US3214307A - Ammonium nitrate explosive gel composition and its preparation - Google Patents
Ammonium nitrate explosive gel composition and its preparation Download PDFInfo
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- US3214307A US3214307A US299062A US29906263A US3214307A US 3214307 A US3214307 A US 3214307A US 299062 A US299062 A US 299062A US 29906263 A US29906263 A US 29906263A US 3214307 A US3214307 A US 3214307A
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- ammonium nitrate
- explosive
- water
- gel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
- C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
Definitions
- Blasting explosives in aqueous slurry or gel form have been used extensively heretofore.
- blasting explosives contain nitroglycerin
- blasting explosives have been made available in the form of aqueous slurnes of ammonium nitrate containing various additives.
- Ammonium nitrate is not subject to uncontrolled explosions and does not produce vapors that are detrimental to operating personnel.
- these aqueous ammonium nitrate blasting explosives overcome the hazards encountered with other fluid explosive-s, one of the disadvantages inherent in the use of aqueous slurries of ammonium nitrate is that the ammonium nitrate is readily soluble in water.
- the blasting explosive may become substantially diluted, and as a result the explosive power of the blasting explosive is reduced significantly.
- There is a great need at the present time in the blasting industry for a pourable blasting explosive which is free from unprogrammed explosion hazards, noxious fume hazards, and which is substantially resistant to penetration by water or other fluids normally encountered in blasting environments.
- a further object of the invention is to provide a blasting explosive gel which is substantially devoid of oversensitive components.
- Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel explosive gel which is substantially devoid of noxious fumes.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a novel process for preparing blasting explosives.
- Still another object of this invention is to provide an improved cross-linking agent for thickening agents employed in the preparation of gel type explosives.
- a further object of the invention is to provide an explosive gel composition containing powdered aluminum wherein corrosion of aluminum is inhibited.
- a porable, substantially water-resistant explosive gel is formed by admixing ammonium nitrate, metal particles, and water with a gel forming proportion of a mixture of guar gum and potassium dichromate.
- the novel blasting explosive gel of this invention can be stored for extended periods without the danger of unprogrammed explosion.
- the novel blasting explosive gel of this invention may be poured into water, for example, into a bore hole containing water, without the danger of significant dissolution of the gel by the water contained in the bore hole.
- Ammonium nitrate in any convenient form such as commercially available crystals, prills, and the like, may be employed.
- the particle size of the ammonium nitrate is not critical, and any size that is readily dissolved in water is preferably used.
- a powdered metal such as powdered aluminum, powdered magnesium, and mixtures thereof, is added with agitation to the aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate, or to gel formed therefrom.
- the powdered metal may be in either the atomized form or the flake form, or any other convenient form so long as the particle size is small enough to permit the particles to pass through an mesh standard screen, and preferably through a mesh standard screen.
- the viscosity of the aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate containing powdered metal is increased by the incorporation therein of a suitable thickening agent such as guar gum, and a small proportion of a cross-linking agent such as potassium dichromate.
- a suitable thickening agent such as guar gum
- a cross-linking agent such as potassium dichromate.
- the gel forming ingredients, guar gum and potassium dichromate serve to maintain the resulting mixture in a water-resistant gel form. These agents do not prevent contact between the aimmounim nitrate and the water originally in the explosive composition, but they do prevent additional water from entering into the composition and leaching out the explosive ingredients. This characteristic permits the novel composition of this invention to be charged into wet locations such as bore holes containing water or other targets submerged under water without mixing with the water surrounding the charge.
- the composition falls as a substantially immiscible liquid through the water to the bottom of the bore hole.
- the explosive composition dissolves in water, thus resulting in severe dilution of the ammonium nitrate and in dissipation of the explosive strength ofthe composition.
- dichromate crosslinking agent inhibits corrosion of the metal powder component and thereby markedly improves the stability of the gel when stored for extended periods prior to detonation.
- Other chromium salts may also be used as a cross-linking agent.
- the proportion of water set forth in the above table is the total water used 'in the preparation of the novel explosive composition.
- This water may be added separately to a mixture of the other components in an anhydrous form, or it may be employed to form a solution and/ or slurry with some or all of the components of the explosive composition prior to mixing.
- the novel gel forming effect may also be obtained when the metal is omitted.
- the gelling agents are added stepwise to permit hydration of the guar gum.
- about 70 percent of the guar gum is added to an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate and permitted to hydrate for about two minutes.
- about 20 percent of the potassium dichromate is added vto the resulting mixture and stirred for about three min-
- To 100 grams of a 50 percent aqueous ammonium nitrate solution was added 0.2 gram of potassium dichromate with stirring, followed by the addition of 1.75 grams of guar gum to yield a homogeneous syrup.
- To the syrup was added 15 grams of flaked aluminum, and after agitation to disperse the aluminum in the syrup, the resulting dispersion was allowed to stand at room temperature. At the end of about 15 minutes a homogeneous gel was formed.
- Gels of the type described can be detonated with conventional caps and boosters such as pentaerythritol trinitrate (PETN).
- PETN pentaerythritol trinitrate
- an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate (50 parts water and 50 parts ammonium nitrate) were admixed with 1.75 parts of guar gum and 15 parts of flaked aluminum. No gel formed and after 48 hours the aluminum flakes settled to the bottom of the slurry.
- An explosive gel composition comprised of ammonium nitrate, water, and a gel forming proportion of a mixture of guar gum and potassium dichromate.
- composition of claim 1 having uniformly dispersed therein a powdered metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, and mixtures thereof.
- composition of claim 2 wherein said powdered metal is magnesium.
- An explosive gel composition comprised of a substantially homogeneous mixture containing between about 5 and about 90 percent by weight of ammonium nitrate, between about 3 and about 60 percent by weight of water, between about 0.01 and about 2.0 percent by 'weight of potassium'dichromate, between about 0.03
- tiered metal is magnesium.
- An explosive gel composition comprised of a substantially homogeneous mixture containing between about 40 and about 70 percent by weight of ammonium nitrate, between about 20 and about 45 percent by weight of water, between about 1.0 and about 3.0 percent by weight of guar gum, between about 0.5 and about 1.0 percent by weight of potassium dichromate, and between about 10 and about 25 percent by weight of a powdered metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, and mixtures thereof.
- composition of claim 8 wherein said powdered metal is aluminum.
- composition of claim 8 wherein said powdered metal is magnesium.
- the process for preparing an explosive gel which comprises the steps of admixing an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate with a powdered metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, and mixtures thereof, and a gel forming proportion of a mixture of guar gum and potassium dichromate, for a suflicient time to yield an explosive gel.
- the resulting explosive gel contains between about 5 and about 90 percent by weight of ammonium nitrate, between about 3 and about percent by weight of water, between about 0.03 and about 5.0 percent by weight of guar gum, between about 0.01 and about 2.0 percent by weight of potassium dichromate, and between about 3 and about 50 percent by weight of a powdered metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, and mixtures thereof.
- the resulting explosive gel contains between about 40 and about percent by weight of ammonium nitrate, between about 20 and about 45 percent by weight of water, between about 1.0 and about 3.0 percent by weight of guar gum, be-
- a powdered metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, and mixtures thereof.
Description
United States Patent 3,214,307 AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLOSIVE GEL COMPOSITION AND ITS PREPARATION James S. Logan and Joel A. Zalowsky, Woodbridge, Conn., assignors, by mesne assignments, to Commercial Solvents Corporation, a corporation of Maryland No Drawing. Filed July 31, 1963, Ser. No. 299,062 19 Claims. '(Cl. 14941) This invention relates to blasting explosives. More particularly, this invention relates to substantially water resistant, explosive gels containing ammonium nitrate.
Blasting explosives in aqueous slurry or gel form have been used extensively heretofore. When such blasting explosives contain nitroglycerin, there is an ever present danger of accidental detonation as well as the headacheproducing eifect of the nitroglycerin vapors. There is also a possibility of accidental detonation of aqueous slurry type and gel type blasting explosives which contain trinitrotoluene and/or other high explosives.
More recently blasting explosives have been made available in the form of aqueous slurnes of ammonium nitrate containing various additives. Ammonium nitrate is not subject to uncontrolled explosions and does not produce vapors that are detrimental to operating personnel. Although these aqueous ammonium nitrate blasting explosives overcome the hazards encountered with other fluid explosive-s, one of the disadvantages inherent in the use of aqueous slurries of ammonium nitrate is that the ammonium nitrate is readily soluble in water. When such a blasting explosive is poured into a bore hole which already contains some water, the blasting explosive may become substantially diluted, and as a result the explosive power of the blasting explosive is reduced significantly. There is a great need at the present time in the blasting industry for a pourable blasting explosive which is free from unprogrammed explosion hazards, noxious fume hazards, and which is substantially resistant to penetration by water or other fluids normally encountered in blasting environments.
It is a primary object of this invention to provide a novel blasting explosive which overcomes the disadvantages inherent in blasting explosives available in the prior art, and which supplies the needs of the blasting industry.
A further object of the invention is to provide a blasting explosive gel which is substantially devoid of oversensitive components.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel explosive gel which is substantially devoid of noxious fumes.
It is another object of the invention to provide a novel process for preparing water resistant explosive gels.
Another object of this invention is to provide a novel process for preparing blasting explosives.
Still another object of this invention is to provide an improved cross-linking agent for thickening agents employed in the preparation of gel type explosives.
A further object of the invention is to provide an explosive gel composition containing powdered aluminum wherein corrosion of aluminum is inhibited.
These and other objects of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description thereof.
It has now been discovered that a porable, substantially water-resistant explosive gel is formed by admixing ammonium nitrate, metal particles, and water with a gel forming proportion of a mixture of guar gum and potassium dichromate. The novel blasting explosive gel of this invention can be stored for extended periods without the danger of unprogrammed explosion. In addition the novel blasting explosive gel of this invention may be poured into water, for example, into a bore hole containing water, without the danger of significant dissolution of the gel by the water contained in the bore hole.
3,214,307 Patented Oct. 26, 1965 Ammonium nitrate in any convenient form, such as commercially available crystals, prills, and the like, may be employed. The particle size of the ammonium nitrate is not critical, and any size that is readily dissolved in water is preferably used.
A powdered metal such as powdered aluminum, powdered magnesium, and mixtures thereof, is added with agitation to the aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate, or to gel formed therefrom. The powdered metal may be in either the atomized form or the flake form, or any other convenient form so long as the particle size is small enough to permit the particles to pass through an mesh standard screen, and preferably through a mesh standard screen.
The viscosity of the aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate containing powdered metal is increased by the incorporation therein of a suitable thickening agent such as guar gum, and a small proportion of a cross-linking agent such as potassium dichromate. The gel forming ingredients, guar gum and potassium dichromate, serve to maintain the resulting mixture in a water-resistant gel form. These agents do not prevent contact between the aimmounim nitrate and the water originally in the explosive composition, but they do prevent additional water from entering into the composition and leaching out the explosive ingredients. This characteristic permits the novel composition of this invention to be charged into wet locations such as bore holes containing water or other targets submerged under water without mixing with the water surrounding the charge. In such an operation, the composition falls as a substantially immiscible liquid through the water to the bottom of the bore hole. In the absence of the cross-linking agents, the explosive composition dissolves in water, thus resulting in severe dilution of the ammonium nitrate and in dissipation of the explosive strength ofthe composition.
Another desirable advantage inherent in the novel explosive gel of this invention is that the dichromate crosslinking agent inhibits corrosion of the metal powder component and thereby markedly improves the stability of the gel when stored for extended periods prior to detonation. Other chromium salts may also be used as a cross-linking agent.
Listed below are the operating proportions and the preferred proportions, in percent by weight, of the components employed in making the novel blasting explosive of this invention.
The proportion of water set forth in the above table is the total water used 'in the preparation of the novel explosive composition. This water may be added separately to a mixture of the other components in an anhydrous form, or it may be employed to form a solution and/ or slurry with some or all of the components of the explosive composition prior to mixing. The novel gel forming effect may also be obtained when the metal is omitted.
In another embodiment of the invention, the gelling agents are added stepwise to permit hydration of the guar gum. For example, about 70 percent of the guar gum is added to an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate and permitted to hydrate for about two minutes. Then about 20 percent of the potassium dichromate is added vto the resulting mixture and stirred for about three min- To 100 grams of a 50 percent aqueous ammonium nitrate solution was added 0.2 gram of potassium dichromate with stirring, followed by the addition of 1.75 grams of guar gum to yield a homogeneous syrup. To the syrup was added 15 grams of flaked aluminum, and after agitation to disperse the aluminum in the syrup, the resulting dispersion was allowed to stand at room temperature. At the end of about 15 minutes a homogeneous gel was formed.
Gels of the type described can be detonated with conventional caps and boosters such as pentaerythritol trinitrate (PETN).
For purposes of comparison, an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate (50 parts water and 50 parts ammonium nitrate) were admixed with 1.75 parts of guar gum and 15 parts of flaked aluminum. No gel formed and after 48 hours the aluminum flakes settled to the bottom of the slurry.
Various modifications of the invention, some of which have been referred to above, may be employed without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.
What is desired to be secured by Letters Patent is:
1. An explosive gel composition comprised of ammonium nitrate, water, and a gel forming proportion of a mixture of guar gum and potassium dichromate.
2. The composition of claim 1 having uniformly dispersed therein a powdered metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, and mixtures thereof.
3. The composition of claim 2 wherein said powdered metal is aluminum."
4. The composition of claim 2 wherein said powdered metal is magnesium.
5. An explosive gel composition comprised of a substantially homogeneous mixture containing between about 5 and about 90 percent by weight of ammonium nitrate, between about 3 and about 60 percent by weight of water, between about 0.01 and about 2.0 percent by 'weight of potassium'dichromate, between about 0.03
tiered metal is magnesium.
. tween about 0.5 and about 1.0 percent by weight of potas- 8. An explosive gel composition comprised of a substantially homogeneous mixture containing between about 40 and about 70 percent by weight of ammonium nitrate, between about 20 and about 45 percent by weight of water, between about 1.0 and about 3.0 percent by weight of guar gum, between about 0.5 and about 1.0 percent by weight of potassium dichromate, and between about 10 and about 25 percent by weight of a powdered metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, and mixtures thereof.
9. The composition of claim 8 wherein said powdered metal is aluminum.
10. The composition of claim 8 wherein said powdered metal is magnesium.
11. The process for preparing an explosive gel which comprises the steps of admixing an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate with a powdered metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, and mixtures thereof, and a gel forming proportion of a mixture of guar gum and potassium dichromate, for a suflicient time to yield an explosive gel.
12. The process of claim 11 wherein said powdered metal is aluminum.
13. The process of claim 11 wherein said powdered metal is magnesium.
14. The process of claim 11 wherein the resulting explosive gel contains between about 5 and about 90 percent by weight of ammonium nitrate, between about 3 and about percent by weight of water, between about 0.03 and about 5.0 percent by weight of guar gum, between about 0.01 and about 2.0 percent by weight of potassium dichromate, and between about 3 and about 50 percent by weight of a powdered metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, and mixtures thereof.
15. The process of claim 14 wherein said powdered metal is aluminum.
16. The process of claim 14 wherein said powdered metal is magnesium.
17. The process of claim 11 wherein the resulting explosive gel contains between about 40 and about percent by weight of ammonium nitrate, between about 20 and about 45 percent by weight of water, between about 1.0 and about 3.0 percent by weight of guar gum, be-
percent by weight of a powdered metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, and mixtures thereof.
18. The process of claim 17 wherein said powdered metal is aluminum.
19. The process of claim 18 wherein said powdered metal is magnesium.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Bainhart Jan. 8, 1963 McIrvine an Oct. 29, 1963
Claims (1)
1. AN EXPLOSIVE GEL COMPOSITION COMPRISED OF AMMONIUM NITRATE, WATER, AND A GEL FORMING PROPORTION OF A MIXTURE OF GUAR FROM AND POTASSIUM DICHROMATE.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US299062A US3214307A (en) | 1963-07-31 | 1963-07-31 | Ammonium nitrate explosive gel composition and its preparation |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US299062A US3214307A (en) | 1963-07-31 | 1963-07-31 | Ammonium nitrate explosive gel composition and its preparation |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3214307A true US3214307A (en) | 1965-10-26 |
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ID=23153156
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US299062A Expired - Lifetime US3214307A (en) | 1963-07-31 | 1963-07-31 | Ammonium nitrate explosive gel composition and its preparation |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US3214307A (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3261732A (en) * | 1964-06-18 | 1966-07-19 | Hercules Inc | Aqueous slurry blasting agent containing aluminum and an acetic acid-zinc oxide stabilizer |
| US3307986A (en) * | 1964-10-16 | 1967-03-07 | Dow Chemical Co | Ammonium nitrate-alkali metal nitrate explosive containing aluminum of particular size distribution |
| US3312578A (en) * | 1963-09-13 | 1967-04-04 | Canadian Ind | Slurried blasting explosives with cross-linking delay agent |
| US3344004A (en) * | 1966-02-11 | 1967-09-26 | Hercules Inc | Explosive gel composition cross-linked with a hydroxy compound |
| US3350246A (en) * | 1966-05-05 | 1967-10-31 | Hercules Inc | Aqueous inorganic oxidizer salt blasting compositions containing tamarind seed powder |
| US3445305A (en) * | 1967-06-02 | 1969-05-20 | Du Pont | Gelation of galactomannan containing water-bearing explosives |
| US3485686A (en) * | 1968-05-31 | 1969-12-23 | Intermountain Research Eng Co | Aqueous explosive slurry containing oxidizer-reducer cross-linking agent |
| US3713918A (en) * | 1970-11-18 | 1973-01-30 | Us Interior | Urea stabilized gelled slurry explosive |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3072509A (en) * | 1960-04-21 | 1963-01-08 | Du Pont | Gelled ammonium nitrate blasting explosive and process |
| US3108917A (en) * | 1961-07-03 | 1963-10-29 | Canadian Ind | Tnt-tetraborate gelled aqueous explosive slurry |
-
1963
- 1963-07-31 US US299062A patent/US3214307A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3072509A (en) * | 1960-04-21 | 1963-01-08 | Du Pont | Gelled ammonium nitrate blasting explosive and process |
| US3108917A (en) * | 1961-07-03 | 1963-10-29 | Canadian Ind | Tnt-tetraborate gelled aqueous explosive slurry |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3312578A (en) * | 1963-09-13 | 1967-04-04 | Canadian Ind | Slurried blasting explosives with cross-linking delay agent |
| US3261732A (en) * | 1964-06-18 | 1966-07-19 | Hercules Inc | Aqueous slurry blasting agent containing aluminum and an acetic acid-zinc oxide stabilizer |
| US3307986A (en) * | 1964-10-16 | 1967-03-07 | Dow Chemical Co | Ammonium nitrate-alkali metal nitrate explosive containing aluminum of particular size distribution |
| US3344004A (en) * | 1966-02-11 | 1967-09-26 | Hercules Inc | Explosive gel composition cross-linked with a hydroxy compound |
| US3350246A (en) * | 1966-05-05 | 1967-10-31 | Hercules Inc | Aqueous inorganic oxidizer salt blasting compositions containing tamarind seed powder |
| US3445305A (en) * | 1967-06-02 | 1969-05-20 | Du Pont | Gelation of galactomannan containing water-bearing explosives |
| US3485686A (en) * | 1968-05-31 | 1969-12-23 | Intermountain Research Eng Co | Aqueous explosive slurry containing oxidizer-reducer cross-linking agent |
| US3713918A (en) * | 1970-11-18 | 1973-01-30 | Us Interior | Urea stabilized gelled slurry explosive |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: ENERGY SCIENCES & CONSULTANTS, INC., P. O. BOX B, Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL MINERALS & CHEMICAL CORPORATION, A CORP. OF N.Y.;REEL/FRAME:003949/0516 Effective date: 19820101 Owner name: ENERGY SCIENCES & CONSULTANTS, INC., A CORP. OF MN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL MINERALS & CHEMICAL CORPORATION, A CORP. OFN.Y.;REEL/FRAME:003949/0516 Effective date: 19820101 |