US3194698A - Heat treatment of chromium-free steel bearings - Google Patents

Heat treatment of chromium-free steel bearings Download PDF

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Publication number
US3194698A
US3194698A US138264A US13826461A US3194698A US 3194698 A US3194698 A US 3194698A US 138264 A US138264 A US 138264A US 13826461 A US13826461 A US 13826461A US 3194698 A US3194698 A US 3194698A
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holding
hours
steel
chromium
cooling
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US138264A
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Joseph R Mitchell
Mary E Potter
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United States Steel Corp
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United States Steel Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/36—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for balls; for rollers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
    • F16C2204/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • F16C2204/66—High carbon steel, i.e. carbon content above 0.8 wt%, e.g. through-hardenable steel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58—Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/64—Special methods of manufacture

Definitions

  • steel bearings attaining the foregoing objects can be produced from chromium-free hypereutectoid steels containing manganese, silicon and molybdenum within restricted ranges.
  • the desired properties can be obtained within the following ranges:
  • the desired microstructure may be developed in such steel by the following heat treatment:
  • This steel was deoxidized with aluminum at the rate of 2 pounds per ton and ingots formed therefrom were forged in the temperature range of 2100 to 1800 F. into rounds and slow cooled.
  • the forged steel was thereafter heat treated by the following steps to develop the desired microstructure and properties:
  • the spheroidized specimens after aust-enitizing at 1525 and 1575 F. had ASTM grain size of 7 and a microstructure composed essentially of martensite. It had well distributed carbides providing bearings formed therefrom with good wear resistance.
  • the hyperutectoid chromiumfree steels of this invention containing low amounts of manganese and molybdenum have such high hardenability that they will withstand stressing at temperatures above 300 F. for long periods and therefore are most suitable for bearing use.
  • the method of producing steel suitable for bearings characterized by good wear resistance comprising producing substantially chromium-free steel containing Percent Carbon .80 to 1.20 Manganese 1.50 to 2.00 Silicon .50 to .90 Molybdenum .35 to .60 Aluminum .05 maximum with the balance iron and residual impurities, spheroidizing said steel by holding it at a temperature between 1225 and 1275 F. for 5 to 10 hours, raising the temperature to 1375 to 1425 F. and holding for 1 to 3 hours, cooling in a plurality of successive stages to below 1180 F. and holding at each stage and then transforming the steel to a microstructure composed of martensite and well distributed carbides by austenitizing in the range of 1475 and 1575 F. and air cooling.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)

Description

United States Patent No Drawing. Filed Sept. 15, 1961, Ser. No. 133,264 2 Claims. (Cl. 148-134) This application relates to steel bearings and their use.
Steel bearings are subject to heavy stresses at high temperatures. To attain satisfactory service under such condition, it has heretofore been regarded as essential that the bearings be formed of highly alloyed steels containing chromium which renders the steels quite expensive.
It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide economical, low cost steel bearings.
It is a further object to provide l-ow alloy steels which can be heat treated to produce a desirable microstructure for bearing use.
We have found that steel bearings attaining the foregoing objects can be produced from chromium-free hypereutectoid steels containing manganese, silicon and molybdenum within restricted ranges. The desired properties can be obtained within the following ranges:
. Percent Carbon .80 to 1.20 Manganese 1.50 to 2.00 Silicon .50 to .90 Molybdenum .35 to .60 Aluminum .05 maximum with the balance iron and residual impurities.
A preferred range within the foregoing is as follows:
Percent Carbon .95 to 1110 Manganese 1.55 to 1.90 Silicon .50 to .80 Molybdenum .35 to .45 Aluminum .05 maximum with the balance iron and residual impurities.
The desired microstructure may be developed in such steel by the following heat treatment:
(1) Normalize by heating to within the range of 1550 and 1650 F. and air cooling (2) Spheroidize by:
(a) Heating to between 1225 and 1275 F. and
holding for to hours (b) Raising temperature to 1375 to 1425 F. and
holding for 1 to 3 hours (0) Furnace cooling to 1225 to 1275 F. and holding in such range for 5 to 10 hours ((1) Cooling to 1220 to -1-240 F. and holding for 4 to 8 hours (e) Cooling to 1190 to 1210" F. and holding f r 4 to 8 hours (f) Cooling to 1170 to 1180 F. and holding for 1 to 3 hours (g) Air cooling to room temperature (3) Transform by air cooling from 1475 to 1575 F. A specific example of steel within the foregoing range This steel contained .03% residual nickel and 03% residual chromium.
This steel was deoxidized with aluminum at the rate of 2 pounds per ton and ingots formed therefrom were forged in the temperature range of 2100 to 1800 F. into rounds and slow cooled.
The forged steel was thereafter heat treated by the following steps to develop the desired microstructure and properties:
(1) Normalized by heating to 1600 F. and air cooled to room temperature (2) Spheroidized by:
(a) Heating t-o 1250 F. and holding for 8 hours (b) Raising temperature to 1440 FL and holding for '1 hour I (c) Furnace cooling to 1250" F. and holding for 8 hours (d) Cooling to 1230 F. (e) Cooling to 1200 F. (f) Cooling to 1180" F. (g) Air cooling to room (3) Transformed by:
(a) Austenitizing in the range of 1475 to 1575 F. (b) Air cooling to room temperature Ideal Diameter tests were made on this steel with the results shown in the following Table I:
and holding for 6 hours and holding for 6 hours and holding for 2 hours temperature The spheroidized specimens after aust-enitizing at 1525 and 1575 F. had ASTM grain size of 7 and a microstructure composed essentially of martensite. It had well distributed carbides providing bearings formed therefrom with good wear resistance.
It is accordingly seen that the hyperutectoid chromiumfree steels of this invention containing low amounts of manganese and molybdenum have such high hardenability that they will withstand stressing at temperatures above 300 F. for long periods and therefore are most suitable for bearing use.
While we have shown and described one specific embodiment of our invention, it will be understood that this embodiment is merely for the purpose of illustration and description and that various other forms may be devised within the scope of our invention, as defined in the appended claims.
We claim:
1. The method of producing steel suitable for bearings characterized by good wear resistance comprising producing substantially chromium-free steel containing Percent Carbon .80 to 1.20 Manganese 1.50 to 2.00 Silicon .50 to .90 Molybdenum .35 to .60 Aluminum .05 maximum with the balance iron and residual impurities, spheroidizing said steel by holding it at a temperature between 1225 and 1275 F. for 5 to 10 hours, raising the temperature to 1375 to 1425 F. and holding for 1 to 3 hours, cooling in a plurality of successive stages to below 1180 F. and holding at each stage and then transforming the steel to a microstructure composed of martensite and well distributed carbides by austenitizing in the range of 1475 and 1575 F. and air cooling.
2. The method of producing steel suitable for bearings en ee s characterized by good wear resistance comprising produc-. ing substantially chromium-free steel containing I Percent Carbon .80 to 1.20
Manganese 1.50 to 2.00 Silicon .50 to .90 Molybdenum .35 to .60 Aluminum .05 maximum with the balance iron and residual impurities, spheroidizing said steel by holding it at a temperature between 1225 and 1275 F. for 5 to .10 hours, raisin the temperature 'to-13-75 to 1425 F. and holding for 1 to 3 hours, c oling to between 1225 and 175'F. and holding for 5 to 10 hours, cooling to between 1220 and 1240 F. and holding for 4 1208 hours, cooling to between 1190 and 1210 F. and holding for 4 to 8 hours, cooling to 1170 to 1180 F.
and holding for 1 to 3 hours and then transforming the steel to a microstructure composed of martensite and well distributed carbides by heating to a temperature between 1475 and 1575 Fraud air cooling.
References Cited by theExaminer UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,278,207 9/18 Potter I 148-12 2,087,764 7/37 B onte a 14812 2,166,839 7/39 Conley 148134 2,413,602 12/46. Bonte 75l23 2,630,382 3/53 Wasserman 75l23 2,662,010 12/53 Ahles 75l23 2,344,500 7/58 Peras 148143 2,987,429 6/61 Smith 148-12 15 published by the A.S.M., 1935 1940 Revised Ed), pages 207-208 relied on. I
DAVID L RECK, Primary Examiner.
RAY K. WINDHA-M, Examiner. 0
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3,194,698 July 13, 1965 Joseph R. Mitchell et a1,
It is hereby certified that error appears in the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as corrected below.
Column 3, line 13, for "175 F." read 1275 F.
Signed and sealed this 28th day of December 1965.
(SEAL) Attest:
ERNEST W. SWIDER EDWARD J. BRENNER Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents

Claims (1)

1. THE METHOD OF PRODUCING STEEL SUITABLE FOR BEARINGS CHARACTERIZED BY GOOD WEAR RESISTANCE COMPRISING PRODUCING SUBSTANTIALLY CHROMIUM-FREE STEEL CONTAINING
US138264A 1961-09-15 1961-09-15 Heat treatment of chromium-free steel bearings Expired - Lifetime US3194698A (en)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4581079A (en) * 1985-03-27 1986-04-08 Amax Inc. Bearing steel
EP0349023A1 (en) * 1988-04-08 1990-01-03 SKF Industrial Trading & Development Co, B.V. Steel for roller bearings
FR2635336A1 (en) * 1988-08-15 1990-02-16 Ntn Toyo Bearing Co Ltd RING FOR BEARING
WO2012158089A1 (en) 2011-05-17 2012-11-22 Aktiebolaget Skf Improved bearing steel

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1278207A (en) * 1918-06-01 1918-09-10 Winfield S Potter Producing wrought shapes of manganese steel.
US2087764A (en) * 1933-02-24 1937-07-20 Timken Roller Bearing Co Ferrous alloys and method of manufacture
US2166839A (en) * 1938-02-23 1939-07-18 Phelps Langworthy E Process for heat treating spheroidized steel
US2413602A (en) * 1944-06-09 1946-12-31 Timken Roller Bearing Co Bearing steels
US2630382A (en) * 1952-01-15 1953-03-03 Wasserman Rene David Cast iron filler metal
US2662010A (en) * 1952-03-29 1953-12-08 Gen Electric Cast tool steel
US2844500A (en) * 1955-09-07 1958-07-22 Renault Method for heat treating bearings and product thereof
US2987429A (en) * 1958-01-07 1961-06-06 United States Steel Corp High-carbon razor blade stock and the like

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1278207A (en) * 1918-06-01 1918-09-10 Winfield S Potter Producing wrought shapes of manganese steel.
US2087764A (en) * 1933-02-24 1937-07-20 Timken Roller Bearing Co Ferrous alloys and method of manufacture
US2166839A (en) * 1938-02-23 1939-07-18 Phelps Langworthy E Process for heat treating spheroidized steel
US2413602A (en) * 1944-06-09 1946-12-31 Timken Roller Bearing Co Bearing steels
US2630382A (en) * 1952-01-15 1953-03-03 Wasserman Rene David Cast iron filler metal
US2662010A (en) * 1952-03-29 1953-12-08 Gen Electric Cast tool steel
US2844500A (en) * 1955-09-07 1958-07-22 Renault Method for heat treating bearings and product thereof
US2987429A (en) * 1958-01-07 1961-06-06 United States Steel Corp High-carbon razor blade stock and the like

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4581079A (en) * 1985-03-27 1986-04-08 Amax Inc. Bearing steel
EP0349023A1 (en) * 1988-04-08 1990-01-03 SKF Industrial Trading & Development Co, B.V. Steel for roller bearings
FR2635336A1 (en) * 1988-08-15 1990-02-16 Ntn Toyo Bearing Co Ltd RING FOR BEARING
WO2012158089A1 (en) 2011-05-17 2012-11-22 Aktiebolaget Skf Improved bearing steel
EP2710165A4 (en) * 2011-05-17 2015-07-15 Skf Ab Improved bearing steel

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