder is constructed fluid-tight and this is facilitated by the use of toric joints, otherwise known as O-rings, for example. The volume of liquid used in the sample holder is such that the pressure caused by the volume of entrapped gas maintains a pressure on the liquid which exceeds thepressure at which it degases. Thus, after distension or deformation of the window following evacuation of the space surrounding the holder, the pressure on the fluid is maintained substantially constant by expansion of the gas rather than the pressure dropping to zero or a negative value in'whichcase degassing would occur. Moreover, full atmospheric pressure is not imposed onthe window.
Achievement of the foregoing and other objects of the invention will be evident as one proceeds through the ;following specification which gives an illustrative'example of the invention in reference to the drawing which shows a sectional elevation View of a sample holder embodying the principles of the invention.
The sample holder'comprises cylindrical body '1 which may be of metal or plastic. The body is divided into two chambers 2 and 3 -by a partition wall 17 through which there is an opening 13. As shown, chamber 2 is completely filled witha fluid sample and chamber 3 is only partially filled with the remainder of .its volume being occupied by agas such as air.
Chamber 3 contains an essentially semi-cylindrical element 16 that has a recess 14 milled in its left end as shown. Hole 13 and recess 14 align with each other to form a fluid trap below the level of the'fluid in both chambers. The static pressure of the fluid in chamber 2 is thereby balanced against the combined pressure of the fluid in chamber 3 and the pressure exerted by the gas on the latter fluid. This is a condition that prevails when a sample holder is ready for use and in use in an evacuable spectrometer.
It may be seen that chamber ,2 hasan aperture which is covered by a thin window 6 which is permeable to low energy radiation that enters and exits the sample fluid. Window 6 may be any suitable, homogeneous material. Mylar of 0.00025 inch thickness has been found suitable for most cases, but it should be realized that the window' thicknessjs governed by the size of the sample holder and the pressure which it may be required to oppose.
The window 6 must 'be sealed to'the body of the housing andthis isaccomplished in this case by an ,O-ring 7 which resides in an annular recess in an end of the housing body 1 as shown. The window bears on the O-ring and is under the compressive force of a .cap or cover that is generally designated by the reference numeral 4. The cover has a window opening that is about the same size as the chamber 2, it usually being desirable to expose as much sample fluid surface as possible to the analyzing radiation beam.
Cover 4 is engaged with body '1 through the agency of its internal threads 20 being engaged with threads of an externally threaded lock nut 8. Lock nut 8 abuts a shoulder 19 that extends around the periphery of body 1 so that by reaction against the shoulder, cover 4 may be drawn tight to Compress the O-ring 7.
To assurethat cover 4 will always take the same position relative to 'body 1 and to thereby insure that reproducible analyzing results will be obtainable, the cover 4 is provided with an inwardly radially extending guide pin 5 that registers in a slotwhich is milled axially of the end of body 1.
To assure that the whole sample holder will be located in a repetitively identical position within the spectrometer, the holder is provided with a key pin 12 that registers in a cooperating keyway, not shown.
The rear part of the sample holder is removable to facilitate cleaning of its interior. It comprises a threaded stopper 9 which screws into internal threads 18 at the end of body 1. In this instance a radially compressive seal is effected between the bore of housing 1 and the stopper by the use of an O-ring 10 that resides in an internal circular groove, as shown.
Also provided in this embodiment is a magnetic plate 11 which supplements the purpose of guide pin 12 to insure precise repositioning and secure holding of the sample holder when it is removed and replaced in the spectrometer. Plate 11 may be magnetized or magneti'zable and adapted for mutual magnetic attraction with a similar element, not shown, that may be in the sample holder support of the spectrometer.
To anyone having minimum mechanical skill it will be obvious that to use the sample holder it may befillecl with a redetermined quantity of fluid to be analyzed and that it may then be manipulated, after cover 4 is afiixed, so that fluid completely fills chamber 2 and partially fills chamber 3 in which an air volume is trapped. The holder may then be placed in the spectrometer and mounted for use in a horizontal position most customarily although the instant design may also be used at an angle departing from horizontal by a certain amount.
The word fluid as used herein, in reference to the sample, is intended to embrace any material that contains volatiles or that flows and includes high and low viscosity liquids, solutions, and slurries or physical mixtures.
The principles of the sample holder illustrated herein may be adapted to other designs which are intended for use with a vertical, horizontal, or inclined X-ray beam directed up or down. For instance, another embodiment has been made where a first chamber with the window is on top and a tube projects downwardly from it into a second chamber which is partially filled with liquid so that the end of the tube is sealed thereby and a gas volume is enclosed. On the basis of the above illustrated embodiment, those versed in the art will now perceive many different configurations of the invention without departing from its spirit and scope which is to be determined only by interpreting the claims which follow.
What is claimed:
1. A fluid sample holder for use in a spectrometer comprising:
(a) a hollow body having means therein that partition the body into first and second chambers which connect with each other through an opening in the par tition means,
(b) the first of said chambers having an aperture and a thin radiation permeable window that is sealed over the aperture to contain a first portion of a fluid samle in the body,
() said window being subject to distension when the sample holder is in an evacuated ambient in a spectrometer,
(d) the second of said chambers defining a volume for a second portion of the fluid that is joined with the first portion through the opening which is below the surfaces of both portions and for the confinement of gas that may be in pressure exchange contact with the second portion of the fluid,
(e) whereby any gas that is confined may expand to compensate the volume and pressure change on the fluid in the first chamber if the window distends.
2. The invention set forth in claim 1 including:
(a) a cover that is adaptedto engage the body at the end thereof at which the first chamber is located,
(b) said cover having an aperture that is aligned with the aperture of the first chamber, and
(c) an O-ring means disposed between the. body and the window,
(d) whereby the window may be compressed in sealing relation with respect to the body by the cover.
3. The invention set forth in claim 1 including:
(a) a magnetizable element fastened to the exterior of the housing,
(b) said element being adapted for mutual magnetic attraction to position said holder within said spectrometer.
4. A fluid sample holder for use in a spectrometer comprising:
(a) a hollow body having means therein that partition the body into first and second chambers which connect with each other through an opening in the partition means,
(b) the first of said chambers having an aperture and a thin radiation permeable window sealed over the aperture to contain a fluid sample in the first chamber,
(0) said window being subject to distension when the sample holder is in an evacuated ambient in a spectrometer,
(d) the first chamber being adapted for being filled with fluid sample when the holder is in use,
(e) the second chamber being adapted to contain a confined volume of gas and a portion of the fluid sample which portion is in pressure exchange con tact with the gas and joins the fluid in the first chamber through the opening,
(f) the said opening being located at a level that is below the fluid levels in each chamber when the holder is in a position of normal usage so that the pressure of the fluid in the first chamber balances the combined pressure of the fluid and the volume of gas in the second chamber,
(g) whereby expansion of the gas volume will maintain a substantially constant pressure on the fluid if the window is distended.
5. A fluid sample holder for use in a spectrometer comprising:
(a) a cylindrical housing body having a partition wall therein that defines first and second chambers which communicate with each other through an opening in the wall, 1
(b) said opening being below the level of the sample fluid which may be in a chamber when the holder is filled for use,
(c) said first chamber having an aperture communicating with the ambient surrounding the holder,
(d) a thin radiation permeable window that is adapted for being compressed in sealing relation about the margins of the aperture,
(e) a cap that is engageable with the body to effect compressive force on the window, said cap being apertured for the window,
(i) said second chamber being arranged to hold a quantity of fluid that partially fills it and permits a remaining expansible volume of entrapped gas,
(g) said first chamber being completely filled with fluid when said holder is in its position for use,
(h) whereupon said first chamber will be held under pressure by the expansible gas in the second chamber to compensate for fluid displacement due to distension of the window incident to evacuation of its ambient.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS RALPH G. NILSON, Primary Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. A FLUID SAMPLE HOLDER FOR USE IN A SPECTROMETER COMPRISING: (A) A HOLLOW BODY HAVING MEANS THEREIN THAT PARTITION THE BODY INTO FIRST AND SECOND CHAMBERS WHICH CONNECT WITH EACH OTHER THROUGH AN OPENING IN THE PARTITION MEANS, (B) THE FIRST OF SAID CHAMBERS HAVING AN APERTURE AND A THIN RADIATION PERMEABLE WINDOW THAT IS SEALED OVER THE APERTURE TO CONTAIN A FIRST PORTION OF A FLUID SAMPLE IN THE BODY, (C) SAID WINDOW BEING SUBJECT TO DISTENSION WHEN THE SAMPLE HOLDER IS IN AN EVACUATED AMBIENT IN A SPECTROMETER, (D) THE SECOND OF SAID CHAMBERS DEFINING A VOLUME FOR A SECOND PORTION OF THE FLUID THAT IS JOINED WITH THE FIRST PORTION THROUGH THE OPENING WHICH IS BELOW THE SURFACES OF BOTH PORTIONS AND FOR THE CONFINEMENT OF GAS THAT MAY BE IN PRESSURE EXCHANGE CONTACT WITH THE SECOND PORTION OF THE FLUID, (E) WHEREBY ANY GAS THAT IS CONFINED MAY EXPAND TO COMPENSATE THE VOLUME AND PRESSURE CHANGE ON THE FLUID IN THE FIRST CHAMBER IF THE WINDOW DISTENDS.
US315031A 1962-10-25 1963-10-09 Fluid sample holders for x-ray spectrometers under vacuum Expired - Lifetime US3218459A (en)

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3344274A (en) * 1967-09-26 Ray analysis apparatus having both diffraction amd spectrometer tubes mounted on a common housing
US3378684A (en) * 1965-06-16 1968-04-16 Gen Electric Fluid sample cell with means to keep constant pressure on the sample fluid
US4528657A (en) * 1983-02-07 1985-07-09 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Fluid sample cell for X-ray analysis
US4575869A (en) * 1984-05-16 1986-03-11 Angelo M. Torrisi Sample holder with handling support for X-ray spectroscopic analysis
US4587666A (en) * 1984-05-03 1986-05-06 Angelo M. Torrisi System and a method for mounting film to a sample holder for X-ray spectroscopic fluorescence analysis
US4643033A (en) * 1985-09-20 1987-02-17 Chemplex Industries, Inc. Sample cup for use in X-ray spectroscopy
US5181233A (en) * 1991-11-08 1993-01-19 Florida State University Specimen holder
EP1340241A1 (en) * 2000-12-01 2003-09-03 YEDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Co. LTD. Device and method for the examination of samples in a non-vacuum environment using a scanning electron microscope
EP1509941A2 (en) * 2002-06-05 2005-03-02 YEDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Co. LTD. Low-pressure chamber for scanning electron microscopy in a wet environment
US20070125947A1 (en) * 2003-02-20 2007-06-07 David Sprinzak Sample enclosure for a scanning electron microscope and methods of use thereof
US7230242B2 (en) 2002-06-05 2007-06-12 Quantomix Ltd Methods for SEM inspection of fluid containing samples
CN103940836A (en) * 2013-01-22 2014-07-23 中国科学院青海盐湖研究所 Liquid X ray scattering sample cell
WO2015058162A1 (en) * 2013-10-18 2015-04-23 University Of Virginia Patent Foundation Device and related method for solution scattering and diffraction sample holders
US11860987B2 (en) 2014-06-12 2024-01-02 Maxell, Ltd. Information processing device, application software start-up system, and application software start-up method

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US2690695A (en) * 1952-01-03 1954-10-05 Perkin Elmer Corp Variable space absorption cell
US2819402A (en) * 1955-11-28 1958-01-07 Perkin Elmer Corp Radiation sample cell
US3090861A (en) * 1960-01-28 1963-05-21 Edward O Haenni Cell for use in radiation absorption analysis

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2690695A (en) * 1952-01-03 1954-10-05 Perkin Elmer Corp Variable space absorption cell
US2819402A (en) * 1955-11-28 1958-01-07 Perkin Elmer Corp Radiation sample cell
US3090861A (en) * 1960-01-28 1963-05-21 Edward O Haenni Cell for use in radiation absorption analysis

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3344274A (en) * 1967-09-26 Ray analysis apparatus having both diffraction amd spectrometer tubes mounted on a common housing
US3378684A (en) * 1965-06-16 1968-04-16 Gen Electric Fluid sample cell with means to keep constant pressure on the sample fluid
US4528657A (en) * 1983-02-07 1985-07-09 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Fluid sample cell for X-ray analysis
US4587666A (en) * 1984-05-03 1986-05-06 Angelo M. Torrisi System and a method for mounting film to a sample holder for X-ray spectroscopic fluorescence analysis
US4575869A (en) * 1984-05-16 1986-03-11 Angelo M. Torrisi Sample holder with handling support for X-ray spectroscopic analysis
US4643033A (en) * 1985-09-20 1987-02-17 Chemplex Industries, Inc. Sample cup for use in X-ray spectroscopy
US5181233A (en) * 1991-11-08 1993-01-19 Florida State University Specimen holder
US6989542B2 (en) 2000-12-01 2006-01-24 Yeda Research And Development Co., Ltd. Device and method for the examination of samples in a non vacuum environment using a scanning electron microscope
EP1340241A4 (en) * 2000-12-01 2009-01-14 Yeda Res & Dev Device and method for the examination of samples in a non-vacuum environment using a scanning electron microscope
US20040217297A1 (en) * 2000-12-01 2004-11-04 Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. Device and method for the examination of samples in a non vacuum environment using a scanning electron microscope
US20040046120A1 (en) * 2000-12-01 2004-03-11 Yeda Research And Development Co., Ltd. Device and method for the examination of samples in a non-vacuum environment using a scanning electron microscope
US7253418B2 (en) 2000-12-01 2007-08-07 Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. Device and method for the examination of samples in a non vacuum environment using a scanning electron microscope
EP1340241A1 (en) * 2000-12-01 2003-09-03 YEDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Co. LTD. Device and method for the examination of samples in a non-vacuum environment using a scanning electron microscope
US6992300B2 (en) 2000-12-01 2006-01-31 Yeda Research And Development Co., Ltd Device and method for the examination of samples in a non-vacuum environment using a scanning electron microscope
US20060033038A1 (en) * 2000-12-01 2006-02-16 Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. Device and method for the examination of samples in a non vacuum environment using a scanning electron microscope
US7230242B2 (en) 2002-06-05 2007-06-12 Quantomix Ltd Methods for SEM inspection of fluid containing samples
US20050279938A1 (en) * 2002-06-05 2005-12-22 Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. Low-pressure chamber for scanning electron microscopy in a wet environment
US7304313B2 (en) 2002-06-05 2007-12-04 Quantomix Ltd. Low-pressure chamber for scanning electron microscopy in a wet environment
EP1509941A4 (en) * 2002-06-05 2007-12-12 Yeda Res & Dev Low-pressure chamber for scanning electron microscopy in a wet environment
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